Journal articles: 'Pagopa'

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Deng, Hui, and Jin Biao Peng. "The Application of Vibration Testing in Jinaozhou Pagoda Protection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4562.

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The dynamic behavior is an important index to evaluate the seismic property and structure damage of historic pagoda. On the base of the research of protection technology on Jinaozhou pagoda, the key points and schemes for applied ambient random excitation technology to determine the dynamic behavior of ancient masonry pagodas is introduced. Test results obtained are ideal, and obtain some datas that are beneficial to Jinaozhou pagoda preservation through comparison of test results during four years. It is believed that the present research can provide a valuable reference for the eternal protection, reasonable development and utility & Long-term health monitoring of similar ancient pagodas.

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Wang, Can, and Jian Li Yuan. "Seismic Strengthening Technology and Durability Analysis of Ancient Masonry Pagodas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 2143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.2143.

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The different damaged characteristics of ancient masonry pagodas in earthquake should be reinforced by corresponding seismic strengthening methods with modern construction materials. Focusing on the long-term preservation of pagoda, investigates the strengthening technology and protective measures relative to durability of reinforcement materials and masonry structure. Combining with the analysis of typical pagoda strengthening projects after the Wen-chuan Earthquake, probes into the improving construction procedure and material formula for the durability of masonry pagodas based on the protective principle of cultural relics.

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Yuan, Jian Li, Lei Rong, and Hua Fan. "Experimental Research on Dynamic Behavior of the Masonry Pagoda Based on Soil-Structure Interaction." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.212.

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Most of ancient pagodas were damaged by earthquakes, and the dynamic behavior is a key factor to determine the seismic strengthening scheme of the pagodas. This research selected a typical masonry pagoda as the object, combined free vibration test with numerical simulation to discuss the influence of dimension change of ground base on dynamic behavior of the pagoda, as well as the construction method of the FEA model based on the soil-structure interaction. The dynamic behavior tested from a 1:15 reduced scale of physical model indicated: comparing with the condition of pagoda pedestal is fixed, the natural frequency of the superstructure is decreasing with the increase of thickness of ground base，which shows the “soft effect” of ground soil to structural stiffness. The influence degree of thickness and plan size of ground base to dynamic behavior of the physical model are simulated by program ANSYS, and the effective dimension range of ground base for the FE analysis of pagodas has been proposed.

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William, Raymond. "THE ARCHITECTURE OF PAGODAS VIEWED FROM THE ANGLE OF SITE LAY-OUT, PROPORTION, AND SYMBOLIZATION." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 1, no. 02 (July 17, 2017): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v1i02.2392.192-208.

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Abstract – On Bali the islanders enjoy a close relationship with their Creator. The majority of Balinese worship in temples or shrines called Pura. These form a complex of sacred buildings that have a certain significance and function. One prominent type is the so-called Meru or Pagoda. Not all Pura temples have such a pagoda, but those that have more than one are found quite frequently. The placement of a pagoda in a temple is usually made at the main section due to its holiness or purity. Their shape differs from other constructions because their layered roof is multi-tiered, always uneven in number, starting from 3 up to 11. Therefore, these pagodas attain a different height so that their proportions are interesting to observe in order to determine whether there is a pole (patokan) or not. The pagodas carry divine symbols, ones referring to other temples or shrines, or ancestral symbols. This study employs the descriptive-analytical method by conducting a qualitative-quantitative evaluation. The qualitative evaluation investigates the lay-out of the placement and examines symbolization, whereas the quantitative evaluation studies the proportions of the pagodas. The data collection technique contains three parts, namely studying the relevant background literature, making observations, and holding structured interviews. The data analysis subjects the outcome of the observations and interviews to analysis, to be joined with theoretical study. The conclusion may be drawn that the ordering principle behind the placement of pagodas is situated in the main area, considered the most sacred part of a Pura temple. These proportions prove to have several features in common by comparison, so that it can be turned into a pole (patokan). No uniformity was detected in the symbolization of the pagoda in terms of carvings or the number of joinings.Keywords: pagoda, site lay-out, proportion, symbolization, temples on Bali

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Chan, T. O., L. Xia, J. Tang, M. Liu, W. Lang, T. Chen, and H. Xiao. "CENTRAL AXIS ESTIMATION FOR ANCIENT CHINESE PAGODAS BASED ON GEOMETRIC MODELLING AND UAV-BASED PHOTOGRAMMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-751-2020.

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Abstract. Pagodas are common historical structures in China and some other Asian countries. Symmetries of the pagodas play an important role on cultural and structural aspects. In this paper, we proposed a method estimating the central axis of a typical ancient pagoda in China for examination of its symmetry. We developed a novel geometric model to fit to the point cloud of the pagoda obtained from photogrammetric reconstruction based on UAV imagery. More specifically, we developed a novel geometric model possessing 16 parameters to fit to the point cloud of different parts of the pagodas simultaneously to estimate a central axis for the symmetry. The results show that the proposed model is superior to the conventional cylindrical models for the central axis estimation. More importantly, the estimated parameters are in realistic ranges, as well as the reconstructed central axis and the sextant number are well visualized, so the symmetry of the pagodas can be readily analysed.

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Mahasuwanchai, Peerasit, Chainarong Athisakul, Phasu Sairuamyat, Weerachart Tangchirapat, Sutat Leelataviwat, and Somchai Chucheepsakul. "An Alternative Method for Long-Term Monitoring of Thai Historic Pagodas Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data: A Case Study of Wat Krachee in Ayutthaya." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (June 2, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5587046.

