Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paiement pour services écosystémiques'
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Legrand, Thomas. "L'analyse institutionnaliste des Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) : vers une nouvelle compréhension du cas costariciens." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS005S.
Full textBased on assessment of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) in general and of the Costarican program in particular, this work intends to answer the following question: to what extent and how an institutionalist analysis provide a new and better understanding of PES compared with a "coasean" approach that has prevailed to present ? The institutionalist analysis shows that the Costarican PES program is not based on the logic of a market transaction but rather on that of reward for good environmental stewardship. Its performance appears also better when assessed according to an institutionalist perspective, which emphasizes the indirect and long-term positive effects for the environment of the program and its strong legitimacy, while confirming the weakness of its social impact. This different understanding of the program leads to derive new recommendations and lessons from the Costa Rican case
Cunha, Tiago Ferreira da. "Papel do direito na implementação de projetos de PSE e REDD+." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-24022016-130126/.
Full textThis master\'s thesis consists of a case study of three payment programs for ecosystem services - PSE, which helped define the role of law should take the implementation and maintenance of these mechanisms. We tried to, first, define some theoretical bases, above all, what is meant by sustainable development and institutional sustainability. Therefore, we chose to demonstrate the conceptual evolution of environmental services for ecosystem services and understand this as a second phase that, highlighting the consequences of this understanding the legal structure of payment for environmental services programs we chose to call it payment for ecosystem services. We then describe the whole evolution of discussions on REDD+, PES example, to emphasize the challenges that the right has with this new concept of ecosystem services. Experience indicates that the success of the analyzed programs are to a large extent the consequence of the idea of promotional function of law and the observation of its features, namely, orchestration, synergy, flexibility and legitimacy that ensure, first of all , institutional sustainability mechanisms, allowing its perfect adaptation to the reality in which it operates and, more than that, allowing the maintenance of these instruments, even in the face of the changing environment in which they live.
Maiziere, Pierre Alexandre. "Les paiements pour services environnementaux et la lutte contre la pauvreté dans les pays du Sud : exemple d'un puits de carbone au Congo (RD)." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS027S.
Full textClimate change is a reality that can hardly be ignored. To fight against this phenomenon, a set of national and international instruments, regulations and voluntary and coercive incentives had set in place. Among the cohort of mechanisms, one seems to be increasingly preferred: Payments for Environmental Services (PES). This thesis aims to identify the reasons for such a popularization from various international and national but also public and private actors. It seems that the PSE should be considered by all of them as being able to combine environmental protection and the development of local populations. However, is the reduction of poverty generated sustainable? The words are then illustrated through a case study present in Congo. To do this, an institutional analysis of the rise of the project, and an analysis of the impact of the latter on the local population and their vulnerability are made
Chervier, Colas. "Analyse économique des paiements pour services environnementaux dans les pays les moins avancés : Institutions, motivations et efficacité : Le cas du Cambodge." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD001/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to understand the mechanisms through which Payments for Environmental Services (PES) emerge and influence the effective conservation of natural ecosystems in Cambodia. It also contributes to the operationalization of institutional conceptual frameworks for the analysis of PES, as it takes to the case of one of the world’s least developed countries. In Cambodia, PES appear to be the result of political processes (negotiations) influenced by pre-existing institutions and in which some stakeholders, such as the Government and NGOs,seek to influence decisions related to the definition of new rules for the use of natural resources so that they align with their interests. This explains why some types of PES schemes face political blockages at the national level. The thesis also seeks to measure and explain the environmental effectiveness of one community-PES. The case study leads to the effective conservation of forests even when the external pressure increases. However, this effect depends on some characteristics of the local socio-economic context, probably because they influence the likelihood of local collective management of forests, which the scheme aims to strengthen. In addition, the permanence of these effects is not guaranteed in the long run. The program has indeed eroded some perceptions of use values of forest conservation, which are, in a context of poverty and strong dependence of local communities on natural resources, the foundation for partially intrinsic motivation to conserve
Rouillé-Kielo, Gaële. "Traduction du concept de Paiements pour Services Hydriques, politiques de l'eau et processus de territorialisation au Kenya." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100074.
Full textThis PhD thesis explores the drivers and effects of the adoption of a "fashionable" concept in water conservation, that of "Payments for Watershed Services" (PWS). It adopts a multiscalar and actor-oriented stance by seeking to reconstruct the main steps from elaboration of the PWS concept within international scientific arenas to its implementation in locally based projects. The thesis is organised around the hypothesis of the production of a hydro-social territory constructed on the "watershed service" between upstream and downstream riparian inhabitants. It mainly builds on qualitative methods and focuses on a case study in the Naivasha region, where the first active PWS project was implemented in Kenya. It combines a "translation" approach with the mobilisation of critical concepts of political ecology. The thesis shows that the adoption of PWS corresponds to a period of transformation of the local conservationist configuration, notably driven by the recent reorientations of water conservation policies in Kenya. The problematisation of the project focuses on soil erosion coming from the upper-catchment and leads to a redistribution of roles. The discourses that fuel the project's "success" hide the main benefits that agricultural actors "enrolled" as "buyers" or "sellers" of watershed services derive from it. In the implementation zone, the territorialisation related to the PWS project must be relativised, both by the level of control exercised and with regard to the transformation of individuals’ relation to space
Combe, Marius. "Instruments économiques et protection de la biodiversité : analyse juridique des mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3055.
