Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pacu (Fish)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Pacu (Fish)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Pacu (Fish)"

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Garcia, Fabiana, Fabiana Pilarski, Eduardo Makoto Onaka, and Flávio Ruas de Moraes. "Performance and hematology of pacu fed diets supplemented with vitamins C and/or E." Scientia Agricola 68, no. 3 (June 2011): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162011000300007.

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Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887) is a valued Brazilian fish species for aquaculture. This is highly susceptible to disease, and feed supplementations for pacu can be a very important strategy to prevent disease incidence in fish farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate a strategic supplementation for pacu. Juvenile pacu (10.5 ± 1.2 g) were fed diets containing three levels of vitamins C and/or E (0, 250, and 500 mg vitamin kg-1 diet). Fish were fed diets without supplementation for two months prior to the experiment. After that period, experimental feeding was initiated for two months. Growth and hematological evaluations were made on the thirtieth and sixtieth days of feeding. Pacu fed diet without supplementation of vitamins C and E during 120 days did not show clear typical signs of deficiency. Fish fed diet vitamins C and E free increased feed intake, but no improvement on growth performance was detected. Vitamin E proved essential for erythrocyte protection, so that the higher the level of this vitamin in diet, the smaller the number of erythroblasts. Supplementation with 500 mg of vitamin C and 250 mg of vitamin E for 60 days increased the production of monocytes, thrombocytes and special granulocytic cells in pacu.
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Franceschini, Lidiane, Aline Cristina Zago, Sérgio Henrique Canello Schalch, Fabiana Garcia, Daiane Mompean Romera, and Reinaldo José da Silva. "Parasitic infections of Piaractus mesopotamicus and hybrid (P. mesopotamicus xPiaractus brachypomus) cultured in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 22, no. 3 (September 2013): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612013000300015.

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This study evaluated the occurrence of parasitic infections in the “pacu” fish Piaractus mesopotamicus and the “patinga” hybrid (P. mesopotamicus x Piaractus brachypomus) in the northwest of São Paulo State, Brazil. Fish from the following three fish farms were evaluated every two months: A, a hatchery and larviculture farm (n = 16 pacu / n = 19 patinga), B, a growout farm (n = 35 patinga) and C, a fee-fishing property (n = 28 pacu / n = 7 patinga). Thirty-five fish from each property were collected from February 2010 to February 2011 and subjected to parasitological analysis. The parasites found were the following:Mymarothecium viatorum, Anacanthorus penilabiatus, Notozothecium janauachensis (Dactylogyridae, Monogenea),Trichodina spp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Chilodonella sp. (Protozoa), Myxobolus spp.,Henneguya spp. (Myxozoa), Rondonia rondoni, Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda), and Dolops carvalhoi(Crustacea). Of the fish examined, 62.9% from “A” and 100% from “B” and “C” were infested with at least one parasite species. Pacu fish (n = 44) showed a higher susceptibility to Anacanthorus penilabiatus infestations, whereas patinga (n = 61) were more susceptible to Mymarothecium viatorum (p < 0.05). Appropriate fish handling (nutrition, transport and storage), in conjunction with monitoring of water quality, can reduce the stress to which the farmed fish are exposed and is essential for pathogen control.
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Michelin, E. C., C. M. Bedoya-Serna, L. C. S. Carrion, S. H. S. Godoy, J. C. Baldin, C. G. Lima, G. S. Yasui, G. E. Rottinghaus, R. L. M. Sousa, and A. M. Fernandes. "Long-term exposure of Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fish to dietary aflatoxin B1: residues in tissues and performance." World Mycotoxin Journal 14, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2020.2659.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the aflatoxins residues on tissues of Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fish chronically exposed to dietary aflatoxins, also evaluating the effects on fish performance. Aflatoxins were incorporated into the extruded fish feed and the concentrations were confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental design comprised the following treatments: Control – feed without toxin; Treatment A: feed + 10 μg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)/kg; Treatment B: feed + 20 μg AFB1/kg and Treatment C: feed + 50 μg AFB1/kg. Pacu juvenile were allocated in tanks with density of one fish per litter. The experiment lasted 180 days with monthly sampling, and approximately ten fish per treatment were used to compose a sample. Biometric surveys were performed every 30 days, including standard weight and length. Aflatoxins were detected and quantified in fish muscle and liver by HPLC, using immunoafinity columns. Results showed AFB1 deposition in the liver throughout the experiment in all treatments, but only treatment C differed significantly (P<0.05) from the others after 150 days, while in muscle there was low residual deposition. Long-term exposed fish had negative influence in weight and length. The higher mortality was observed in treatment C. Although there were AFB1 residues at low levels in liver and only a slight amount in fish muscle, it should be noted that accumulation is possible in the Pacu species. The diets contaminated with AFB1 negatively interfered in weight and length of fish when compared to control. Therefore, it can be concluded that long-term exposure of Pacu to dietary AFB1 can cause losses to producers.
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Belém-Costa, Andréa, and José Eurico Possebon Cyrino. "Antibiotic resistence of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)." Scientia Agricola 63, no. 3 (June 2006): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162006000300011.

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One of the most important problems involving treatments with antibiotics against Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from fishes is that antibiotic resistance develops readily. The antimicrobial activity of chemotherapeutants in isolates from pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) and tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) was tested by the Kirby-Bauer disk method, over Mueller-Hinton surface agar previously inoculated with 100 µL of bacterial suspensions. After regular incubation, isolates from tilapia and pacu were uniformly resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, lincomycin, novobiocin, oxacillin, penicillin, and trimetoprim+sulfametoxazole. The A. hydrophila type strain presented resistance to the same antimicrobial substances and also against rifampicin; the bacterial isolate from pacu were the only strain resistant to tetracyclin. Isolates from both pacu and tilapia had intermediate reaction with erytromycin. The use of drugs in commercial fish farms in Brazil can favor the development of resistant bacterial strains in native fish species as already observed for exotic species, commercially produced for longer time.
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SEVERI, W., F. T. RANTIN, and M. N. FERNANDES. "Structural and morphological features of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) gills." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 60, no. 3 (August 2000): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71082000000300014.

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The pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887), is a commercially important serrasalmid fish endemic to the Paraná-Paraguay River basin, and one of the most widely cultivated native fish species in the Neotropics. As a migratory species, also inhabiting temporary pools subjected to hypoxic conditions, the species presents a high plasticity concerning respiratory adaptations. In order to supplement basic knowledge on the respiratory physiology and morphology of this species, some structural features of pacu gills, such as filament and lamellae structure, and circulatory pattern are described in this paper.
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Biller-Takahashi, JD, HJ Montassier, LS Takahashi, and EC Urbinati. "Proposed method for agglutinating antibody titer analysis and its use as indicator of acquired immunity in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 1 (February 2014): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.21312.

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Antibody can be assessed by agglutinating antibody titer which is a quantitative measure of circulating antibodies in serum from fish previously immunized. The antibody evaluation has been performed with different fish species, and is considered a reliable method that can be applied to confirm several hypothesis regarding acquired immunity, even in conjunction with precise methods to describe immune mechanisms. In order to provide appropriate analytical methods for future studies on the specific immune system of native fish, the present study standardized on assay to measure the serum agglutinating antibody titer produced after immunization with inactivated A. hydrophila and levamisole administration in pacu. It was possible to determine the agglutinating antibodies titer in a satisfactorily way in pacu immunized with inactive A. hydrophila, and the highest titers were observed on fish fed with levamisole.
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Nervis, Juliana Alice Lösch, Aldi Feiden, Evandro Bilha Moro, Marlon Casarini Moreno, Sidnei Klein, and Wilson Rogério Boscolo. "Apparent digestibility of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) diets containing different levels of phosphorus." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6Supl2 (December 16, 2015): 4453. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6sup2p4453.

