Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pacta servanda sunt'

O desenvolvimento do complexo agroindustrial da soja no Brasil deu-se, em parte, como decorrência do surgimento de formas alternativas de crédito, tal como a venda antecipada de soja por meio de contratos. O problema que motivou este estudo foi decorrente das quebras contratuais por parte dos produtores rurais em um momento de expressiva alta do preço e suas conseqüentes disputas judiciais. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e econométricas (PROBIT) sobre 161 decisões judiciais do Tribunal de Justiça de Goiás e uma pesquisa quantitativa com 70 produtores rurais. O estudo tem como hipótese central que o ambiente institucional deficiente eleva custos de transação e reduz o desenvolvimento econômico. Os testes realizados entre decisões judiciais de primeira e segunda instância (Apelação) indicaram larga dispersão, bem como entre decisões no mesmo nível: em comarcas do interior alguns resultados foram 100% favorecendo a manutenção dos contratos e outros exatamente o contrário. Da mesma forma, a análise das decisões de Apelação revelou a diversidade de entendimento das turmas julgadoras entre as Câmaras Cíveis. No entanto, a probabilidade de o contrato ser mantido aumentou ano após ano e uma das variáveis significantes foi a primeira decisão do STJ sobre esse conflito, favorável à manutenção dos contratos. Os impactos das decisões jurídicas no ambiente econômico podem ser percebidos, como a maior exigência de garantias e a redução do número de contratos. Os produtores que não quebraram seus contratos também foram negativamente afetados com as novas estratégias adotadas pelas empresas compradoras de soja. As empresas ficaram receosas de negociar, uma vez que não puderam contar com a segurança jurídica de que o contrato seria cumprido. O uso do conceito de função social dos contratos gera neles um alto grau de instabilidade, portanto, os custos de transação aumentaram para todos os agentes, bem como a importância de sanções econômicas.
The development of the soybean agribusiness complex in Brazil took place, in part, as a consequence of credit alternative forms, such as the soybean anticipated sale by contracts. The problems which have motivated this study were the contractual breaches during an expressive increase of price and their judicial decisions. Descriptive and econometric analysis (PROBIT) have been carried out on 161 appeal judicial decisions of Goiás Court of Justice (Brazil) and a quantitative survey was done with 70 farmers. The study has supported the hypothesis that a weak judiciary increases transaction costs and decreases the economic development rate. A large dispersion of court decisions was found between the first and appeal decision, as well inside the same level. However, the probability of the contract maintenance in the second level decision increased year by year, one significant variable was the influence of High court decisions favoring the contract maintenance. The effects of court decisions could be realized such as more requirements of warranties and the reduction in the number of contracts. Those soybean producers who did not breach their contracts also have been negatively affected by the strategic reactions of trading and industries. The use of the concept of \"social role of contract\" inserted a high degree of instability in contracts. Therefore, the transaction costs have been increased for all the agents and the importance of economic sanctions has increased as well.

Avtalsfrihet och pacta sunt servanda benämns ofta som avtalsrättens grundpelare. Det innebär att parterna är fria att själva utforma inbördes prestationer och skyldigheter i avtal och att bundenhet att fullfölja avtalet uppstår. En jämkning av avtalsvillkor innebär i många fall att dessa grundprinciper inskränks varför uppsatsen behandlar principernas ställning och skyddsvärde. Denna uppsats har till syfte att utreda räckvidden för en i avtal stadgad ansvarsbegränsning. Utredningen görs dels genom en genomgång av den proposition generalklausulsutredningen resulterade i och som förelåg införandet av oskälighetsbegreppet i 36 § AvtL, vari tillämpning för jämkning av avtalsklausul möjligen kan finnas, dels genom en sammanställning för vad som föreskrivs i rättspraxis och doktrin. En skiljedom, som klandrades och därför blev offentlig, visar hur skiljemännen valde att tillämpa 36 § AvtL för att jämka en avtalad klausul om ansvarsbegränsning och istället göra en skadeståndsbedömning delvis utifrån skadeståndsrättsliga principer. I uppsatsen utreds under vilka förutsättningar en eller flera klausuler kan jämkas och redogör för hur ett jämkningsförfarande generellt går till och analyserar vad ett eftersträvansvärt förhållandesätt till en faktor som tecknad ansvarsförsäkring är. Vidare utreder uppsatsförfattarna huruvida en ansvarsförsäkring hos part kan påverka utfallet av bedömningen i skadeståndsrättsliga frågor. Uppsatsen behandlar ett antal rättsfall som har visat viss vägledning i fråga att klargöra rättsläget

La cause efficiente du contrat est une notion sur laquelle la doctrine ne s'attarde pas. Cette notion represente pourtant un outil indispensable a la comprehension des debats relatifs a la force obligatoire du contrat et a la portee du principle du consensualisme ; de maniere generale, elle constitue l'une des pieces maitresses de toute theorie du contrat et de l'acte juridique. Est cause efficiente du contrat tout evenement a la survenance duquel l'effet contractuel considere est imperativement et specialement suybordonne. Cette definition, tres generale, ne suffit pas a caracteriser la notion, car il existe deux conceptions tres differentes de la cause efficiente du contrat. La conception mecaniste de la cause efficiente contractuelle suppose que les effets contratuels sont unis a leur cause efficiente par un lien de causalite sembable a celui qui relie un phenomene physique a sa cause. La cause efficiente mecanique est une cause generatrice. La conception mecaniste de la cause efficiente contractuelle explique la formation du contrat par un principe de causalite. Toutefois, le droit positif francais ne se plie pas au determinisme que la conception mecaniste implique quant a la formation du contrat. La conception normativiste de la cause efficiente contractuelle considere que les effets contratuels sont rattaches, de maniere artificielle, par le droit objectif a la rencontre des volontes des parties contractantes. Cette conception substitue au lien de causaulite postule par la conception mecaniste une relation d'imputation qui fait de la