Full textGathered under the term “economic instruments” – or market-base instruments -, mechanisms for ecological compensation and payments for environmental services have established themselves as the essential tool for the biodiversity and ecosystem protection policies. Built around a plurality of principles (polluter pays principle, beneficiary pays principle, etc.) and concepts (ecosystem services, natural capital, etc.) largely influenced by economical approaches of biodiversity and ecosystems, these two instruments characterize the oncoming of a new take on environmental policies. The study reveals the plurality of judicial links that unite ecological compensation and payments for environmental services. Sometimes close together, sometimes distinguishable, these mechanisms are, in fine, both sides of a same coin. The use of payments for environmental services, as ecological compensation, appears however as a preoccupying orientation, likely to deflect this instrument from its purpose. In spite of their theoretical virtues, the efficiency of ecological compensation mechanisms and payments for environmental services for the protection of biodiversity turns out to be questionable, justifying a reinforcement and more consistency in their legal framework
Le, Velly Gwenolé. "The Effectiveness of Payments for Environmental Services in Mexican Community Forests." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10473/document.
Full textDuring recent years, Payments for Environmental Services (PES) have become a popular forest conservation instrument and numerous new schemes have emerged around the world, particularly in developing countries. Nevertheless, despite a growing body of academic literature on the topic, little remains known of the effectiveness of PES schemes in reducing deforestation. This dissertation contributes to the literature with a specific focus on the impact of a federal Mexican PES scheme : the PSA-H. We begin with a general introduction retracing the emergence of PES and the current academic debates surrounding the mechanism. Chapter 2 introduces the particularity of the land tenure system in Mexico, the country's environmental policies and the PSA-H scheme and presents the data used in our empirical analysis. Chapter 3 looks at impact evaluation methodologies and how they have been used in the context of forest conservation instruments. We show that PES schemes are very complex treatment and that evaluating their impact using classic impact evaluation techniques requires many adjustments. After discussing these challenges, we propose three empirical essays based on primary and secondary data. Chapter 4 presents a new methodology allowing us to estimate the additionality and leakages of the PSA-H in our study area. Our results provide evidence that leakages can undermine PES effectiveness. Chapter 5 studies how land use can influence the allocation of PES payments within the beneficiary community. Using original survey data, our results show that, despite the attempts of the Mexican authorities to design the PES scheme as compensation for avoiding deforestation, payments have been redistributed as a reward for existing conservation. The deforesting agents receive less remuneration than other recipients, which shows that the polluter-paid principle at the origin of the Coasean notion of PES has not been appropriated. Chapter 6 studies the interactions between the PSA-H and Mexico's Community forest enterprises (CFEs) which are run by the communities and implement sustainable extraction activities in community forests. In a search for a relevant policy mix, it seems crucial to know how they interact with the PSA-H. The results of our empirical analysis show that the PSA-H can help these enterprises to develop and stabilize over time. Finally, in the conclusion, we discuss the implications of the empirical essays for the design of PES schemes and future research
Cathelin, Cécile. "Jungle policy en forêts privées : la traduction tica des paiements pour services environnementaux : gouvernement par les coalitions et pluralisme limité en démocratie costaricienne." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20123.
Full textDeveloped by environmental economists during the 1990s, Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are market mechanisms, promised as being innovative for natural resource conservation. This theoretical construction, circulating within academic and international political spheres, coexists in practice with a « variety of PES ». Presented as an ideal example of PES, the Programme for Payment for Environmental Services (PPES) of Costa Rica, introduced in 1996, is however very far from the theoretical model of environmental economics. In fact, tico PES are incentives, financed and put into place largely by the state. They subsidize not only private forest conservation but also wood production. This work « reinserts » political variables, too often omitted in the environmental economic literature, in order to explain the specificities of the Costa Rican PES. By looking at the impacts of the internationalization of public action on national and local level, we identify two variables which help to comprehend the « translation» process of these international tools : government by coalitions and formal and informal rules of the national political regime. This study questions the democratization and the eclipse of the state usually associated with environmental politics. It shows that the Costa Rican political regime structures and authorizes a game by coalitions, which is rather closed and «discrete » (Culpepper, 2011), distant from « politics » and structured around the stakes linked with wood production. This game tends to take over the construction of PES mechanisms, in order to appropriate the financial flows which stem from the state’s redistribution and international cooperation. This game engenders an enclave of « limited pluralism » (Linz, 1964 ; Hermet, 2004) confined within the democratic Costa Rican regime
JUSTINIANO, Maria Augusta Fernandes. "Pagamento pelos serviços ambientais: proteção das app s através do icms ecológico." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1492.
Full textLa recherche, sous un point de vue axiologique, a cherché à répondre à des questions relatives à droit de propriété rurale ayant pour basilaire le principe nucléaires de fonction sociale. L exigence de l environnement a été souligné dans le but de contribuer à la solution du problème de la réduction des zones protégées par la loi, en particulier les zones de préservation permanent. La recherche d alternatives au conflit vécues par les paysans entre la productivité et la durabilité n exploration de l activité rurale, a été fondée sur le droit fondamental à un environnement écologiquement équilibré, considéré par la Constitution comme une responsabilité de tous, du gouvernement et la société. En utilisant les solutions parmi les politiques publiques, a été identifié le Paiement des Services Écosystémiques (PSE) pour les agriculteurs en tant qu instrument de gestion de l environnement rendue possible grâce à des recettes de ICMS Écologique. Mettez en évidence le base théorique, en le droit Premial, défendu par Norberto Bobbio, en le principe de l égalité et le principe de solidarité dans la perspective de la justice distributive aristotélicienne.