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The present study aimed to evaluate pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) diets and determine the apparent digestibility at different levels of phosphorus using the feces collection method with an intestinal dissection marker. A total of 320 pacu with average weights of 768.5±36.34 g were used, and they were distributed in four 5 m³ net cages. The fish were fed isonitrogenous (27%), isoenergetic (3000 kcal/kg) and isocalcium (1.50%) diets with total phosphorus levels of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2%. The fish were incised with lateral openings to allow for feces removal from the rectum, and the fish were then sent for carcass chemical composition analysis. Significant differences were observed (P<0.01) between treatments for the apparent diet digestibility, apparent phosphorous digestibility, available phosphorus and residual phosphorus. There was a linear decrease in apparent diet digestibility and apparent phosphorus digestibility with increasing levels of phosphorous in the diet, and the highest values were observed for the diet with 0.6% total phosphorus. For available phosphorus and residual phosphorus, there was a linear increase based on total phosphorus levels in the diet. No significant differences were observed for the chemical composition of the pacu carcasses. Therefore, the greatest digestibility of total phosphorus in the diet obtained through dissection was observed in the diet containing 0.6% total phosphorus, and the different levels of phosphorus did not influence the chemical composition of the pacu carcasses.
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Abreu, JS, LS Takahashi, MA Hoshiba, and EC Urbinati. "Biological indicators of stress in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) after capture." Brazilian Journal of Biology 69, no. 2 (May 2009): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842009000200026.

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The effects of capture (chasing, netting and air exposure) on cortisol, glucose, chloride, sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations, osmolality, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were investigated in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A total of 132 fish (49.7 ± 11.7 g) were subjected to capture and 3 minutes air exposure and capture and 5 minutes air exposure. Nine fish at each treatment were sampled at 5, 15, 30, 60 minutes and 24 hours after the procedure. Nine undisturbed fish were sacrificed before the handling and used as controls. Capture resulted in a rise in blood cortisol and glucose 30 and 5 minutes, respectively, after both air exposures. Both indicators returned to resting levels 24 hours after capture. In both fish groups, plasma chloride decreased 60 minutes after capture, not recovering the resting levels within 24 hours after, and serum sodium rose at 15 and 30 minutes and recovered the resting levels 24 hours later. There were no significant changes neither in potassium, calcium and osmolality nor in hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC and MCV as a consequence of capture. The sequential stressors imposed to pacu during capture activated the brain-pituitary-interrenal axis (cortisol and glucose responses) but the activation of the brain-sympathetic-chromaffin cell axis was apparently moderate (ionic and hematological responses).
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SADO, RICARDO Y., ÁLVARO J. A. BICUDO, and JOSÉ E. P. CYRINO. "Growth and intestinal morphology of juvenile pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) fed dietary prebiotics (mannanoligosaccharides - MOS)." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 86, no. 3 (August 12, 2014): 1517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420130088.

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Intensification of aquaculture production systems exposes fish to numerous stressors, which may negatively affect their growth and limit profitability of aquaculture systems. This study determined effects of increasing levels of dietary mannanoligosaccharides on growth and intestine morphology of pacu. Fish (44.04 g) were randomly distributed into 32 tanks (500 L; 10 fishes per tank) and fed during 63 days with a commercial diet supplemented with 0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0% dietary mannanoligosaccharides. Growth parameters did not differ (P>0.05) between fish fed control diet and mannanoligosaccharide supplemented diets. Intestinal villi perimeter was performed in fish fed control diet, 0.4 and 1.5% dietary mannanoligosaccharides and also showed no differences (P>0.05) between treatments. Dietary supplementation of mannanoligosaccharides unclear did not have effects on pacu. Studies on the characterization of intestinal microbiota together with experiment that reproduce commercial fish production systems rearing conditions are necessary to determine the effective use of this dietary supplement for the species.
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Balen, Rafael Ernesto, Patrick Nereu Tetu, Robie Allan Bombardelli, Paulo Cesar Pozza, and Fábio Meurer. "Digestible energy of crude glycerol for pacu and silver catfish." Ciência Rural 44, no. 8 (2014): 1448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20131426.

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The increase in global biodiesel production is originating a glycerol surplus, which has no defined destination. An alternative to overcome this problem is its use as energy source in animal feeding. In Brazil, Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is one of the most farmed native fish species, whereas Silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) is suitable for production in subtropical region. Considering little knowledge about crude glycerol utilization in feeds for Neotropical fish species, it was evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for energy of crude glycerol for P. mesopotamicus and R. quelen. The digestibility and digestible energy content of crude glycerol can be considered excellent even when compared to energy of common ingredients such as maize and wheat, presenting 0.97 and 0.89 of energy ADCs, and 15.2 and 13.95MJ kg-1 of digestible energy for Pacu and Silver catfish, respectively. In conclusion, crude glycerol is an energetic ingredient with good potential in Brazilian native fish diets.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pacu (Fish)"

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Chu, Koo Fred William. "SEED DISPERSAL ROLE AND NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF TWO SERRASALMID FRUGIVORE AMAZON FISH, BLACK PACU AND RED PACU." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/931.