The research in this dissertation investigates the impact of pacta sunt servanda in the South African law of contract. The notion that agreements seriously entered into must be honoured is an age-old principle which has found recognition in South African law. The common law foundational principles of contract law are explained and the impact of the Constitution on these principles is analysed. The Constitution is the highest law in the land and all law, including the common law, must conform to it. The cornerstones of the South African law of contract are good faith, freedom of contract, sanctity of contract and privity of contract. The competing common law foundational values are discussed with particular emphasis on the principles of sanctity of contract and freedom of contract. The notion of freedom of contract is a constitutionally recognised principle which is associated with party autonomy and denotes minimal state interference. Pacta sunt servanda states that obligations created in terms of an agreement must be honoured; therefore parties who enter into contractual agreements with the relevant intention are obliged to respect the agreement. There are many dimensions to a contract which affect its meaning as a legal instrument, apart from the legal dimension there is also a structural dimension of contracts. With regards to the structural dimension, the interpretation and the drafting of contracts is relevant because this is the process by which the agreement between the parties is codified and interpreted. In order for the principle of pacta sunt servanda to operate successfully in contractual agreements, the written contract must clearly indicate the intention of the parties. In this research both interpretation and drafting of contracts will be examined to identify their impact on the principle of pacta sunt servanda. Pacta sunt servanda influences the interpretation and drafting of contracts and must therefore always be considered when executing contractual agreements. The case law in this research highlights the fact that courts are in favour of contractual validity and have accepted pacta sunt servanda as a cemented principle in the South African law of contract.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted

À l'occasion de l'exposition des conditions de formation du contrat, le consensualisme est présenté comme le principe et le formalisme comme l'exception. Si les thèmes de la renaissance et de l'emprise du formalisme en droit des contrats constituent un phénomène connu et largement étudié, le consensualisme n'a quant à lui jamais fait l'objet d'une recherche globale. Les difficultés rencontrées lorsqu'il s'agit d'isoler les manifestations du consensualisme nous ont conduit à procéder à son étude dans le cadre de la théorie générale du contrat. De cette recherche, il ressort tout d'abord le constat de ce que le consensualisme n'exerce qu'une influence restreinte sur les éléments formels du contrat. Tendance historique, il a conduit à exclure la définition du contrat, et corrélativement, à la déplacer vers le droit des contrats. L'impact du consensualisme sur les éléments substantiels du contrat est en revanche déterminant : il fournit une définition du contrat fondée sur l'échange des consentements qui consacre la valeur juridique de la promesse abstraite. Le consensualisme véhicule une théorie de la convention qui s'appuie sur une procédure, l'échange des consentements, et une norme, "pacta sunt servanda". Il nécessite, en contrepoint, de confier au juge les plus larges pouvoirs pour qualifier et apprécier les conventions dont le contenu est élargi à l'extrême en raison du postulat consensualiste. Il implique de considérer le juge du point de vue de sa fonction d'arbitre, chargé de résoudre les litiges plutôt que de dire le droit selon la " clause générale de validité" des promesses qui caractérise le système consensualiste. Ignorant la distinction entre l'ordre juridique et l'ordre moral, il constitue, plus largement, une conception des rapports obligatoires en rupture avec les critères du système de droit formel et invite à la réflexion sur les systèmes concurrents, les systèmes non-formels.

En droit du commerce international, pacta sunt servanda se manifeste dans la règle de l'intangibilité du contrat. Cette dernière s'y présente de manière singulière. Sous l'influence de la Common law, la créance et les prérogatives contractuelles ne sont protégées qu'en fonction de leur utilité économique. En cas d'inexécution du contrat, la modification de ses stipulations est encouragée lorsqu'elle permet au créancier de minimiser son préjudice. En vue d'une allocation optimale des ressources économiques, le créancier doit parfois privilégier la survie du lien contractuel, à la sanction stricte de ses droits et prérogatives. La règle de l'intangibilité du contrat est ainsi concurrencée par la règle de l'effet utile du contrat. Cette dernière participe à la singularité du principe pacta sunt servanda en droit du commerce international. Le principe transnational pacta sunt servanda n'est pas qu'une représentation " systématique et synthétique " de la force obligatoire du contrat en droit du commerce international. Ce principe de droit transnational tire son autonomie vis-à-vis des droits étatiques des libertés accrues reconnues à l'arbitre international. Le principe transnational pacta sunt servanda invite à rejeter la nullité d'un contrat conforme aux besoins du commerce du international, lorsque celle-ci est commandée par des motifs étatiques particularistes. Cette protection accrue du devoir de respecter la parole donnée n'en fait toutefois pas un principe d'ordre public transnational. Pacta sunt servanda conduit plutôt vers la reconnaissance d'un principe de validité transnationale des contrats en droit du commerce international.

Tesis (para optar al grado de Magíster en Derecho con mención en Derecho Internacional)
En esta Actividad Equivalente Formativa a Tesis, se analizarán las excepciones al principio “pacta sunt servanda”, específicamente las instituciones de “fuerza mayor” y “hardship”, a la luz de cuatro instrumentos jurídicos específicos que podrían ser aplicables a un contrato comercial internacional. El desarrollo de este trabajo partirá de la exposición de un hecho ficticio sobre contratación internacional que vincula empresas establecidas en la República de Panamá y en la República de Chile, y que se presenta en circunstancias que abarcan ambas instituciones jurídicas. En este sentido, el análisis del hecho se basará en la aplicación el método comparativo entre las legislaciones nacionales de la República de Panamá y la República de Chile, y las normas internacionales de la Convención de Viena sobre la Compraventa Internacional de Mercaderías de 1980 y los Principios de Unidroit. De este grupo de normativas se presentarán los antecedentes, las posiciones doctrinarias, y los distintos casos vistos por los tribunales ordinarios o arbitrales sobre fuerza mayor y hards

The seventeenth century represents formankind the creation of great literary works that narrate the events that occurred in the reality of that time flawlessly. This article wants to analyze the implications and reviews of some literary texts by renowned authors of that time like Miguel de Cervantes and William Shakespeare with modern legal institutions. Also, to think about how literature enriches the science of law.
El siglo XVII representa para la humanidad la creación de grandes obras literarias que narran los sucesos acontecidos en la realidad de aquella época de manera impecable. El presente artículo busca analizar las implicancias y críticas de algunos textos literarios de renombrados autores de aquella época como Miguel de Cervantes y William Shakespeare con instituciones jurídicas modernas. Asimismo, reflexionar acerca de la manera en que la Literatura enriquece la ciencia del Derecho.

