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Journal articles on the topic 'Packing model'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Yanqui, Calixtro. "An average model for disordered sphere packings." EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124902004.

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In this paper, an assembly of disordered packings is considered as a suitable set of packing cells of ordered spheres. In consequence, any of its parameters can be obtained by averaging the values of the set. Namely, the density of a packing of ordered spheres is described by two variables: the angle of the base, and the angle of the inclined edge of the associated parallelepiped. Then, the density of a packing of disordered spheres is obtained by averaging the angle of the base, and the subsequent averaging of the other angle, according to the kind of strain induced by the experiment. The average packing yields the density limits of loose sphere assemblies achieved by a process of fluidization and sedimentation in air, in water, and in viscous liquid at zero gravitational force. It also models the close sphere assemblies shaped by gentle tapping, vertical shaking, horizontal and multidirectional vibrations. The theory allows to elucidate the mechanism of each of the limits, as, for example, the metastable columns of spheres in the loosest packing, as well as the random close packing, and crystallization. The limits obtained coincide very well with the published experimental, numerical and theoretical data.

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2

Falk, Constance L., Daniel S. Tilley, and R. Joe Schatzer. "The Packing Simulation Model." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 19, no. 2 (December 1987): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025486.

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AbstractThe Packing Simulation Model is a micro-computer application program designed for researchers, extension personnel, bankers, packing managers, or other specialists who plan the operations of a packing facility or simulate its financial performance. PACKSIM produces pro forma financial statements for packing facilities based on flexible crop mixes and packing assumptions. Variations can be made in the product harvest schedule, price, quality, quantity, input costs and requirements, packing efficiency, overhead, and loan terms.

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3

Chekanin, Alexander V., and Vladislav A. Chekanin. "Improved Packing Representation Model for the Orthogonal Packing Problem." Applied Mechanics and Materials 390 (August 2013): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.390.591.

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The multidimensional NP-hard orthogonal bin packing problem is considered in the article. Usually the problem is solved using heuristic algorithms of discrete optimization which optimize a selection sequence of objects to be packed in containers. The quality and speed of getting the resulting packing for a given sequence of placing objects is determined by the used packing representation model. In the article presented a new packing representation model for constructing the orthogonal packing. The proposed model of potential containers describes all residual free spaces of containers in packing. The developed model is investigated on well-known standard benchmarks of three-dimensional orthogonal bin packing problem. The model can be used in development of applied software for the optimal allocation of orthogonal resources.

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4

Lam, David C. C. "Packing model for bimodal particle packing with aligned fibers." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 79, no. 1-3 (July 1998): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(98)00007-7.

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5

Yang, Jian, Yingxue Hu, and Qiuwang Wang. "Investigation of Effective Thermal Conductivity for Ordered and Randomly Packed Bed with Thermal Resistance Network Method." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 1, 2019): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091666.

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In the present paper, the effective thermal conductivities of Li4SiO4-packed beds with both ordered and random packing structures were investigated using thermal resistance network methods based on both an Ohm’s law model and a Kirchhoff’s law model. The calculation results were also validated and compared with the numerical and experimental results. Firstly, it is proved that the thermal resistance network method based on the Kirchhoff’s law model proposed in the present study is reliable and accurate for prediction of effective thermal conductivities in a Li4SiO4-packed bed, while the results calculated with the Ohm’s law model underestimate both ordered and random packings. Therefore, when establishing a thermal resistance network, the thermal resistances should be connected along the main heat transfer direction and other heat transfer directions as well in the packing unit. Otherwise, both the total heat flux and effective thermal conductivity in the packing unit will be underestimated. Secondly, it is found that the effect of the packing factor is remarkable. The effective thermal conductivity of a packed bed would increase as the packing factor increases. Compared with random packing at similar packing factor, the effective thermal conductivity of packed bed would be further improved with an ordered packing method.

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6

Sun, Peng-Nian, Jie Shi, Xi-Zhang Feng, Ying-Ting Xu, Hai-Dong Wang, Xing-Fu Li, Wen-Qing Wang, and Min Yi. "Packing diagram-application of cone packing model in lanthanide extraction." Acta Chimica Sinica 3, no. 4 (December 1985): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.19850030415.

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7

Roquier, G. "A Theoretical Packing Density Model (TPDM) for ordered and disordered packings." Powder Technology 344 (February 2019): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.12.033.

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8

Sugarman, P. M., and D. J. Alderson. "Training model for nasal packing." Emergency Medicine Journal 12, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.12.4.276.