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Black pacu Colossoma macropomum and red pacu Piaractus brachypomus are two endemic fruit and seed-eating Amazon fishes considered to be important seed dispersing agents in flooded forests. Dwindling populations coupled with the omnivorous feeding habits, rapid growth, high meat quality and commercial acceptance of these fishes has led to them becoming prime candidates for aquaculture development. However, high aquafeed prices are the prime limiting factor for the development of pacu culture in the Peruvian Amazon. The main objectives of this dissertation were: 1) to assess the effects of fish size on seed dispersal capacity of black and red Pacu; 2) to compare seed dispersal potential of these two Amazon fishes against two other seed dispersal mechanisms (anemochory and hydrochory); 3) to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of three local high-carbohydrate feedstuffs (yuca or cassava, plátano or plantain, and pijuayo or peach palm) in black and red Pacu; 4) to examine the feasibility of incorporating cassava, plantain, and peach palm meal in formulated diets for black pacu; and 5) to evaluate and compare black pacu fingerling growth, feed utilization and survival when reared at three water temperatures: 27.5, 30 and 32.5 ºC. In the first study, no significant differences were found for germination rates of seeds ingested among the three different size groups of fish tested. Although germination rates varied, the findings demonstrate both fish species in different ages may play an important role as seed dispersers in the floodplain forests. In a second study, ADC for crude protein, lipid and gross energy from raw and cooked green plantain meal (GPM) and cassava root meal (CRM) were lower compared to values of other common vegetal ingredients like corn and wheat. However, ADC values for raw and cooked peach palm meal (PPM) were, in most cases, higher than those reported for raw or cooked GPM and CRM. In comparison with other traditional feedstuffs, ADC values for PPM are similar to corn and higher than those reported for soybean meal and wheat bran, which suggests this ingredient, has high potential for incorporation in low-cost pacu aquafeed formulations in the Peruvian Amazon. In a third study, weight gain, feed conversion, survival, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, alternative complement activity, and lysozyme were found to be similar among several diets tested; however, protein efficiency ratio (PER) was lower in fish fed the diet containing wheat middlings. Relative to wheat middlings, all feedstuffs tested (cassava, plantain, and peach palm meal) were effective energy sources for juvenile black pacu and can serve as carbohydrate sources in balanced aquafeeds for this species. In a fourth study, black pacu reared at 30 ºC demonstrated significantly higher final body weight, body weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feeding efficiency, and PER levels than fish reared at either 27.5 or 32.5 ºC (P<0.05). No significant differences (P>0.05) were recorded for feed intake, protein intake, or condition factor. This study suggests that global temperature increase may impair the ability of pacus to efficiently utilize feed and that growth in water temperatures above 30 ºC may become limiting for this species. In summary, growing evidence suggests that over the past two decades black and red pacu populations have significantly declined as a result of human activities and over-exploitation in the Peruvian Amazon, and their substantial role as seed disperers in the flooded forests could result in serious declines of many plant and animal components of the valuable aquatic ecosystem of the Amazon basin. Therefore, aquaculture of black and red pacu in the Peruvian Amazon is an attractive option to satisfy not only the increasing demand for animal protein for human consumption, but also as a viable mitigation measure for wild fish and forestry conservation. Results from this dissertation can serve as a basis for further improvement in culture technology for these two important species.
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Kojima, Juliana Tomomi [UNESP]. "Ponto-de-não-retorno e períodos de restrição alimentar nos parâmetros zootécnicos e no desenvolvimento muscular de larvas de pacu." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86659.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kojima_jt_me_jabo_parcial.pdf: 95603 bytes, checksum: d290183ff574a49e445c355a159941d9 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-02-23T17:35:45Z: kojima_jt_me_jabo_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-02-23T17:36:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000688720.pdf: 393373 bytes, checksum: f2c08c343d096ffa3ed045e3215e3cae (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o ponto-de-não-retorno (PNR) de larvas de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) e avaliar o impacto de diferentes períodos de jejum sobre o crescimento, o desenvolvimento muscular e o crescimento compensatório após diferentes períodos de restrição nas primeiras fases de desenvolvimento. O estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. O primeiro foi realizado para determinação do PNR, usando delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis esquemas alimentares e quatro repetições: J0-larvas alimentadas continuamente por 20 dias, J2 - larvas submetidas a dois dias de jejum seguidos por 20 dias de alimentação, J4 - quatro dias de jejum e 20 dias de alimentação, J6 - seis dias de jejum e 20 dias de alimentação, J8 - oito dias de jejum e 20 dias de alimentação e Jn - larvas mantidas em jejum por todo o período experimental. O segundo experimento foi realizado em duas fases: na primeira fase, as larvas foram mantidas em laboratório e passaram pelas mesmas condições de jejum do experimento 1, porém com período de alimentação de 10 dias. Na segunda fase, as larvas de todos os tratamentos da fase anterior foram transferidas para viveiros externos onde foram criadas por mais 30 dias. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho de crescimento de peixes de diferentes classes de tamanho, sobrevivência e análise histológica do músculo estriado esquelético durante as duas fases. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida pelo teste de Tukey (α=5%), quando detectadas diferenças significativas. O PNR encontrado para larvas de pacu foi de 5,4 dias de jejum (10,4 dias pós-eclosão). Os resultados de desempenho das larvas durante a fase em laboratório, após 10 dias de alimentação, não diferiram entre os tratamentos, exceto para a sobrevivência...
This study aimed to determine the point of no return (PNR) of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) larvae and to evaluate the impact of different periods of fasting on muscle growth , development of larvae. It was also verified if compensatory growth occurs later in animals submitted to fasting in the early stages of development. The study was divided into two experiments. The first was conducted to determine the PNR. The completely randomized design with six replications and four treatments was applied: J0-larvae fed continuously for 20 days, J2-two days of fasting and 20 days of feeding, J4-four days of fasting and 20 days of feeding, J6-six days of fasting and 20 days of feeding, J8-eight days of fasting and 20 days of feeding and Jn – larvae kept fasting throughout the experimental period. The second experiment was divided in two phases: in the first, larvae were maintained in the laboratory under the same conditions of fasting as in experiment 1, but fed for 10 days. In the second phase, larvae of all treatments from the previous phase were transferred to ponds and reared for 30 days. Were evaluated the performance of growth variables (fish classified in size-classes), survival and histological analysis of skeletal muscle during two phases. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test (α = 5%). The PNR of pacu larvae was 5.04 days of fasting (10.04 days post hatching). The results of larvae performance during the first phase, after 10 days of feeding, did not differ between treatments, except for survival, 88.8 ± 9.3 % (J0) to22.0 ± 9.4 % (J6), showing that animals submitted to different periods of fasting were able to recover the normal conditions of development... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Urbinati, Eduardo Criscuolo [UNESP]. "Ovulação de matrizes de pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus e o papel da prostaglandina F2α." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86671.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os relatos de produtores e pesquisadores sobre problemas na fase de ovulação do pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus durante a reprodução artificial nos conduziu a avaliar o uso da prostaglandina F2α. O estudo foi realizado em duas estações reprodutivas (2009/2010 e 2010/2011), com dois experimentos na estação 2009/2010 (T1 e T2) um experimento na estação 2010/2011 (T3). Foi amostrado um total de 45 fêmeas. As fêmeas do grupo controle foram induzidas apenas com extrato bruto de hipófise de carpa (EC, 6mg/kg), enquanto as do grupo tratado receberam prostaglandina F2α (PGF - 2ml/fêmea na estação 2009/2010 e 5ml/fêmea na estação 2010/2011), além da dose de EC. Nas duas estações observou-se 100% de fêmeas desovadas no grupo tratado com PGF enquanto no grupo controle a desova ocorreu em 52,94% e 83,33% no primeiro e segundo experimentos da estação 2009/2010, respectivamente. Em 2010/2011, somente 25% das fêmeas controle desovaram. As taxas de fecundidade, fertilização e eclosão não diferiram (p>0,05) entre os grupos de fêmeas. A análise da freqüência de volume de ovócitos nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento mostrou, nos ovários analisados pós-desova, valores significativamente maiores (p<0,05) de ovócitos vitelogênicos com quebra de vesícula germinativa, mas não ovulados no grupo controle e maior ocorrência de ovócitos pré-vitelogênicos no grupo tratado com PGF. Independente do tratamento, as maiores taxas de fertilidade ocorreram ao redor de 275 UTA, enquanto a maior parte das fêmeas desovou entre 276 e 323 UTA. Do mesmo modo, independente do tratamento, houve um decréscimo significativo (p<0,05) nas taxas de fertilização e eclosão na comparação das duas coletas de 2009/2010. Os dados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que a prostaglandina pode aumentar as taxas de desova em fêmeas de pacu induzidas à reprodução, com efeito evidente na liberação dos ovócitos dos folículos
Due to reports of fish farmers and researchers about the problems in the ovulation phase of P. mesopotamicus during its artificial reproduction we evaluated the use of prostaglandin F. The study was conducted in two spawning seasons (2009/2010 and 2010/2011), with two sampling in season 2009/2010 and one sampling in 2010/2011. Forty five females broodstock were sampled. Control group was injected with carp pituitary extract (CE, 6mg/kg), while treated group received prostaglandin F (PGF – 2ml/ 2009/2010 season and 5ml/2010/2011 season) in addiction to CE. In the two seasons 100% of treated with PGF groups spawned while in control groups 52,94% and 83,33% in first and second sampling of season 2009/2010 spawned, respectively. In 2010/2011 only 25% of control group spawned. Fecundity, fertility and hatching rates did not differ (p>0.05) between groups. The oocytes volume frequency analysis showed that in ovaries after spawning, in control group, there was a significant higher number (p<0.05) of vitelogenic oocytes with GVBD but anovulated, while in PGF treated group, a higher number (p<0.05) of pre-vitelogenic oocytes was observed. Independent on the treatment, the highest fertility rate occurred around 275 ATU, while most of the females spawned in a range of 276 and 323 ATU. The same way, independent on the treatment, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in fertility and hatching rates comparing samplings from 2009/2010. Data obtained in this study suggest that prostaglandin F might enhance spawning rate in hormonal induced females of pacu, with a notable effect on the release of oocytes from the follicles
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Kojima, Juliana Tomomi. "Ponto-de-não-retorno e períodos de restrição alimentar nos parâmetros zootécnicos e no desenvolvimento muscular de larvas de pacu /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86659.