A pesquisa, sob uma perspectiva axiológica, procurou responder questões inerentes ao direito de propriedade do imóvel agrário tendo como ponto nuclear o princípio da função social. O requisito ambiental foi enfatizado com o fim de contribuir para a solução da problemática da redução das áreas legalmente protegidas, em especial das Áreas de Preservação Permanente. A busca por alternativas para o conflito vivido pelo produtor rural entre produtividade e sustentabilidade, na exploração da atividade agrária, teve por base o direito fundamental ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, também consignado pelo legislador constituinte como dever fundamental de todos, do Poder Público e da sociedade. Ao recorrer às soluções dentre as políticas públicas, foi identificado o Pagamento pelos Serviços Ambientais (PSA) ao produtor rural, como instrumento de gestão ambiental viabilizado com receitas do ICMS Ecológico. Ressalte-se o suporte teórico, no direito premial, difundido por Norberto Bobbio, no princípio da isonomia e no princípio da solidariedade sob a ótica aristotélica da justiça distributiva.
Raitif, Julien. "Contribution des insectes aquatiques émergeant des rivières à la fourniture de services écosystémiques pour l’agriculture." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B060/document.
Full textThe connection between aquatic and terrestrial habitats has increased scientific interest in ecological subsidies, focusing on how the transfer of matter and energy between adjacent ecosystems can modify the ecosystems functioning. Much attention has focused on aquatic subsidies associated with winged aquatic insects in pristine areas, but their implication in agricultural landscapes is rarely considered. By altering the production of benthic macroinvertebrates, agricultural practices can increase or decrease the strength of aquatic subsidies and subsequently the provision of several ecosystem services to agriculture. We have monitored the emergence and inland dispersal of adult aquatic insects from several agricultural streams. Most emerging dry mass (DM) belong to Trichoptera (56%), Chironomidae (25%) and Ephemeroptera (19%). We estimate that annual emerging dry mass of aquatic insects ranged between 1445 and 7374 mg m-2 y-1 depending on stream. The majority of aquatic insects emerging falls between 0 and 10 meters from stream hedges. However, a great proportion (45%) though disperses and eventually falls after 20 meters from the stream. We provide new and promising evidence suggesting that winged stream insects can support several ecosystem services (soil fertilization, crop pest control, water purification and pollination). In agricultural landscapes, a rich and abundant insect community is necessary to promote sustainable practices, and we believe the role of aquatic subsidies in providing ecosystem services to agriculture is a new and promising field of research in agroecology
Guiot, de la Rochère Léo. "Cours d'eau régulés et provision de services écosystémiques : contrôle d'ouvrages pour la migrations d'espèces piscicoles." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0085.
Full textThis PhD thesis investigates the fish migration continuity restoration in irrigation network, more specifically the highly regulated coastal marshes. We consider the study case of the Charras marsh (Charent estuary), and we focus on the eel migration (in particular on its lifestage part called glass eel). It is a highly regulated marsh where the flow regulate whiwh hydraulics structures: tide gates, flap gates, sluices gates. These structures are obstacles to glass eel migration. We start by studing specific structures for water management in coastal networks (flood gates and flap gates), and hydromechanical solutions for fish passage (blocks, stiffeners and floats). We propose an operating model for these specific structures that takes these hydromechanical solutions for fish passage into account. The model makes it possible to evaluate the impact of these solutions on the passabilities for fish, and on their performance in terms of hydraulic regulation. Then we studied the glass eel behaviour in front of a sluice gate. We verified, in situ, the swimming speed limit of the glass eel established by laboratory studies. And we showed that local flow modifications using roughnesses did not improve glass eel passage at sluice gate. The third part is devoted to the improvement of the glass eel passage at sluice gates (or weirs) by modifying their management rules. To evaluate the impact of these adaptations, a model of the marsh was built, based on the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations and appropriate gate equations. It allows to evaluate the impact of the modifications of the control structures management (gate, flap gate, sluice gate,...) on: the key hydraulic parameters for the exploitation needs (water levels and flow rates), and the physical quantities of the flow controlling the passage of the elvers at the level of the structures (Flow velocities at the hydraulic structures). A fourth part presents several conductivity monitoring campaigns in the Charras marsh. They were made to assess the impact of restoring the fish migration continuity at coastal water control structures, on a freshwater hydrographic network. They show that the fish passage solutions allow saline intrusions that modify the flow: it becomes highly stratified
Langlois, Barbara. "Incitations économiques pour la régulation de la fourniturede bouquets de services écosystémiques dans les agroécosystèmes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA010/document.
Full textAgroecosystems show a decline in regulating, non-marketed ecosystem services (ES). We interpret this decline through two economic concepts: public goods, which call for regulation, and joint production, which underlines the role of interactions among ecosystem services in their regulation.This thesis studies how to increase the provision of non-marketed ES through the implementation of economic incentives, while accounting for their multiplicity and the complex interactions among them.We first study the regulation of joint public goods with microeconomic theory. We then carry an applied analysis with simulated agroecological data and numerical methods to define cost-efficient solutions and simulate the implementation these solutions with economic incentives. We especially compare result-based and action-based incentives.We show theoretically that interactions among ES make their regulation more complex, especially with result-based incentives and when the production cost varies among bundles of ES. In the applied analysis, we show that accounting for the cost is crucial to maximise ES with a limited budget. We show that result-based incentives select cost-efficient bundles of ES but lead to higher policy budgets than action-based ones, due to interactions among ES. Eventually, we show that considering the landscape scale and heterogeneity plays on the solutions maximising ES, but not on the comparison between result-based and action-based incentives.Our results underline that agri-environmental policies need to target ES in a integrative way, at the farm or landscape scale, and consider the cost of providing non-marketed ES. Result-based incentives don’t solve all issues of agri-environmental policies
Poyat, Yannick. "La cartographie des services écosystémiques rendus par les sols : un nouvel outil pour des projets d'urbanisme durable." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://theses.scd.univ-tours.fr/index.php?fichier=priv/2018/yannick.poyat_8186.pdf.