Exprimant de manière très générale les obligations des états membres de la communauté, l'article 5 CEE serait, c'est selon, une disposition purement formelle, dont l'imprécision interdirait toute portée spécifique, ou un équivalent du principe de fidélité fédérale, à la signification majeure. Il faut donc préciser le contenu et mesurer la portée de l'article 5. Quatre obligations distinctes découlent, pour les états membres, de l'article 5 CEE : une obligation de coopération composée d'une mission exécutive de mise en œuvre et d'une obligation d'action supplétive plus exceptionnelle, une obligation de collaboration avec les institutions communautaires, une obligation de loyauté préservant le système communautaire dans ses dimensions fonctionnelle et structurelle, une obligation de solidarité entre états membres. La portée de l'article 5 peut être appréciée par la démonstration de son efficacité, spécialement son caractère contraignant, son autonomie et l'ampleur de son champ d'application ; elle peut être précisée par l'identification de son rôle, consistant principalement à préserver ou promouvoir l'intérêt général communautaire ; elle peut être comprise par la mise en évidence de la signification de l'article 5 : celui-ci est bien la matérialisation essentielle d'un principe plus général de fidélité communautaire mais, plus spécifiquement, il exprime des obligations des états en tant que membres de la communauté et non en tant qu'assujettis au droit communautaire
General rule, expressing the member states duties; the article 5 of the EEC Treaty is regarded as a too unprecise disposition, without any efficiency, or, on the contrary, as an equivalent to the principle of federal comity. The article 5 enclose four distinct obligations: a co-operation duty consisting of an executive office and an exceptional mission to supply the deficiency of the community, a duty of collaboration with the community institutions, an obligation of loyalty preserving the community system in all his dimensions, a duty of solidarity between member states. The article 5 is an efficacious clause, self imperative and whose scope is very broad. His essential function is to serve the public interest of the community and his meaning is double: to materialize a general principle of community comity and to express the obligation following from the membership

Dès le début des années 90, dans les cadres institutionnels créés par les instruments internationaux de protection de l’environnement, les «mécanismes de contrôle et de suivi» ont fait leur apparition. Ces systèmes visent à vérifier le non respect des dispositions conventionnelles par un État Partie et tentent d'y apporter les correctifs nécessaires. La pratique nous enseigne qu'en principe les États Parties à une convention de protection de l’environnement, lors de la vérification d'un manquement à une ou plusieurs dispositions, ne font ni recours au règlement juridictionnel des différends, ni à la responsabilité internationale et enfin ni au droit des traités, préférant utiliser lesdits mécanismes. Par la systématisation de neuf de ces mécanismes de contrôle et de suivi, nous tentons d'en décrire le fonctionnement et de dissiper certains des malentendus existants au sujet des rapports entre les systèmes en question et les moyens mis en place par le droit international général.

De lege lata, le contrat ne sait pas faire face à l'imprévu. Confondu avec l'incertain au sein de l'aléatoire, masqué par une dialectique d'imprévisibilité, l'imprévu ne fait pas l'objet d'une appréhension unitaire. Pourtant, sa définition est univoque: est imprévu ce qui n'a fait l'objet d'aucune prévision. Une fois cernés les contours de la notion d'imprévu, on observe que le contrat entretient avec l'imprévu un rapport singulier et antagoniste. Soit le contrat tente de prévenir l'imprévu, soit il est saisi par l'imprévu. Dans cette dernière optique, on ne connaît qu'une réponse à l'imprévu: la théorie de la force majeure. Enserrée dans des conditions d'application incohérentes, elle manque cruellement de nuance: soit l'imprévu est rejeté aux confins du non-droit, soit il provoque l'anéantissement contractuel. Aucun remède n'est apporté à la pathologie engendrée par l'imprévu. Pour pallier cette carence, on propose parfois d'introduire en droit français la théorie de la révision pour imprévision. Pourtant, celle-ci peine à convaincre, principalement en raison de sa contradiction avec l'adage pacta sunt servanda, et du flou entourant ses conditions de déclenchement. Une autre vision est pourtant possible. Le silence gardé par les parties quant à un événement imprévu n’opère pas nécessairement acceptation de ce risque. Seul le silence sur un événement incertain traduit un mouvement de spéculation exclusif d’un traitement de l’imprévu. Par ailleurs, le débat relatif à l’admission de l’imprévision paraît mal posé: la force obligatoire n’est nullement en cause. Du reste, l’imprévu forme une notion homogène, dont seule l’ampleur des conséquences varie. Au continuum de l'imprévu répond donc un traitement progressif et animé d'une logique de prévention de la force majeure, ultimum remedium qui sanctionne l'échec du contrat face à l'imprévu.