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Orientador: Maria Célia Portella
Coorientador: Maeli Dal Pai Silva
Banca: Rosângela Kiyoko Jomori Bonichelli
Banca: Fernanda Regina Carani
Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o ponto-de-não-retorno (PNR) de larvas de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) e avaliar o impacto de diferentes períodos de jejum sobre o crescimento, o desenvolvimento muscular e o crescimento compensatório após diferentes períodos de restrição nas primeiras fases de desenvolvimento. O estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. O primeiro foi realizado para determinação do PNR, usando delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis esquemas alimentares e quatro repetições: J0-larvas alimentadas continuamente por 20 dias, J2 - larvas submetidas a dois dias de jejum seguidos por 20 dias de alimentação, J4 - quatro dias de jejum e 20 dias de alimentação, J6 - seis dias de jejum e 20 dias de alimentação, J8 - oito dias de jejum e 20 dias de alimentação e Jn - larvas mantidas em jejum por todo o período experimental. O segundo experimento foi realizado em duas fases: na primeira fase, as larvas foram mantidas em laboratório e passaram pelas mesmas condições de jejum do experimento 1, porém com período de alimentação de 10 dias. Na segunda fase, as larvas de todos os tratamentos da fase anterior foram transferidas para viveiros externos onde foram criadas por mais 30 dias. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho de crescimento de peixes de diferentes classes de tamanho, sobrevivência e análise histológica do músculo estriado esquelético durante as duas fases. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida pelo teste de Tukey (α=5%), quando detectadas diferenças significativas. O PNR encontrado para larvas de pacu foi de 5,4 dias de jejum (10,4 dias pós-eclosão). Os resultados de desempenho das larvas durante a fase em laboratório, após 10 dias de alimentação, não diferiram entre os tratamentos, exceto para a sobrevivência... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study aimed to determine the point of no return (PNR) of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) larvae and to evaluate the impact of different periods of fasting on muscle growth , development of larvae. It was also verified if compensatory growth occurs later in animals submitted to fasting in the early stages of development. The study was divided into two experiments. The first was conducted to determine the PNR. The completely randomized design with six replications and four treatments was applied: J0-larvae fed continuously for 20 days, J2-two days of fasting and 20 days of feeding, J4-four days of fasting and 20 days of feeding, J6-six days of fasting and 20 days of feeding, J8-eight days of fasting and 20 days of feeding and Jn - larvae kept fasting throughout the experimental period. The second experiment was divided in two phases: in the first, larvae were maintained in the laboratory under the same conditions of fasting as in experiment 1, but fed for 10 days. In the second phase, larvae of all treatments from the previous phase were transferred to ponds and reared for 30 days. Were evaluated the performance of growth variables (fish classified in size-classes), survival and histological analysis of skeletal muscle during two phases. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test (α = 5%). The PNR of pacu larvae was 5.04 days of fasting (10.04 days post hatching). The results of larvae performance during the first phase, after 10 days of feeding, did not differ between treatments, except for survival, 88.8 ± 9.3 % (J0) to22.0 ± 9.4 % (J6), showing that animals submitted to different periods of fasting were able to recover the normal conditions of development... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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5

Barreto, Ermelindo. "Relação entre helmintos gastrointestinais ambiente e alimentação de pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holberg, 1887) em tanques de piscicultura." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315946.

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Orientador: Silmara Marques Allegretti
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O Brasil possui diversas espécies nativas de peixes com grande potencial para exploração na aquicultura. Entretanto, a maioria delas carece de estudos científicos e tecnológicos que permitem a máxima viabilidade zootécnica e econômica. Dentre as espécies de peixes nativas da América do Sul, o pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) é uma das mais cultivadas em pisciculturas de todo o Brasil. O pacu é uma espécie onívora, nativa da Bacia do Rio da Prata, ocorrendo principalmente nos rios Paraná e Paraguai e seus afluentes, adapta-se a diversos sistemas de criação, tem excelente crescimento e conversão alimentar. Sua alta capacidade reprodutiva, crescimento rápido e fácil aceitação comercial, fazem desta espécie uma das preferências no cultivo de peixes no território brasileiro. No período de julho de 2008 a setembro de 2009 foram examinados 142 pacus de tamanhos variados, coletados nos tanques do Centro de Pesquisa e Conservação de Peixes Continentais - Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - CEPTA/ICMBio, Pirassununga, SP. Os peixes foram medidos, pesados e determinados o sexo e maturidade sexual. Foram encontrados Rondonia rondoni (prevalência de 63,38%, intensidade média de 2589,59 vermes/peixe e abundância média de 1641,29) e Goezia sp. (prevalência de 51,41%, intensidade média de 2,52 vermes/peixe e abundância média de 1,29). Os conteúdos gastrointestinais foram divididos em 3 grupos alimentares: G1 (essencialmente matéria vegetal), G2 (mistura de vegetais com ração) e G3 (essencialmente ração). As análises estatísticas demonstraram haver relação entre o número de R. rondoni presentes no peixe e o grupo alimentar (P<0,0001), sendo o grupo G1 com a menor média no número de vermes (207 vermes/peixe), o G2 com a maior média (4198,42 vermes/peixe) e o G3 com 403,54 vermes/peixe. Outro resultado significativo mostrou que o tanque também influenciou na característica da infecção por ambos os nematódeos: no tanque com grande quantidade de vegetação as prevalências eram baixas e as intensidades altas e tanques sem vegetação houve uma elevação na prevalência e diminuição na intensidade de infecção.
Abstract: Brazil has several native fish species with great potential for exploitation in aquaculture. However, most of them lack scientific and technological advances that allow for maximum performance and economic feasibility. Among the fish species native from South America, the pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) is one of the most cultivated in farms throughout Brazil. Pacu is an omnivorous species, native to the basin of the River Plate, occurring mainly in the Paraná and Paraguay rivers and their affluents. It is a species adapted to different farming systems, it has an excellent growth and feed conversion. Their high reproductive capacity, rapid growth and easy commercial acceptance, make this species very attractive for fish cultivation in the Brazilian territory. A total of 142 specimens of Pacu of different sizes were collected in tanks of the Center for Research and Conservation of Fish Continental - Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation - CEPTA / ICMBio, Pirassununga, SP and examined from July 2008 to September 2009. The fishes were weighed, measured and classified according to sex and sexual maturity. The gastrointestinal helminths found were: Rondonia rondoni (prevalence of 63.38%, mean intensity of infection of 2589.59 worms/fish and mean abundance of 1641.29) and Goezia sp. (prevalence of 51.41%, mean intensity of infection of 2.52 worms/fish and mean abundance of 1.29). The gastrointestinal contents were divided into three food groups: G1 (mainly vegetable matter), G2 (mixed vegetables with fish food) and G3 (fish food). Statistical analysis showed relationship between the number of R. rondoni and food group (p <0.0001). G1 with the lowest average in the number of worms (207 worms/fish), G2 with the highest average (4198.42 worms/fish) and G3 with 403.54 worms/fish. Another significant result showed that the maintenance tank also influence the characteristic of infection by both nematodes. In tank without vegetation there was an increase in the prevalence and decrease in the intensity of infection.
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6

Urbinati, Eduardo Criscuolo. "Ovulação de matrizes de pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus e o papel da prostaglandina F2α /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86671.