Full textIn France, the expansion of urban areas has followed an almost linear evolution since the 1990s, increasing by about 57,000 ha per year. This situation is unsustainable because urbanization induces the destruction of a nonrenewable natural resource essential for the maintenance of human welfare : the soil. Soil knowledge is perceived as a constraint in urban planning in so far as it contributes to questioning the destructive aspect of urban projects. However, given the dichotomy between pedology and urbanism, we can hypothesis that local politicians do not have knowledge of environmental and socio-economic issues related to soil conservation. A survey work was therefore conducted with local politicians to understand the relationship between representations and practices. Results show that the soil is preserved as soon as the ecosystem services it supports are broadly reconised. Knowledge of this social value can be seen as a prerequisite for designing decision support tools to integrate sustainable soil management into urban planning processes
Devaux, Caroline. "Résilience des services écosystémiques à l’échelle du paysage : un cadre conceptuel et une analyse pour un socio-écosystème de montagne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV002/document.
Full textAs evidenced by the number of studies on the subject, the recent millennium ecosystem assessment and the establishment of a working group on resilience (« Resilience Alliance »), the interest of the scientific community in ecosystem services and their resilience in the face of global change (environmental or social) is steadily increasing. Definitions of resilience are highly varied, and we used concepts such as resistance, specific resilience (« of what to what ? »), generalised resilience, adaptability and transformability to develop a conceptual and methodological framework to study the resilience of ecosystem service provision. This conceptual framework was applied to compare the potential resilience of differing sub-alpine grasslands types in three local government areas in the area of the Col du Lautaret (Hautes-Alpes, France) for a number of locally and regionally important ecosystem services. We proposed two approaches for evaluating the potential resilience of the different states in which a socio-ecosystem can exist, by considering resilience as the capacity of a system to maintain a stable provision of an ecosystem service (resistance component), as well as its capacity to adapt this provision if needed (components of resilience, transition, transformation depending on the degree of adaptation). A first stage of the quantification of ecosystem services was followed by an initial analysis of each of these services via the evaluation of their « operating ranges », defined as the range of values that a service can take given a particular state of the socio-ecosystem. The organizational scale at which these ranges are evaluated links them to other components of resilience. Our results confirm the utility of considering the specific resilience of each service, as the profiles of their resistance are different. In particular, the types of grasslands with the highest resilience component potential are not the same from one site to another, even though in all cases these resilience component potentials are rather high as compared to other components potentials. The second analysis is based on the theoretical hypothesis that it is the increasing diversity of response traits (heterogeneity and redundancy) which increases resistance. We hypothesised that, when it is response traits that have been used to model ecosystem services, the functional diversity of a plant community can be linked to its overall resistance in terms of ecosystem services. We linked a number of measures of functional diversity to resilience potential, including the α and β dimensions of entropy and functional diversity, and the redundancy and complementarity of functional groups. The obtained results for the grasslands at Lautaret lead us to reject the hypothesis which proposes that the functional diversity of plant communities can be used to predict the patterns of resilience of the analysed ecosystem services, as these do not correspond to the patterns of resistance obtained from the approach using operating ranges. Finally, we suggest that to assess the capacity of a socio-ecosystem to maintain the provision of ecosystem services, our approach using operating ranges is preferable as it allows for the quantification of the resistance profile of each service. This approach could be further developed using scenario building so as to determine « to what » the provision of each service is resistant
Ellili, Yosra. "Evaluation biophysique des services écosystémiques des sols cultivés - Adaptation de l’information pédologique pour la modélisation dynamique du fonctionnement des sols." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSARD087.
Full textSoils provide many ecosystem services essential to sustain human life and socio-economic development. However, soils are subjected to increasing pressure from current activities, including intensive land use to satisfy demands of a growing population for food and energy. To improve soil management, decision-support tools that consider soil diversity are required to assess impacts of human activities on soil dynamics. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a methodology to enhance existing pedological information (1: 250,000) using spatial disaggregation technique in order to estimate in space soil ecosystem services.By combining field observations, disaggregated soil data with known accuracy and dynamic modelling, six soil ecosystem services indicators were firstly assessed, to be then used to evaluate the sensitivity of estimated soil ecosystem services to the source of soil information. The main results highlight the contribution of digital mapping to produce relevant pedological information for assessing soil ecosystem services from cultivated soils. Future research must be performed to improve pedological information availability and soil ecosystem services assessment procedure by coupling dynamic coupling and proxies. Overall, this work emphasize the need to produce soils consideration in sustainable management strategies and territorial planning
Duchene, Olivier. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle et performances d’une céréale vivace (Thinopyrum intermedium) : une alternative agroécologique pour les systèmes de grandes cultures d’Europe occidentale." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IAVF0025.
