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Journal articles on the topic 'Pacu (Fish)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Garcia, Fabiana, Fabiana Pilarski, Eduardo Makoto Onaka, and Flávio Ruas de Moraes. "Performance and hematology of pacu fed diets supplemented with vitamins C and/or E." Scientia Agricola 68, no. 3 (June 2011): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162011000300007.

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Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887) is a valued Brazilian fish species for aquaculture. This is highly susceptible to disease, and feed supplementations for pacu can be a very important strategy to prevent disease incidence in fish farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate a strategic supplementation for pacu. Juvenile pacu (10.5 ± 1.2 g) were fed diets containing three levels of vitamins C and/or E (0, 250, and 500 mg vitamin kg-1 diet). Fish were fed diets without supplementation for two months prior to the experiment. After that period, experimental feeding was initiated for two months. Growth and hematological evaluations were made on the thirtieth and sixtieth days of feeding. Pacu fed diet without supplementation of vitamins C and E during 120 days did not show clear typical signs of deficiency. Fish fed diet vitamins C and E free increased feed intake, but no improvement on growth performance was detected. Vitamin E proved essential for erythrocyte protection, so that the higher the level of this vitamin in diet, the smaller the number of erythroblasts. Supplementation with 500 mg of vitamin C and 250 mg of vitamin E for 60 days increased the production of monocytes, thrombocytes and special granulocytic cells in pacu.
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2

Franceschini, Lidiane, Aline Cristina Zago, Sérgio Henrique Canello Schalch, Fabiana Garcia, Daiane Mompean Romera, and Reinaldo José da Silva. "Parasitic infections of Piaractus mesopotamicus and hybrid (P. mesopotamicus xPiaractus brachypomus) cultured in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 22, no. 3 (September 2013): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612013000300015.

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This study evaluated the occurrence of parasitic infections in the “pacu” fish Piaractus mesopotamicus and the “patinga” hybrid (P. mesopotamicus x Piaractus brachypomus) in the northwest of São Paulo State, Brazil. Fish from the following three fish farms were evaluated every two months: A, a hatchery and larviculture farm (n = 16 pacu / n = 19 patinga), B, a growout farm (n = 35 patinga) and C, a fee-fishing property (n = 28 pacu / n = 7 patinga). Thirty-five fish from each property were collected from February 2010 to February 2011 and subjected to parasitological analysis. The parasites found were the following:Mymarothecium viatorum, Anacanthorus penilabiatus, Notozothecium janauachensis (Dactylogyridae, Monogenea),Trichodina spp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Chilodonella sp. (Protozoa), Myxobolus spp.,Henneguya spp. (Myxozoa), Rondonia rondoni, Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda), and Dolops carvalhoi(Crustacea). Of the fish examined, 62.9% from “A” and 100% from “B” and “C” were infested with at least one parasite species. Pacu fish (n = 44) showed a higher susceptibility to Anacanthorus penilabiatus infestations, whereas patinga (n = 61) were more susceptible to Mymarothecium viatorum (p < 0.05). Appropriate fish handling (nutrition, transport and storage), in conjunction with monitoring of water quality, can reduce the stress to which the farmed fish are exposed and is essential for pathogen control.
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3

Michelin, E. C., C. M. Bedoya-Serna, L. C. S. Carrion, S. H. S. Godoy, J. C. Baldin, C. G. Lima, G. S. Yasui, G. E. Rottinghaus, R. L. M. Sousa, and A. M. Fernandes. "Long-term exposure of Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fish to dietary aflatoxin B1: residues in tissues and performance." World Mycotoxin Journal 14, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2020.2659.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the aflatoxins residues on tissues of Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fish chronically exposed to dietary aflatoxins, also evaluating the effects on fish performance. Aflatoxins were incorporated into the extruded fish feed and the concentrations were confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental design comprised the following treatments: Control – feed without toxin; Treatment A: feed + 10 μg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)/kg; Treatment B: feed + 20 μg AFB1/kg and Treatment C: feed + 50 μg AFB1/kg. Pacu juvenile were allocated in tanks with density of one fish per litter. The experiment lasted 180 days with monthly sampling, and approximately ten fish per treatment were used to compose a sample. Biometric surveys were performed every 30 days, including standard weight and length. Aflatoxins were detected and quantified in fish muscle and liver by HPLC, using immunoafinity columns. Results showed AFB1 deposition in the liver throughout the experiment in all treatments, but only treatment C differed significantly (P<0.05) from the others after 150 days, while in muscle there was low residual deposition. Long-term exposed fish had negative influence in weight and length. The higher mortality was observed in treatment C. Although there were AFB1 residues at low levels in liver and only a slight amount in fish muscle, it should be noted that accumulation is possible in the Pacu species. The diets contaminated with AFB1 negatively interfered in weight and length of fish when compared to control. Therefore, it can be concluded that long-term exposure of Pacu to dietary AFB1 can cause losses to producers.
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4

Belém-Costa, Andréa, and José Eurico Possebon Cyrino. "Antibiotic resistence of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)." Scientia Agricola 63, no. 3 (June 2006): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162006000300011.

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One of the most important problems involving treatments with antibiotics against Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from fishes is that antibiotic resistance develops readily. The antimicrobial activity of chemotherapeutants in isolates from pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) and tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) was tested by the Kirby-Bauer disk method, over Mueller-Hinton surface agar previously inoculated with 100 µL of bacterial suspensions. After regular incubation, isolates from tilapia and pacu were uniformly resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, lincomycin, novobiocin, oxacillin, penicillin, and trimetoprim+sulfametoxazole. The A. hydrophila type strain presented resistance to the same antimicrobial substances and also against rifampicin; the bacterial isolate from pacu were the only strain resistant to tetracyclin. Isolates from both pacu and tilapia had intermediate reaction with erytromycin. The use of drugs in commercial fish farms in Brazil can favor the development of resistant bacterial strains in native fish species as already observed for exotic species, commercially produced for longer time.
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5

SEVERI, W., F. T. RANTIN, and M. N. FERNANDES. "Structural and morphological features of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) gills." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 60, no. 3 (August 2000): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71082000000300014.

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The pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887), is a commercially important serrasalmid fish endemic to the Paraná-Paraguay River basin, and one of the most widely cultivated native fish species in the Neotropics. As a migratory species, also inhabiting temporary pools subjected to hypoxic conditions, the species presents a high plasticity concerning respiratory adaptations. In order to supplement basic knowledge on the respiratory physiology and morphology of this species, some structural features of pacu gills, such as filament and lamellae structure, and circulatory pattern are described in this paper.
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6

Biller-Takahashi, JD, HJ Montassier, LS Takahashi, and EC Urbinati. "Proposed method for agglutinating antibody titer analysis and its use as indicator of acquired immunity in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 1 (February 2014): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.21312.