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9

Vinalda, Natasya, and B. S. Rahayu Purwanti. "Implementasi Pneumatik pada Model Packing." ELECTRICES 1, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32722/ees.v1i1.2303.

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Artikel ini membahas tentang modul praktik di Politeknik Negeri Jakarta khususnya Program Studi Elektronika Industri. Mata kuliah praktik dilengkapi simulasi dan modul sebagai sarana pembelajarannya. Namun sebagian modulnya belum lengkap khususnya pneumatik dan Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Permasalahan tersebut menyebabkan mahasiswa kurang wawasan tentang pengaplikasian pneumatik dan PLC. Aplikasi pneumatik dan PLC pada produksi dapat dibuat modulnya, khususnya pengemasan barang. Pembuatan modul latih model pengemasan barang dengan pneumatik dan PLC diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kompetensi dan wawasan mahasiswa. Hardware dan software dibutuhkan agar pemodelan pengemasan sesuai dengan cara kerjanya. Pemodelan dibuat menjadi mode manual dan otomatis dengan PLC. Instruksi PLC mengaktifkan solenoid valve satu dan dua melalui kontak relay. Kontak coil relay terkoneksi dengan pin output PLC. Pemrograman PLC dalam bentuk ladder diagram telah dibuat di CX. Programmer 9.0. Normally closed relay terhubung dengan salah satu kabel solenoid valve. Katup pada solenoid valve menyalurkan tekanan udara ke silinder double acting satu dan dua. Gerakan maju/mundur silinder double acting satu mendorong barang menuju konveyor dan silinder dua mendorong benda ke tempat penyimpanan barang.

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10

Orjuela-Castro, Javier Arturo, Milton Mauricio Herrera-Ramírez, and Wilson Adarme-Jaimes. "Warehousing and transportation logistics of mango in Colombia: A system dynamics model." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería 26, no. 44 (January 25, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v26.n44.2017.5773.

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This paper evaluates the incidence of packing asymmetries, resulted from the use of heterogeneous packaging materials by different mango supply chain actors in Colombia, on performance measures of inventory, transportation, and quality. A system dynamics model was proposed based on the literature review on inventory and transportation logistics, the studies on asymmetries in supply chain, packing, and packaging, and the results of the characterization of the fruit chain logistics in various departments of Colombia from 2012 to 2013. We used the proposed model to test the following hypothesis: “The asymmetry in the packaging, derived from the actors’ individual management, creates inefficiencies that may be avoid if the packaging of the fruit is done thinking on the chain”. The developed simulation model allowed us to prove the proposed dynamic hypothesis. Forrester’s model includes four echelons for the supply chain: production, processing, wholesale, and retail, as well as warehousing, transportation and information.

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11

Gong, Gui Fen, Ke Yin, and Ming Lan. "Study of Assessment Model of Packaging via AHP Method." Advanced Materials Research 542-543 (June 2012): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.542-543.403.

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An assessment model of packaging solutions is built based on AHP method in response to diversification of packaging solutions. The assessment is intuitive. The model can be not only used in comprehensive evaluation, but also used in the evaluation of the secondary indicators. Using the model to assess packing solutions, you can make the assessment process operate easier, and the results more intuitive. The model can be widely used in assessment of packaging solution.

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12

Song, Haiyan. "A thermodynamic model for a packing dynamical system." Thermal Science 24, no. 4 (2020): 2331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2004331s.

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So far shock and vibration are the inherent properties of all packing systems, and various mitigation measures have been considered using packing materials, which result in a large packing size. Now the thing changes, this paper gives an effective thermodynamic technology that can completely avoid shock and vibration. An aerial delivery system is used as an example to elucidate the novel packing system, which requires zero loading velocity when loaded. A thermodynamic model is established to reveal the main factors affecting the packing system.

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13

ASHWIN, PETER, XIN-CHU FU, and JONATHAN DEANE. "PROPERTIES OF THE INVARIANT DISK PACKING IN A MODEL BANDPASS SIGMA–DELTA MODULATOR." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 13, no. 03 (March 2003): 631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127403006753.

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In this paper we discuss the packing properties of invariant disks defined by periodic behavior of a model for a bandpass Σ–Δ modulator. The periodically coded regions form a packing of the forward invariant phase space by invariant disks. For this one-parameter family of PWIs, by introducing codings underlying the map operations we give explicit expressions for the centers of the disks by analytic functions of the parameters, and then show that tangencies between disks in the packings are very rare; more precisely they occur on parameter values that are at most countably infinite. We indicate how similar results can be obtained for other plane maps that are piecewise isometries.