Full textGrowing perennial grains, yielding several years from one seeding, is suggested as a valuable option toward more agroecological systems, sustaining production and environmental goals. The Thinopyrum intermedium species is studied since it may offer significant grain yields while providing other important ecosystem services regarding soil conservation and natural resources protection. The multifunctionality of the crop is a key aspect of its relevance and value, partially offsetting the lower grain yields as compared to annual grain counterparts. However, a thorough assessment of its above and belowground growth is still missing, and the influence of growth conditions mostly unknown (e.g. water, nitrogen, temperature). This lack of knowledge is strongly hindering the development of suitable management practices to ensure services provision and to increase the agroecosystem sustainability. This work assesses the crop performances in a context of a temporary insertion (2-3 years) into a grain crop rotation. The study is based on 12 fields experiments, either on-farm or in research station, in France and Belgium. This work allowed to characterize the growth and functioning of the crop and to evaluate its performances during two consecutive years (establishment and following year). Several key parameters have been identified (rooting system development, flowering induction, growth dynamic, grain yields components) to understand the potential of grain-forage dual production, soil protection, resources management, and weed control. Results are notably illustrating the crop changes between the establishment year and the following year (above and belowground biomass increase). These changes are important when analyzing the crop ability to capture and use soil resources. Generally, aboveground traits (e.g. biomass, phenology, grain yield components) and belowground traits (e.g. root depth, biomass, diameter, density) indicate an unfavorable resource allocation impacting grain productivity, while favoring the vegetative biomass (roots, stems, leaves) that supports the perenniality of the species. Meanwhile, results of this work are showing a great potential from this perennial grain to build diversified cropping systems, using and conserving resources efficiently, and supporting soil fertility
Tribouillois, Hélène. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'espèces utilisées en cultures intermédiaires et analyse de leurs performances en mélanges bispécifiques pour produire des services écosystémiques de gestion de l'azote." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/13771/1/tribouillois.pdf.
Full textGrazilhon, Sophie. "Méthodologie d’aide à la décision pour la qualité des effluents industriels - Une approche territoriale orientée sur les besoins vis-à-vis des services écosystémiques produits par les milieux récepteurs." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMSE0787/document.
Full textDespite the precautions taken by Europe through numerous regulatory texts, the current management of industrial wastewater shows various problems. The achievement of water bodies quality targets set for 2015 will go through a real ownership of the issues by every actor in order to implement customized treatment processes. In the current framework of industrial ecology, waste becomes product; we therefore explored the possibilities of using quality management principles prescribed by the ISO 9000 for industrial wastewater management, with potential customers such as industries (reuse), communal wastewater treatment plants, but also ecosystem receptors. The consideration of ecosystems as customers nevertheless raises sensitive issues such as the assessment of their needs. The complexity of this evaluation led us to consider the territory in terms of ecosystem services (that is to say, services provided ecosystems that contribute to human well-being) to identify human targets able to express their needs concerning their environment. These needs are then converted, according to local and regulatory data, in qualitative requirements for liquid emissions. This approach was materialized as a tool for industrials or other actors with no particular competence in the field of water management. The contribution of this thesis is the analysis of local environmental issues to contribute to the specification of the treatment processes of industrial aqueous effluents by setting release thresholds
Piponiot, Camille. "Quel futur pour les forêts de production en Amazonie ? Du bilan Carbone de l'exploitation forestière à la recherche de compromis entre services écosystémiques (bois d'oeuvre, biodiversité et carbone)." Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0008/document.
Full textHalf of the world's tropical forets are designated by national forest services as production forests. While here have been numerous studies on the impact if devorestation on carbon emissions and biodiversity loss in the tropics, the long-term impacts of selective logging are still poorly studied; However, the importance of these production forests is increasing. Not only must they meet the growing tropical timber demand, but their role in Carbon storage and the biodiversity conservation is increasingly recognized. The studies developped in this thesis are threefold. First, a carbon balance model of logging is developped, and regional differences in post-logging carbon recovery of timber volume on the Amazon, and thus the unsustainability of current logging practices. These models (carbon and timber) were developped on a Bayesian framework, with support and data from the Tropical managed Forest Observatory (TmFO : www.tmfo.org), a netword of 9 research institutions and more than 200 forest plotswhere post-logging forest dynamics have been monitored for <30 years in the Amazon. Finally, a comparative analysis of prospective scenarios was carried out, where potential tradeoffs between ecosystem services (timber, carbone and biodiversity) were explored using multi-criteria optimization analysis
Huang, Jiao. "L'intégration des Services Écosystémiques et de la Multifonctionnalité pour la préservation des terres agricoles péri-urbaines : analyse multi-scalaire dans le cas de la région Ile-de-France." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0091.
Full textPeri-urban agriculture is in great challenge because of the pressure from urban extension or the expansion of natural and recreational spaces. Multifunctional Agriculture (MFA) and Ecosystem Services (ES) are two strategies that recognize and manage multiple services and disservices from agriculture beyond food and material production. MFA and ES are closely related and highly complementary. Each has advantages and also shortcomings. However, the two communities have limited interaction and exchange.The objective of the dissertation is to contribute to integrated approaches of MFA and ES for peri-urban agricultural research. It (i) develops an integrated framework of ES and MFA for peri-urban agriculture based upon a comparative review on agricultural research working on the two strategies and application in the Region of Ile-de-France, (ii) and also demonstrates how the integrated approach of MFA and ES works on concrete problems linked to peri-urban agriculture with two in-depth studies on management of abandoned farmlands and agricultural recycling of urban wastes in Ile-de-France Region, respectively. Multi-scale analyzes were carried out for the two in-depth studies.The integrated framework of ES and MFA for peri-urban agriculture distinguishes four categories of ES/function combinations: (i) includes provisioning ES and related functions.(ii) landscape amenity and cultural ES and related functions. (iii) agricultural recycling of urban wastes and the underpinning ES of waste breaking down and fertilization. (iv) environmental functions, which characterize the contributions of farmers to the maintaining of multiple regulating and supporting ES in agroecosystem and surrounding semi-natural habitats.The in-depth study about management of abandoned farmlands identifies that land abandonment in urban area is especially linked to the New Towns and the pole of Airport Charles-de-Gaulle. In rural area, the reason is usually linked to poor agronomical conditions. Perceptions of local actors of ES and disservices of abandoned farmlands differ with the geographical area and scale. The actors prefer a MFA strategy for the reuse of abandoned farmlands.The second in-depth study finds out that the production of sewage sludge spatially mismatches with the distribution of agricultural lands. Land application of sewage sludge is withdrawing from the peri-urban area in the western part of Ile-de-France. Contrarily, green waste compost is becoming popular. A framework concludes the multiscale influences on the supply-demand relationship regarding urban wastes, followed by a classification of seven categories of farmers.The integrated framework of ES and MFA, and the multi-scale approach for in-depth studies will be interesting for application in other conditions. Comparison between different countries will help to understand the differences and common points in ranking the importance of different functions and formulate efficient instruments for the preservation of peri-urban agriculture
Mesmin, Xavier. "La régulation naturelle des insectes ravageurs des cultures légumières et ses conséquences sur la production : quantification du service fourni et recherche de leviers pour son intensification." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARC134/document.