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Antibody can be assessed by agglutinating antibody titer which is a quantitative measure of circulating antibodies in serum from fish previously immunized. The antibody evaluation has been performed with different fish species, and is considered a reliable method that can be applied to confirm several hypothesis regarding acquired immunity, even in conjunction with precise methods to describe immune mechanisms. In order to provide appropriate analytical methods for future studies on the specific immune system of native fish, the present study standardized on assay to measure the serum agglutinating antibody titer produced after immunization with inactivated A. hydrophila and levamisole administration in pacu. It was possible to determine the agglutinating antibodies titer in a satisfactorily way in pacu immunized with inactive A. hydrophila, and the highest titers were observed on fish fed with levamisole.
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7

Nervis, Juliana Alice Lösch, Aldi Feiden, Evandro Bilha Moro, Marlon Casarini Moreno, Sidnei Klein, and Wilson Rogério Boscolo. "Apparent digestibility of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) diets containing different levels of phosphorus." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6Supl2 (December 16, 2015): 4453. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6sup2p4453.

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The present study aimed to evaluate pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) diets and determine the apparent digestibility at different levels of phosphorus using the feces collection method with an intestinal dissection marker. A total of 320 pacu with average weights of 768.5±36.34 g were used, and they were distributed in four 5 m³ net cages. The fish were fed isonitrogenous (27%), isoenergetic (3000 kcal/kg) and isocalcium (1.50%) diets with total phosphorus levels of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2%. The fish were incised with lateral openings to allow for feces removal from the rectum, and the fish were then sent for carcass chemical composition analysis. Significant differences were observed (P<0.01) between treatments for the apparent diet digestibility, apparent phosphorous digestibility, available phosphorus and residual phosphorus. There was a linear decrease in apparent diet digestibility and apparent phosphorus digestibility with increasing levels of phosphorous in the diet, and the highest values were observed for the diet with 0.6% total phosphorus. For available phosphorus and residual phosphorus, there was a linear increase based on total phosphorus levels in the diet. No significant differences were observed for the chemical composition of the pacu carcasses. Therefore, the greatest digestibility of total phosphorus in the diet obtained through dissection was observed in the diet containing 0.6% total phosphorus, and the different levels of phosphorus did not influence the chemical composition of the pacu carcasses.
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8

Abreu, JS, LS Takahashi, MA Hoshiba, and EC Urbinati. "Biological indicators of stress in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) after capture." Brazilian Journal of Biology 69, no. 2 (May 2009): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842009000200026.

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The effects of capture (chasing, netting and air exposure) on cortisol, glucose, chloride, sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations, osmolality, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were investigated in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A total of 132 fish (49.7 ± 11.7 g) were subjected to capture and 3 minutes air exposure and capture and 5 minutes air exposure. Nine fish at each treatment were sampled at 5, 15, 30, 60 minutes and 24 hours after the procedure. Nine undisturbed fish were sacrificed before the handling and used as controls. Capture resulted in a rise in blood cortisol and glucose 30 and 5 minutes, respectively, after both air exposures. Both indicators returned to resting levels 24 hours after capture. In both fish groups, plasma chloride decreased 60 minutes after capture, not recovering the resting levels within 24 hours after, and serum sodium rose at 15 and 30 minutes and recovered the resting levels 24 hours later. There were no significant changes neither in potassium, calcium and osmolality nor in hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC and MCV as a consequence of capture. The sequential stressors imposed to pacu during capture activated the brain-pituitary-interrenal axis (cortisol and glucose responses) but the activation of the brain-sympathetic-chromaffin cell axis was apparently moderate (ionic and hematological responses).
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9

SADO, RICARDO Y., ÁLVARO J. A. BICUDO, and JOSÉ E. P. CYRINO. "Growth and intestinal morphology of juvenile pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) fed dietary prebiotics (mannanoligosaccharides - MOS)." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 86, no. 3 (August 12, 2014): 1517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420130088.

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Intensification of aquaculture production systems exposes fish to numerous stressors, which may negatively affect their growth and limit profitability of aquaculture systems. This study determined effects of increasing levels of dietary mannanoligosaccharides on growth and intestine morphology of pacu. Fish (44.04 g) were randomly distributed into 32 tanks (500 L; 10 fishes per tank) and fed during 63 days with a commercial diet supplemented with 0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0% dietary mannanoligosaccharides. Growth parameters did not differ (P>0.05) between fish fed control diet and mannanoligosaccharide supplemented diets. Intestinal villi perimeter was performed in fish fed control diet, 0.4 and 1.5% dietary mannanoligosaccharides and also showed no differences (P>0.05) between treatments. Dietary supplementation of mannanoligosaccharides unclear did not have effects on pacu. Studies on the characterization of intestinal microbiota together with experiment that reproduce commercial fish production systems rearing conditions are necessary to determine the effective use of this dietary supplement for the species.
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10

Balen, Rafael Ernesto, Patrick Nereu Tetu, Robie Allan Bombardelli, Paulo Cesar Pozza, and Fábio Meurer. "Digestible energy of crude glycerol for pacu and silver catfish." Ciência Rural 44, no. 8 (2014): 1448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20131426.

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The increase in global biodiesel production is originating a glycerol surplus, which has no defined destination. An alternative to overcome this problem is its use as energy source in animal feeding. In Brazil, Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is one of the most farmed native fish species, whereas Silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) is suitable for production in subtropical region. Considering little knowledge about crude glycerol utilization in feeds for Neotropical fish species, it was evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for energy of crude glycerol for P. mesopotamicus and R. quelen. The digestibility and digestible energy content of crude glycerol can be considered excellent even when compared to energy of common ingredients such as maize and wheat, presenting 0.97 and 0.89 of energy ADCs, and 15.2 and 13.95MJ kg-1 of digestible energy for Pacu and Silver catfish, respectively. In conclusion, crude glycerol is an energetic ingredient with good potential in Brazilian native fish diets.
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11

Bicudo, A. J. A., R. Y. Sado, and J. E. P. Cyrino. "Growth, body composition and hematology of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fed increasing levels of ractopamine." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 64, no. 5 (October 2012): 1335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352012000500034.

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The effects of four levels of dietary ractopamine (RAC) on growth, body composition and hematology of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus juveniles (103.6±3.3g) were studied. Fish were housed into 12 circular tanks of 1 m3 - 15 fish per tank - and fed for 60 days with practical diets supplemented with 0; 10; 20 or 40mg RAC per kg of diet, in a totally randomized design trial (n=3). Fish fed diets containing up to 40mg RAC/kg diet for 60 days did not have improved growth or body composition parameters. There were no significant differences in hematocrit, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Plasma glucose and triglycerides were significantly smaller in fish fed with RAC; however no significant differences between RAC levels were detected. The inclusion of up to 40mg RAC/kg of diet did not improve growth and body composition, but influenced some hematological and biochemical parameters of juvenile pacu.
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12

Abreu, JS, CM Marzocchi-Machado, AC Urbaczek, LM Fonseca, and EC Urbinati. "Leukocytes respiratory burst and lysozyme level in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 69, no. 4 (November 2009): 1133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842009000500018.