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Orientador: Sérgio Ricardo Batlouni
Banca: Renata Guimarães Moreira
Banca: José Augusto Senhorini
Resumo: Os relatos de produtores e pesquisadores sobre problemas na fase de ovulação do pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus durante a reprodução artificial nos conduziu a avaliar o uso da prostaglandina F2α. O estudo foi realizado em duas estações reprodutivas (2009/2010 e 2010/2011), com dois experimentos na estação 2009/2010 (T1 e T2) um experimento na estação 2010/2011 (T3). Foi amostrado um total de 45 fêmeas. As fêmeas do grupo controle foram induzidas apenas com extrato bruto de hipófise de carpa (EC, 6mg/kg), enquanto as do grupo tratado receberam prostaglandina F2α (PGF - 2ml/fêmea na estação 2009/2010 e 5ml/fêmea na estação 2010/2011), além da dose de EC. Nas duas estações observou-se 100% de fêmeas desovadas no grupo tratado com PGF enquanto no grupo controle a desova ocorreu em 52,94% e 83,33% no primeiro e segundo experimentos da estação 2009/2010, respectivamente. Em 2010/2011, somente 25% das fêmeas controle desovaram. As taxas de fecundidade, fertilização e eclosão não diferiram (p>0,05) entre os grupos de fêmeas. A análise da freqüência de volume de ovócitos nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento mostrou, nos ovários analisados pós-desova, valores significativamente maiores (p<0,05) de ovócitos vitelogênicos com quebra de vesícula germinativa, mas não ovulados no grupo controle e maior ocorrência de ovócitos pré-vitelogênicos no grupo tratado com PGF. Independente do tratamento, as maiores taxas de fertilidade ocorreram ao redor de 275 UTA, enquanto a maior parte das fêmeas desovou entre 276 e 323 UTA. Do mesmo modo, independente do tratamento, houve um decréscimo significativo (p<0,05) nas taxas de fertilização e eclosão na comparação das duas coletas de 2009/2010. Os dados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que a prostaglandina pode aumentar as taxas de desova em fêmeas de pacu induzidas à reprodução, com efeito evidente na liberação dos ovócitos dos folículos
Abstract: Due to reports of fish farmers and researchers about the problems in the ovulation phase of P. mesopotamicus during its artificial reproduction we evaluated the use of prostaglandin F. The study was conducted in two spawning seasons (2009/2010 and 2010/2011), with two sampling in season 2009/2010 and one sampling in 2010/2011. Forty five females broodstock were sampled. Control group was injected with carp pituitary extract (CE, 6mg/kg), while treated group received prostaglandin F (PGF - 2ml/ 2009/2010 season and 5ml/2010/2011 season) in addiction to CE. In the two seasons 100% of treated with PGF groups spawned while in control groups 52,94% and 83,33% in first and second sampling of season 2009/2010 spawned, respectively. In 2010/2011 only 25% of control group spawned. Fecundity, fertility and hatching rates did not differ (p>0.05) between groups. The oocytes volume frequency analysis showed that in ovaries after spawning, in control group, there was a significant higher number (p<0.05) of vitelogenic oocytes with GVBD but anovulated, while in PGF treated group, a higher number (p<0.05) of pre-vitelogenic oocytes was observed. Independent on the treatment, the highest fertility rate occurred around 275 ATU, while most of the females spawned in a range of 276 and 323 ATU. The same way, independent on the treatment, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in fertility and hatching rates comparing samplings from 2009/2010. Data obtained in this study suggest that prostaglandin F might enhance spawning rate in hormonal induced females of pacu, with a notable effect on the release of oocytes from the follicles
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7

Takahashi, Jaqueline Dalbello Biller [UNESP]. "Imunomodulação por levamisol na imunidade inata e adquirida de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100725.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O aparecimento de doenças em peixes de criação intensiva é um problema enfrentado no Brasil e no mundo. Algumas substâncias podem influenciar as respostas do sistema imune de peixes, como o levamisol, através da modulação de parâmetros imunes, aumentando a resistência contra diversos agentes. Foram avaliados os efeitos do levamisol na dieta em dois experimentos. O primeiro experimento avaliou a suplementação com 0, 125, 250 e 500 mg kg-1 do imunoestimulante administrado por sete e 15 dias, no qual foram avaliados os parâmetros da imunidade inata, hematológicos e bioquímicos. A administração do levamisol por sete e 15 dias promoveu alterações em parâmetros imunológicos e hematológicos. A administração do levamisol pode promover imunomodulação, entretanto a determinação do efeito não ficou claro devido às respostas contraditórias em cada parâmetro avaliado. O segundo experimento consistiu em suplementação com 0, 125, 250 e 500 mg kg-1 do imunoestimulante administrada por sete dias conjuntamente com a imunização com bactérias Aeromonas hydrophila. A imunização e a administração de levamisol promoveram aumento do título de anticorpos, atividade bactericida do soro, hematócrito, número de eritrócitos, leucócitos totais e trombócitos nos pacus. A administração de levamisol por sete dias e a imunização de pacus promoveu melhora de alguns parâmetros da imunidade adquirida e inata de defesa. Entretanto outros protocolos devem ser estudados para avaliar o efeito do levamisol sobre o sistema imune de pacu
The emergence of diseases in fish farming is a problem faced in Brazil and worldwide. Some substances can influence the immune system responses of fish, like levamisole, increasing resistance against various etiological agents. Were evaluated the effects of levamisole in diet in two experiments. The first experiment evaluated supplementation with 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1 imunoestimulante administered by seven and 15 days in which have been assessed the parameters of innate immunity, haematological and biochemists. The administration of levamisole by seven and 15 days promoted changes in haematological and immunological parameters. The administration of levamisole can promote immunodulation, however the determination of the effect not clear due to contradictory answers evaluated in each parameter. The second experiment consisted of supplementation with 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1 imunoestimulante administered by seven days together with immunization with inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with formaldehyde. Immunization and administration of levamisole promoted increase antibody titre, serum bactericidal activity, hematocrit, number of erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes in pacus totals. Administration of levamisole for seven days and immunization pacus promoted improves some parameters of innate and acquired immunity defense. However other protocols must be studied to assess the effect of levamisole on the immune system of pacu
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Farias, Thaís Heloísa Vaz [UNESP]. "Probiótico na alimentação do pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus): avaliação hematológica, bioquímica, imunológica e desempenho produtivo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86676.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Dentre as espécies nativas criadas no Brasil, o pacu, Piaractus mesopotomicus, tem apresentado aumento em produção, impulsionado pela sua rusticidade, rápido crescimento e carne de boa qualidade. Neste contexto, os estudos sobre a aplicação de probióticos na aqüicultura intensificaram-se, visando à diminuição dos problemas sanitários encontrados nas pisciculturas e a substituição do uso de antibióticos, que têm se tornado uma barreira ao comércio internacional. A eficácia dos probíóticos na aqüicultura pode ser afetada por fatores como o tipo de probiótico e níveis de inclusão na dieta, espécie do hospedeiro e manejo. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes níveis de inclusão do probiótico B.subtilis e B.cereus em dietas experimentais para pacu. Neste experimento foram utilizados 660 juvenis de pacus, com peso médio inicial de 67,0 ± 7,0 g, distribuídos em 20 tanques (500 L) e alimentados com probiótico durante 60 dias com quatro níveis de inclusão de Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus cereus (2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0 g) na ração experimental. Estes foram adicionados à ração experimental por meio de veículo oleoso. Foram avaliados: taxa de sobrevivência (TS), ganho em peso (GP), consumo alimentar diário (CAD), conversão alimentar aparente (CAA), taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), índices hepatossomático (IH), contagem e quantificação do número de probióticos na ração e no intestino dos peixes, número de eritrócitos, taxa de hemoglobina, hematócrito, índices hematimétricos, contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos, contagem de trombócitos, migração...
Among the native farming species in Brazil, pacu Piaractus mesopotomicus, has showed increase in the production, because your rusticity, growing fast and good quality meat. In this context, studies about the application of probiotics in the aquaculture have increase, with the aim of decrease of the sanitary problems found in the fish farms and the replacement of the antibiotics use that has become a barrier to international trade. The probiotics effectiveness in the aquaculture can be affected by factors how the kind of the probiotic and levels inclusion in the diet, host specie and management. At this, the aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of different levels of inclusion of the probiotic B.subtillis and B.cereus in assay diets for pacu. In this experiment was used 660 juvenile pacu, with average initial weight 67,0 ± 7 g, distributed in 20 tanks (500 L) and fed with probiotic during 60 days with four inclusion levels (2.0 g, 4.0 g, 8.0 g e 16.0 g) in the assay ration. The probiotic were added at ration por by oil vehicle. It were evaluated: survival rate (ST), weight gain (WG), daily food intake (DFI), feed conversion (FC), specific growing rate (SGR), hepatossomatic indices (HI), counting and quantification of the bacteria number in the ration and in gut the of the fish, erythrocytes number, hemoglobin rate, hematocrit, RBC indice, total count and differential of leucocytes, count of trombocytes, in vivo phagocytes migration, respiratory activity of the leucocytes (burst), plasmatic analyses of cortisol, glucose and total proteins. The animals didn’t show improve in the production parameters and there wasn’t difference in the hematological parameters evaluated in the animals fed with probiotic, too. In the evaluation of burst oxidative there wasn’t difference between the treatments, but the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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9

