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Journal articles on the topic 'Painful ophthalmoplegia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Lal, Vivek, and Louis Caplan. "Are some ophthalmoplegias migrainous in origin?" Neurology: Clinical Practice 9, no. 3 (2019): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000000653.

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The 3rd edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders replaced the term ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) with Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy (RPON) based on the presence of contrast enhancement of the involved cranial nerves on Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. We review our experience and publications concerning ophthalmoplegia, migraine, and RPON. Majority of cases of acute ophthalmoplegia are associated with severe migrainous headaches. A positive history of migraine, increased severity of migraine headaches before the onset of ophthalmoplegia, a

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2

Guleria, Vivek, Salil Gupta, Daya Jha, and Velu Nair. "Painful ophthalmoplegia." Indian Journal of Pain 28, no. 1 (2014): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-5333.128899.

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3

Øther, Anders. "PAINFUL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA." Acta Ophthalmologica 45, no. 3 (2009): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1967.tb06501.x.

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4

Østergaard, JR, HU Møller, and T. Christensen. "Recurrent Ophthalmoplegia in Childhood: Diagnostic and Etiologic Considerations." Cephalalgia 16, no. 4 (1996): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1996.1604276.x.

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We present two patients with recurrent painful ophthalmoplegia starting in early childhood. Clinically, both patients fulfilled the criteria for ophthalmoplegic migraine. In one case, magnetic resonance investigations were performed following the second attack, between the third and fourth and during the fourth attack. The left third cranial nerve was significantly thickened in its course from the brainstem through the prepontine cistern to the cavernous sinus during the attacks and moderately thickened between the attacks. In the second case, magnetic resonance imaging was performed during th

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5

Nandana, Jayakumari, Sruthi S. Nair, Sachin Girdhar, and Soumya Sundaram. "Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy: a cause for recurrent third nerve palsy in a child." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 11 (2021): e246179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-246179.

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Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON), previously called ophthalmoplegic migraine, is a rare condition characterised by recurrent episodes of headache and ophthalmoplegia. We report a case of 11-year-old girl with recurrent painful ophthalmoplegia due to isolated right oculomotor nerve involvement. MR brain imaging showed enhancing lesion of cisternal segment of right oculomotor nerve. A possibility of Tolosa Hunt syndrome was considered and she was treated with glucocorticoids, followed by azathioprine due to recurrence. In the fourth episode, she developed migraine headache fol

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6

Liu, Yinglu, Miao Wang, Xiangbing Bian, et al. "Proposed modified diagnostic criteria for recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy: Five case reports and literature review." Cephalalgia 40, no. 14 (2020): 1657–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102420944872.

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Background Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON) is an uncommon disorder characterized by recurrent unilateral headache attacks associated with ipsilateral ophthalmoplegia. We intend to study the clinical picture in our case series along with the published literature to discuss the pathogenesis and propose modified diagnostic criteria for recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy. Methods We reported five cases diagnosed as ophthalmoplegic migraine/RPON in our medical centers and reviewed the published literature related to RPON from the Pubmed database between 2000 and 2020.

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7

Mahovic, Darija, and Matea Bracic. "Erenumab as treatment for recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy." Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry 27, no. 4 (2023): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pnp.810.

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Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON), formerly known as ophthalmoplegic migraine, is a rare condition characterised by recurrent attacks of unilateral headache with ipsilateral ophthalmoplegia. Although classified as a cranial neuralgia, the exact pathophysiology behind RPON is unclear and the clinical presentation often resembles migraine headaches. Here, the authors present the case of a patient with RPON who, after numerous therapeutic failures, received erenumab and experienced significant improvement. This case supports the argument that RPON should be reclassified as a mig

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8

Ogose, Takeshi, Tetsuya Manabe, and Takanori Abe. "Childhood steroid-responsive painful ophthalmoplegia: Clues to ophthalmoplegic migraine." Journal of Pediatrics 151, no. 2 (2007): e8-e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.040.

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9

Lal, V. "Painful ophthalmoplegia- diagnostic pearls." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 405 (October 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2019.10.136.

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10

Mercadante, Sebastiano. "Gabapentin in Painful Ophthalmoplegia." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 24, no. 3 (2002): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0885-3924(02)00490-6.