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This article presents an alternative method for the long-term monitoring of heritage pagodas in Thailand. In this method, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is used in combination with permanent survey markers. The Wat (temple) Krachee in the Ayutthaya Province of Thailand was chosen as a case study. This temple has several fantastic elements, including an inverted bell-shaped pagoda, two intertwined trees growing within it, and a chamber inside the pagoda. The preservation team working on the pagoda encountered a challenging problem and faced a decision to trim or not to trim the tree since it has a long-term effect on the pagoda’s structural stability. A high-accuracy terrestrial laser scanner was used to collect three-dimensional point cloud data. Permanent survey markers were constructed in 2018 to be used in long-term monitoring. The 3D surveying of the temple and the monitoring of the pagoda were carried out in five sessions during a period ending in 2020. A point cloud data analysis was performed to obtain the current dimensions, a displacement analysis, and the pagoda leaning angle. The results revealed that the terrestrial laser scanner is a high-performance piece of equipment offering efficient evaluation and long-term monitoring. However, in this study, permanent survey markers were also required as a benchmark for constraining each monitoring session. The 3D point cloud models could be matched with the assumption model elements to evaluate the damaged shape and to determine the original form. The significant elements of an inverted bell-shaped pagoda were investigated. Trimming the tree was found to cause the leaning angle of the pagoda to decrease. An equation was developed for predicting the leaning angle of the Wat Krachee pagoda for preservation and restoration planning in the future. From the results of this study, it is recommended that periodic monitoring should continue in order to preserve Thai pagodas in their original forms.

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Li, Shaofeng, Yaoxiang Zhang, Xuebing Xin, Changjun Ding, Fuling Lv, Wenjuan Mo, Yongxiu Xia, et al. "The Osmotin-Like Protein Gene PdOLP1 Is Involved in Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis during Wood Formation in Poplar." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 3993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113993.

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Osmotin-like proteins (OLPs) mediate defenses against abiotic and biotic stresses and fungal pathogens in plants. However, no OLPs have been functionally elucidated in poplar. Here, we report an osmotin-like protein designated PdOLP1 from Populus deltoides (Marsh.). Expression analysis showed that PdOLP1 transcripts were mainly present in immature xylem and immature phloem during vascular tissue development in P. deltoides. We conducted phenotypic, anatomical, and molecular analyses of PdOLP1-overexpressing lines and the PdOLP1-downregulated hybrid poplar 84K (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa) (Hybrid poplar 84K PagOLP1, PagOLP2, PagOLP3 and PagOLP4 are highly homologous to PdOLP1, and are downregulated in PdOLP1-downregulated hybrid poplar 84K). The overexpression of PdOLP1 led to a reduction in the radial width and cell layer number in the xylem and phloem zones, in expression of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis, and in the fibers and vessels of xylem cell walls in the overexpressing lines. Additionally, the xylem vessels and fibers of PdOLP1-downregulated poplar exhibited increased secondary cell wall thickness. Elevated expression of secondary wall biosynthetic genes was accompanied by increases in lignin content, dry weight biomass, and carbon storage in PdOLP1-downregulated lines. A PdOLP1 coexpression network was constructed and showed that PdOLP1 was coexpressed with a large number of genes involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis and wood development in poplar. Moreover, based on transcriptional activation assays, PtobZIP5 and PtobHLH7 activated the PdOLP1 promoter, whereas PtoBLH8 and PtoWRKY40 repressed it. A yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay confirmed interaction of PtoBLH8, PtoMYB3, and PtoWRKY40 with the PdOLP1 promoter in vivo. Together, our results suggest that PdOLP1 is a negative regulator of secondary wall biosynthesis and may be valuable for manipulating secondary cell wall deposition to improve carbon fixation efficiency in tree species.

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Kaunang, Ivan Robert Bernadus. "City in Dragon Circle: Study of the History of Pagoda and Its Deployment in Manado, 1819 - 2018." Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha 5, no. 1 (April 13, 2020): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jscl.v5i1.26021.

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This study discusses the history of the pagoda formation and its distribution along with the presence of Chinese existence in Manado. This study also discusses the factors and the impact of the pagoda in Manado. The first pagoda in Manado was beginning to exist in 1819, and in a fairly long period until 2018, the development and distribution were very slow despite the presence of Chinese in this area since the 17th century. This study was carried out using historical methods and analysis. The data obtained were processed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the study show that the presence of the pagoda together with the initial settlement of Chinese people brought by the Dutch VOC was aimed to build the fort of Fort Amsterdam. Although it impressed by the slow erection and distribution of pagodas in Manado, the causal factors and the impact are interesting in relation to interfaith, interethnic relations, urban expansion, religious space contestation, opening wider economic access and become tourism destinations.

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Zhao, Jinchao. "Generating Sacred Space beyond Architecture: Stacked Stone Pagodas in Sixth-Century Northern China." Religions 12, no. 9 (September 6, 2021): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12090730.

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A large number of stone blocks, stacked up in diminishing size to form pagodas, was discovered in northern China, primarily eastern Gansu and southeastern Shanxi. Their stylistic traits and inscriptions indicate the popularity of the practice of making stacked pagodas in the Northern dynasties (circa the fifth and sixth centuries CE). They display a variety of Buddhist imagery on surface, which is in contrast with the simplification of the structural elements. This contrast raises questions about how stone pagodas of the time were understood and how they related to contemporaneous pagoda buildings. This essay examines these stacked pagodas against the broader historical and artistic milieu, especially the practice of dedicating Buddhist stone implements, explores the way the stacked pagodas were made, displayed, and venerated, and discusses their religious significance generated beyond their structural resemblance to real buildings.

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Nguyen, Doai Duy. "Jinn sacrifice ritual in Ly Son island district - Quang Ngai." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i2.1192.

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Jinn sacrifice ritual is a type of folk beliefs. It does not only represent the opinions of Ly Son island district residents, Quang Ngai about worldview and outlook on life, but also contains the value of spiritual culture. At the same time, Jinn Sacrifice Ritual functions as ethical education of human life, as well as satisfying spiritual needs of individuals, families and communities. Jinn sacrifice ritual was common invocation used by residents in Ly Son island district, Quang Ngai for the dead in the process of clearance, of hamlet establishment, or for those suffering from sudden death. Jinn sacrifice ritual implementation reflects the islanders’ expectations for Jinn’s protection and support for a happy life safe and sound. Therefore, the Jinn sacrifice ritual in Ly Son island district is carried out not only in the Jinn Pagoga and in the All-Souls Temple in An Vinh commune, Nghia Pagoda in Thon Dong hamlet, Nghia Pagoda in An Hai commune, Nghia Pagoda in An Binh commune, but also in such many other places as Lady Palace in Tay small village, Vinh Hoa in Dong small village in An Vinh commune, Thien Y A Na Lady Palace in Trung Yen, Dong Thanh in Dong small village and So Hoi Dong in Dong Ho, An Hai commune, Vinh An Pagoda in An Vinh commune, etc.