Souza, Bruno Estevão de [UNESP]. "Proteína bruta na alimentação de reprodutores do pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus criados em tanques-rede." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100168.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Foi avaliado como as dietas protéicas podem afetar os índices reprodutivos (fertilização e eclosão) e a característica seminal do pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus criados em tanques-rede. Duzentos e vinte e quatro reprodutores com quatro anos de idade, peso e comprimento médios de 2,62 ± 0,59 Kg e 47,64 ± 2,83 cm respectivamente, foram distribuídos em 16 tanques-rede (5 m³/cada) na proporção de sete machos e sete fêmeas, com densidade de 2,8 peixes m-3 por tanque. Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos (T) constituídos por quatro rações experimentais extrusadas com diferentes níveis de proteína bruta (PB, %): T1 = 18; T2 = 24; T3 = 30 e T4 = 36, isoenergéticas (3.300 kcal kg-1 de ração), isocálcicas e isofosfóricas. Os peixes receberam as rações experimentais pelos seis meses que antecederam o período reprodutivo e, em seguida, foram selecionados a cada dois dias, dois machos e uma fêmea de cada tratamento totalizando-se 12 peixes, pelo período de 22 dias. Os reprodutores foram induzidos hormonalmente, aplicando-se duas doses de extrato bruto de pituitária de carpa totalizando 2,75 e 5,5 mg kg-1 para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente e após um período de 240 horas-grau seus gametas foram coletados e analisados. Nas condições do experimento, os reprodutores de pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus atingiram à maturação gonadal nas quatro dietas utilizadas, entretanto, os valores dos índices reprodutivos (taxas de fertilização e eclosão) foram inferiores ao recomendado para a produção comercial. Todavia, as características seminais apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as quatro dietas estudadas, recomendandose a ração com 18% PB
Was evaluated how protein diets can affect reproductive rates (fertilization and hatching) and seminal characteristics of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus reared in cages. Two hundred and twenty-four breeding with four years of age, weight and average length of 2.62 ± 0.59 kg and 47.64 ± 2.83 cm respectively, were distributed in 16 cages (5 m³ / each) in the proportion seven males and seven females, with a density of 2.8 m-3 fish per tank. We used a experimental design completely randomized, composed by four treatments and four replicates, where the treatments (T) wore composed by four extruded experimental diets with different levels of crude protein (CP, %): T1 = 18; T2 = 24; T3 = 30 e T4 = 36, isoenergetic, (3.300 kcal kg-1 of diets), isocalcium and isophosphoric. Fish received the experimental diets for six months before the reproductive period then were selected every two days, two males and one female from each treatment in a total of 12 fish, for a period of 22 days. The breeding wore hormonally induced through two doses of crude extract of pituitary carp totaling 2,75 e 5,5 mg kg-1 for males and females, respectively, and after a period of 240 hoursdegree their gametes were collected and analyzed. Under the conditions of the experiment, the breeding of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus reached the gonadal maturation in the four diets, however, the values of reproductive indices (fertilization and hatching) were lower than recommended for commercial production. However, seminal characteristics showed significant differences among the four diets, recommending a diet with 18% CP
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Farias, Thaís Heloísa Vaz. "Probiótico na alimentação do pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) : avaliação hematológica, bioquímica, imunológica e desempenho produtivo /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86676.

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Orientador: Maria José Tavares Ranzani de Paiva
Coorientador: Fabiana Pilarski
Banca: Antenor Aguiar Santos
Banca: Marco Antonio de Andrade Belo
Resumo: Dentre as espécies nativas criadas no Brasil, o pacu, Piaractus mesopotomicus, tem apresentado aumento em produção, impulsionado pela sua rusticidade, rápido crescimento e carne de boa qualidade. Neste contexto, os estudos sobre a aplicação de probióticos na aqüicultura intensificaram-se, visando à diminuição dos problemas sanitários encontrados nas pisciculturas e a substituição do uso de antibióticos, que têm se tornado uma barreira ao comércio internacional. A eficácia dos probíóticos na aqüicultura pode ser afetada por fatores como o tipo de probiótico e níveis de inclusão na dieta, espécie do hospedeiro e manejo. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes níveis de inclusão do probiótico B.subtilis e B.cereus em dietas experimentais para pacu. Neste experimento foram utilizados 660 juvenis de pacus, com peso médio inicial de 67,0 ± 7,0 g, distribuídos em 20 tanques (500 L) e alimentados com probiótico durante 60 dias com quatro níveis de inclusão de Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus cereus (2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0 g) na ração experimental. Estes foram adicionados à ração experimental por meio de veículo oleoso. Foram avaliados: taxa de sobrevivência (TS), ganho em peso (GP), consumo alimentar diário (CAD), conversão alimentar aparente (CAA), taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), índices hepatossomático (IH), contagem e quantificação do número de probióticos na ração e no intestino dos peixes, número de eritrócitos, taxa de hemoglobina, hematócrito, índices hematimétricos, contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos, contagem de trombócitos, migração... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Among the native farming species in Brazil, pacu Piaractus mesopotomicus, has showed increase in the production, because your rusticity, growing fast and good quality meat. In this context, studies about the application of probiotics in the aquaculture have increase, with the aim of decrease of the sanitary problems found in the fish farms and the replacement of the antibiotics use that has become a barrier to international trade. The probiotics effectiveness in the aquaculture can be affected by factors how the kind of the probiotic and levels inclusion in the diet, host specie and management. At this, the aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of different levels of inclusion of the probiotic B.subtillis and B.cereus in assay diets for pacu. In this experiment was used 660 juvenile pacu, with average initial weight 67,0 ± 7 g, distributed in 20 tanks (500 L) and fed with probiotic during 60 days with four inclusion levels (2.0 g, 4.0 g, 8.0 g e 16.0 g) in the assay ration. The probiotic were added at ration por by oil vehicle. It were evaluated: survival rate (ST), weight gain (WG), daily food intake (DFI), feed conversion (FC), specific growing rate (SGR), hepatossomatic indices (HI), counting and quantification of the bacteria number in the ration and in gut the of the fish, erythrocytes number, hemoglobin rate, hematocrit, RBC indice, total count and differential of leucocytes, count of trombocytes, in vivo phagocytes migration, respiratory activity of the leucocytes (burst), plasmatic analyses of cortisol, glucose and total proteins. The animals didn't show improve in the production parameters and there wasn't difference in the hematological parameters evaluated in the animals fed with probiotic, too. In the evaluation of burst oxidative there wasn't difference between the treatments, but the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Books on the topic "Pacu (Fish)"

1

Blackwell, Michael Dwayne. Paci fism in the social ethics of Walter George Muelder. Lewiston, N.Y: Mellen University Press, 1995.

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Janine, Sprout, ed. Alpine trailblazer: Where to hike, ski, bike, pack, paddle, fish, in the Alpine Sierra from Tahoe to Yosemite. 2nd ed. Markleeville, CA: Diamond Valley Company, 1999.

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Office, United States Government Accountability. Prairie Pothole Region: At the current pace of acquisitions, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is unlikely to achieve its habitat protection goals for migratory birds : report to the Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2007.

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United States. Government Accountability Office. Prairie Pothole Region: At the current pace of acquisitions, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is unlikely to achieve its habitat protection goals for migratory birds : report to the Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2007.

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Office, United States Government Accountability. Prairie Pothole Region: At the current pace of acquisitions, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is unlikely to achieve its habitat protection goals for migratory birds : report to the Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2007.

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Office, United States Government Accountability. Prairie Pothole Region: At the current pace of acquisitions, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is unlikely to achieve its habitat protection goals for migratory birds : report to the Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2007.