Full textDevelopping farming systems that use less pesticides is partly based on the intensification of ecosystem services. The main aim of this thesis was to quantify the insect pest regulation service provided by their natural enemies, both in experimental plots and in farmers fields. We worked on brassicaceous vegetables that are confronted to pest attacks on above- and belowground organs (aphids and the cabbage root fly). We assessed their harmfulness, in order to quantify the injuries and damage these pests can inflict to plants. Our results confirm that aphids are less harmful than the cabbage root fly. On flower vegetables, the latter not only leads to plant mortality but can also slow plant development.We also showed that ground dwelling predators significantly reduce the populations of both pests, leading, for the cabbage root fly, to a strong decrease in plant mortality rate. Finally, simplifying soil tillage in the spring did not favor ground dwelling predators overwintering inside the field and neither did it increase natural regulation service in the short term. However, early ground dwelling predators are fundamental and must be favored by tailored practices both inside and around the fields. The knowledge gained in the present thesis show the potential of conservation biological control for the agroecological management of insect pest populations
Randrianarison, Minoarivelo. "Les paiements pour services environnementaux pour la protection de la biodiversité : évaluation des "contrats de conservation" et des autres "incitations directes à la conservation" dans la région Est de Madagascar." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00557195.
Full textRivière, Mylène. "Les (dé)connexions du développement : ethno-géographie systémique de l'aide au développement et à la conservation forestière à Amindrabe, Madagascar." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30029/document.
Full textThis research is based on the observation of a dysfunction in aid for development and conservation. Since the 1980s and despite the succession of aid strategies, the results are often unsatisfactory, mediocre or even contrary to the desired effects. To understand this phenomenon, we begin in a forest territory, Amindrabe, located in the Central-East of Madagascar. By focusing on this territory, its inhabitants and the aid programs that target it, we gradually become aware of the underlying logic of this global development system: what is actually happening there? How is it organized? Why do these dynamics go on despite disappointing effects? The singularity of our proposal is to detach ourselves from the overhanging literature to start with the perceived experiences of the inhabitants and the bearers of the programs. This empirical and qualitative analysis leads us to take a critical look at the founding beliefs of aid strategies. We highlight a hierarchical and compartmentalized organization in different spheres: disconnected from each other and disconnected from the local reality. The beliefs, illusions and interests of each actor contribute to reinforce the incomprehension between spheres and to divert the actions from the initial objectives by a process that repeats itself. By anatomizing a particular actor system, its worlds and its dynamics from local to global, we invite the reader to a dive beyond these incomprehensions
Adam, Mamadou. "La faisabilité économique de la maîtrise de l'érosion hydrique dans un bassin versant partiellement irrigué du fleuve Niger." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10071/document.
Full textThe irrigation schemes of the River Niger valley are degrading because of the negative externalities of the agropastoral activities in upstream. To these externalities, we cannot apply the Pigouvian tax because they are diffuse and difficult to be assessed in money terms. Conversely, they can be mastered by erosion control, but that are not spontaneously adopted by agropastoralist. Thus, the mechanism of payment for environmental services has been proposed to study and analyze the possibility for production a sustained services of control erosion at the local level between poor agropastoralists and rice growers who realize production surpluses. Payments for environmental services are incentive tools, which are original and effective in producing sustained services. Flows of agricultural and economic interests have been modeled. Many scenarios have been simulating in order to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of payment mechanisms for erosion control services. The simulations show that the mechanism of payment was interesting between local users. The payment has made a better redistribution of profits and has alleviated poverty. All users are winners. Some users subsidize for an anti-erosion and other users have adopted them. They have created a sustainable anti-erosion service that has supported a more sustainable management of resources and has improved farm incomes
Charbonnier, Yohan. "Relations entre diversité des habitats forestiers et communautés de chiroptères à différentes échelles spatiales en Europe : implications pour leur conservation et le maintien de leur fonction de prédation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0277/document.
Full textInsectivorous bats are increasingly recognized as potential regulators of pest insect populations.They also represent the group of European mammals with the most unfavorable conservation status. Forests are key habitats for many bat species but are currently under threat from climate change and fragmentation. It is therefore urgent to better understand the relationships between the bats, their prey and their habitats in forests. Our main objective was to quantify the effects, at multiple spatial scales, of the main attributes of forest habitats on the activity, species richness, functional diversity and composition of European bat communities. They were studied using manipulative experiments in Aquitaine plantation forests and automatic recordings in the network of exploratory plots set up in six European countries by the FunDivEurope project. From the plot to the continent scale, increasing tree diversity, amount of broad leaved trees and dead wood, had positive effects on bat communities through an increase in prey and roost resources. However these effects were not stationary, being stronger at higher latitudes, probably due to lower habitat carrying capacity in relation to harsher climatic conditions. In addition we experimentally demonstrated that the numerical and functional responses of bats to prey density could result in effective regulation of pine processionary moth populations. Forest management strategies aim at enhancing key habitat structures, are eventually proposed in order to improve the conservation of bats and to increase the service of pest regulation they can provide
Futhazar, Guillaume. "Les modalités d'influence de l'IPBES sur l'évolution du droit international de l'environnement en Méditerranée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0081/document.