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Innate immune responses are useful to determine the health status of fish and to evaluate the effect of immunomodulatory substances in fish farming. Leukocytes respiratory burst was measured in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) using chemiluminescence assay and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay. The nitroblue tetrazolium reduction seemed more adequate than chemiluminescence assay for leukocytes oxidative burst determination, since it was difficult to isolate the blood leucocytes for chemiluminescence assay. Plasma and serum lysozyme were measured using a turbidimetric assay. The heating of serum and plasma samples (56 ºC for 30 minutes) for complement system inactivation darkened the plasma samples and interfered in the results. The lysozyme activity in serum was higher than in plasma, suggesting that serum samples are more appropriate for the analysis. This study established protocols that can be useful tools in the study of immune mechanisms of the tropical fish pacu.
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13

Honorato, Claucia Aparecida, Luciana Cristina de Almeida, Cleujosí da Silva Nunes, Elma Neide Vasconcelos Martins Carrilho, and Gilberto Moraes. "Gastrointestinal transit of extruded or pelletized diets in pacu fed distinct inclusion levels of lipid and carbohydrate." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 49, no. 11 (November 2014): 829–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2014001100001.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pelletized or extruded diets, with different levels of carbohydrate and lipid, on the gastrointestinal transit time (GITT) and its modulation in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). One hundred and eighty pacu juveniles were fed with eight isonitrogenous diets containing two carbohydrate levels (40 and 50%) and two lipid levels (4 and 8%). Four diets were pelletized and four were extruded. Carbohydrate and lipid experimental levels caused no changes to the bolus transit time. However, the bolus permanence time was related to diet processing. Fish fed pelletized diets exhibited the highest gastrointestinal transit time. Regression analysis of bolus behavior for pelletized and extruded diets with 4% lipid depicted different fits. GITT regression analysis of fish fed 8% lipid was fitted to a cubic equation and displayed adjustments of food permanence, with enhanced utilization of the diets, either with extruded or pelletized diets. GITT of fish fed extruded diets with 4% lipid was adjusted to a linear equation. The GITT of pacu depends on the diet processing and is affected by dietary levels of lipid and carbohydrate.
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14

Nervis, Juliana Alice Lösch, Aldi Feiden, Evandro Bilha Moro, Marlon Casarini Moreno, Sidnei Klein, and Wilson Rogério Boscolo. "Apparent digestibility of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) diets containing different levels of phosphorus." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6Supl2 (December 16, 2015): 4453. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6supl2p4453.

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<p>The present study aimed to evaluate pacu (<em>Piaractus mesopotamicus</em>) diets and determine the apparent digestibility at different levels of phosphorus using the feces collection method with an intestinal dissection marker. A total of 320 pacu with average weights of 768.5±36.34 g were used, and they were distributed in four 5 m³ net cages. The fish were fed isonitrogenous (27%), isoenergetic (3000 kcal/kg) and isocalcium (1.50%) diets with total phosphorus levels of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2%. The fish were incised with lateral openings to allow for feces removal from the rectum, and the fish were then sent for carcass chemical composition analysis. Significant differences were observed (P&lt;0.01) between treatments for the apparent diet digestibility, apparent phosphorous digestibility, available phosphorus and residual phosphorus. There was a linear decrease in apparent diet digestibility and apparent phosphorus digestibility with increasing levels of phosphorous in the diet, and the highest values were observed for the diet with 0.6% total phosphorus. For available phosphorus and residual phosphorus, there was a linear increase based on total phosphorus levels in the diet. No significant differences were observed for the chemical composition of the pacu carcasses. Therefore, the greatest digestibility of total phosphorus in the diet obtained through dissection was observed in the diet containing 0.6% total phosphorus, and the different levels of phosphorus did not influence the chemical composition of the pacu carcasses. </p>
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15

Biller-Takahashi, JD, LS Takahashi, MV Saita, RY Gimbo, and EC Urbinati. "Leukocytes respiratory burst activity as indicator of innate immunity of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus." Brazilian Journal of Biology 73, no. 2 (May 2013): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842013000200026.

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The present study evaluated the assay to quantify the respiratory burst activity of blood leukocytes of pacu as an indicator of the innate immune system, using the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan as a measure of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to assess the accuracy of the assay, fish were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila and sampled one week after challenge. The A. hydrophila infection increased the leukocyte respiratory burst activity. The protocol showed a reliable and easy assay, appropriate to determine the respiratory burst activity of blood leukocytes of pacu, a neotropical fish, in the present experimental conditions.
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16

Mastrochirico-Filho, Vito Antonio, Felipe del Pazo, Milene Elissa Hata, Gabriela Vanina Villanova, Fausto Foresti, Manuel Vera, Paulino Martínez, Fábio Porto-Foresti, and Diogo Teruo Hashimoto. "Assessing Genetic Diversity for a Pre-Breeding Program in Piaractus mesopotamicus by SNPs and SSRs." Genes 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2019): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10090668.

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The pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is a Neotropical fish with remarkable productive performance for aquaculture. Knowledge of genetic resources in Neotropical fish is essential for their applications in breeding programs. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of seven farmed populations of pacu which will constitute the basis for a broodstock foundation for coming breeding programs in Brazil. Analysis of one wild population (Paraná River) was used as a reference to compare genetic parameters in the farmed populations. The analyses were performed using 32 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and 8 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. No significant differences in genetic diversity between populations estimated through the number of alleles and allelic richness, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and minimum allele frequency were detected (p > 0.05). Low genetic diversity was observed in all farmed stocks and the wild population. Moreover, we detected low genetic structure when comparing farmed and wild populations for SNPs (FST = 0.07; K = 3) and SSRs (FST = 0.08; K = 2). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated that genetic variation was mostly within populations. Kinship analysis showed that most fish farms included related individuals at a proportion of at least 25%. Our results suggest that the basal broodstock for pacu breeding programs should be founded with individuals from different fish farms for higher genetic diversity and to avoid inbreeding risks.
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17

Michelin, E. C., C. M. Bedoya-Serna, L. C. S. Carrion, N. Levy-Pereira, F. S. Cury, D. Passarelli, C. G. Lima, G. S. Yasui, R. L. M. Sousa, and A. M. Fernandes. "Effects of dietary aflatoxin on biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver in Matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) and Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fish." World Mycotoxin Journal 14, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2020.2662.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver in Matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) and Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fish chronically exposed to dietary aflatoxins. Fish feed was artificially contaminated with aflatoxins and the treatments were: Control – feed without toxin; Treatment A – feed + 10 μg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)/kg; Treatment B – feed + 20 μg AFB1/kg; and Treatment C – feed + 50 μg AFB1/kg. Matrinxã and Pacu juvenile fish were placed in tanks for 180 days. Five experimental units per treatment were monthly sampled and submitted to blood collection and removal of hepatic tissue. Thus, twenty blood and liver samples for each species were collected monthly, adding up to 240 samples analysed. To verify biochemical changes, analyses included total proteins, albumin, globulins, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The hepatic tissue was examined microscopically and the slides presenting histopathological changes were photo-documented. There was effect of treatment (P<0.05) for AST and ALP in Matrinxã, while no effect (P>0.05) was observed in Pacu. A reduction (P<0.05) in AST and ALP values during the time of exposure was observed in all treatments for both species. Fatty degeneration and liver damage were observed for both species in treatments exposed to aflatoxins. Fatty degeneration in Pacu was noticed after 30 days of exposure, while in Matrinxã it was observed after 60 days. Disorganisation of the hepatocyte cord arrangement was also observed in those treatments exposed to aflatoxin, following 90 days of exposure in Matrinxã, and after 60 days in Pacu. Therefore, aflatoxins have little influence on biochemical parameters in the species evaluated. However, exposure to aflatoxins caused liver changes, such as cell death, fatty and hydropic degeneration, thus it could be concluded that both species are susceptible to the toxic effects of long-term exposure to dietary AFB1.
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Biller-Takahashi, J. D., L. S. Takahashi, F. Pilarski, F. A. Sebastião, and E. C. Urbinati. "Serum bactericidal activity as indicator of innate immunity in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887)." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 65, no. 6 (December 2013): 1745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352013000600023.