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Manajitprasert, Supaporn, Nitin K. Tripathi, and Sanit Arunplod. "Three-Dimensional (3D) Modeling of Cultural Heritage Site Using UAV Imagery: A Case Study of the Pagodas in Wat Maha That, Thailand." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 4, 2019): 3640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183640.

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As a novel innovative technology, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly being used in archaeological studies owing to their cost-effective, simple photogrammetric tool that can produce high-resolution scaled models. This study focuses on the three-dimensional (3D) modeling of the pagoda at Wat Maha That, an archaeological site in the Ayutthaya province of Thailand, which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site of notable cultural and historical significance in 1991. This paper presents the application of UAV imagery to generate an accurate 3D model using two pagodas at Wat Maha That as case studies: Chedi and Prang. The methodology described in the paper provides an effective, economical manner of semi-automatic mapping and contributes to the high-quality modeling of cultural heritage sites. The unmanned aerial vehicle structure-from-motion (UAV-SfM) method was used to generate a 3D Wat Mahathat pagoda model. Its accuracy was compared with a model obtained using terrestrial laser scanning and check points. The findings indicated that the 3D UAV-SfM pagoda model was sufficiently accurate to support pagoda conservation management in Thailand.

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Shi, Jie. "To Die with the Buddha: The Brick Pagoda and Its Role in the Xuezhuang Tomb in Early Medieval China." T’oung Pao 100, no. 4-5 (April 10, 2014): 363–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10045p03.

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The important late fifth- or early sixth-century brick tomb at Xuezhuang in Dengxian (Henan) features a brick form at the rear wall, which remained mysterious until it has recently been shown to represent a Buddhist pagoda. This discovery sheds light on the purpose of the burial chamber, featuring the novel combination of vaulted ceiling, colonnade, and pagoda, as simulating an Indian-derived Buddhist temple (caitya). To reinforce this Buddhist context, the burial chamber simultaneously imitates the structure of a Buddhist votive stele (zaoxiangbei 造像碑), in which various Buddhist images, including the Buddha and bodhisattvas, apsaras, worshippers, and guardians, are carefully organized. The Xuezhuang tomb thus merges Buddhist structures with the traditional Chinese funerary structure, representing an entirely new manner in which funerary art and Buddhist art interacted with one another in early medieval China. While in earlier times Buddhist elements were subject to the unilaterally dominant funerary context, in the fifth to sixth centuries, as the importance of a specifically Buddhist context increased, the tomb occupant, whose coffin lay right before the pagoda, became an integral part of a simulated Buddhist structure as a worshipper symbolically poised to worship the pagoda or attend the “dead” Buddha in the concealed Buddhist “temple” that was the tomb. La tombe importante, datant de la fin du ve siècle ou du début du vie, découverte à Xuezhang (Dengxian, Henan) comporte une forme en briques sur son mur postérieur dont on n’a montré que récemment qu’il s’agissait d’une pagode bouddhiste. Cette découverte éclaire l’objet de la chambre funéraire: la combinaison d’un plafond en voûte, d’une colonnade et d’une pagode évoque un temple bouddhiste de style indien (caitya). Renforçant encore ce contexte religieux, la chambre funéraire imite en même temps la structure d’une stèle votive bouddhiste (zaoxiangbei 造像碑), dans laquelle les images du Bouddha, des bodhisattvas, des apsaras, des adorateurs et des gardiens sont soigneusement disposées. La tombe de Xuezhang combine de la sorte des structures bouddhistes et une structure funéraire chinoise traditionnelle; elle représente une manière entièrement nouvelle dans la Chine du début du Moyen Âge, dans laquelle interagissent l’art funéraire et l’art bouddhique. Alors qu’auparavant les éléments bouddhistes étaient subordonnés à un contexte exclusivement funéraire, aux ve-vie siècles le contexte spécifiquement bouddhique a gagné en importance; en conséquence, l’occupant de la tombe, dont le cercueil était placé directement devant la pagode, est devenu partie intégrante d’une structure bouddhique simulée en tant qu’adorateur placé symboliquement pour faire ses dévotions à la pagode, ou alors être au service du Bouddha “mort” dans le temple bouddhique caché qu’était devenue la tombe.

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Li, He Qun, Fang Zhang, and Pei Pei Duan. "On the Construction Technology about Ancient Pagoda Foundations of China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 1949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1949.

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Foundations are vital of constructing pagoda. First dig the foundations, and then tram trinity mixture fills one layer after layer. In order to reinforce foundations, wooden pillars and brocken stones are used, especially in softer soil zone. In addition, there is a minority of rock foundations, mainly in the south of the Yangtze River of China. Many ancient pagodas stand up to now closely related to solid foundations.

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Datta, Pratim, Laurie Walker, and Fabrizio Amarilli. "Digital transformation: Learning from Italy’s public administration." Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases 10, no. 2 (May 5, 2020): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043886920910437.

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Companies and governments have embraced digital transformation as the elixir of the 21st century. But what impedes digital transformation? This case study article is based on data gathered from field research with the Italian Parliament and the Digital Transformation High Commissioner’s Office in the Ministry of the Interior. The case surfaces the context, challenges, and solutions for large-scale public administration digital transformation. The case study highlights how public administration digital transformation in a large democracy is never a technical but a sociotechnical solution. Successful digital transformation needs to understand, address, and change sociopolitical and sociotechnical mores that often define the culture. Underscoring this research is an analysis of digital transformation within the Italian public administration. Public administration encompasses all governmental and public services, including services provided by federal, regional (e.g. states and provinces), municipalities, and local agencies. The Italian public administration, with 60 million people, 8000 municipalities, and 22,000 local administrations, highlights how a digital renaissance is a preface for innovative disruption challenges. The Digital Transformation case uses Italy as the backdrop and Team Digitale, a team of talented individuals embarked on building public administration efficiencies and rebooting Italy’s digital innovation footprint, as the protagonist. For granularity, the case focuses on two digital transformation projects: ANPR, a unified public registry for all Italian residents, and PagoPA, a universal digital payment platform for public administration. This case surfaces the best practices and challenges faced when trying to tackle a mega-project across an entire economy. The case offers digital transformation recommendations, generalizable across any global democracy. The case analysis and recommendations bring to light how, contrary to private organizations, institutionalizing a disruptive innovation in a democratic country at a time of fiscal austerity highlights interesting decision-making issues and facets.