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Publishing, School Specialty. Fish Sticker Pack. School Specialty Publishing, 2001.

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Geisel, Ted. One Fish, Two Fish Listening Pack. Random House Books for Young Readers, 1995.

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Collins, Mary B. Puzzle Pack: Rumble Fish. Teacher's Pet Publications, Inc., 2005.

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Collins, Mary B. Puzzle Pack: Rumble Fish. Teacher's Pet Publications, Inc., 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pacu (Fish)"

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Gelman, A., V. Drabkin, O. Sachs, K. Chechic, I. Gabay, and L. Glatman. "Pacu (piaractus mesopotamicus) a new fish species in israeli aquaculture: possibility of utilization." In More Efficient Utilization of Fish and Fisheries Products - Proceedings of the International Symposium on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science, held in Kyoto, Japan, 7-10 October 2001, 75–83. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4501(04)80010-4.

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Skipnes, D., and M. Hendrickx. "Novel methods to optimise the nutritional and sensory quality of in-pack processed fish products." In In-Pack Processed Foods, 382–402. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845694692.4.382.

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Moeller, Roger. "7. The Transitional Dilemma in Pennsylvania. Hearths, Fish, and Pottery." In The Nature and Pace of Change in American Indian Cultures, 121–36. Penn State University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780271077369-010.

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"Managing the Impacts of Human Activities on Fish Habitat: The Governance, Practices, and Science." In Managing the Impacts of Human Activities on Fish Habitat: The Governance, Practices, and Science, edited by Patrice LeBlanc, C. Alwyn Rose, and Neil C. Fisher. American Fisheries Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874417.ch2.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—Canada’s <em>Fisheries Act</em>, the country’s primary law for regulating the harvesting of its marine and freshwater fisheries resources, includes provisions to regulate the impacts of human activities on fish and fish habitat. As a result of these provisions the <em>Fisheries Act </em>represents the main federal statute for protecting freshwater and marine aquatic ecosystems and is considered one of the strongest environmental laws in Canada. This paper outlines the legal and policy frameworks and institutional arrangements for the administration of these provisions of the <em>Fisheries Act</em>. It describes the review process and practices established by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) for administering the provisions of the <em>Act </em>assigned to the Department’s Fish Habitat Management Program (HMP). It defines the key issues and concerns raised about the delivery of the Fish Habitat Management Program and reviews initiatives undertaken to address these. It suggests that while these have improved delivery of the regulatory responsibilities of the HMP, there is a need for more fundamental changes that will enable it to keep pace with the increasing and cumulative impacts associated with population growth and economic development and create conditions under which human activities and fish and fish habitat can co-exist on a sustainable basis. This paper suggests that such a change must be founded on an ecosystem-based approach and on the application of modern scientific and management principles for regulating impacts to fish and fish habitat. It also describes steps to move forward to demonstrate and instill an ecosystem-based approach.
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Storey, Andrew W., Andrew R. Marshall, and Markson Yarrao. "Chapter 13 Effects of Mine-Derived River Bed Aggradation on Fish Habitat of the Fly River, Papua New Guinea." In The Fly River, Papu a New Guinea: Environmental Studies in an Impacted Tropical River System, 463–90. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1571-9197(08)00413-8.

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Storey, Andrew W., Markson Yarrao, Charles Tenakanai, Boga Figa, and Jessica Lynas. "Chapter 12 Use of Changes in Fish Assemblages in the Fly River System, Papua New Guinea, to Assess Effects of the Ok Tedi Copper Mine." In The Fly River, Papu a New Guinea: Environmental Studies in an Impacted Tropical River System, 427–62. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1571-9197(08)00412-6.

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Canady, Andrew McNeill. "A Liberal but Never an Activist." In Willis Duke Weatherford. University Press of Kentucky, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813168159.003.0006.

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This chapter examines how Weatherford’s views on race continued to evolve from the mid-1930s until his death in 1970. In this period he worked for ten years as a professor at Fisk University and stayed involved in racial concerns. He also authored two books on race relations: one coedited with the noted African American sociologist Charles Spurgeon Johnson, and another that called for churches to be at the forefront of desegregation. Nevertheless, Weatherford in many ways left the subject of race after 1946, as the pace of change on racial issues moved more quickly than he was comfortable with. His withdrawal from racial efforts was typical of other liberals who had been involved in the issue before the 1950s, who, like him, never became activists in the era’s nonviolent civil disobedience efforts. One important point of this chapter, however, is to note that Weatherford began to shift his views on Jim Crow, finally calling for its end by 1943. This section shows the change over time of his views and how larger events (World War II and the Great Depression) and his own personal experiences (his intimate interactions with black students and professors at Fisk while on the faculty there) moved him along.
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"Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems." In Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems, edited by Tom Hom, Tracy K. Collier, Margaret M. Krahn, Mark S. Strom, Gina M. Ylitalo, William B. Nilsson, Rohinee N. Paranjpye, and Usha Varanasi. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874011.ch7.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—The dewatering of New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina created an unprecedented situation regarding public safety, including the perception of unsafe seafood. The floodwaters flowing into nearshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) were known to contain oils, metals, and a wide range of pathogens and enteric bacteria, and there was also concern about synthetic chemical contaminants from flooded businesses and homes. The Northwest Fisheries Science Center was asked to mount an immediate response, both to collect samples of fish and shrimp from the potentially affected area as well as providing a wide range of chemical and microbiological analyses. Consequently, we conducted several sampling cruises from a variety of research vessels and chartered fishing boats in the GoM over the course of the following 12 months. While we sampled many species, we focused our analyses on Atlantic croaker <em>Micropogonias undulatus </em>and white shrimp <em>Litopenaeus setiferus</em>. Sampling began on 13 September 2005, within 1 week after floodwater pumping was initiated, and continued through September 2006. More than 300 seafood, water, and sediment samples were analyzed for a suite of organic chemical contaminants, including organochlorines, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). The samples were also tested for bacterial contamination, including fecal contaminants such as <em>Escherichia coli </em>and potentially pathogenic <em>Vibrio </em>spp. While a range of both chemical and microbiological substances were detected, none were present in edible tissues at levels that posed any appreciable risk to human consumers of seafood products from the GoM, assuming that normal seafood preparation practices were followed. Petroleum-derived PACs in white shrimp from both Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound increased over several sampling periods in the fall and early winter (<em>p </em>< 0.001). However, these levels were quite low and had declined considerably by April 2006. Other than the increases in petroleum-derived PACs, our findings suggested little evidence of increased levels of contaminants immediately following the hurricane; however, the lack of prestorm data hampered that determination. A lack of standard protocols, as well as issues related to risk assessment methodologies, complicated the ability to provide a coordinated multiagency communication of the results. As a result of our experiences in responding to this unprecedented environmental emergency, we recommend a more unified national capability for assessing seafood safety in our nation’s coastal waters.
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McElroy, Michael B. "Human- Induced Climate Change Why You Should Take It Seriously." In Energy and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490331.003.0008.