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The immune system of teleost fish has mechanisms responsible for the defense against bacteria through protective proteins in several tissues. The protein action can be evaluated by serum bactericidal activity and this is an important tool to analyze the immune system. Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, is one of the most important fish in national aquaculture. However there is a lack of studies on its immune responses. In order to standardize and assess the accuracy of the serum bactericidal activity assay, fish were briefly challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and sampled one week after the challenge. The bacterial infection increased the concentration of protective proteins, resulting in a decrease of colony-forming unit values expressed as well as an enhanced serum bactericidal activity. The protocol showed a reliable assay, appropriate to determine the serum bactericidal activity of pacu in the present experimental conditions.
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19

Moraes, G., I. M. Avilez, and T. S. F. Hori. "Comparison between biochemical responses of the teleost pacu and its hybrid Tambacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus xColossoma macropomum) to short term nitrite exposure." Brazilian Journal of Biology 66, no. 4 (November 2006): 1103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842006000600017.

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Aquatic environmental factors are very changeable in short periods. Among these factors are pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia and ions. Nitrite, as one ion naturally present in aquatic systems, deserves particular consideration as it is highly toxic for many species. Among fish, nitrite may have harmful effects, such as methemoglobin (MtHb) formation, disruption to the gill and hepatic structure, which could result in hemolytic anemia and cell hypoxia by reducing the functional hemoglobin content. In this work, we compared hematological and metabolical responses of pacu and its hybrid tambacu exposed to 20 ppm of environmental nitrite. It was observed that the MtHb content was less than 18% in tambacu while pacu reached nearly 8%. These data reflect specific differences in nitrite uptake by the gill. The hematocrit of both fish was distinct; pacu did not have a typical response of poisoning by nitrite. This fact shows less skill of the hybrid to cope with environmental nitrite. Incipient hemolytic anemia was observed in pacu and both species presented a neoglycogenic profile. The glucose-provider character of the liver was more evident in tambacu. The white muscle of both species presented distinct metabolic behavior. While in pacu the white muscle was predominantly oxidative, in tambaqui the lactic fermentation was the most important metabolic profile. Metabolic and hematological observations in both species show that they present distinct metabolical strategies to cope with toxic effects of nitrite and there is no evidence that the hybrid is more resistant to nitrite.
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Rodrigues, Mariana Lins, Robson Araújo dos Santos, Rebeca Maria Sousa, Claucia Aparecida Honorato, Dacley Hertes Neu, and Fábio Bittencourt. "Metabolism and growth performance of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles submitted to different feeding frequencies." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 4 (April 4, 2021): e28710413979. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i4.13979.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different feeding frequencies on productive performance, hepatocytes integrity, frequency of muscle fibers distribution, enzymatic activity, and proximate composition of pacu juveniles (Piaractus mesopotamicus). One hundred and sixty fish were distributed in 20 tanks arranged in a recirculation system. The proposed managements of feed offer were the partition of the daily amounts into one, two, three or four times during 60 days. Feed consumption were higher in fish fed four times a day, whilst the hepatosomatic index was higher in fish fed once, but similar to fish that received food two or four times a day. As for plasmatic glucose levels, fish fed twice a day displayed an increase in this parameter. The livers of fish fed two or four times a day presented larger hepatocytes and cellular nuclei. Regarding the proximate composition of carcasses, fish that received one daily feeding presented higher ether extract. It was concluded that feeding frequency is a factor that promotes changes in P. mesopotamicus nutritional metabolism, thus the offer of feed four times a day could be recommended for this species in this life stage.
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Pakan, Welly. "Faktor Penyebab Kecelakaan Penerbangan Di Landas Pacu." Warta Penelitian Perhubungan 26, no. 3 (January 30, 2019): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/warlit.v26i3.879.

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Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi menyatakan bahwa 32 persen kasus kecelakaan penerbangan di Indonesia terjadi di bandar udara dan penyebab utama adalah karena licinnya landas pacu dan data dari ICAO menyatakan bahwa dari tahun 2006 sampai dengan 2012 kecelakaan penerbangan di bandar udara diseluruh dunia 59 persen diakibatkan karena landas pacu yang kurang memadai dan untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, Internasional Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) mengeluarkan kebijakan tentang pembentukan runway safety team diseluruh bandar udara. Lokasi pengambilan data opini penumpang/ survei adalah di bandar udara Adi Sucipto Yogjakarta dari tanggal 12-14 Agustus 2013 dan metode yang digunakan dalam menganalisis data adalah dengan menggunakan analisis Deskriftif Kualitatif untuk menggambarkan hasil inventarisasi identifikasi bidang-bidang yang berhubungan dengan keselamatan penerbangan sedang analisis fish bone digunakan untuk mengetahui penyebab-penyebab utama dari kecelakaan penerbangan di landas pacu. Hasil dari analisis menunjukkan bahwa kecelakaan penerbangan di bandar udara bahwa 37 persen adalah karena landas pacu licin, bergelombang, tergenang air dan adanya rubber deposit (lapisan ban pesawat yang tersisa akibat kikisan landas pacu) dan sisanya diakibatkan oleh faktor manusia sebanyak 31 persen, faktor cuaca dan lingkungan sebesar 23 persen dan faktor management/peraturan sebesar 9 persen. Kata kunci : kecelakaan, penerbangan, landas pacu.
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PULLELA, S., C. F. FERNANDES, G. J. FLICK, G. S. LIBEY, S. A. SMITH, and C. W. COALE. "Indicative and Pathogenic Microbiological Quality of Aquacultured Finfish Grown in Different Production Systems." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.2.205.