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Chan, Ting On, Linyuan Xia, Yimin Chen, Wei Lang, Tingting Chen, Yeran Sun, Jing Wang, Qianxia Li, and Ruxu Du. "Symmetry Analysis of Oriental Polygonal Pagodas Using 3D Point Clouds for Cultural Heritage." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041228.

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Ancient pagodas are usually parts of hot tourist spots in many oriental countries due to their unique historical backgrounds. They are usually polygonal structures comprised by multiple floors, which are separated by eaves. In this paper, we propose a new method to investigate both the rotational and reflectional symmetry of such polygonal pagodas through developing novel geometric models to fit to the 3D point clouds obtained from photogrammetric reconstruction. The geometric model consists of multiple polygonal pyramid/prism models but has a common central axis. The method was verified by four datasets collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a hand-held digital camera. The results indicate that the models fit accurately to the pagodas’ point clouds. The symmetry was realized by rotating and reflecting the pagodas’ point clouds after a complete leveling of the point cloud was achieved using the estimated central axes. The results show that there are RMSEs of 5.04 cm and 5.20 cm deviated from the perfect (theoretical) rotational and reflectional symmetries, respectively. This concludes that the examined pagodas are highly symmetric, both rotationally and reflectionally. The concept presented in the paper not only work for polygonal pagodas, but it can also be readily transformed and implemented for other applications for other pagoda-like objects such as transmission towers.

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Patton, Thomas. "Phantasmagorical Buddhism: Dreams and Imagination in the Creation of Burmese Sacred Space." Religions 9, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9120414.

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Despite the growing research done on sacred spaces in Buddhist Myanmar, no attention has yet been given to the role dreams play in the selection and development of such spaces. This article will address this lacuna by exploring how dreams are regarded by 20th–21st centuries Buddhists in Myanmar, as evidenced in autobiographies, ethnographic work, and popular literature in relation to the creation and evolution of sacred places. Although there are many kinds of sacred sites in Myanmar, this article will look specifically at Buddhist stupas, commonly referred to in Burmese as, pagoda or zedi. These pagodas, found in nearly every part of Buddhist Myanmar, are also those structures most prevalent in Buddhist dream accounts and often take on phantasmagorical qualities when those same Buddhists attempt to recreate the pagodas of their dreams.

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Zhu, Fei, Feng Lai Wang, Xu Jie Sun, and Y. Zhao. "Shaking Table Test on Unreinforced Stone Masonry Pagoda." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.730.

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Unreinforced stone masonry pagodas have great cultural value and should be detailed investigation its mechanical properties. These buildings were not designed to resist earthquakes in ancient China, at least not in the way of current methods. The objectives of this research were to understand the dynamic behavior of unreinforced stone masonry pagoda and its seismic performance. To accomplish these, a 1/12 scale model of China Dinosaurs Pagoda was constructed and tested on shaking table. The octangle model height is 3.96m, with aspect ratio of height to width is 2.93, both parameters exceed the stipulated limit of Code for Seismic Design of Building. The model built with the stones and motars similar to the prototype materials and the arrangements. Its dynamic behavior and seismic performance were tested on the shaking table towards the free vibration and three earthquake waves. The experimental program adopted in the research is explained in this paper.

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Cha, Juhwan, and Young Kim. "Design Principles of Early Stone Pagodas in Ancient Korean Architecture: Case Studies on the Stone Pagodas at Chŏngnimsa and Kamŭnsa Buddhist Temples." Religions 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10030208.

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Ancient books on East Asian mathematics introduced to the Korean Peninsula enrich our understanding of the arithmetic notions that mold the creative thought processes of the ancients. They believed that all objects in the universe could be composed of circles and squares and all items could be expressed in terms of geometrical profiles. Through the combination of circles and squares, the ancient East Asians expressed the order of the world and unraveled it mathematically. These principles are evident in the construction principles of early Korean stone pagodas. In particular, the square root of 2 (√2) is a very important number in the delineation represented in the consolidation of inscribed and circumscribed circles with squares. Further, the square root of 2 is applied as a design principle in the construction of the stone pagodas at the temples Chŏngnimsa and Kamŭnsa. This article demonstrates that the ancients on the continuous impact of the Jiuzhang Suanshu and the Zhoubi Suanshu constructed the pagodas complying with design principles based on the arithmetic and geometric proportional systems of √2 times, which are intended to adjust compositional proportions and the gradual decrease in length to shape the tripartite partition of the foundation, the pagoda body, and the finial in stone pagodas.

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Porananond, Ploysri. "Tourism and the transformation of ritual practice with sand pagodas in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand." Tourism Review 70, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-07-2013-0040.

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Purpose – This study aims to examine the transformation process in traditional beliefs and practices in the use of sand in the Songkran Festival in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses historical and ethnographic methods to understand the transformation of the sand rituals in the Songkran Festival in Chiang Mai. The historical approach is used to investigate the past ritual practices of the sand pagoda, while the ethnographic approach is used to gather evidence about the recent practices surrounding the construction and deployment of the sand pagoda; the historical and archival research for this study has also accessed material from newspapers and photographs. Because observation and interviews are major methods of ethnographic research, participant observation at the sand pagoda rituals in the Songkran Festival was conducted, as well as interviews with the relevant interest groups to collect data on the rituals and the recent changes in these practices. Findings – The transformation process in the traditional beliefs and practices surrounding the construction of sand pagodas in the Songkran Festival in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand, is a result of the influence of tourism, the development of a market economy and the accompanying commoditisation process and secularisation and the decline of Buddhism in the local communities in Chiang Mai. Research limitations/implications – This study has implications for other religious practices which have become increasingly staged and reinvented in the process of tourism development. It only examines one among many other elements in the increasingly touristic secularisation of formerly religious beliefs and practices. Practical implications – The paper contributes to an expanding literature on the transformation of traditional rituals as a consequence of external factors, especially tourism promotion and the ways in which formerly sacred spaces and activities become commoditised. Originality/value – This is the first study which focuses on the transformation of practices surrounding sand pagodas in the Songkran Festival in Chiang Mai, in relation to the promotion of tourism, processes of commoditisation and the declining importance of Buddhism.