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11

Hannerz, Jan. "Pain Characteristics of Painful Ophthalmoplegia (The Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome)." Cephalalgia 5, no. 2 (1985): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1985.0502103.x.

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Pain characteristics of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome were abstracted from the observations of five patients with repeated incidents of painful ophthalmoplegia. The pain was experienced either as pressure behind the ophthalmoplegic eye or as boring pain in one orbital region, fluctuating in intensity, sometimes worsening to knife stab-like pain in the eye. The unilateral pain did not shift side during a solitary incident of painful ophthalmoplegia and was never completely absent. The pain was increased when the eyes were strained, when cold wind blew against the face, and when a change in the weath

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12

Ohta, Seiji, Shigeru Nishizawa, Hiroki Namba, and Haruhiko Sugimura. "Bilateral cavernous sinus actinomycosis resulting in painful ophthalmoplegia." Journal of Neurosurgery 96, no. 3 (2002): 600–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.96.3.0600.

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✓ The authors report the successful treatment of a 42-year-old man who suffered from recurrent painful ophthalmoplegia caused by bilateral cavernous sinus (CS) actinomycosis. A presumptive diagnosis of Tolosa—Hunt syndrome was made when he presented with left painful ophthalmoplegia. Recurrent ophthalmoplegia on the opposite side when steroid medications were tapered led to repeated imaging and a pterional craniotomy and biopsy sampling of the CS. These tests demonstrated acute inflammation and sulfur granules, which responded clinically and radiologically to parenterally administered penicill

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13

Nosaki, Yasunobu, Ken Ohyama, Maki Watanabe, Takamasa Yokoi, and Katsushige Iwai. "Clinical Features of Painful Ophthalmoplegia with a High-Intensity Ring Appearance around the Optic Nerve on MRI: A Case Series." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2020 (March 30, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6737018.

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Objective. Painful ophthalmoplegia includes nonspecific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) manifestations and various clinical features including orbital pain and cranial nerve palsies. Treatment for painful ophthalmoplegia remains controversial. The aim of this report was to describe detailed clinical features, MRI findings, treatments, and prognosis of patients with painful ophthalmoplegia. Patients and Methods. We retrospectively investigated four cases of patients with painful ophthalmoplegia diagnosed using the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Results. All pa

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14

Simsek, Ilke Bahceci, Ozge Yabas Kiziloglu, and Sule Ziylan. "Painful Ophthalmoplegia Following Dental Procedure." Neuro-Ophthalmology 37, no. 4 (2013): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01658107.2013.809460.

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15

GOLNIK, K. "Acute painful ophthalmoplegia: infectious considerations." Acta Ophthalmologica 86 (September 4, 2008): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.4225.x.

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16

พันธุมจนดา, กัมมันต์. "Painful ophthalmoplegia : วิเคราะห์ผู้ป่วย 34 ราย". Chulalongkorn Medical Journal 31, № 12 (1987): 955–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.58837/chula.cmj.31.12.4.

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17

Bugeme, Marcellin, Ousmane Cissé, Olivier Mukuku, and Amadou Gallo Diop. "Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome: A Painful Ophthalmoplegia." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2020 (November 7, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8883983.

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Tolosa–Hunt syndrome is a painful ophthalmoplegia characterized by recurrent unilateral orbital pain, ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis, and a rapid response to steroids. Our report describes a 37-year-old young woman who presented with right ptosis, ipsilateral ophthalmoplegia, and painful headache with no other neurological deficits in which all biological and neuroimaging investigations were normal. Complete recovery within one week of corticosteroid therapy was observed. This is probably the first case of Tolosa–Hunt syndrome reported in Dakar, Senegal.

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18

Hannerz, Jan, Kaj Ericson, and Gustaf Bergstrand. "A New Etiology for Visual Impairment and Chronic Headache: The Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome may be Only One Manifestation of Venous Vasculitis." Cephalalgia 6, no. 1 (1986): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1986.0601059.x.