L’application des principes de la force obligatoire et de l'effet relatif aux exceptions, en matière d’opérations juridiques a trois personnes, permet de distinguer des exceptions efficientes (ou inefficientes) et des exceptions opposables (ou inopposables). Dans les opérations juridiques créatrices d'obligations, nous étudions les opérations de délégation, de novation, ainsi que le cautionnement et l'assurance de responsabilité. Les différents éléments du rapport d'obligation crée par ces opérations peuvent donner lieu à des exceptions, qui sont en principe efficientes. Le caractère extérieur de la cause rend inopposables certaines exceptions, et le caractère accessoire du cautionnement entraine l'opposabilité des exceptions. Dans les opérations juridiques translatives d'obligations - dette ou créance - ou de contrats, le principe est l'opposabilité des exceptions inhérentes au lien de droit transféré. Le transfert d'un rapport d'obligation ne présente pas les mêmes difficultés selon qu'il porte sur une créance ou sur une dette. Le transfert du contrat possède en droit français un régime tout à fait incertain ; il convient de distinguer les exceptions inhérentes à l'opération de cession, et les exceptions inhérentes au contrat transféré
In a study of legal operations between three people, it is interesting to apply principles of binding power and relative effect. This application leads me to distinguish "opposability" from "efficiency" of pleas. In legal operations which create obligations, i studied delegation of duties and novation, security and liability insurance. For those operations, the principle is the "efficiency" of pleas. Nevertheless, there is sometimes opposability (for security) and sometimes in opposability (when cause is outside) of exceptions. In legal operations which transmit obligations - debt or claim or contracts, the principle is the "opposability" of pleas. Transfer of obligation is different from transfer of contract. In case of obligation, transfer of debt and transfer of claim have to be studied separately. In case of contract, the operation of transfer is very particular in French law because unsure, so, i had to study separately pleas relating to contract itself and pleas relating to the operation of transfer

Le contrat, acte de prévision. La formule touche à l'une des dimensions essentielles du contrat : il organise l'action par projection, et lui confère sécurité en garantissant l'exécution conforme des anticipations. C’est la mesure de la réception, en droit privé contemporain, de cette fonction de l'acte qui fait l'objet de la présente étude. Il apparaît, à cet égard, que la fonction de prévision est pleinement assumée par le contrat… alors que dans le même temps, elle semble encore parfois négligée par la théorie générale du contrat. Les parties ont aujourd'hui les moyens de lutter contre les défaillances personnelles, grâce à l'emploi de mécanismes purement volontaires. Certains procédés négociés leur permettent également de faire front aux aléas extérieurs, afin de protéger la permanence de l'accord. Leur utilisation se révèle indispensable. Car le droit positif, qui véhicule une conception rigide du temps, n'a pas systématiquement le souci de la sauvegarde des relations. La théorie de l'imprévision, qui favorise leur pérennité, n’est toujours pas admise malgré les ressources de l’exigence de bonne foi. La théorie de la force majeure, quant à elle, est instable. Les techniques de survie de la convention, dont elle autorise la mise en œuvre, ne sont pas encore assez valorisées
The contract as an act of prevision. The drawing-up of the contract plays and essential part of the agreement itself : it organises the action by forsight, and in doing so endows the contract with security by respectfully guaranteeing the execution of its anticipations. In as far as circumstances allow in modern private law, it is the function of the act which is the object of the present study. In this respect, it appears that the duty of prevision is fully assumed by the contract although, at the same time, it seems to be neglected by the general theory of contract. Today, the parties have the means to fight against personal weaknesses thanks to the use of purely voluntary mechanics. Certain negotiated procedures allow them to face outside risks equally in order to protect the permanence of the agreement. Their use reveals itself as indispensable as since positive law, which carries a rigid conception of time, does not systematically have the concern of safe guarding relationships. The theory of unforseeability which favorises their durability is not always admitted, despite resources of the required good faith. The act of God's theory is unreliable. Although the agreement allows for the setting-up of methods of survival as protection of the parties, they are nonetheless not always respected sufficiently

Les nouvelles figures contractuelles – que sont le plan d’aide au retour à l’emploi, le contrat de responsabilité parentale, les contrats d’accueil et d’intégration, les contrats en matière d’insertion et le contrat d’accompagnement social personnalisé – interrogent quant à leur qualification lorsqu’on les confronte à une définition traditionnelle du contrat, entendu comme un accord de volontés ayant pour finalité la création d’obligations. Le but poursuivi dans cette thèse est, au travers de leur étude, d’apporter une nouvelle analyse de la notion de contrat. Une définition renouvelée, commune au contrat de droit privé et au contrat administratif, peut être proposée. Le contrat est une rencontre de consentements ayant pour finalité la création d’effets de droit nouveaux. En outre, des principes directeurs du contrat peuvent être dégagés. Enfin, la singularité des nouvelles figures contractuelles s’explique par l’apparition de nouvelles fonctions du contrat. Elles ont pour finalité l’accompagnement d’une personne vers la résolution de ses difficultés. Comme d’autres contrats, elles appartiennent à la catégorie révélée des contrats inégalitaires caractérisés par deux éléments : l’existence d’un pouvoir détenu par l’un des contractants et la vulnérabilité corrélative de l’autre. Une ébauche de régime commun semble émerger autour de l’impératif de protection du contractant vulnérable et plus globalement du maintien du contrat dans son rôle de vecteur de lien social. Un tel régime est difficile à dessiner au vu des spécificités propres à chaque contrat inégalitaire particulier. Une telle uniformisation est souhaitable afin de favoriser l’effectivité du résultat recherché
One may wonder if the new forms of contracts such as the back-to-work assistance plan, the parental responsability contract, the host and integration contracts, the work placement and personalized social support contracts, can be considered as such, if one sticks to the traditional definition of the word contract, namely an agreement of wills which aims at creating obligations. The purpose of the thesis is, through their study, a new analysis of the notion of contract. A revised definition, shared by private law and administrative contracts, can be suggested. A contract is the meeting of mutual consents which aims at creating new right effects. Besides, contract guidelines can emerge. Finally, the peculiarity of new forms of contract can be explained by the emergence of new contract functions : the guidelines for problem resolution. Like other contracts, they belong in the revealed category of unequal contracts which are characterized by two elements : the existence of a power held by one of the contractors and the consequential vulnerability of the other. A sketch of a common scheme seems to appear because of the need to protect vulnerable contractors, and more generally, to maintain the contract as a social link. Such a scheme is difficult to imagine, in view of the specific characteristics of each unequal contract. This standardization is desirable to facilitate the effectiveness of the desired result