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14

Pavlenko, Aleksandr, Vladimir Zhukov, Nikolay Pecherkin, Ekaterina Slesareva, Christo Boyadjiev, and Daniela Dzhonova-Atanasova. "Studying the process of freons mixture separation on a structured packing Sultzer 500X." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125811008.

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Structured packings are widely used in distillation columns to separate various types of mixtures. These packings have an ordered structure, which ensures more uniform conditions for interaction of counter-current flows of liquid and vapor than in the random packings and have a small hydraulic resistance. Nevertheless, in columns with a diameter of more than 0.5 m, formation of large-scale non-uniformity in distribution of liquid and vapor flow parameters over the packing cross-section is observed. In this work, experimental data on formation of large-scale non-uniformity in the temperature field over the cross-section of the Sulzer 500X packing, as well as on the efficiency of mixture separation and the pressure drop across the packing were obtained. The experiments were carried out with separation of R114/R21 freon mixture on a 10-layer structured packing Sulzer 500X with a diameter of 0.6 m and a height of 2.2 m. Experimental data were compared with the results obtained earlier for a structured packing Mellapack 350.Y with a diameter of 0.9 m and a height of 2.1 m. The presented experimental data will be used to construct and verify a new model of mass transfer and efficiency of mixture separation in the large-scale distillation packed columns.

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15

Shevchenko, Serhii S. "Physical Model and Calculation of Face Packing Seals." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 23, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pmach2020.04.045.

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Increasing the reliability and service life of dynamic-pump shaft seals is the most important requirement for their creation. The most common type of seals is still traditional stuffing box seals, which are controlled leakage assemblies that are periodically restored during operation. A radical change in the design of standard stuffing box seals is the transition to face packing seals with a constant pressure against the packing. It is shown that face packing seals can successfully combine the advantages of mechanical face seals and the simplicity and relatively low cost of traditional stuffing box seals. Mechanical face seals, in which one of the packing rings is replaced by a stuffing box packing, have advantages that significantly expand the application of traditional stuffing box seals. A scheme and a physical model of the face packing seal operation are described. During the operation of the seal, the packing is pushed away from the mating metal surface by the pressure of the medium. In this case, a confusor gap is formed, the length of which is proportional to the ratio of the sealed pressure to the pre-compression pressure of the packing. The calculation of the distribution of the hydrostatic pressure and gap along the radius of the face joint of the seal is presented. The irregularity of the contact pressure along the radius, caused by the pressing out of the packing by the sealed inlet pressure, causes premature wear of the overloaded areas of contact surfaces. Expressions are proposed for estimating friction power losses in face packing seals. It is shown that these losses are significantly lower in comparison with the power losses in traditional stuffing box seals. Assessment of the thermal state of face packing seals has been carried out. An expression has been obtained for determining the flow rate that provides the average contact-surface temperature not exceeding the permissible value. Our studies have shown that the load factor of face packing seals, in contrast to mechanical face seals, must be close to unity. The obtained dependencies make it possible to calculate face packing seals at their design stage.

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16

Jalali, P., and M. Li. "Model for estimation of critical packing density in polydisperse hard-disk packings." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 381 (July 2007): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2007.03.024.

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17

Locker, C. Rebecca, and Stephen C. Harvey. "A Model for Viral Genome Packing." Multiscale Modeling & Simulation 5, no. 4 (January 2006): 1264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/060650684.

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18

Istratov, A. V., D. N. Bukharov, V. D. Samyshkin, M. N. Gerke, and S. M. Arakelian. "Model of diffusion packing colloidal particles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1164 (February 2019): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1164/1/012024.

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19

Wang, Yujie. "Granular packing as model glass formers." Chinese Physics B 26, no. 1 (January 2017): 014503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/26/1/014503.

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20

Skilbeck, Christopher J., and Richard Oakley. "The fist model for nasal packing." European Journal of Emergency Medicine 13, no. 2 (April 2006): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mej.0000192050.42847.79.

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21

Zhao, Kun, Shu Min Wan, and Bin Lin. "Visualization of Random Particle Packing Model for Resin Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 1483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1483.