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As the title suggests, the objective of this chapter is to outline the reasons why you should take the issue of human- induced climate change seriously. There is no doubt that the concentrations of a number of the key components of the atmosphere, so-called greenhouse gases with the potential to alter climate, are higher now than they have been at any time over at least the past 800,000 years, probably much longer. Furthermore, there is no question but that diverse forms of human activity are largely responsible for the recent increase in the concentrations of these gases. The increase began several hundred years ago and, unchecked, is likely to continue into the indefinite future. This alone should justify a cautionary response with respect to the prospects for human-induced climate change. But, as we shall see, the issue is even more complicated. The warming impact of the rising concentration of greenhouse gases has been offset (muted) until recently by cooling resulting from small particles formed in the atmosphere as byproducts of conventional forms of air pollution. These particles, referred to as aerosols, have an important negative impact on public health: when respired, they persist in your lungs and can enter the bloodstream, triggering a variety of serious cardio-vascular and respiratory problems. They contribute also to the phenomenon of acid rain responsible for killing freshwater fish and damaging plant life more generally. Societies have taken steps with some success to reduce emissions of these offending chemicals. The downside is that we are now beginning to experience acceleration in the pace of climate change, a circumstance for which we are ill prepared. I begin with a discussion of the energetics of the global climate system, the situation that would apply if energy absorbed from the sun on a global scale were balanced precisely by energy returned to space in the form of long- wavelength (infrared) radiation, following with an account of what we understand when we talk about the greenhouse effect, the role played by specific components of the atmosphere in limiting transmission of infrared radiation to space.
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"ahcutm io annslairfee , m pr oosptee rt f y fe , c a ti nvdep if roddo uctive capacity. These is a critical element of the hydrological system. fervoem nt . o T ne hena ty tu preaslohrafzoarrmdstoofam no it n ig eaitn io nadavcat nce of the Information on the status of snowpack conditions can m ther. Droug iv hitt -i reeslavtaerdyfporroevciadsets co onfsb id e e lo ra w b -le noardmvaalncse tr dealm ea f d lo t w im aend fo rrerseelr ia vbolierf th ro it m ig ati e in tshioosne act diou u s se io dnfsoraroet , h e for the most part, different levels. gation is the indaetnutrie fi coaf ti ohran za artd ural hazards because of •Monitoring and early warning refers to activities with previous droughts a n of t . heAifm ir psatcsttsepa ss in ocm iat i e ti d ­ tdheacti si pornovm id aekeirnsfo at r m al a l ti l o ev neltsho at ftchaenobneseutsoefddtroouaglhetr . t w th ietshefium tu praectds ro (a ungdhtotehvee rs n ) daarnea li skseelsysm to enbteoafsw so hcei ther This information can be used by planners, emergency actions can be identifie n d ts. From this point, spec aitfeidcimmapnlaegmee rs n , tpporlo ic g y ra amnmdedsecainsd io pnom lic aikees rs th , aatnwd il o l th he elrpsttooo fu f t ur im epdarcotus gh atsseovceinattse . d Pa rttoIV re edm uc pehatsh is eesim th peacr ts of reduce the risk associated with the hazard. Moni­ geographical settings as wwie th ll adsrom ug et hhtodionl og viaerasinoguest to doa ri cat tia ng activities include the collection and analysis of quantify these impacts. Part V considers adjustment user o , ndo at fadaptraodpu ro cdtudcetvsetloopdm ec einsti , onanmdak th e e rs caonmdm ot uhneir ­ a an nddaPdaarpt ta V ti Ioncosn tr caetn eg tr iaetsesemopnlopyreedpatroed re ndeu ss cem im et phaocd ts ­ h in aza s r . dDsabtuat in a cludes not only physical data related to olo the definit lisoon so ocfiavlualn ne drabb io il lio ty g . icA al d co a m ta ptrheahtenassisv is ethgaavtg io ie n s , pr iong st ria tu m ti m on es alaanrdr an a g ct eim on esn , ts a /c nadpapco it liiecs ie , s miti­ drought monitoring system would include the collec­ imp e a ct bseo en f dr oorugchotu . ld be employed to reduce th th aetp ti roenc ip o it f a tio cl n i ) maastow lo el gliacsals tre daam ta f lo ( w e. , g r . e , se trevm oi prearnad tu grreouanndd ­ t • oPrienpcarreeadsneestshe re fleervseltoofprreedaidsiansetsesraocr tivities designed w se a n ter levels, soil moisture, snowpack, and remo improve oper­ cast ssedodfataagfrriocm satellites. This information is useful in ftoerley ­ aan ti on eamlearngdenicnys tit ( uet . igo ., naelacra ly p ab w il air ti neisng fo rsryess te p m on s, d in ogpetro ­ itnod ri i n ce gsatnodte ra acru ly ltw ur aarlnianngdtehcyhdnrioqluoegsi , cianlcldurdoiungghtth . e M us oeno i­ f u at sieofnuallfpolrands) e . no Fto in rgdrpor ught, contingency plans are them in a histo kriccu al rrent d ogrammatic responsibilities; contex ro t, u is g h th teco su nbdjie ti cotnosfaPnadrttIoIIv . iew p im ol p ic rioevsinbgetiw nf eoernmaatn io dnw fl iotw hi nonlesveev ls e ri o ty, im and coordination between levels of gov fergnomv pac eenrtn ts m , ean nd . t; d •P ec re is diiocn ti / opnolriecfyermsatkoerascw tiv it it hieasdtvhaantcepd ro fvoirdeecauss ts eros and D f the m sh a ro l ught i oul pdarntoosfan th i e nsidi t be vi ecw li e m ou aste nat d as m of ural hazard tha erveilrytuaalp ly hyaslilcarletg is pihoaensn no . omIrt ­ o ­ a fo crcm ur s r , ebnu ce tporfodbraobu il g it hyt . These forecasts can take many enon. Rather, drought is the result of an interplay p n re ddi in ct tieonnss it . yoFrorseecvaes ri ttyo ) fiso ccurrenc accu ursaucay ll yiaes so (t c im iat e e , ddw ura s highly viatrh ti o th n e , w be attw er eesnua natural event and the demand placed on between natural iable be consi pdpelryedbyrh el uam tiv aen -u to se ssoym ste emlso . nDg-rtoeurgmhtasvheo ra u g ld eidm ro puogrh ta ts ntincom ns oishtapzaarrtdssoafntdhe is w pa orrtlidc . ulLae rl deration for drought fore aydltiimm it eed is f a or condition of balance between precipitation and so d casts as well n , eva M po atnry an dsepfiirnaittiioonn . s of drought exist; it is unrealistic a in ncdorepco is riaotnem th akers are given ample opportunity to to expect a universal definition to be derived. Th the imple imseinntfao ti romnato io fnmiin ti g p at liaonnn in pr gogsrta ra m te mge ie s s . sDpreocu ti g ve htc as anfboe ll ogw ro s: u pe mdetbeyortoylpoegiocfald , isc hiypd li rnoalroygipcearl ­ , c lo agse ts reof is m al estoeoarno lo im gi pcoarl ta d n ro tudg is httinacn ti don th boe se tw oefenhyfdorroe -­ ian gric ical drought, especially in regions where snowpack so cco io rup ltur ec o o ra ntaels , d an omic if d f fe re snotc ioeco actors ipnhy it s n ic oaml, ic b . s defini io E lo agcihc al, d is a cipline tion. It mu nsdt /o be r." In Droughts, 46. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-33.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pacu (Fish)"

1

Kopman, Vladislav, Matteo Aureli, and Maurizio Porfiri. "Free-Locomotion of a Fish-Like Robotic Swimmer Propelled by a Vibrating Ionic Polymer Metal Composite." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2660.

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In this paper, we study the free-locomotion of a miniature bio-mimetic underwater vehicle inspired by carangiform swimming fish. The vehicle is propelled by a vibrating Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) attached to a compliant passive fin. The IPMC vibration is remotely controlled through the vehicle’s onboard electronics that consists of a small-sized battery pack, an H-Bridge circuit, and a wireless module. The planar motion of the vehicle body is described using rigid-body dynamics. Hydrodynamic effects, such as added mass and damping, are included in the model to enable a thorough description of the vehicle’s surge, sway, and yaw motions. The time-varying actions exerted by the vibrating IPMC on the vehicle body, including thrust, lift, and moment, are estimated by combining force and vibration measurements with reduced order modeling based on modal analysis. The model predictions are validated through experimental results on the planar motion of the fish-like robotic swimmer.
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Chandrasegar, T., and Mehul Kumar Piruka. "Prediction of Share Market using FIS." In 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i-pact44901.2019.8960107.

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QI, Yongshuang, Pengfei ZHI, Hui YE, and Wanlu ZHU. "Research on Lifetime Optimization of Unmanned Ship Lithium Battery Pack Power Supply System Based on Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm." In 2020 39th Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ccc50068.2020.9189151.

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