Academic literature on the topic 'Pactum de modo contrahendo'

Mediante la Sentencia de 1 de octubre de 2018, la Corte Internacional de Justicia se ha pronunciado sobre la demanda del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia acerca de una pretendida obligación a cargo de Chile, para otorgarle acceso soberano al mar. La Corte Internacional de Justicia ha decidido que, de la conducta de las partes y del Derecho internacional general, no se derivaba la existencia de tal obligación. El caso planteaba la pregunta acerca de dónde y cómo se había generado esa obligación, si lo había sido por la conducta de la parte demandada, o por acuerdo de las partes, y qué papel cumplía el Derecho internacional general. El caso ha permitido evocar también el debate teórico según el cual pueden presentarse obligaciones dignas de calificarse como propias de un pactum de negotiando, o de un pactum de contrahendo. La respuesta de la Corte a los distintos elementos expuestos fue que ella no pudo llegar a la conclusión que Chile posee «la obligación de negociar con Bolivia a fin de alcanzar un acuerdo que otorgue a Bolivia un acceso soberano al océano Pacífico», como lo expusiese Bolivia. Entre otros elementos, la Corte ha afirmado que el art. 2.3 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas establece un deber general de solucionar las controversias a fin de preservar la paz y seguridad internacionales, y la justicia. Pero aquel no indica que las partes están obligadas a recurrir a un método específico de arreglo, como es la negociación, término que tampoco menciona. En consecuencia, la Corte no acepta las demás peticiones de Bolivia, cuya premisa era la supuesta obligación de negociar.

In the sale and purchase of land rights transactions, before the parties make a sale as outlined in the form of a Purchase Deed made before the Land Deed Maker Officer, the parties first make an agreement made in the form of an authentic deed made before a notary called with the Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB). Binding Agreement of Purchase made by a notary is always followed by a power of attorney called absolute power of attorney. According to the Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 14 of 1982, the use of absolute power is prohibited from using it for the transfer of land rights. This study aims to analyze the validity of granting absolute power clauses in the Purchase Binding Agreement which is used as the basis for the transfer of land rights and analyzing the application of absolute power in the Land Purchase Binding Agreement for land rights, especially against Decision Number 698K / Pdt / 2017 and Number 483 / Pdt. G / 2013 / PN.Bdg. The research method used is normative juridical research by examining secondary data, supplemented by a legislative approach and a case approach. This type of research is Analytical Descriptive using legal inventory research, legal principles, legal discovery in concreto. Data analysis was performed using the Normative Qualitative analysis method. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The validity of the absolute power which is entered as a clause in the Binding Agreement of Purchase is valid. Purchase Binding Agreement as a preliminary agreement (Pactum De Contrahendo) which gave birth to the granting of absolute power clause is an inseparable unit of the Purchase Binding Agreement so that the granting of an absolute power clause in the Sale and Purchase Agreement is not included in the absolute power of attorney which is prohibited by applicable laws and regulations. (2) a. Decision Case Number 698K / Pdt / 2017, the granting of absolute power which is used as the basis for the transfer of land rights is invalid because the absolute power of attorney is not based on the principal agreement, thus contradicting the Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 14 of 1982. b. Decision Case Number 483 / Pdt.G / 2013 / PN.Bdg, the granting of absolute power which is used as the basis for the transfer of land rights is legal, because the absolute power of attorney is based on the principal agreement, so it does not conflict with the Minister of Home Affairs Instruction Number 14 of 1982. Keywords: Binding Agreement of Purchase; Absolute Power of Attorney; Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 14 of 1982.

L'objet principal de notre recherche sera d'essayer d'éclairer l'obscurité relative à la figure du contrat normatif, existante particulièrement en espagne, en élaborant une étude minutieuse et en profondeur qui fait actuellement défaut dans la littérature juridique. de même, il sera aussi bien nécessaire d'analyser si la notion de contrat normatif, telle qu'elle est proposée par la doctrine et jurisprudence espagnole et surtout italienne, peut être transposée au droit français des contrats. et, d'autre part, si la notion française de contrat-cadre correspond à celle, espagnole, de « contrato marco ». pour ce faire, il sera nécessaire d'entamer une étude de ses différences et similitudes au moyen d'une comparaison de l'emploi, par les professionnels du droit de chaque pays, de chacun des termes. finalement il sera envisagé, le cas échéant, l'opportunité d'une éventuelle transposition de la figure du contrat-cadre au droit espagnol à travers celle de « contrato marco », l'intégrant comme équivalente ou application de la figure de contrat normatif.ainsi, une fois notre recherche achevée nous serons en mesure de proposer une définition complète et claire de contrat normatif, de déterminer sa nature juridique, d'obtenir ses principaux caractères, d'en tirer sa portée et, enfin, de rassembler ces principales applications pratiques. et ce, naturellement sans oublier de relever tant l'histoire ou la genèse de cette figure que sa valeur actuelle, en tant que nouvelle forme de négociation, d'autorégulation et de limitation volontaire de la liberté contractuelle
How far are now individuals free to create the most appropriate contractual tool to achieve the satisfaction of their needs and interests? What they have in common figures as diverse as a joint-venture agreement, a franchise agreement or a marriage contract? Is the old general theory of contract adapted to the contractual practice of the XXI century? A deep study of the normative contract in this book provides answers to these and to many other momentous matters of Private Law of Contract. Reconstructed from the detailed analysis of the theory and legal practice, the notion of normative contract as an agreement of cooperative nature could constitute the bridge to a new and inspiring way of conceiving the contract. Not surprisingly, as shown by its main practical manifestations, the contract is often more than just an instrument to organize an exchange of goods and services, a powerful regulatory tool of reality and human behavior. To put it briefly, if on the one hand in this essay the author seeks find a remedy for a situation of great uncertainty regarding the so-called normative contract, in the other hand he also invites the legal community to reflect calmly on the role played by contract in present society.Keywords: Normative contract, Normenvertrag, Alfred HUECK, genesis, concept, pactum de modo contrahendo, contrat-cadre, framework agreements, distribution, collective agreement, financial transactions, joint venture, marriage contract, codes of conduct, Spanish private law, French private law, contractual clause, cooperative agreement, intuitus personae, no-obligational and obligational content of the contract, union of contracts, regulatory function of contract, general contract theory, theory of legal regulation, Hans KELSEN , freedom of contract

The purpose of this Master's degree thesis is to deal with preparatory institute of private contractual law pactum de contrahendo. This institute passed through to contemporary legislative conception long progress, currently it is in Czech Republic simultaneously regulated in two codes and at the present time performed re-codification of the Czech private law is in submission of the new Czech Civil Code its explicit regulation also contained. The thesis focuses on preliminary agreement being concluded according to valid Czech Civil Code, on its purpose, utilization and function. The thesis characterises its subjects, subject- matter, content and the process between entering into the preliminary agreement and the future agreement. In several cases the thesis provides with alternative approaches to a particular issue, presents judicial opinions of legal experts and pursues case law. The thesis also describes the development of regulation of agreement to make a contract in the context of Czech law within the range, which was appropriate to the subject, the thesis refers to similar legal institutes and compares current valid parallel regulation of preliminary agreements among themselves and with newly suggested regulation with the aim to find advantages and disadvantages of particular regulation....