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The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is characterized by recurrent periods of painful ophthalmoplegia, dramatically ameliorated by steroid treatment. In half of the cases orbital phlebography shows characteristic changes. Ninety-six patients with orbital pain characteristic of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome were submitted to orbital phlebography regardless of the existence of other symptoms. A pathologic phlebogram with changes typical of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome was found in 50 patients. In 17 of these 50 patients the symptoms consisted of orbital pain only and no ophthalmoplegia. Twenty patients had pain and

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19

R, Ajay, Shubham B Harapanahalli, Veeranna Mohan Gadad, Gunupati Balamani Chandana, and Gladys K Siji. "Case Report on Tolosa Hunt Syndrome in a Diabetic Patient: An Uncommon Presentation." International Journal of Research and Review 12, no. 1 (2025): 252–55. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20250132.

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Tolosa Hunt syndrome (THS), also known as painful ophthalmoplegia, recurrent ophthalmoplegia, or ophthalmoplegia syndrome, is described as severe and unilateral periorbital headaches associated with painful and restricted eye movements. THS is one of the rare disorders recognized by the National Organization for Rare Disorders. The estimated annual incidence is one case per million per year. Case Report: A 49-year-old male with a 12-year history of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus presented with diplopia, ptosis, and right-sided hemifacial pain. Neurological examination revealed right-sided levator pa

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20

Cenjor Martín, Raquel. "Painful ophthalmoplegia with normal complementary tests." Medicina Clínica (English Edition) 147, no. 9 (2016): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2016.11.024.

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21

La Mantia, L., A. Erbetta, and G. Bussone. "Painful ophthalmoplegia: an unresolved clinical problem." Neurological Sciences 26, S2 (2005): s79—s82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-005-0414-9.

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22

Pagliani, Livio, Luca Campi, and Gian Maria Cavallini. "Orbital Actinomycosis Associated with Painful Ophthalmoplegia." Ophthalmologica 220, no. 3 (2006): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000091767.

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23

Farahani, Farhad, Elnaz Shariatpanahi, and Sonia Sadegh. "Tolosa-Hunt-Like Syndrome: A Case Report." Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research 29, no. 132 (2020): 41–45. https://doi.org/10.30699/jambs.29.132.41.

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Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a painful ophthalmoplegia associated with granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous carotid artery and surrounding tissues which responds to corticosteroid. Other causes of painful ophthalmoplegia must be ruled out. We present a case of THS in which the course of the disease suggested this idiopathic condition which occurred after wide mastoidectomy. The patient was diabetic and had a huge pituitary gland adenoma. Partial petrosectomy, laboratory tests, and imaging studies were normal. We named this condition ‘Tolosa-Hunt-Like Syndrome’.

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24

Etheridge, Tyler, Jordan Jones, Eric L. Caskey, Kathleen B. Digre, Judith EA Warner, and Meagan D. Seay. "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome after COVID-19 infection." Cephalalgia Reports 5 (January 1, 2022): 251581632210789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25158163221078977.

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Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a rare, idiopathic, non-specific inflammation within the cavernous sinus and/or superior orbital fissure leading to painful ophthalmoplegia. The authors describe the first case of a 12-year-old otherwise healthy girl who presented with painful ophthalmoplegia after a documented COVID-19 infection. Neuroimaging revealed inflammation within the ipsilateral cavernous sinus, Meckel’s cave, and orbital apex. After a comprehensive work-up was negative, the patient experienced prompt clinical and radiographic improvement with high-dose corticosteroids, and a diagnosis of

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25

Lee, Dong Sub, Kyung In Woo, and Hae Ran Chang. "T-Cell Lymphoma Presenting as Painful Ophthalmoplegia." Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 20, no. 3 (2006): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2006.20.3.192.

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26

Rowed, David W., Edward E. Kassel, and Anthony J. Lewis. "Transorbital intracavernous needle biopsy in painful ophthalmoplegia." Journal of Neurosurgery 62, no. 5 (1985): 776–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.62.5.0776.

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✓ Painful ophthalmoplegia due to lesions in the region of the anterior cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure may elude early diagnosis. Principal disease categories to be considered in patients with this complaint are neoplasm, vascular lesion, and inflammation. Although high-resolution computerized tomography (CT) may be helpful, definitive diagnosis frequently requires histological examination of tissue. In suitable patients this may be obtained by transsphenoidal or orbital biopsy. The orbital fine-needle aspiration technique has been recommended, but experience with this method is l

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27

Nieri, Andrea, Rodrigo Bazan, Leila Almeida, et al. "Bilateral Painful Idiopathic Ophthalmoplegia: A Case Report." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 47, no. 6 (2007): 848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00798.x.