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Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "The Pagoda in Kherlen-Bars: New Understandings of Khitan-Period Towering Pagodas." Archives of Asian Art 66, no. 2 (2016): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aaa.2016.0016.

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Hanazato, Toshikazu, Chikahiro Minowa, Yasushi Niitsu, Kazuhiko Nitto, Naohito Kawai, Hideyuki Maekawa, and Masayuki Morii. "Seismic and Wind Performance of Five-Storied Pagoda of Timber Heritage Structure." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.79.

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In Japan, there exist a total of 22 five-storied timber pagodas constructed before the middle of 19 centuries. All of those pagodas are registered as the important cultural heritages by Japanese Government, while some of them are listed in World Cultural Heritages such as Horyu-ji Temple’s Pagoda that was built in the end of 7th century. As those timber pagodas in seismic areas have survived against earthquakes during their long histories, their earthquake resistant capacity has been studied for a century. However, the actual dynamic behaviors of timber pagodas subjected to large earthquakes should be recorded to understand the seismic performance. Furthermore, an interesting structural issue has recently risen of wind resistant capacity of traditional five-storied timber pagodas, as such tall timber structures may be severely affected by strong wind. In order to record the actual dynamic behaviors during not only earthquakes but also typhoons, we have been conducting earthquake and wind monitoring at Hokekyou-ji Temple in Ichikawa City, next to Tokyo, which has survived for 4 centuries against not only large earthquakes but also severe typhoons. Hence, while the earthquake monitoring has been done by the conventional method utilizing accelerometers, the dynamic displacement of the structural response to wind has been directly measured by a new technique employing an image process system using LED makers and CCD camera, because the wind response includes much longer period component in general, therefore, it must be difficult to measure accurately the wind response by accelerometers. The scope of the present paper are 1) to review the past studies to understand the excellent earthquake resistance of five-storied timber pagodas, as well as, to introduce our research project of seismic and wind monitoring that has been successfully conducted since 2007, 2) to interpret those monitoring records which would be useful for understanding seismic and wind performance of the heritage timber pagodas that have survived for many centuries with describing the simulation analysis of seismic response, and 3) to show the long term monitoring records of the horizontal displacement of the heritage structure.

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Tosa, Keiko. "From Bricks to Pagodas: Weikza and the Rituals of Pagoda-Building." Journal of Burma Studies 16, no. 2 (2012): 309–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jbs.2012.0004.

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Yeh, Tsung Tai, Amit Sabne, Putt Sakdhnagool, Rudolf Eigenmann, and Timothy G. Rogers. "Pagoda." ACM Transactions on Parallel Computing 6, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3365657.

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Yeh, Tsung Tai, Amit Sabne, Putt Sakdhnagool, Rudolf Eigenmann, and Timothy G. Rogers. "Pagoda." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 52, no. 8 (October 26, 2017): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3155284.3018754.

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Shiping, Hu. "The Earthquake-Resistant Properties of Chinese Traditional Architecture." Earthquake Spectra 7, no. 3 (August 1991): 355–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585633.

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This article explains why Chinese traditional architecture has effective earthquake-resistant properties. First the many factors that affect the response of buildings to earthquakes are presented. The article goes on to describe the features of Chinese traditional architecture that contribute to reduction of earthquake actions: the shape, configuration, and integrality of the traditional structure, particularly the excellent damping effect of the ductile tenon-mortise joint and the bracket set. Yingxian Pagoda and the Guanying Pavilion, two timber structures built around 1,000 years ago, have resisted many strong earthquakes, and an explanation is given for their excellent performance. The ability of masonry pagodas to withstand earthquakes is discussed with respect to non-occurrence of resonance, and the integrality and configuration. In the conclusion, the author answers the question of whether the good aseismic behavior of Chinese traditional building resulted from measures deliberately taken by the ancient builders.

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Wong, Yoke Sum. "When There are no Pagodas on Pagoda Street: Language, Mapping and Navigating Ambiguities in Colonial Singapore." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38, no. 2 (February 2006): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37269.

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Li, Sheng Cai, Meng Ji Hu, and Yong Qian. "Experimental Research on the Seismic Behavior of Enclosing Masonry Walls Simulated the Structure of an Ancient Masonry Pagoda Strengthened with Steel Straps." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 1885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.1885.

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in this paper, four single-layer masonry wall models in1/8 scale were made by a kind of special bricks on the basis of an ancient masonry pagoda structure. The models are divided into two groups by whether there is a masonry floor in a model or not. Pseudo-static test is introduced to study the seismic performance of four models with a special load control process which is suited to masonry structure. According to the test results, the horizontal bearing capacity and ductility of each masonry walls reinforced with steel straps under horizontal low cyclic loading has been sorted out. Four nonlinear restoring force models are inferred from the experimental results and phenomena under various operating conditions. And the shear capacity calculation formula of reinforced masonry wall models is fit out. The theory and experimental study show that seismic performance of the masonry pagodas strengthened with steel straps has been improved significantly.

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Xia, Qian, Jin Zhao, Defa Wang, and Yiqing Li. "Analysis of Dynamic Response and Fatigue Life of Masonry Pagoda under the Influence of Train Vibration." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (October 17, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7236310.