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Particle packing model are always utilized to investigate and predict micro structure performance of material. On one hand, considering 3 classical packing methods, it’s found that random packing method for model of resin concrete is the most suitable. 3D Particle packing model on Matlab is realized through compiling programs, then converted into Ansys and study on porosity of it proves the correctness of the packing model. On the other hand, different from others’ applying Walraven J.C Equation with a quite limited applicability to getting slice, this paper proposes that slice directly from the 3D model is more accurate and scientific, which is also managed to realize on both Matlab and Ansys.

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22

Kunz, Seraina M., David Holzmann, Yves Waser, Christian Meerwein, Marcel Deggeller, and Michael B. Soyka. "Does Length Matter? A Comparison of Rapid Rhino™ Nasal Packings for the Treatment of Epistaxis." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 33, no. 6 (July 23, 2019): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1945892419864799.

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Background Epistaxis is the most common otorhinolaryngologic emergency around the world. A broad variety of treatment options is available; ranging from conservative measures such as cauterization and nasal packings to surgery. For posterior epistaxis, nasal packings are usually the preferred initial treatment method. There are 2 different models of the widely used Rapid Rhino™ packing available at our department; the 7.5 cm, single-lumen, and the 9 cm, double-lumen variant with 2 separately inflatable balloons. Identifying whether one packing is superior to the other will help with the choice of the best possible treatment. Objective The goal of this study was to determine whether the new, double-lumen model had advantages compared to its shorter counterpart. Methods All patients treated with Rapid Rhino™ packings for spontaneous epistaxis between December 2005 and October 2017 were analyzed for various parameters such as recurrence rates, hospitalization rate, and duration of in-patient stay. The groups were divided by model and whether patients were treated before or after the introduction of the double-lumen version (December 2010). Results A total of 865 cases of patients treated with Rapid Rhino™ packs were analyzed. Before December 2010, 210 of 372 cases (56%) were hospitalized, whereas afterwards it was only 48% (235/493; P = .01). The duration of the in-patient stay decreased from 3.7 to 3.1 days ( P < .01). There was no difference in recurrence rates. Conclusion The introduction of the double-lumen, 9 cm Rapid Rhino™ packing has led to a decrease of in-patient time and to less hospitalizations. Therefore, it should be preferred to the shorter, single-lumen model in the treatment of posterior epistaxis.

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23

El-Husseiny, Ammar. "Improved Packing Model for Functionally Graded Sand-Fines Mixtures—Incorporation of Fines Cohesive Packing Behavior." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020562.

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Binary soil mixture, containing large silica particles (sand) mixed with variable content of very fine silt or clay, is an example of a functionally graded material that is important for several science and engineering applications. Predicting the porosity (or void ratio), which is a fundamental quantity that affects other physical properties, of such material as function of fines (clay or silt) fraction can be significant for sediment research and material design optimization. Existing analytical models for porosity prediction work well for binary mixed soils containing multi-sized non-cohesive particles with no clay, while such models frequently underestimate the porosity of sand-clay mixtures. This study aims to present an analytical model that accurately predicts the porosity of mixed granular materials or soils containing sand and very fine silt or clay (cohesive particles). It is demonstrated that accounting for the cohesive nature of very fine particles, which exists due to the effect of inter-particle forces, is a major missing aspect in existing packing models for mixed soils. Consequently, a previously developed linear packing model is modified so that it accounts for fines cohesive packing in sand-fines mixtures. The model prediction is validated using various experimental published data sets for the porosity of sand-fines mixtures. Improvement in the prediction of permeability and maximum packing dry density when incorporating cohesive packing behavior is discussed. The current model also provides important insights on the conditions under which, the lowest permeability and maximum packing state are expected.

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24

Long, Wujian, Bo Zhou, Peijian Liang, and Roujia Sun. "Application of particle packing model in concrete." Journal of Shenzhen University Science and Engineering 34, no. 1 (2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1249.2017.01063.

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25

Stovall, T., F. de Larrard, and M. Buil. "Linear packing density model of grain mixtures." Powder Technology 48, no. 1 (September 1986): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(86)80058-4.

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26

Aristoff, David, and Charles Radin. "Random close packing in a granular model." Journal of Mathematical Physics 51, no. 11 (November 2010): 113302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3511359.

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27

Bazant, Martin Z. "The Spot Model for random-packing dynamics." Mechanics of Materials 38, no. 8-10 (August 2006): 717–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2005.06.016.

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28

Falk, Véronique, and Umberto D'Ortona. "A polydisperse sedimentation and polydisperse packing model." Powder Technology 128, no. 2-3 (December 2002): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(02)00189-4.