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The nature and number of indicator and pathogenic microbes in fish reared using recirculating and nonrecirculating water systems were compared. For each system, 20 samples of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops), and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) were randomly selected and gutted, and microbial analyses were performed using AOAC procedures. Five fish were subsampled and analyzed for indicative microbial quality with 3M Petrifilm™. The general microbial quality differed significantly (P &lt; 0.05) among the production systems, except for total coliform counts. Rainbow trout cultured in recirculating and nonrecirculating water systems had lower counts for aerobes (2.00 to 3.11 log CFU/g) (p &lt; 0.05), than other species, whereas trout reared in a recirculating water system had significantly lower psychrotrophic numbers (0.86 to 1.85 log CFU/g). Pacu had the highest fecal coliform counts (2.74 to 3.70 log CFU/g), whereas hybrid striped bass and rainbow trout grown in nonrecirculating systems had lower fecal coliform counts (0.00 to 1.39 log CFU/g). Rainbow trout grown in a nonrecirculating system had significantly higher Escherichia coli counts (0.00 to 2.11 log CFU/g). The human bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. were not isolated from the fish sampled. However, Clostridium botulinum was isolated from all the aquacultured fish sampled except pacu and tilapia grown in a recirculating aquaculture system. However, the counts were very low, ranging from 0.0 to 2.3 MPN/g.
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Nunes, Cleujosí da Silva, Gilberto Moraes, Fernando Fabrizzi, Araceli Hackbarth, and Gustavo Alberto Arbeláez-Rojas. "Growth and hematology of pacu subjected to sustained swimming and fed different protein levels." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 48, no. 6 (June 2013): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2013000600010.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of sustained swimming and dietary protein levels on growth and hematological responses of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A completely randomized design was used in a 3x2 factorial arrangement, with three levels of dietary protein (24, 28, and 32% crude protein), two rearing conditions (sustained swimming or motionless water), and 15 replicates. Fish were subjected to sustained swimming at the velocity of two body lengths per second (2 BL s-1), for 45 days. The level of dietary protein and the swimming conditions affected the performance, growth, and hematological profile of pacu. Swimming conditions influenced nutritional factors, increasing daily weight gain, specific growth rate, number of erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Fish under sustained swimming and fed with 24% crude protein showed better growth performance, with higher specific growth rate (4.11±0.88) and higher daily weight gain (2.19±0.47 g per day). Sustained swimming can increase the productive performance of pacu and simultaneously reduce dietary protein levels.
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Tanamati, Augusto, Flávia Braidotti Stevanato, Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer, Makoto Matsushita, Nilson Evelázio de Souza, and Jesuí Vergílio Visentainer. "Fatty acid composition in wild and cultivated pacu and pintado fish." European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 111, no. 2 (February 2009): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200800103.

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Biller-Takahashi, JD, LS Takahashi, CM Marzocchi-Machado, FS Zanuzzo, and EC Urbinati. "Disease resistance of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) fed with β-glucan." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 3 (August 2014): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/bjb.2014.0083.

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Effects of β-glucan on innate immune responses and survival were studied in pacu experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish fed diets containing 0, 0.1% and 1% β-glucan were injected with A. hydrophila. β-glucan enhanced fish survival in both treated groups (26.7% and 21.2% of the control, respectively). Leukocyte respiratory burst and alternative complement pathway activities were elevated after bacterial challenge regardless the β-glucan concentration. Lysozyme activity was higher after infection and showed a gradual increase as β-glucan concentration increased. A significant elevation in WBC count was observed either after bacterial challenge or by influence of β-glucan separately. The same response was observed in the number of thrombocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, LG-PAS positive cell and monocytes. It can be concluded that feeding pacu with β-glucan can increase protection against A. hydrophila, due to changes in non-specific immune responses.
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Barreto, Luiz Eduardo Guimarães de Sá, Marco Antonio Igarashi, and Carmino Hayashi. "Nictemeral variations for pacu Caranha, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) culture in single - phase." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53, no. 4 (August 2010): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132010000400017.

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Studies related to nictemeral variation were executed in a fish growing pond, during all the seasons of the year, collecting data for dissolved oxygen; temperature; pH and electrical conductivity at the feeding channel on pond's surface, bottom and at streamlet bed. The results showed that Autumn was the season which had the lowest values of water temperature, the interval points, during Spring time, had superior average values of temperature when compared to the ones that were observed at external points. The lowest and highest index of pH were during Autumn season. The electrical conductivity didn't show significant differences during Autumn season. The samples obtained from the streamlet had very high significant differences with the samples of fish pond inner part, showing that there was an influence on external environment from the effluent which came from the inner part of the fish pond on limnology variables.
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CHU-KOO, Fred William, William N. CAMARGO, Miriam Adriana ALVÁN-AGUILAR, Jesse TRUSHENSKI, and Christopher C. KOHLER. "COEFFICIENTS OF ENERGY AND NUTRIENT APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY OF THREE RAW AND COOKED ALTERNATIVE PLANT INGREDIENTS FOR Colossoma macropomum AND Piaractus brachypomus (SERRASALMIDAE)." Folia Amazónica 25, no. 1 (September 12, 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24841/fa.v25i1.389.

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The coefficients of the apparent digestibility for dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid and gross energy in cooked and raw green plantain meal (GPM), cassava root meal (CRM), and peach palm meal (PPM) were determined for juveniles of black pacu (60.8 ± 6.4 g) and red pacu (76.3 ± 5.0 g). The ADC of each alternative ingredient was determined by comparison of the digestibility (based on recovery of 1% chromic oxide as an inert marker) of a reference diet (consisting of 70% of test diet and 30% of the feedstuff) against with a test diet (24.5% of crude protein). Fish were bred in a recirculation system including 42, 110-L glass aquaria (21 tanks per species) at a density of five fish per tank, and fed their respective diets to apparent satiety, twice a day. Feces were collected after 10 days in plexiglass fecal collectors. Apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein, crude lipid and gross energy from raw and cooked GPM and CRM were low compared to values to other common vegetal ingredients like corn and wheat. Conversely, ADC values for raw and cooked PPM were, in most cases, higher than those reported in raw or cooked GPM and CRM. In comparison with other traditional feedstuffs, apparent utilization of PPM was similar to corn and higher than reported for soybean meal and wheat bran in these fish species. Peach palm meal appears to have good potential as a feed ingredient in low-cost diets for pacu species.
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Hasan, Zahidah, Y. Setiawan, and E. Rochima. "Selecting Fish Combination of Polyculture to Reduce Periphyton Abundance in Floating Net Cage in Cirata Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1030.

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Being a considerable potential area for aquaculture activities in the form of floating net cage, reservoir has taken on issues due to its characteristics as a common property with an open access. The problems have led to the vast growing and uncontrolled number of the net cages; one of which occurs in Cirata Reservoir. The objective of this research was to find the best combination of fishes in polyculture at Floating net cage in order to reduce periphyton abundance and to increase aquaculture productivity in Cirata Reservoir. The research has been conducted from February to March 2015. The research method used completely randomized design with three treatments and three replications. The treatments consist of fish combination of tilapia with silver barb, carp with silver barb, and black pacu with silver barb which were cultured for five weeks in floating net cage size (1 x 1 x 1) m3. The individual fish weight were approximately 10 g for tilapia, carp and silver barb, and approximately 4 g for black pacu. stocking density were 80 fishes per unit cage (40 fishes for each species) . The combination of black pacu and silver barb produced highest productivity of 459.77 gr / m3 or 82 % during five weeks. Meanwhile, combination of carp and silver barb gave lowest periphyton abundance of 28 345 cells / cm2. It can be concluded that black pacu and silver barb is the best combination due to growth rate and aquaculture productivity but not in periphyton abundance.Keywords: Polyculture, Cirata reservoir, Cageculture.
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Ünver, Bülent, Durdu Akdağ, and Saniye Müzeyyen Vicdanlı. "First Scientific Record for Sivas Aquatic Systems Related to Alien Fish Species:Small-scaled Pacu; Piaractus mesopotamicus (Teleostei:Characidae)." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 4 (April 26, 2021): 843–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i4.843-847.4367.