Analisa se o artigo 54 da lei do inquilinato está em sintonia com a atual principiologia regente do direito contratual brasileiro. Relata a superação da dicotomia entre direito público e privado e apresenta na Constituição Federal as bases do direito privado e contratual, fato possível diante da reordenação valorativa do direito civil. Fala-se da formação dos contratos, especialmente a fase da policitação ou oblação – de maior importância ao presente estudo. Distingue a liberdade de contratar da liberdade contratual, esclarecendo que há fatores econômicos que refletem na igualdade e na liberdade na definição do conteúdo contratual. Abordam-se os princípios da autonomia da vontade (e sua diferenciação com a autonomia privada, bem como sua evolução histórica), da força obrigatória dos contratos (pacta sunt servanda e o reconhecimento de que a sua aplicação irrestrita é causa de injustiças) e do consensualismo. Averigua o princípio da função social do contrato e o da boa-fé (em especial, na sua face objetiva), bem como as consequências e importância da materialização destes princípios no Código Civil. Aborda sobre a interpretação jurídica e suas peculiaridades (especialmente no Direito contemporâneo), inclusive no que se refere a tal encargo do jurista e repercussões nos negócios jurídicos. Aproveita para já fazer algumas inserções sobre questionamentos se de fato é bem interpretado e aplicado o artigo 54 da lei 8245/1991. Na sequência, analisa o instituto da segurança jurídica nos tempos em que o pacta sunt servanda reinava absoluto a na atual sistemática jurídica, tendo então abordado sobre o que se entende por Justiça. Apresenta ainda a obrigatoriedade do Judiciário em não apenas julgar, mas em harmonizar o sistema jurídico nacional, fazendo referência à repercussão das normas de ordem pública na vinculação da decisão do juiz. Menciona ainda que as abusividades que devem ser extirpadas pelos magistrados podem ser encontradas em contratos civis/consumeristas e também empresariais, sejam paritários, pseudo-paritários ou mesmo nos padronizados/adesão. Ressalta a importância da magistratura na paz social. Aprofunda a reflexão sobre os contratos de utilização de unidade em Shopping Center, suas características e natureza jurídica (tendo sido apresentadas divergências doutrinárias significativas). Fez-se análise de diversas jurisprudências nacionais a respeito da aplicação do artigo 54 da lei locatícia e a figura do pacta sunt servanda e, sobre isso, aponta o equívoco na interpretação majoritária que tem prevalecido nos Tribunais. Menciona a necessidade de regulamentação da atividade mercadológica estudada, bem como os vários motivos que facultam (na verdade, obrigam) o Judiciário a refletir com maior profundidade os contratos de utilização de unidades em Shopping Center. Ao final, apresenta manifestação doutrinária no sentido de haver necessidade de mudança jurisprudencial, tendo sido colacionada uma decisão judicial que, de maneira salutar, contraria a atual posição do Judiciário, mostrando sintonia com o presente estudo.
This research analyses the article 54 of Location Estatute which is coincident with the recent principology of Brazilian contract Law. It reports the overcoming of the dichotomy between public and private rights and it presents on Federal Constitution the basis of private and contract right, fact possible towards the valorative reordination of civil right. It reports the contract formation, mainly regarding the phase of offer or oblation – of major importance to the present study. It also distinguishes the freedom of hiring and contract freedom, clarifying that there are economic factors which reflect on the equality and on the freedom of the definition of the contract content. It approaches the principles of will autonomy (and its diferentiation between private autonomy, as well as its historical evolution), mandatory force of contracts (pacta sunt servanda and the recognizing that its aplication is cause of injustice) and consensualism. It verified the principle of social function of contract and good-will (mainly in its objective face) as well as the consequences and importance of materialization of such principles in Civil Code. It approached the Law interpretation and its particularities (mainly in current Law), including what refer to such the responsability of the jurist and its repercurssion to Law business. It also approached some insertions on the inquiry whether it is well interpreted and applied the article 54 of Law 8245/1991. Then, it was analyzed the institute for Law security in the times pacta sunt servanda was absolute and in the current juridic systematic, approaching what it means by Justice. It was also presented the mandatority of Judiciary not only to judge, but also in harmonize the national juridic system, making reference to the repercurssion of rules of public order in the judge`s decision. It was also mentioned that the abuses which should be extirpated by the bench might also be found in civil/consumerist contracts and also in business, either they are parity, faked- parity or even standard/adhesion. It was highlighted the importance of the bench in social peace. It was stressed the reflection on the contracts of the utilization of unities in Shopping Center, its characteristics and its juridic nature (have been presented meaningful doutrine divergences). It was analyzed several national jurisprudence regarding the aplication of article 54 of the Tenancy law and the figure of pacta sunt servanda, and about this, it was pointed the quirck of major interpretation which has prevailed in Courts. It was mentioned the need of regulamention of the studied market activity, as well as the several reasons which provide (actually, oblige) the Judiciary to reflect further the contracts of utilization of unities in Shopping Center. Finally, it was presented several doutrinary manifestations in the sense of having the need of jurisprudential change, having been placed a judicial decision that, in a salutar way, goes against the current position of Judiciary, in agreement with the current study.