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29

Sutcu, Mucahit, and Sedat Akkurt. "ANN model for prediction of powder packing." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27, no. 2-3 (January 2007): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.04.044.

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30

Shojaee, Saeed, Seyyed Hossein Hosseini, and Behzad Saeedi Razavi. "Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Multiphase Flow in Structured Packings." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/917650.

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A volume of fluid multiphase flow model was used to investigate the effective area and the created liquid film in the structured packings. The computational results revealed that the gas and liquid flow rates play significant roles in the effective interfacial area of the packing. In particular, the effective area increases as the flow rates of both phases increase. Numerical results were compared with the Brunazzi and SRP models, and a good agreement between them was found. Attention was given to the process of liquid film formation in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models. The current study revealed that computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used as an effective tool to provide information on the details of gas and liquid flows in complex packing geometries.

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31

Madura, Izabela. "Hierarchical model of molecular crystals." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314094509.

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Spatial arrangement of molecules in molecular crystals depends on properties of molecules building up the crystal, and in particular on the nature of interactions occurring between them. The knowledge about primary and subsequent interactions building up the 3D structure seems to be important in many aspects, just to mention crystal engineering and crystallization processes. If the only interactions between molecules are isotropic van der Waals interactions, the observed structure will resemble a close-packing arrangement. The presence of any directional interactions leads, in accordance to Kitaigorodsky's principles,[1] to the symmetry breaking of the close-packing structure, and resulting crystal exhibits hierarchical organization. The presentation will discuss consequences of directional intermolecular interactions and their impact on generation and organization of successive levels of the hierarchical architecture in crystals. The strategy for identification, analysis and hierarchization of weak intermolecular interactions will also be presented. Selected examples will serve to illustrate usefulness of the proposed model for the discussion on molecular symmetry, supramolecular synthons' equivalency, polymorphism, isomorphism or packing.

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32

Di, Zhan Xia, Li Hao Han, Zhi Guo Luo, and Zong Shu Zou. "Cold Model Study of Raceway in COREX Melter Gasifier." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.301.

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In this paper, the method of cold model is applied to study raceway in COREX Melter-Gasifier drawing on the experience of raceway in blast furnace. The influence factors, blasting volume, charging rate which simulates coke consumption, bed packing height have been considered. The results show that the shape of raceway is ellipsoidal and blasting volume, charging rate, bed packing height have effect on raceway. The raceway penetration depth and raceway height expand with increasing blasting volume and charging rate. However, the size of raceway decreases with increasing bed packing height.

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33

Ding, Huidian, Wenyu Xiang, and Chunjiang Liu. "A multiscale methodology for CFD simulation of catalytic distillation bale packings." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2016-0005.

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Abstract A multiscale model for simulating the hydrodynamic behavior of catalytic bale packings has been proposed. This model combines computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and macroscopic calculation. At small scale calculation, the CFD model includes 3-D volume-of-fluid (VOF) simulation within representative elementary unit (REU) under unsteady-state conditions. The REU constitutes gauze and catalyst domain, and porous media model is applied. At large scale calculation, a new mechanistic model deduced from the unit network model is employed. Based on liquid split proportion from small scale calculation, liquid distribution of the entire bale packing can be predicted. To evaluate different packing design, three common bale arrangements, i.e. one-bale, nine-bales and seven-bales, are compared. The area-weighted Christiansen uniformity coefficient is introduced to assess the distribution performance. A comparison between simulation and experimental results is made to validate the multiscale model. The present methodology is proved to be effective to analysis and design of catalytic distillation columns.

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34

El-Husseiny, Ammar. "Unified Packing Model for Improved Prediction of Porosity and Hydraulic Conductivity of Binary Mixed Soils." Water 13, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040455.