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In July 2017, three specimens of an alien fish species were caught by the amateur fishermen in Kızılırmak River at Sivas city center. One of the fish specimens was taken from the fishermen for ichthyologic examination. The morphological, metric (23 features) and meristic characters (13 features) of this specimen were determined. The alien fish is with ovoid shape and flattened laterally. Mouth is in a sub-ventral position. The tooth row is double. Teeth formula are 3,2 / 2,3 (at first row on maxil) and 2 / 2 (at second row on maxil), 3,3 / 3,4 (at first row on mandibul), 1,1 (at second row on mandibul). The number of rakers on the first gill arch is 33. The scale numbers in line lateral are 107 (on right side) and 103 (on left side). The number of branched rays of dorsal, anal, pectoral, and ventral fins are 14, 24, 14, and 7; respectively. As a result of the evaluation of morphological, metric and meristic characters, it was decided that the alien fish caught from Kızılırmak was Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) belonging to the Characidae family. This species is also called as the small-scaled pacu. P. mesopotamicus is not among to native fish fauna of Kızılırmak. It is a fish species which originated from South America and is a tropical freshwater fish. These alien fish specimens which were caught by the amateur fishermen, probably translocated from a hobbyist aquarium to this aquatic system. Both directly and indirectly, invasive fishes affect a wide range of native organisms from zooplankton to mammals across multiple levels of biological organizations ranging from the genome to the ecosystem. This study is the first scientific record for Sivas aquatic systems related to alien fish species.
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Garcia, F., F. R. Moraes, and M. L. Martins. "Challenge of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fed diets supplemented with vitamins C and E by Aeromonas hydrophila under different temperature." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 61, no. 2 (April 2009): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352009000200014.

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Pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus fed diets supplemented with three vitamins C and E levels (zero, 250, and 500mg vitamin/kg diet) were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila under different temperatures. Fish were kept in 300L plastic tanks and fed during the first 60 days with diets without vitamins C and E, in an attempt to reduce vitamin sources. After this period, fish were maintained at an initial density of 14 fish/tank and test diets were offered during 60 days. At the end of the experiment, all fish were infected with 6×10(6)CFU of A. hydrophila/fish, intraperitoneally injected. No interaction of dietary levels of vitamin C vs. E on mortality was observed. Supplementation with vitamins C and E did not decrease the mortality rate of fish challenged with A. hydrophila. Regardless of vitamin supplementation, after challenge, smaller fish showed higher mortality than larger ones and the fish group maintained in an environment under higher temperatures showed higher mortality rate.
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31

Mansano, Cleber F. M., Edney P. Da Silva, Kifayat U. Khan, Beatrice I. Macente, Thiago M. T. Nascimento, Nilva K. Sakomura, João B. K. Fernandes, and Leonardo S. Takahashi. "Digestible protein requirements for maintenance, growth, and efficiency of protein utilization in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles: an exponential nitrogen utilization model." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 49, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 608–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol49-issue4-fulltext-2678.

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The present study aimed to estimate digestible protein (DP) requirements for maintenance and growth and assess the efficiency of protein utilization in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles. A complete randomized design consisted of seven treatments, and five replicates (tanks) per treatment was used. After a one-week acclimation period, 350 pacu juveniles of 27.48 ± 1.8 g (initial average body weight - BW) were equally distributed among 35 tanks (10 fish per tank) of 450 L. Fish were fed with seven graded digestible protein levels (64.5, 111.8, 164.6, 217.1, 264.4, 316.2 and 369.5 g kg-1) three times a day until apparent satiation for 120 days. The monomolecular model parameters including nitrogen maintenance requirement (NMR) (37.76 mg BW0.67 kg-1 d-1), daily nitrogen deposition (ND) (194.8 mg BW0.67 kg-1 d-1), and protein intakes (based on metabolic BW) of 1638, 1902, and 2241 mg kg-1BW0.67 d-1 for 75, 80 and 85% maximum theoretical nitrogen retention (NRmaxT), respectively and the efficiency of protein utilization (529×10-6) were estimated through the relationship between nitrogen intake (NI) and ND. The digestible protein requirements for 75, 80, and 85% of NRmaxT were estimated as 187, 217, and 256 g kg-1 respectively by the monomolecular model based on the daily feed intake of 2% of live BW of pacu juveniles.
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Galetti, Mauro, Camila I. Donatti, Marco Aurélio Pizo, and Henrique C. Giacomini. "Big Fish are the Best: Seed Dispersal ofBactris glaucescensby the Pacu Fish (Piaractus mesopotamicus) in the Pantanal, Brazil." Biotropica 40, no. 3 (May 2008): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00378.x.

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33

Macedo-Viegas, Elisabete Maria, Maria Célia Portella, and Dalton José Carneiro. "Utilization of Fish Protein Hydrolysate in Prepared Diets for Pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus, Larvae." Journal of Applied Aquaculture 14, no. 3-4 (January 14, 2004): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j028v14n03_08.

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34

Vidotti, Rose Meire, Dalton Jose Carneiro, and Elizabete Viegas. "Growth Rate of Pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus, Fingerlings Fed Diets Containing Co-Dried Fish Silage as Replacement of Fish Meal." Journal of Applied Aquaculture 12, no. 4 (June 2002): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j028v12n04_07.

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35

Farias, Luciana Aparecida, Déborah Inês Fávaro, José Osman Santos, Marina Beatriz Vasconsellos, Artemiza Pessôa, Jaime Paiva Lopes Aguiar, and Lucia Yuyama. "Cooking process evaluation on mercury content in fish." Acta Amazonica 40, no. 4 (December 2010): 741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672010000400015.

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This study evaluated different cooking processes (roasted, cooked and fried) on total mercury (Hg) content in fish species most consumed by Manaus residents and surrounding communities, Amazon region. The results obtained for total Hg in natura and after the three types of preparation (roasted, cooked and fried) for 12 fish species showed a significant Hg concentration variation. In the present study the cooked and frying processes resulted in higher Hg losses for Pacu, Pescada, Jaraqui, Curimatã, Surubin and Aruanã fish species, most of them presenting detritivorous and carnivorous feeding habits. The higher Hg losses in the roasting process occurred for Sardinha, Aracu, Tucunaré, Pirapitinga, Branquinha and Tambaqui fish species, most of them being omnivorous and herbivorous fish species. Some micronutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Na, Se and Zn) in fish species in natura were also determined in order to perform a nutritional evaluation regarding these micronutrients.
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36

MARTINS, M. L., V. N. de SOUZA, J. R. E. de MORAES, F. R. de MORAES, and A. J. da COSTA. "Comparative evaluation of the susceptibility of cultivated fishes to the natural infection with myxosporean parasites and tissue changes in the host." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 59, no. 2 (May 1999): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71081999000200010.

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the susceptibility of 4 important cultivated fishes to sporozoan parasites. Fishes were collected bimonthly from a pond for a period of 1 year. Myxobolus colossomatis and Henneguya piaractus were found in the internal organs and gills, respectively. The combined incidence of parasitism by both myxozoa was 97.3% in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), 33.3% in hybrid tambacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus x Colossoma macropomum), 5.6% in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and 0% in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Pacu was the most susceptible fish and was parasitized 79.2% in the gills, 66.7% in the kidney and 50% in the spleen. Histopathological evaluation of the gills showed hemorrhages, inflammatory reaction with mononuclear cells and fibroblasts and hyperplasia of basal and goblet cells.
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37

DE PÁDUA, SANTIAGO BENITES, MAURÍCIO LATERÇA MARTINS, SILVIA PATRÍCIA CARRASCHI, CLAUDINEI DA CRUZ, and MÁRCIA MAYUMI ISHIKAWA. "Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae): a new parasite for Piaractus mesopotamicus (Pisces: Characidae)." Zootaxa 3422, no. 1 (August 14, 2012): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3422.1.4.