Full textAfter decades of growth, it is now crucial to ensure that International environmental law is efficient. This implies, among other things, to guarantee the flexibility and reactiveness of existing instruments. This thesis aims to develop an analysis of the different mechanisms and phenomenon that allow International environmental regimes to adapt to scientific, political and legal evolution. It does so by focusing on a specific case study: the influence of the Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) in the Mediterranean. The IPBES was recently established in order to cope with the inefficiency of current measures for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. By assuming the success of this platform, this thesis will explore the different legal means of influence the IPBES has in the region. In doing so, we will see that the institutionalized expertise of Mediterranean regimes allows for a direct influence of the platform, while norm diffusion in the region allows for an indirect influence. The Mediterranean holds within itself all of the stakes of International environmental law. By focusing on the region, this study hopes to shine light on aspects of International environmental law that are seldom studied
Bellot, Benoit. "Améliorer les connaissances sur les processus écologiques régissant les dynamiques de populations d'auxiliaires de culture : modélisation couplant paysages et populations pour l'aide à l'échantillonnage biologique dans l'espace et le temps." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B008/document.
Full textA promising alternative to the chemical control of pests consists in favoring their natural enemies populations by managing the agricultural landscape structure. Identifying favorable spatio-temporal structures can be performed through the exploration of landscape scenarios using coupled models of landscapes and population dynamics. In this approach, population dynamics are simulated on virtual landscapes with controlled properties, and the observation of population patterns allows for the identification of favorable structures. Population modeling however relies on a good knowledge about the ecological processes and their variability within the landscape elements. Current state of knowledge about the ecological mechanisms underlying natural enemies’ of the carabid family population dynamics remains a major obstacle to in silico investigation of favorable landscape scenarios. Literature about the relationship between carabid population and landscape properties allows the formulation of competing hypotheses about these processes. Reducing the number of these hypotheses by analyzing the convergence between their associated population patterns and investigating the stability of their convergence along a landscape gradient appears to be a necessary tep towards a better knowledge about ecological processes. In a first step, we propose a heuristic method based on the simulation of reaction-diffusion models carrying these competing hypotheses. Comparing the population patterns allowed to set a model typology according to their response to the landscape variable, through a classification algorithm, thus reducing the initial number of competing hypotheses. The selection of the most likely hypothesis from this irreducible set must rely on the observation of population patterns on the field. This implies that population patterns are described with spatial and temporal resolutions that are fine enough to select a unique hypothesis among the ones in competition. In the second part, we propose a heuristic method that allows determining a priori sampling strategies that maximize the robustness of ecological hypotheses selection. The simulation of reaction-diffusion models carrying the ecological hypotheses allows to generate virtual population data in space and time. These data are then sampled using strategies differing in the total effort, number of sampling locations, dates and landscape replicates. Population patterns are described from these samples. The sampling strategies are assessed through a classification algorithm that classifies the models according to the associated patterns. The analysis of classification performances, i.e. the ability of the algorithm to discriminate the ecological processes, allows the selection of optimal sampling designs. We also show that the way the sampling effort is distributed between its spatial and temporal components is strongly impacting the ecological processes inference. Reducing the number of competing ecological hypotheses, along with the selection of sampling strategies for optimal model inference both meet a strong need in the process of knowledge improvement about the ecological processes for the exploration of landscape scenarios favoring ecosystem services. In the last chapter, we discuss the implications and future prospects of our work
Colas, Floriane. "Co-développement d'un modèle d'aide à la décision pour la gestion intégrée de la flore adventice. Méta-modélisation et analyse de sensibilité d'un modèle mécaniste complexe (FLORSYS) des effets des systèmes de culture sur les services et disservices écosystémiques de la flore adventice." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK014/document.
Full textThe main threat to agricultural crops are weeds with herbicides being the primary cropping management practice. Due to the negative impact of herbicides on health and environment, their use must be reduced. To replace herbicides, numerous cropping practices need to be implemented. This makes weed management more complicated and, together with necessity of scheduling operations at long-term and the multiplicity of cropping system impacts, explains why models are so useful for designing innovative cropping systems. The aim of this thesis was to develop a Decision Support System (DSS) intended for crop advisors to help design cropping systems that are less dependent on herbicides. Our approach consisted in identifying the structure of the DSS in interaction with future users while using an existing research model for the biophysical content of the tool. The research model, FLORSYS, is a mechanistic model of a “virtual field” simulating the weed flora dynamics from both cropping systems and pedoclimatic conditions. As output, it provides weed impact indicators, both for crop production and ecosystem services. This work was achieved via three steps: (1) increasing the speed of FLORSYS simulations by metamodelling, via polynomial chaos extension, the slowest submodel, i.e. the radiation interception. This submodel is based on a 3D representation of each plant of the crop:weed canopy where the transfer and interception of the radiation is computed at a voxel (3D pixel) scale. (2) The identification of the most influential cropping practices on weed impacts indicators via datamining on a wide range of simulated cropping systems with FLORSYS. To widen the range of cropping systems, random cropping systems were added to the study. Random forest allowed the construction of charts of the most important cropping practices contingent on different objectives; classification and regression trees gave the optimal combinations of practices leading to those objectives. (3) Simultaneously, the co-development of the structure of the DSS with future users was done via surveys and workshops to design cropping systems. These interactions aimed at defining which questions should be answered with the DSS, which inputs and outputs, and with which format, should be