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Binary mixed soils, containing coarse sand particles mixed with variable content of fines (fine sand, silt, or clay) are important for several environmental and engineering applications. The packing state (or porosity) of such sand-fines mixtures controls several important physical properties such as hydraulic conductivity. Therefore, developing an analytical packing model to predict porosity of binary mixed soils, based on properties of pure unmixed sand and fines (endmembers), can contribute to predicting hydraulic conductivity for the mixtures without the need for extensive laboratory measurements. Toward this goal, this study presents a unified packing model for the purpose of predicting the porosity and hydraulic conductivity of binary mixed soils as function of fines fraction. The current model modifies an existing packing model developed for coarse binary mixed soils to achieve three main improvements: (1) being inclusive of wide range of binary mixed soils covering the whole range particle sizes, (2) incorporating the impact of cohesive packing behavior of the fines on binary mixture porosity, and (3) accounting for the impact of clay swelling. The presented model is the first of its kind incorporating the combined impact of all three factors: particle size ratio, fines cohesive packing and swelling, on binary mixtures porosity. The predictions of the modified model are validated using experimental published data for the porosity of sand-fines mixtures from 24 different studies. The model shows significant improvement in predicting porosity compared to existing packing models that frequently underestimate the porosity. By using the predicted porosity as an input in Kozeny–Carman formulation, the absolute mean error in predicting hydraulic conductivity, as function of fines fraction for 16 different binary mixed soils, is reduced by 50% when compared to the use of the previous packing model. The current model provides insights about the endmembers properties (porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and grain size) and fines content required to achieve a certain target desirable porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the mixed soils. This can assist the optimization of soil mixing design for various applications.

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35

Lainé, Carole, and Philippe Cassagnau. "Prediction of Zero Shear Viscosity of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Plastisols." Applied Rheology 16, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2006-0009.

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Abstract The rheological behaviour of PVC plastisols composed of a blend of suspension and micro-suspension resins in different proportions was investigated. The present work was mainly focused on the variation of the zero shear viscosity versus the concentration of the extender resin. Hence, the packing fraction Fm was evaluated using the Krieger-Dougherty equation. These experiments confirmed the major influence of particle size distribution concerning the decrease of viscosity for concentrated suspensions. In addition, a model based on the porosity model developed by Ouchiyama et al. (Ouchiyama N, Tanaka T: Porosity estimation for random packings of spherical particle”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 23 (1984) 490-493) to predict the packing fraction in the case of multimodal lattices was successfully applied to our PVC plastisols formulations.

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36

Côté, Jean-François, Mohamed Haouari, and Manuel Iori. "Combinatorial Benders Decomposition for the Two-Dimensional Bin Packing Problem." INFORMS Journal on Computing 33, no. 3 (July 2021): 963–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2020.1014.

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The two-dimensional bin packing problem calls for packing a set of rectangular items into a minimal set of larger rectangular bins. Items must be packed with their edges parallel to the borders of the bins, cannot be rotated, and cannot overlap among them. The problem is of interest because it models many real-world applications, including production, warehouse management, and transportation. It is, unfortunately, very difficult, and instances with just 40 items are unsolved to proven optimality, despite many attempts, since the 1990s. In this paper, we solve the problem with a combinatorial Benders decomposition that is based on a simple model in which the two-dimensional items and bins are just represented by their areas, and infeasible packings are imposed by means of exponentially many no-good cuts. The basic decomposition scheme is quite naive, but we enrich it with a number of preprocessing techniques, valid inequalities, lower bounding methods, and enhanced algorithms to produce the strongest possible cuts. The resulting algorithm behaved very well on the benchmark sets of instances, improving on average on previous algorithms from the literature and solving for the first time a number of open instances. Summary of Contribution: We address the two-dimensional bin packing problem (2D-BPP), which calls for packing a set of rectangular items into a minimal set of larger rectangular bins. The 2D-BPP is a very difficult generalization of the standard one-dimensional bin packing problem, and it has been widely studied in the past because it models many real-world applications, including production, warehouse management, and transportation. We solve the 2D-BPP with a combinatorial Benders decomposition that is based on a model in which the two-dimensional items and bins are represented by their areas, and infeasible packings are imposed by means of exponentially many no-good cuts. The basic decomposition scheme is quite naive, but it is enriched with a number of preprocessing techniques, valid inequalities, lower bounding methods, and enhanced algorithms to produce the strongest possible cuts. The algorithm we developed has been extensively tested on the most well-known benchmark set from the literature, which contains 500 instances. It behaved very well, improving on average upon previous algorithms, and solving for the first time a number of open instances. We analyzed in detail several configurations before obtaining the best one and discussed several insights from this analysis in the manuscript.

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Choi, Ji Eun, Jae-Hun Lee, So-Young Chang, Min Young Lee, and Jae Yun Jung. "Clinical Implications of Poloxamer 407 as Packing Material in an Animal Model." Audiology and Neurotology 24, no. 2 (2019): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500661.