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Taking Liangxiang Pagoda built in Liao Dynasty in Beijing as the research object, the vibration responses of the pagoda in the east-west direction and south-north direction under the action of trains on the Beijing–Guangzhou Railway Line and microseism were tested. On this basis, a numerical model was established by using ANSYS to further calculate the dynamic response of the pagoda, and the safety and integrity of the pagoda were evaluated based on existing standards. Cumulative fatigue damage theory was introduced to predict the remaining fatigue life of Liangxiang Pagoda. The following conclusions have been drawn: in the two directions mentioned above, the natural vibration frequencies of the pagoda of the first three orders are similar; the 1st-order vibration modes in the plane are bending, and the vibration modes of the 2nd and 3rd orders are shear-bending; under the action of trains, the peak vibration value of Liangxiang Pagoda at the position that bears the maximum load is 0.053 mm/s, which has a little impact on the safety and integrity of the pagoda; under the combined action of gravity and trains, the remaining fatigue life of Liangxiang Pagoda is 5.26 × 10 7 times. The research method used in this paper can provide data and scientific support for the protection of historical buildings, as well as the basis for the follow-up research of the studied ancient pagoda.

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Komunyakaa, Yusef. "Red Pagoda." Callaloo, no. 32 (1987): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2930455.

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Epstein, Grace A., and Patricia Powell. "The Pagoda." Antioch Review 57, no. 2 (1999): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4613867.

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Komunyakaa, Yusef. "Red Pagoda." Callaloo 24, no. 3 (2001): 804–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2001.0166.

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Han, Xiao-Ni, Ying Han, and Chuan-Feng Chen. "Pagoda[4]arene and i-Pagoda[4]arene." Journal of the American Chemical Society 142, no. 18 (April 15, 2020): 8262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c00624.

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Wang, Yi, Qin Song, and Rongchuan Li. "Multi-dimensional Soundscape Interaction Design at Xi’an Small Wild Goose Pagoda." E3S Web of Conferences 189 (2020): 03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018903017.

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Based on the analysis of the soundscape at Small Wild Goose Pagoda (also Xiao Yanta, according to its Chinese pronunciation) from the perspective of “audience-sound-environment”, this article explores the audience’s perception information of the “Yanta Morning Bell”, the symbolic soundscape of the Small Wild Goose Pagoda. To probe audience’s way of acquiring the perception information of the pagoda and the mode of constructing cultural contacts, this article starts with the uniqueness of the soundscape at the Small Wild Goose Pagoda, incorporating visual, hearing, touch and other interactive forms. By immersive experience, audiences can receive cultural information and enrich their cultural knowledge. This study hopes to provide new ideas for the multi-dimensional soundscape interaction design at Small Wild Goose Pagoda.

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Kim, Ho-Soo, Dong-Kwan Kim, Geon-Woo Jeon, Sang-Sun Jo, and Se-Hyun Kim. "Seismic Behavior of Stone Pagoda Structure by Shaking Table Test." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 5314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095314.

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In general, the stone pagoda structures with discontinuous surfaces are vulnerable to lateral forces and are severely damaged by earthquakes. After the Gyeongju earthquake in 2016 and the Pohang earthquake in 2017, numerous stone pagoda structures were damaged due to slippage, rotation, and the separation of stacked stone. To evaluate seismic resistance of masonry stone pagoda structures, we analyzed the seismic behavior of stone pagoda structures using the shaking table test. Shaking frequency, permanent displacement, maximum acceleration, rocking, and sliding were assessed. Responses to simulations of the Bingol, Gyeongju, and Pohang earthquakes based on the Korean seismic design standard (KDS 41 17 00) were analyzed for return periods of 1000 and 2400 years. We found that the type of stylobate affected the seismic resistance of the stone pagoda structure. When the stylobates were stiff, seismic energy was transferred from lower to upper regions of the stone pagoda, which mainly resulted in deformation of the upper region. When the stylobates were weak, earthquake energy was absorbed in the lower regions, which was associated with large stylobate deformations. The lower part of the tower body was mainly affected by rocking, because the structural members were slender. The higher part of the stone pagoda was mainly affected by sliding, because the load and contact area decreased with height.

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Jung Ho Han. "Comparative Study on Twin Pagodas in Gameun temple site and Three story stone pagoda in Gosun temple site." Journal of Seokdang Academy ll, no. 48 (November 2010): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17842/jsa.2010..48.29.

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Maulana, Rifadly Yusril, and Danang Samudro Wicaksono. "Efek Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Tanaman Pagoda terhadap Hemoroid." Jurnal Penelitian Perawat Profesional 2, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37287/jppp.v2i2.82.

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Hemoroid atau yang dikenal sebagai wasir/ambeiyen merupakan kondisi peradangan dan melebarnya pembuluh darah vena di sekitar anus yang berasal dari pleksus hemoroidalis. Hemoroid timbul karena dilatasi, pembengkakan, atau inflamasi vena hemoroidalis yang disebabkan oleh konstipasti dan mengedan berulang, serta pola makan rendah serat. Bunga Pagoda dapat menjadi alternatif dalam mengurangi keluhan hemoroid dikarenakan daun dan akarnya mengandung senyawa fenolik yang berfungsi sebagai anti-inflamasi dan analgesik. Tujuan dari tinjauan pustaka ini adalah untuk melaporkan temuan ilmiah terbaru tentang peran kandungan Bunga Pagoda pada hemoroid dengan menghambat proses inisiasi dari inflamasi seperti menghambat pelepasan histamine dan mediator inflamasi, meningkatkan peristaltik usus, dan mengurangi pembengkakan serta perdaraan hemoroid. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah penelusuran artikel dengan metode literature searching melalui database NCBI dan Google Scholar. Tahun penerbitan sumber pustaka adalah dari tahun 1992 sampai tahun 2018 dengan 20 sumber pustaka. Tema yang dikumpulkan terkait dengan kandungan Bunga Pagoda terhadap hemoroid. Hasil dari sintesis artikel yang telah ditemukan yaitu Bunga Pagoda bermanfaat untuk mengurangi gejala hemoroid. Kata kunci: anti-inflamasi, clerodendrum, hemoroid THE EFFECT OF ANTIINFLAMMATION PAGODA TOWARD HEMORRHOID ABSTRACT Hemorrhoid is an inflammatory condition and the dilation of veins around the anus that comes from the hemorrhoidal plexus. Hemorrhoids arise due to dilatation, swelling, or inflammation of the hemorrhoidal veins caused by repeated constipation and straining, and a low-fiber diet. Pagoda flowers can be an alternative in reducing hemorrhoid complaints because the leaves and roots contain phenolic compounds that function as anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The purpose of this literature review is to report the latest scientific findings on the role of Pagoda Flowers in hemorrhoids by inhibiting the initiation of inflammation such as inhibiting the release of histamine and inflammatory mediators, increasing intestinal peristalsis, and reducing swelling and hemorrhoidal inflammation. The method used in this article is article search with literature searching method through the NCBI database and Google Scholar. The year of publication of library resources is from 1992 to 2018 with 20 library sources. The theme collected is related to the content of Pagoda Flowers against hemorrhoids. The results of the synthesis of articles that have been found that the Pagoda Flower is useful for reducing the symptoms of hemorrhoids. Keywords: anti-inflamation, clerodendrum, hemorrhoid