used. In step (1), the simulation time of the voxelised FLORSYS and the FLORSYS metamodelled at the scale of the plant highlighted the precision/speed trade-off of the model. The metamodel is faster for agricultural practices requiring precise knowledge of the position and volume of plants. In other cases, decreasing the precision by using the voxelized FLORSYS with an increased voxel size is much faster. Step (2) shows no general conflict between crop protection and ecosystem service indicators. The conservation of both crop protection and ecosystem services is thus possible, except for bee food offer. To reduce weed impacts on production, tillage, especially in summer, and herbicide use are the main cropping techniques. In step (3) two use cases were identified: (1st) the redesign of a cropping system requires a synthetic tool, based on meta-decision rules (e.g. rotating winter and spring crops, ploughing once every three years); (2nd) adjusting cropping practices requires a detailed tool, with detailed inputs on the cropping system. The synthetic DSS is composed of charts of the most important cropping system practices, of decision trees, and an emulator of FLORSYS based on random forests. Its capacity to predict known facts makes it an essential discussion medium for cropping system design workshops, particularly to suggest the outlines of multi-performant cropping systems. The detailed DSS consists of a pre-parameterized version of FLORSYS for different regions, to allow the fine tuning of cropping systems to constraints and objectives of farmers
Tulyasuwan, Natcha. "REDD+ et foncier : Une étude de cas de la Thaïlande." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0022/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of de jure and de facto tenure security of local communities in relation to domestic legal framework and a thorough assessment of how REDD+ and current tenure arrangement interacts. Thailand, a country where there is an apparent coexistence of de jure state property and de facto tenure rights, was selected as a case study.There are two primary findings emerging from the study. Firstly, the legal framework with non-recognized customary tenure led to different de facto tenure impacts in different communities. Some communities were found to have their de facto tenure comparatively more secure than others. Secondly, REDD+ could not provide sufficient incentive for the government to expedite tenure clarification. Moreover, the embedded risks of tenure insecurity discouraged REDD+ investment and led to withdrawal of the fund. The thesis contributes to the existing literature on REDD+ and tenure in three main aspects: (1) legal framework and tenure, (2) tenure and deforestation and (3) tenure clarification and REDD+ competing agendas.Policy implications drawn from the study comprise of long-term measures namely comprehensive tenure reform and short to medium-term measures, including re-assessment of government priorities for policy consistency and pilot implementation in form of payment for environmental services (PES) and improvement of REDD+ institutional structure
Lamour, Anais. "L’adoption de technologies climato-intelligentes par les petits producteurs au Costa Rica." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTD042/document.
Full textSmallholding agriculture lies at the crossroads of mitigation and adaptation strategies. Both mitigation efforts to limit the atmospheric accumulation of greehouse gases and adaptation measures that aim to at least maintain agricultural yields and incomes in the face of climate change will be instrumental in eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. This dissertation explores the adoption of climate-smart technologies by Costa Rican smallholders in the two main farming systems of the country, namely high-quality coffee plantations and extensive cattle-ranching farms. I present the resultsof three studies that use primary data to investigate opportunities and challenges for scaling-up agroforestry and silvopastoralism. Potential barriers that put strain on technology adoption by rural households in the developing world are outlined in the introduction. In the first Chapter, a representative coffee farm model of land allocation between production technologies is used to explore the tradeoff between adopting coffee agroforestry - a well-documented option for both mitigation and adaptation - and dealing with market risks. Based on a Choice Experiment conducted with 207 farmers, Chapter 2 assesses the willingness of coffee farmers to adopt various agroforestry-based strategies, under various types of support. Chapter 3 evaluates the effectiveness of a national cost-share program promoting the adoption of technological packages consistent with silvopastoralism-based intensification among cattle ranchers. It provides estimates of the impact of participating into the program on both the technology adoption and the land use patterns. Overall, the results of these studies suggest that the adoption of agroforestry and silvopastoralism is costly and can be slowed down due to market frictions. Public interventions can in turn be effective in encouraging smallholders to adopt these technologies through economic incentives. The choice of the technology to be promoted is found to be crucial for the cost-efficiency of such interventions, stressing the relevance of the research conducted
Le, Guillou Fanny. "Approche systémique de la haie, pour passer de sa multifonctionnalité à la conception de plans de gestion." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC003.
Full textHedgerow, across its many functions, takes action in the problems generated by the current climate change. However, the radical agricultural landscape evolution during the 20th century led to massive removal of hedgerows in the past 60 years. Although its economic, ecological and socio-cultural interests are proved, they are not recognised by all the actors and the hedgerow density keep decreasing. The consequences of this disappearance gradually raise awareness of the need to preserve hedgerows. Some initiatives appears at various scales with an increasing demand for diagnostic tools and qualitative evaluation. Yet, the territorial cohesion is missing and there is a lack of data to precisely characterise the hedge.Our research gets on with the systemic study of roles and functions of hedgerow and its place in space on the bas-normand territory from a multi-scale approach in order to understand the reasons of deterioration still at work and suggest solutions. This study aims to propose tools to characterise the hedge, so as to integrate a systemic vision of the services in order to develop multifunctional management plans that can be spatially transposed. Three complementary approaches lead to this tool. The first purpose of this work is to realise a systemic model from a substantial, multidisciplinary and very fragmented bibliography. Then, a quantitative approach has been set up to characterise the evolution and functionality of the hedgerows, estimate production capacities and analyse the spatial organisation of hedgerow networks. In a third step, a qualitative approach is carried out to collect the actor perception (populations and managers) and to better understand the place of hedges in the current rural landscape. Finally, the results of these approaches have been used to develop the Ger'haies model, an agent-based model intended to be used as a mediation tool for the establishment of PGMH on a municipal territory