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Background: Endoscopic ear surgery has recently increased, but it is still inconvenient and time-consuming to place packing material in the middle ear with one hand. Poloxamer 407 (P407) is a thermo-reversible gel that can be easily administered with one hand into the middle ear cavity in liquid form. Upon warming to body temperature, the gel form of P407 can support the graft in the target position and is known to prevent postsurgical tissue adhesion. Objectives: We aim to investigate the feasibility of P407 as packing material in an animal model. Male Hartley guinea pigs (350 and 400 g) were utilized in this study. Method: The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the packing material: the control group, the P407 group, and the gelatin group. To assess the role of packing material on bacterial colonization, left ears were inoculated with Streptococcus pneumoniae through the tympanic membrane using a 0° endoscope. Five days after inoculation, the middle ear cavity was packed through a transbullar approach using 18% P407 or gelatin in both ears. In the control group, no ear pack was inserted. The tympanic membrane was examined every week using a 0° 1.9-mm endoscope until 6 weeks. Half of the animals in each group were sacrificed 6 weeks after placement of the packing materials. Results: Compared with the absorbable gelatin sponge, the P407 group showed little inflammation or fibrosis in the tympanic membrane and middle ear mucosa regardless of bacterial inoculation. The gelatin group showed severe otorrhea or perforation until 2 weeks in the right ear (2 of 4) and the left ear (1 of 4). Even though the endoscopic findings were similar between both packing groups at 6 weeks, histological analysis showed persistent packing material, inflammatory cells, and fibrosis in the gelatin group compared to the P407 group. Conclusions: This study suggested that P407 is feasible as a packing material to handle with one hand and to prevent adhesion, especially in infected middle ear mucosa. Although there is a lack of data on how well P407 supports grafts, we suggest that P407 could be a candidate for packing material in endoscopic ear surgery.

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Shabaev, Sergey, Sergey Ivanov, and Martel Nikita. "The Development of Theoretical Basis of Mathematical Model of Crushed Rock Particle-Particle Packing." E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910501028.

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The existing mathematical models that predict the poly-fractional granular media packing density do not take into account their packing degree, which gives a fairly large deviation of the simulation results from the actual experimental values (up to 20-25%). To increase the reliability of prediction of the elastic modulus of crushed rocks, it is necessary to develop the mathematical model that would give more adequate values, since it is known that a change in the granular medium packing density by only 5-10% can lead to a change in the elastic modulus up to 1.5-2 times. The conditions under which smaller particles can be placed in the free space formed after packing larger particles are determined in this work on the basis of the performed computer simulation. It is established that particles of the i-th component of crushed rock can be placed in the free space formed after packing all the previous (larger) components, if the free space volume exceeds the ratio of the actual volume of the particles of the considered component to the packing density of one-dimensional particles to a degree that is exponential function of the serial number of the component.

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Bektimirova, Umut, Islam Mukhammedrakhym, Chang Seon Shon, Dichuan Zhang, and Jong Kim. "Effect of Aggregate Packing on Strength of Reactive Powder Concrete: Modeling and Experimental Evaluation." Materials Science Forum 998 (June 2020): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.998.299.

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This research investigates the effects of aggregate packing degree on the strength of Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) mixtures on the basis of the Toufar model. To optimize the packing degree of sand for strength development of RPC, various sand blends with the combination of different fraction size were used. In addition, 10 different blends that showed best packing degree were chosen to investigate the compressive strength of RPC. It was found that experimental verification results conform to Toufar model calculations. The test result shows that packing degree had a significant effect on the strength of RPC: Mixtures with higher packing degree can achieve higher compressive strength. Furthermore, Results indicate the Toufar model can predict packing degree of aggregate blends.

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Bódis, Attila. "Bin packing with directed stackability conflicts." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Informatica 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausi-2015-0011.

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Abstract The Bin Packing problem is a well-known and highly investigated problem in the computer science: we have n items given with their sizes, and we want to assign them to unit capacity bins such, that we use the minimum number of bins. In this paper, some generalizations of this problem are considered, where there are some additional stackability constraints defining that certain items can or cannot be packed on each other. The corresponding model in the literature is the Bin Packing Problem with Conflicts (BPPC), where this additional constraint is defined by an undirected conflict graph having edges between items that cannot be assigned to the same bin. However, we show some practical cases, where this conflict is directed, meaning that the items can be assigned to the same bin, but only in a certain order. Two new models are introduced for this problem: Bin Packing Problem with Hanoi Conflicts (BPPHC) and Bin Packing Problem with Directed Conflicts (BPPDC). In this work, the connection of the three conflict models is examined in detail. We have investigated the complexity of the new models, mainly the BPPHC model, in the special case where each item have the same size. We also considered two cases depending on whether re-ordering the items is allowed or not. We show that for the online version of the BPPHC model with unit size items, every Any-Fit algorithm gives not better than -competitive, when it is forbidden for the optimum to re-order the items, even if only 2 stackability classes, called Hanoi classes, are applied. This lower bound is generalized for arbitrary number of Hanoi classes. However, we also prove, that asymptotically the First-Fit algorithm is 1-competitive for this case. Finally, we introduce an algorithm for the offline version of the BPPHC model with unit size items, which has polynomial time complexity, if the number of the Hanoi classes and the capacity of the bins are constant.