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Hafiz, Ihsanul, Khairani Fitri, and Sipayung Joi Helvin. "The Phytochemical Screning and Assesment of Bioactivity of Pagoda Flower (Clerodendrum paniculatum L.) Using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Lethality Assay." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 7, no. 3 (June 14, 2019): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i3.527.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the bioactive content of the pagoda flower ethanol extract and measure its activity using the brine shrimp lethal dose method Design: The design of this study was qualitative and quantitative experimental, where bioactive compounds of pagoda flower ethanol extract was tested by qualitatitive chemical analisys and brine shrimp lethal dose method was quantitatively calculated the number of deaths. Interventions: The variable that was intervened in this study was the concentration of extract used. Main outcome measurre: The main measurement results in this study were to know the bioactive compounds contained in the extract and the value of Lethality Concentration 50% (LC50). Results: The results of phytochemical screening from the ethanol extract of pagoda flowers showed bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. The value of LC50 in the toxicity test for artemia salina was 49.415 ppm. Conclusion: The pagoda flower ethanol extract contains alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, steroids/triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. Pagoda flower ethanol extract has strong potential activity.

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Lim, Woo-Young. "Repair of historic stone pagoda: Flexural behavior of granite reinforced with stainless steel bars." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 11 (April 15, 2020): 2431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220915609.

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In the stone-made architectural heritage, one of the most widely used stones is granite. Given its superior material properties and abundant reserves, most Korean stone pagodas were built using granite. For the repair and restoration of the ancient stone pagoda made of granite, understanding of the structural behavior of reinforced granite is crucial. In this study, flexure tests for seven simply supported full-scale granite reinforced with stainless steel bars were conducted to investigate the failure mode and load–displacement relationship. Through the experiments, the feasibility of the suggested method for reinforcement of the damaged granite was also explored. Test specimens were manufactured after injecting epoxy resin by inserting stainless steel bars into the drilled holes, and then each granite substrate was bonded with adhesive epoxy resin. The test results showed that the load–displacement relationship of reinforced granite was highly dependent on the presence of the reinforcement, positioning of the reinforcing bars, and bond capacity of the reinforcing bars. Also, reinforcing bars significantly affected the deformation of the reinforced granite. Based on the test results, four distinct flexural responses of reinforced granite are presented.

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Park, Y. S., J. Y. Kim, S. I. Hong, D. M. Kim, Sung Jin Jung, and H. S. Kim. "Structural Behavior Analysis of Masonry Stone Pagoda Considering the Inner Construction Types of Stylobate." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.515.

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We have many difficulties in the modeling and analysis of masonry stone pagoda structure because this structure has the discontinuum behavior characteristics, compared with the general continuum structures. Also, we need to consider the inner construction types of stylobate for the reasonable analysis of structural mechanism of masonry stone pagoda. Most masonry stone pagoda structures built in Korea are largely classified into three parts such as top part, body part and stylobate. Specifically, the stylobate takes a very important structural part, performing the role of foundation in ordinary structures, and the reduction of stylobate’s bearing capacity has great influence on the safety of structure. As for stylobate, the construction types of inner Jeoksim result in the different structural behaviors. Therefore, this study selects three-story stone pagoda in Goseon-sa temple site that shows the typical type of stone pagoda structure in Korea. Also, this study investigates the construction types of stylobate and evaluates the structural and mechanical behaviors of masonry stone pagoda structure according to many application variables of stylobate’s Jeoksim forms. To this end, we considers the contact surface and block modelling for the discontinuum elements through the discrete element method and finite element method. Through the comparison of analysis results, we can find out the load transfer mechanism according to the inner Jeoksim types of stylobate.

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Lee, Hun Kee. ""A Study on Ceramic Sculpture Embodying Formativeness of Pagoda -focused on pagodas and vertical structure of the researched works-"." Journal of Basic Design & Art 19, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47294/ksbda.19.2.31.

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Zhang, Jian Wei, Gui Lin Sheng, and Hua Yuan. "Study on Rectification Plan of the Ancient Pagoda." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 1050–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.1050.

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China is a civilized archaic nation, as a part of Chinese culture, ancient pagoda holds an important status in the developing history of nation architecture. With the rapid developing of the nation, we have the ability to identify and strengthen the ancient pagoda. This article has introduce the survey and progress of rectification projects about the ancient pagoda at first, carried on the narration about each kind of rectification plans, proposed the rectification idea of grout injection-horizontal digging method and concrete measures of the plan.

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Chen, Zhi Yong, En Chun Zhu, Jing Long Pan, and Guo Fang Wu. "Structural Performance of Typical Beam-Column Joints in Yingxian Wood Pagoda - An Experimental Study." Key Engineering Materials 517 (June 2012): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.669.