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Trichodinids are mobile peritrichous ciliated protozoa, and widely known as ectocommensals and/or parasites of fish andother aquatic organisms. Little is known about the trichodinid fauna in Brazilian fish. This study reports Trichodina het-erodentata Duncan, 1977 as a new parasite for freshwater fish Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887. This is the firstrecord of this trichodinid in southeastern Brazil. Fifty specimens impregnated with 2% silver nitrate and another fiftystained with Giemsa were used for morphometry on the taxonomic characteristics. T. heterodentata in this study is medi-um size, with a disc-shaped body measuring 49.0 to 61.0 µm, parasitizing the skin, fins and gills of pacu. Measurement comparisons between the present material and other records from different countries are presented.
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Brooks, S., V. L. A. Vieira, I. A. Johnston, and P. Macheru. "Muscle development in larvae of a fast growing tropical freshwater fish, the curimata-pacu." Journal of Fish Biology 47, no. 6 (December 1995): 1026–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb06026.x.

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39

Venturini, Francine P., Fernanda D. Moraes, Lucas R. X. Cortella, Priscila A. Rossi, Claudinei Cruz, and Gilberto Moraes. "Metabolic effects of trichlorfon (Masoten®) on the neotropical freshwater fish pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)." Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 41, no. 1 (September 6, 2014): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10695-014-9983-y.

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40

Mastrochirico-Filho, Vito A., Raquel B. Ariede, Milena V. Freitas, Lieschen V. G. Lira, John F. G. Agudelo, Fabiana Pilarski, Rafael V. Reis Neto, José M. Yáñez, and Diogo T. Hashimoto. "Genetic parameters for resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in the Neotropical fish pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)." Aquaculture 513 (November 2019): 734442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734442.

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41

SIPAÚBA-TAVARES, L. H., M. A. G. de MORAES, and F. M. de S. BRAGA. "Dynamics of some limnological characteristics in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) culture tanks as function of handling." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 59, no. 4 (November 1999): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71081999000400003.

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In order to study the water quality in fish tanks, a 166-day (January to July 1992) experiment was realized using the indigenous species "pacu" (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Two different protein levels were tested in the diet (16% and 34% crude protein) and three stocking densities (0.25, 0.50 and 0.77 fish/m²). From the results, it was observed that the interactions between stocking density and experiment length affected the characteristics bicarbonate and alkalinity, as well as the interaction between stocking density and protein levels affected concentrations of free and total CO2, conductivity and pH (P < 0.05). The water temperature in tanks changed significantly during the period of study (P < 0.05),decreasing gradually from summer to winter. There was no significant difference in water residence time in the tanks (P < 0.05) during the experiment. The other limnological characteristics were not affected by treatments during study period.
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42

BATISTA, Vandick da Silva, and Miguel PETRERE JÚNIOR. "Characterization of the commercial fish production landed at Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil." Acta Amazonica 33, no. 1 (March 2003): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392200331066.

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The present work aims to update a series of information about the regional fishing production, by presenting and characterizing the contribution of the different sub-systems of the Amazon basin to the catch landed at the main fishing market of Manaus, Brazil, from 1994 to 1996. Collectors specifically hired for this function registered key information on the fisheries. Thirty nine types or groups of fish were found in the fishing production landed. Jaraqui (Semaprochilodus spp.), curimatã (Prochilodus nigricans), pacu (Myleinae), matrinchã (Brycon cephalus), sardine (Triportheus spp.), aracu (Anostomidae) and tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) were the most important items during three consecutive years. In 1994 these items summed up 91.6% of the total production; in 1995 and 1996 these values were, respectively, 85.3% and 86.4% of the total production. Tambaqui landed decreased remarkably during the period 1976-1996. There was a strong seasonal component in the production of the main species; jaraqui and matrinchã were mostly landed between April and June, while curimatã, pacu, and sardine were mostly landed during the dry season. Other important items showed a strong inter-annual variation in their production. The fishing production landed came mostly from the sub-system of the Purus River (around 30% of the total production). The subsystem of the Medium-Solimões contributed with an average of 15% and the sub-systems of the Madeira, Lower-Solimões, Upper-Amazon and Juruá, together contributed with 11.5% of the total production landed. Finally, the remaining sub-systems contributed with only 7.6% of the production.
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Zanella, Bruna Tereza Thomazini, Isabele Cristina Magiore, Bruno Oliveira Silva Duran, Guilherme Gutierrez Pereira, Igor Simões Tiagua Vicente, Pedro Luiz Pucci Figueiredo Carvalho, Rondinelle Artur Simões Salomão, et al. "Ascorbic Acid Supplementation Improves Skeletal Muscle Growth in Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) Juveniles: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 2995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062995.

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In fish, fasting leads to loss of muscle mass. This condition triggers oxidative stress, and therefore, antioxidants can be an alternative to muscle recovery. We investigated the effects of antioxidant ascorbic acid (AA) on the morphology, antioxidant enzyme activity, and gene expression in the skeletal muscle of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) following fasting, using in vitro and in vivo strategies. Isolated muscle cells of the pacu were subjected to 72 h of nutrient restriction, followed by 24 h of incubation with nutrients or nutrients and AA (200 µM). Fish were fasted for 15 days, followed by 6 h and 15 and 30 days of refeeding with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of AA supplementation. AA addition increased cell diameter and the expression of anabolic and cell proliferation genes in vitro. In vivo, 400 mg/kg of AA increased anabolic and proliferative genes expression at 6 h of refeeding, the fiber diameter and the expression of genes related to cell proliferation at 15 days, and the expression of catabolic and oxidative metabolism genes at 30 days. Catalase activity remained low in the higher supplementation group. In conclusion, AA directly affected the isolated muscle cells, and the higher AA supplementation positively influenced muscle growth after fasting.
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44

Chen, Rui-Yi, Bui Thi Ngoc Hieu, Gilbert Audira, Bao Lou, Ming-Der Lin, and Chung-Der Hsiao. "Meta-Transcriptomic Analysis of RNAseq Data Reveals Pacu and Loach Fish with Unusually High Levels of Myoglobin Expression in Skeletal Muscles." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 3, 2020): 1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071130.