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Miller, W. A., L. C. Leung, T. M. Azhar, and S. Sargent. "Fuzzy production planning model for fresh tomato packing." International Journal of Production Economics 53, no. 3 (December 1997): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-5273(97)00110-2.

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Zhong Wen-Zhen, He Ke-Jing, Zhou Zhao-Yao, Xia Wei, and Li Yuan-Yuan. "Physical model and simulation system of powder packing." Acta Physica Sinica 58, no. 13 (2009): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.58.21.

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Gambosi, Giorgio, Alberto Postiglione, and Maurizio Talamo. "Algorithms for the Relaxed Online Bin-Packing Model." SIAM Journal on Computing 30, no. 5 (January 2000): 1532–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/s0097539799180408.

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S. A. Thompson, C. V. Schwab, and I. J. Ross. "Calibration of a Model for Packing Whole Grains." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 7, no. 4 (1991): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26244.

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Corwin, Eric I., Maxime Clusel, Alexander O. N. Siemens, and Jasna Brujić. "Model for random packing of polydisperse frictionless spheres." Soft Matter 6, no. 13 (2010): 2949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c000984a.

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Kim, Jong Cheol, Keun Ho Auh, and David M. Martin. "Multi-level particle packing model of ceramic agglomerates." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2000): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/8/2/306.

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Eisenberg, E., and A. Baram. "Random closest packing in a 2D lattice model." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 33, no. 9 (February 28, 2000): 1729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/33/9/302.

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Kulloo, P., and R. Lakhani. "Posterior nasal packing: illustration by a simple model." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 96, no. 1 (January 2014): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2014.96.1.76.

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Prvan, Marina, Arijana Burazin Mišura, Zoltan Gecse, and Julije Ožegović. "A Vertex-Aligned Model for Packing 4-Hexagonal Clusters in a Regular Hexagonal Container." Symmetry 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12050700.

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This paper deals with a problem the packing polyhex clusters in a regular hexagonal container. It is a common problem in many applications with various cluster shapes used, but symmetric polyhex is the most useful in engineering due to its geometrical properties. Hence, we concentrate on mathematical modeling in such an application, where using the “bee” tetrahex is chosen for the new Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) design upgrade, which is one of four detectors used in Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiment at European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN). We start from the existing hexagonal containers with hexagonal cells packed inside, and uniform clustering applied. We compare the center-aligned (CA) and vertex-aligned (VA) models, analyzing cluster rotations providing the increased packing efficiency. We formally describe the geometrical properties of clustering approaches and show that cluster sharing is inevitable at the container border with uniform clustering. In addition, we propose a new vertex-aligned model decreasing the number of shared clusters in the uniform scenario, but with a smaller number of clusters contained inside the container. Also, we describe a non-uniform tetrahex cluster packing scheme in the proposed container model. With the proposed cluster packing solution, it is accomplished that all clusters are contained inside the container region. Since cluster-sharing is completely avoided at the container border, the maximal packing efficiency is obtained compared to the existing models.

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Dash, S. K. "Identifying and classifying attributes of packaging for customer satisfaction-A Kano Model Approach." International Journal of Production Management and Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ijpme.2021.13683.

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<p>The packaging industry in India is predicted to grow at 18% annually. In recent years Packaging becomes a potential marketing tool. The marketer should design the packaging of high quality from customer perspective. As the research in the area of packaging is very few, study of quality attributes of Packaging is the need of the hour and inevitable. An empirical research was conducted by applying Kano Model. The researcher is interested to find out the perception of the customers on 22 quality attributes of packaging. 500 respondents which were selected randomly were asked about their experience of packing on everyday commodities through a well-structured questionnaire. The classification of attribute as must-be quality, one-dimensional quality, attractive quality, indifferent quality and reverse quality was done by three methods. Marketer should make a note of it and prioritise the attributes for customer satisfaction.</p>

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