Alors que de nombreuses réflexions doctrinales viennent remettre en cause l'analyse classique du contrat, notamment du point de vue de la liberté contractuelle en raison des nombreux impératifs auxquels est soumise la formation du contrat, la force obligatoire du contrat demeure assez largement conçue comme un principe absolu. Les présentations de la force obligatoire du contrat ne font en effet apparaître que très peu d'aménagements, analysés comme des atteintes à ce principe, ce qui laisse sous-entendre que l'exécution du contrat doit rester fidèle à ce qui a été voulu au moment de la formation du contrat. La confrontation de ce principe aux règles des droits de l'insolvabilité (droit des entreprises en difficulté et droit du surendettement des particuliers) doit pourtant conduire à une reconsidération de la théorisation de la force obligatoire du contrat. Ces législations portent en effet des atteintes très importantes à l'irrévocabilité et à l'intangibilité du contrat, règles classiquement déduites du concept de force obligatoire du contrat. Or il est symptomatique que l'élargissement du domaine d'éligibilité de ces procédures ait pour conséquence de permettre à tout sujet de droit de bénéficier de ces aménagements du contrat, dès lors que les conditions légales sont remplies. Il en résulte, réciproquement, que tout contractant est exposé au risque de voir son cocontractant soumis à une procédure d'insolvabilité. La présentation absolue du principe de la force obligatoire du contrat doit donc laisser sa place à une conception relativisée de la force obligatoire du contrat, laquelle s'exprime techniquement par une nouvelle répartition des risques du contrat prenant en compte le risque spécifique d'insolvabilité
While some opinions of the modern legal scholarship tend to a renewal of the classical contract law analysis, especially with regard to freedom of contract which formation is submitted to numerous legal limitations, the prevailing view is still that sanctity of contract is an absolute principle. The traditionnal presentation leaves room for very few adjustments of contract once concluded, these alterations being deemed to be infrigments to sanctity of contract, so that the respect of the principle would necessarily require a faithful performance of what was intended and determined at the formation of the agreement. Nevertheless, confrontation of sanctity of contract with rules of insolvency (i.e. the law relevant to companies and individuals in situation of bankruptcy) impose to reconsider the theoretical conceptualisation of the former. Indeed, this law substantially affects both irrevocability and immutability of contract, two principles classically considered as consequencies of sanctity of contract. By the way, noteworthy is the extension of the scope of exigibility to insolvency proceedings thereupon permitting every juridical person to benefit from contractual modifications they give rise to, provided that legal requirements are fulfilled. As a result, any party to a contract is conversely exposed to the risk of his co-contractor being subjected to an insolvency proceeding. The absolute doctrine of sanctity of contract must therefore be rejected and the relativity of the concept ascertained, technically this proposal is substantiated with a new approach of allocation of contractual risks, including the specific risk of insolvency

La force obligatoire du contrat est universelle. Ce consensus contraste fortement avec les débats qui affectent les règles qui lui sont consacrées : quelle est l’assise du contrat ? faut-il que la cause et l’objet demeurent des conditions de sa validité ? comment adapter la protection du consentement aux contrats d’adhésion ? faut-il faire de la lutte contre les clauses abusives une question de droit commun ? quelle place accorder à la bonne foi ? quel office reconnaître au juge ? faut-il admettre la révision judiciaire pour imprévision ? quel rôle laisser à l’interprétation objective ? quel rôle reconnaître à l’article 1135 du Code civil ? de quelles sanctions assortir l’inexécution du contrat ? existe-t-il une hiérarchie entre elles ? comment concilier la prolifération des exceptions au principe d’intangibilité du contrat avec la cohérence d’ensemble de la force obligatoire ? A ces diverses questions, notamment, l’étude se propose de répondre en révélant le chaînon permettant de mettre en cohérence les règles relatives à la force obligatoire : l’intérêt au contrat, lequel désigne les éléments essentiels et « essentialisés » déterminants du consentement des parties. Organisée autour de ce pivot, la force obligatoire promeut et garantit le respect de l’intérêt au contrat, en application des fonctions utilitariste et sociale qui lui sont assignées. Assise et mesure de la force obligatoire, l’intérêt au contrat unifie le corpus normatif qui la gouverne
The binding force of the contract has a universal effect. This consensus contrasts sharply with the debates that affect the rules governing the binding force : what is the basis of contract ? Should the “cause” and the subject matter (“l’objet”) of the contract remain conditions of its validity ? How to adapt the protection of the consent to standard form contracts ? Should the regime against unfair contract terms be part of ordinary law ? What role should “good faith” play ? What role should the judge play ? Should we accept judicial revision for unforeseeability ? What role should objective interpretation play ? What importance should article 1135 of the French Civil Code have ? What sanctions should be associated to the termination of contract ? Is there a hierarchy between these sanctions ? How to reconcile the proliferation of the exceptions to the principle of intangibility of contract and the overall consistency of the binding force ? To all of these questions, among others, the study intends to answer by uncovering the link that ties together consistently all the rules on the binding force: the point to the contract, which refers to the essential (and “essentialized”) elements that are key to the consent of the parties. Structured around this link, the binding force promotes and ensures the protection of the point to the contract, pursuant to the utilitarian and the social functions assigned to it. Being both the basis and the measure of the binding force, the point to the contract unifies the body of law that governs it