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Yingxian Wood Pagoda, built in 1056, is located in the town of Yingxian County, Shanxi Province, China. It is the oldest and highest standing ancient wood structure in China. The pagoda is octagon-shaped in plan, with a total height of 67.31m and a base diameter of 30.27m. It appears as a five-storeyed structure, but actually consists of nine storeys, with four shorter but stiffer storeys hidden between the five apparent storeys. Yingxian Wood Pagoda was built without any metal connectors like nail, screw, or bolt. Instead, Tenon-Mortise connections and Dou-Gong brackets were used to connect all posts and beams. Tenon-Mortise connections and Dou-Gong brackets have been playing a vital role for the pagoda to resist severe winds, earthquakes and some human-induced disasters for nearly a thousand years. To evaluate the safety of the pagoda, it is, therefore, useful to investigate the structural performance of the beam-column joints, most important for Yingxian Wood Pagoda to resist lateral load. In this study, two models of typical beam-column joints of the pagoda, MBCJ-I and MBCJ-II, were manufactured following a ratio of 3.4 to the prototype of the joints. Non-destructive cyclic loading test of the models under different vertical load and destructive cyclic test of the models under vertical load of 20kN were conducted. The hysteretic stiffness of MBCJ-I was lager than MBCJ-II, and increased linearly with vertical load N. The relationship between and N was obtained by regression of the test results using the least square method. The stiffness of model joint under vertical load was 70.6kN/mm. The failure modes, energy-dissipation performance, moment resistance and bending stiffness of both model joints were derived and discussed.

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Nguyen, Canh Khac. "TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF KHMER PEOPLE IN THE SOUTH OF VIET NAM (THE PERSPECTIVE FROM ASPECT OF KHMER PAGODA)." Science and Technology Development Journal 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i3.2000.

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The writing presented about results of traditional cultural study of Khmer people. It was viewed from aspect of the pagoda. Content of the study described in details about architecture and sculpture of Khmer pagoda in Ho Chi Minh City as a valuable material cultural heritage that should be preserved and stored. The research’s content also presented about role of Khmer pagoda as a center for community education, social activities, and spiritual life at Khmer people’s community in Ho Chi Minh City generally and in the South of Vietnam particularly.

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Zhu, Shang Shang, and Xing Ya Tu. "Applying QFD and Kano Model to Experience Design for Cultural Tourism on Mobile Device: An Example of Leifeng Pagoda, Hangzhou, China." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.647.

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For most cultural landscapes, experience design is particular important. However, there is less research on experience design for cultural attractions. Whats more, some mobile Apps for cultural tourism are lack of good user experience. This paper proposes utilizing a combination of the Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Kano model and scenario-based design as a useful tool to design a mobile application for Leifeng pagoda tourism. The study makes clear the design directions. Results show that: (1) In regard to the culture of Leifeng pagoda, we should focus on introducing the pagoda history and sites; Information query of surrounding traffic, catering, accommodation is essential to tourists; the basic information guide is the most important need.(2) In the 18 design requirements, controls design, navigation design, information architecture are closely related to the software usability, so they have the highest priority; We should also pay attention to text content design, especially pagoda culture, and accuracy of GPS position.

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Lim, Young-ae. "Buddhist Ritual and the Bronze Buddha Mold Excavated from the Western Five-Story Stone Pagoda of Hwaŏm Temple, Korea." Religions 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11030141.

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This paper examines the bronze Buddha mold that was excavated from the western pagoda of Hwaŏm temple 華嚴寺. The research centers on the mold’s date of production, its function, and the reason it was enshrined in the Hwaŏmsa pagoda. The pagoda itself was constructed in the ninth century and is considered to be a Dharani pagoda because Wugoujingguang datuoluonijing (無垢淨光大陀羅尼經, The Great Dharani Sūtra) is enshrined within the structure. The act of placing the Buddhist scriptures in the pagoda was to benefit the structure’s benefactors by absolving them of their sins and granting blessings in their afterlives for their meritorious deeds. Of all the dhāraṇī, Wugoujingguang datuoluonijing is the most detailed and particularly emphasizes the act of repetition. The clarity and simplicity of its instructions made it especially popular in eighth-to-ninth-century Korea. The Hwaŏmsa Buddha mold was one of the tools used in the ritual described by Wugoujingguang datuoluonijing. Considering the sūtra’s insistence on repetition and replication, the mold was a very suitable implement. The use of inexpensive clay also allowed for the mass production of Buddha images that any individual could commission at little cost. Furthermore, this method of producing Buddha images made it easy for the temple to attract followers and thus raise funding for the construction of the pagoda. The clay Buddhas themselves were small, making it possible for one to keep the image on his person and carry it wherever he went. Ultimately, these actions were meant to bring the individuals closer to Buddha and his world.

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Newson, Adele S., and Patricia Powell. "The Pagoda New York." World Literature Today 73, no. 3 (1999): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40155017.

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Fantz, P. R., J. C. Raulston, C. N. Hancock, and R. E. Lyons. "'Emerald Pagoda' Japanese Snowbell." HortScience 37, no. 5 (August 2002): 834–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.5.834.

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Watling, Roy, and Tom Eggeling. "Pagoda fungus, Podoserpula pusio." Field Mycology 10, no. 2 (April 2009): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1468-1641(10)60501-4.

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Mi, Xiaochen, Xianjie Meng, Qingshan Yang, Tieying Li, and Jinping Wang. "Analysis of the Residual Deformation of Yingxian Wood Pagoda." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (March 20, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2341375.

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Cumulative damage and residual deformation of structural components of Yingxian Wood Pagoda over its existence have caused widespread concern. Because Yingxian Wood Pagoda is a very complex ancient wooden structure, previous studies on single-storey and multistorey ancient structures are not very applicable. In this study, the deformation to the pagoda at the components, storey, and overall structure levels was monitored considering residual deformation, component cracking, and component connection conditions. The effects of different factors were preliminarily identified, including the structural weight, external impacts such as earthquakes and artillery shells, differences in moisture content according to sunlight exposure, and the prevailing wind direction. The study findings are useful in diagnosing the health and causes of deformation of unique buildings such as this in order to develop effective repair and restoration measures.

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Lee, Yong-Seok, and Jun-Sang Lee. "New Record of Columbarium pagoda pagoda (Lesson, 1834, Gastropoda, Turbinellidae) in Korean water." Korean Journal of Malacology 27, no. 1 (March 31, 2011): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.9710/kjm.2011.27.1.067.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pagopa'

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