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Oxygen-binding proteins, such as myoglobin, hemoglobin, neuroglobin, and cytoglobin, play a role in oxygen binding and delivery to tissues. In icefish, the loss of myoglobin and hemoglobin genes has been reported to be an adaptive evolution event. This interesting finding prompted us to exam oxygen-binding protein expression in diverse fish species. Taking advantage of substantial RNAseq data deposited in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database, we adopted a meta-transcriptomic approach to explore and compare four oxygen-binding protein gene expression levels in the skeletal muscle of 25 diverse fish species for the first time. RNAseq data were downloaded from the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database, and de novo assembly was performed to generate transcript contigs. The genes encoding oxygen-binding proteins were then identified by the BLAST search, and the relative expression level of oxygen-binding protein genes was normalized by the RPKM (Reads per Kilobase Million) method. By performing expression profiling, hierarchy clustering, and principal component analysis, pacu and loach fish were noticed by their high myoglobin expression levels in skeletal muscle tissues among 25 diverse fish species. In conclusion, we demonstrated that meta-transcriptomic analysis of RNAseq data is an informative approach to compare the oxygen-binding protein expression and putative gene expansion event in fish.
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45

Barbieri, Edison, and Ana Cristina Vigliar Bondioli. "Acute toxicity of ammonia in Pacu fish (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg, 1887) at different temperatures levels." Aquaculture Research 46, no. 3 (May 6, 2013): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.12203.

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46

TESSER, M. B., B. F. TERJESEN, Y. ZHANG, M. C. PORTELLA, and K. DABROWSKI. "Free- and peptide-based dietary arginine supplementation for the South American fish pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)." Aquaculture Nutrition 11, no. 6 (December 2005): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2005.00373.x.

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47

Bastos, V. L. F. Cunha, A. Rossini, L. F. Ribeiro Pinto, L. M. de Lima, P. S. Ceccarelli, M. G. P. Coelho, and J. Cunha Bastos. "Different Sensitivities to Paraoxon of Brain and Serum Cholinesterases from Pacu, an Indigenous Brazilian Fish." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 60, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900583.

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48

Nirzalin, Nirzalin. "Economic Empowerment of the Coastal Society: A Case Study of Ujoeng Pacu Village, Muara Satu District, Lhokseumawe - Aceh." Jurnal Sosiologi USK (Media Pemikiran & Aplikasi) 13, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jsu.v13i2.15953.

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The various policies of the Indonesian government in the maritime sector have objectively succeeded in increasing the production and export value of the Indonesian fish trade in the world. The 2017 statistics, for example, show Indonesia's exports in the fisheries sector reached 979,910 tons of fish with a value of 4.09 billion US dollars. However, the amount of income in the fisheries sector only succeeded in making prosperous capital owners (toke) and contractors who obtained various infrastructure development projects. Fishermen and coastal communities actually remain in poverty. In 2017, 34% of fishermen and coastal communities were in poverty. The process of strengthening the welfare of fishermen and coastal communities can actually be done through economic empowerment programs by involving mentoring from academics across scientific disciplines. Based on the case of the empowerment of the coastal community of Ujoeng Pacu village, Lhokseumawe, this article shows the complexity of reality as well as the success of the Ujoeng Pacu community empowerment process that previously lived in the war economy and the drug economy turned into a productive economy through the cultivation of soft shell crabs and tiger shrimp with polyculture techniques. AbstrakPelbagai kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia di sektor kelautan secara objektif telah berhasil meningkatkan nilai produksi dan ekspor perdagangan ikan Indonesia di dunia. Statistik 2017, misalnya, menunjukkan ekspor Indonesia di sektor perikanan mencapai 979.910 ton ikan dengan nilai 4,09 miliar dolar AS. Namun, jumlah pendapatan di sektor perikanan yang melimpah itu secara objektif pula hanya berhasil memakmurkan pemilik modal (toke) dan kontraktor yang memperoleh pelbagai proyek pembangunan infrastruktur disektor maritim. Sementara, nelayan dan petani dikawasan pesisir tetap miskin. Faktanya, pada 2017 pula, 34% masyarakat nelayan dan petani pesisir berada dalam kemiskinan. Proses penguatan kesejahteraan nelayan dan masyarakat pesisir sebenarnya dapat dilakukan melalui program pemberdayaan ekonomi dengan melibatkan pendampingan dari akademisi lintas disiplin ilmu. Berdasarkan kasus pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir desa Ujoeng Pacu, Lhokseumawe- Aceh, artikel ini menunjukkan bagaimana melalui proses pemberdayaan yang dilakukan secara intensif, masyarakat Ujoeng Pacu yang sebelumnya hidup dalam ekonomi perang dan ekonomi narkoba perlahan berubah menjadi produktif melalui teknik budidaya polikultur kepiting cangkang lunak (Soka) dan udang windu
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49

Ribeiro, Ricardo Pereira, Nelson Mauricio Lopera-Barrero, Silvio Carlos Alves dos Santos, Maria Del Pilar Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Sheila Nogueira de Oliveira, Luiz Alexandre Filho, Lauro Vargas, Elenice Souza dos Reis Goes, Pedro Luiz de Castro, and Angela Rocio Poveda-Parra. "Genetic diversity of pacu for restocking programs in the Tietê and Grande rivers, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6 (December 9, 2015): 3807. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6p3807.

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Piaractus mesopotamicus is a tropical fish under threat because of declines in the number of wild populations. Restocking programs have been developed as a conservation method, and the genetic monitoring of populations and broodstocks is important to ensure the viability of such programs. The objective of the current, unprecedented experiment was to evaluate the genetic diversity of P. mesopotamicus wild populations (WPs) and broodstocks (BSs) using microsatellites markers for supplying the restocking programs in the Tietê and Grande rivers. Six microsatellite loci were amplified using the DNA obtained from the caudal fin of 279 adult fish. The observed intrapopulation genetic variability was high with mean heterozygosity ranging from 0.203 to 0.833. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three (loci Pme28 and Pme32) to thirteen (loci Pme4, Pme5 and Pme14), and there were allele differences between WPsxWPs and WPsxBSs. This differentiation was confirmed by the dendrogram analysis that showed three specific clusters. Four alleles were shared in the WPs2012xBSs. Positive FIS values indicated the presence of endogamy in seven out of ten samples obtained from the WPs. The AMOVA analysis and FST values indicated moderate and high genetic differences in WPsxWPs and high genetic differences in WPsxBSs. The genetic distance and genetic identity values and number of migrants confirmed these results. Adequate intrapopulation genetic variability, similarity between BSsxBSs, and genetic differences between WPs2011xWPs2012 and WPsxBSs were observed. In the wild, individuals from the restocking program were partially observed.
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Ueda, Bruno H., Letícia C. Karling, Ricardo M. Takemoto, and Gilberto C. Pavanelli. "Parasites of the freshwater fish trade in Brazil: science metric study." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 7 (July 2013): 851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013000700004.

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This paper presents a science metric study of parasites of fish farming in Brazil, including a significant review of the literature. The methodology used was based on researching articles in three different databases, carried out on May 2012: ISI (Institute for Scientific Information), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), and Google Academic. The number of articles on fish parasites is mounting (currently over 110), having much increased since 1995. However, the quantity is still low compared with the amount of papers on parasites of fish from natural environments. In Brazil, the farmed fish that have been studied the most are pacu, tilapia and tambaqui. Monogeneans represent the most prevalent group, followed by protozoa and crustaceans. The regions most researched were the southeast and south, making up 84% of the total literature. The main issue addressed in articles was pathology, followed by treatment and record. In conclusion, the treatment of parasitic diseases of farmed fish in Brazil is still incipient, highlighting the importance and usefulness of management practices to prevent the occurrence of health problems.
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