C’est au cours de l’étude de la distinction entre la formation et l'exécution du contrat que s’est imposée une réflexion sur une autre alternative au modèle du contrat à exécution instantanée : le contrat de durée. En consacrant un modèle de contrat hors du temps le droit contractuel s’est construit sur une chimère. En effet, en niant l’infiltration du temps dans le contrat, les frontières entre la formation et l’exécution se sont fissurées. Devant cet état de fait, les attentes de clarification de la réforme furent nombreuses. Cependant, la réforme du droit des contrats bien que codifiant les apports épars de la jurisprudence n’en a pas tiré les conséquences de fond en consacrant une possible incomplétude du contrat à sa formation. En continuant à ignorer l’impact de la durée sur les contrats qui s’exécutent dans le temps, la réforme a aggravé l’éclatement des concepts et a empêché le droit commun d’évoluer.L’auteur s’est attaché donc à vouloir englober l’ensemble de la réalité contractuelle en faisant émerger à côté du modèle du contrat échange, le modèle du contrat de durée. La proposition d’un contrat de durée serait donc de nature à réconcilier le droit contractuel entre la culture contractuelle de l’échange et la culture contractuelle de la coopération qui prend naissance dans la durée. La durée du contrat transforme le contrat et émancipe son exécution en permettant au moment de la formation une certaine incomplétude
While studying the distinction between the preparation and the execution of a contract, a reflection on a new alternative to the contract of instantaneous performance imposed itself: an adjustable circumstance-based contract. Devoted to a timeless model of contract, contract law has built itself on a pipe dream. Indeed, the negation of time’s infiltration in a contract led the boundaries between preparation and execution to crack apart. In front of this situation the expectations for clarification with the reform were numerous. However, the 2016 reform of contract law, although systematising the scattered provisions of case law, did not drew the needed conclusions by sanctioning the possible incompleteness of a contract in its preparation. Still ignoring time’s impact in time-based contracts, the 2016 reform has worsened the splitting of concepts and prevented the evolution of common right. Thus the author focused on embracing the whole of contractual reality and developing alongside the swap contract: the adjustable circumstance-based contract. Contract law has indeed been confronted to types of contract that struggled to integrate duration but which, in the need to happen alongside a unique swap model, distorted its concepts. This is why the offer of an adjustable circumstance-based contract would be able to reconcile, in contract law, the contract culture of swap and the contract culture of cooperation which arise in duration

1 Pacta Sunt Servanda in Recent Civil Law Abstract The thesis deals with the brocard of pacta sunt servanda and its application in the current Czech civil law. After a brief explanation of the historical circumstances and a concise description of the historical development of private law in Czechia, the first chapter outlines the establishment and the practical confirmation of the pacta sunt servanda principle in the judicial rulings of the Czech Constitutional Court after year 1990. The second chapter analyzes the natural law doctrines that have informed the authors of the Civil Code in drafting the law, including the principle of pacta sunt servanda. The third chapter of the thesis reviews the practical expression of the principle that agreements must be kept, and promises are binding in the applicable provisions of the Civil Code. The freedom of contract is one of the essential tenets of the private law, which gives parties freedom to decide whether to enter into a contract, with whom and the freedom to decide (acting in mutual respect of the equal autonomy of the persons involved) about the contents of the contract. But the freedom is also accompanied by responsibility. One of the possible consequences of the pacta sunt servanda principle is a party's duty to negotiate with care and not to lead a...

Marques, João Paulo Fernandes Remédio
Dissertação de mestrado em Direito, ramo Jurídico Forenses.
Exame público realizado em 27 de Janeiro de 2012 pelas 11h30.
A relação obrigacional é constituída por um vínculo entre credor e devedor, fundado na autonomia da vontade e na liberdade contratual, alicerçando-se no equilíbrio de interesses juridicamente relevantes e no cumprimento pontual das respetivas prestações. O bullying constitui um ato ilícito atípico, praticado em regra pelo credor, caracterizado por atos de instigação, acossamento, assédio e coação sobre o devedor, executados com reiteração, aproveitando-se da sua vulnerabilidade. Independentemente da justeza ou licitude da prestação devida, o procedimento é corrosivo dos vínculos obrigacionais. O suprimento do desequilíbrio provocado suscita a questão da necessidade de conformação do pacta sunt servanda (força obrigatória dos contratos), designadamente em relação às obrigações acessórias da prestação principal.
The obligatory relation is constituted by a bond between creditor and debtor, established in the autonomy of choise and in the contractual freedom, grounding itself in the balance of interests legally relevant and in the prompt fulfiiment of the respective installments. Bullying constitutes an atypical illicit act, commited by the creditor, characterized by inciternent, harassrnent, siege and coercion of the debtor, executed with repetition, taking advantage of their vulnerability. Regardless of the fairness or lawfulness of installment payable, the procedure is corrosive of the obligatory bonds. The supply of the provoked disequilibrium raises the question of the necessity of conformation of pacta sunt servanda (binding force of contracts), particularly in relation to ancillary obligations of the main installment.

The focus of this discussion is whether there is still the need to enforce the restraint of trade agreements in their pre-Constitutional form. The dawn of the constitutional era has necessitated a re-examination of common law with a view to establishing whether the balance created by the latter (regarding this field) still exists. The Bill of Rights has obviously raised some doubts regarding the equilibrium desired between employer and employee interests. Section 22 of the Constitution is to the effect that everyone must be free to secure employment (as a fundamental right), whereas the common law restraint of trade agreements impose some bars to the operation of the said right. It is common course that the Constitution is more superior to common law, what remains a debateable issue is whether there are any reasonable limits that must be considered to justify the disregard of the Constitution. Serious arguments around the direct and indirect application of the Bill of Rights still persist and failure to resolve them would have the effect of excluding or weakening the application of the Bill to disputes arising in this field. In common law the enforcement of restraint agreements is sine qua non for the greater good of protecting the sanctity of contracts. Contractual obligations must be fulfilled unless it would be unreasonable to enforce same. The question of the onus to prove unreasonableness, which lies with the employee, turns to place an onerous burden on the employee. This coupled with the employee’s weaker bargaining power raises doubts as to whether the employee is in a better position to conclude a restraint of trade agreement. Common law does not consider or accommodate this concern in that its main object is the fulfilment of the agreement. It is believed that the Constitution has ushered in a new approach which focuses mainly on the fairness of the agreement itself. The enforcement of the agreement must pass the constitutional muster built in section 22 in order to ensure that there is equilibrium between the employer (the restrainor) and employee (the restrainee) interests. In the end this discussion explores whether it is justifiable to subject the Right to work (as provided by the Constitution) to the common law restraint which is opposed to the constitutional right. The circumstances under which the exclusion of section 22 is condonable are interrogated within the framework of conflicting case law.
LLM (Labour Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

English abstract Material change of circumstances and the impossibility of performance within the Czech and English legal system Civil law in the Czech Republic is based on a so-called principle pacta sunt servanda which means that parties are bound by the contract and should perform in accordance with it. It may happen, however, that unexpected supervening event substantially change the circumstances after the formation of a contract to the extent that it become impossible to perform the contract or it makes performance for affected party so burdensome that it will lead the party to the economical destruction. Such a change may lead to situations that to hold the affected party to fulfil its promise would be unjust and contrary to morality. Therefore, Czech Civil Code contains few provisions based on which court may terminate the contract or adjust the contract to restore equilibrium of the performance. Thesis focuses on two of those provisions, namely impossibility of performance and impracticability of performance. Thesis describes relevant legal institutes and doctrines, development of case law, analyze past and current Czech Civil Code and compare it with English case law and international and European soft law. After introductory chapter, chapter two describes relevant principles of civil law and...

L'arbitre du commerce international peut-il, en l'absence de clause contractuelle expresse, procéder à l'adaptation du contrat lorsque survient un changement de circonstances qui modifie de façon substantielle l'équilibre contractuel initial? La complexification des schémas contractuels et l'émergence correspondante de nouvelles valeurs contractuelles favorisent la réception du principe rebus sic stantibus dans le droit commercial international. Les deux phénomènes permettent également d'envisager dans une nouvelle perspective les objections traditionnelles à la révision pour imprévision. Les arbitres du commerce international sont appelés à jouer un rôle, bien que modeste, dans le mouvement d'harmonisation privé du droit commercial international. Le contexte international de l'arbitrage et de la relation contractuelle, la volonté d'apaisement inhérente à ce mode de résolution des différends et le rapport particulier qu'entretient l'arbitre du commerce international avec le droit national permettront à ce dernier de privilégier, dans certaines circonstances, une option comme l'adaptation du contrat pour cause de hardship. Plusieurs facteurs devront cependant être examinés attentivement par le tribunal arbitral avant que ne soit prise la décision de procéder à l'adaptation du contrat. D'autres remèdes pourront être envisagés si une telle solution ne convient pas.
Is the arbitrator of international commerce entitled to adapt the contract when the parties did not provide so expressly and a supervening event provokes a substantiel change in the initial contractual equilibrum? The complexification of contractual schemes and the corresponding emergence of new values in contract theory made the reception of the rebus sic stantibus principle highly probable in international commercial law. These two phenomenas supplied keys for a revised perspective of the traditional objections to the application of the rebus sic stantibus principle. Arbitrators have a role to play in the movement of private harmonization of international commercial law. The international context in which they proceed, the inherent quality of appeasement in arbitration and the particularity of the relation between arbitrator and national law are making it possible for international arbitrators to give priority to adaptation of the contract when the circumstances are right. Many factors will have to be analysed by the arbitrator before he chooses to adapt the contract because adaptation is not always the best solution. Other remedies will have to be devised if it is the case.
"Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise, option droit des affaires (LL.M.)". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 10% des mémoires de la discipline.

The thesis offers new paradigms for advancing socio-economic rights in Africa. Many States Parties to human rights instruments have failed to promote the common welfare of their citizens partly because of the justiciability debate, which continues to complicate intellectual and practical efforts at advancing socio-economic rights. The debate also prevents the normative development of these rights through adjudication. Furthermore, traditional human rights theory and practice have been state-centric, with non-state actors largely ignored in the identification, formulation, and implementation of human rights norms. Yet, the involvement of non-state entities in international arena has limited states' autonomies considerably, with serious implications for human rights. Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have capacities to foster economic well-being, development, tenchnological improvement, and wealth, but they also often cause deleterious human rights impacts through thei employment practices, environmental policies, relationships with suppliers and consumers, interactions with governments, and other activities. The thesis argues that socio-economic rights are normative and justiciable. It argues that traditional approaches are no longer sufficient to secure human rights and calls for a dismantatling of some structures erected by doctrinal systems; for realignment of relationships among social institutions; and for integrated bundles of fundamental interests that harness benefits of human rights norms and widen the landscape to commit both formal and informal regimes. Fashioning out a new paradigm for advancement of socio-economic rights requires addressing state capacity. It requires an integrative and global interpretive framework. It requires, finally, a new paradigm to commit non-state actors in Africa. The illustrative chapter uses the rights to work and to social security as templates for some prescriptions towards reaslising socio-economic rights in Africa.
Jurisprudence
LL.D.

This research is concerned with the complex and contested relationship between the sovereign prerogatives of states and the international imperative of defusing world conflicts. Due to its historical setting following World War Two, the national vs. international staking of claims was framed within the escalating imperial-nationalist confrontation and the impending “end of empire”, both of which were significantly influenced by the role Israel played in this saga. The research looks at the issue of “decolonization” and the anti-colonial struggle waged under the leadership of Egypt’s President Nasser. The Suez War is analyzed as the historical event that signaled the beginning of the final chapter in the domination of the European empires in the Middle East (sub-Saharan decolonization followed beginning in the early 1960s), and the emergence of the United States as the new major Western power in the Middle East. The Suez experience highlighted a stubborn contest between the defenders of the concept of “sovereign consent” and the advocates of “International intervention”. Both the deployment of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) and its termination were surrounded by controversy and legal-political wrangling. The role of UNEF and UN peacekeeping operations in general framed the development of a new concept for an emerging international human rights law and crisis management. The UNEF experience, moreover, brought into sharp relief the need for a conflict resolution component for any peace operation. International conflict management, and human rights protection are both subject to an increasing interventionist international legal regime. Consequently, the traditional concept of “sovereignty” is facing increasing challenge. By its very nature, the subject matter of this multi-dimensional research involves historical, political and international legal aspects shaping the research’s content and conclusions. The research utilizes the experience and contributions of several key participants in this pioneering peacekeeping experience. In the last chapter, recommendations are made –based on all the elements covered in the research- to suggest contributions to the evolving UN ground rules for international crisis intervention and management.
Graduate
hilmyh@uvic.ca