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28

Ishikawa, Shozo, Hiroyuki Yahikozawa, Masashi Yamazaki, Masato Kikkawa, Shu-ichi Ikeda, and Norinao Hanyu. "Recurrent steroid-responsive trismus and painful ophthalmoplegia." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 170, no. 1 (1999): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00197-5.

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29

McDonald, Elizabeth, Catherine Marino, and Daniel Cimponeriu. "Painful Ophthalmoplegia In a Patient with SLE." Hospital Practice 27, no. 11 (1992): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1992.11705521.

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30

Mendonça, Marcelo D., Marta Guedes, Gonçalo Matias, João Costa, and Miguel Viana-Baptista. "Steroid-responsive painful ophthalmoplegia: Tolosa–Hunt syndrome, Eales disease, or both?" Cephalalgia 37, no. 2 (2016): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102416631282.

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Introduction Tolosa–Hunt syndrome (THS) is one of the most common ‘benign’ causes of painful ophthalmoplegia. Diagnosis is based on clinical and imaging findings and the exclusion of other causes because there is no specific biomarker for the syndrome. Eales disease, an idiopathic inflammatory venous disease that primarily affects the eye, can also affect the central (as stroke or myelitis) and peripheral nervous system. Case report We report the case of a 32-year-old woman with a subacute left ophthalmoplegia and evidence of a gadolinium-enhanced lesion suggesting an inflammatory granuloma th

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31

Zanus, C., C. Furlan, P. Costa, D. Cosentini, and M. Carrozzi. "The Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome in Children: A Case Report." Cephalalgia 29, no. 11 (2009): 1232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01856.x.

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Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is characterized by unilateral painful ophthalmoplegia with oculomotor paresis, associated with an idiopathic granulomatous inflammation involving the cavernous sinus, with a typical relapsing-remitting course. We report a case of an 8-year-old girl who was admitted because of an ophthalmoplegia with exotropia and ptosis of the left eyelid, accompanied by diplopia and left sovraorbital pain. The clinical data, neuroradiological findings and response to steroid treatment suggested THS, as defined by the 2004 International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD)-II

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32

Alstadhaug, Karl Bjørnar, Grete Bakkejord, and Hans Kristian Bø. "Could recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy be caused by a neurovascular conflict?: A case report." Cephalalgia Reports 6 (January 1, 2023): 251581632311576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25158163231157628.

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Objective: Describe and discuss a typical case with recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON), and demonstrate a likely extrinsic compression of the sixth cranial nerve by a vascular loop. Background: RPON is a rare, but well-known entity, characterized by attacks of ophthalmoplegia associated with ipsilateral headache. The etiology is unknown, but a neurovascular conflict (NVC) has been suggested as a cause. Method: A 62-year-old woman presented in the emergency department with a horizontal diplopia that developed a few hours after the onset of a left temporal headache. In the past

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33

Lubomski, Michal, James Dalgliesh, Kenneth Lee, Omprakash Damodaran, Genevieve McKew, and Stephen Reddel. "063 Actinomyces cavernous sinus infection: a case and systematic literature review." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 89, no. 6 (2018): A26.1—A26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-anzan.62.

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CaseWe report an unusual case of a 63 year old man who developed progressive right-sided exophthalmos, painful ophthalmoplegia, headaches and fevers with worsening depression over a two-month period, subsequently identified as an Actinomyces cavernous sinus (CS) infection. Preliminary diagnoses included giant cell arteritis then Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, with a transient response to steroids. Investigations showed a bland CSF and highly metabolically active brain FDG-PET suggesting lymphoma. Biopsy of the mass demonstrated gram-positive filamentous bacteria with Actinomyces-like colonies with sulp

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34

Lance, JW, and AS Zagami. "Ophthalmoplegic Migraine: A Recurrent Demyelinating Neuropathy?" Cephalalgia 21, no. 2 (2001): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2001.00160.x.

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The demonstration by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning of thickening and enhancement of the cisternal part of the oculomotor nerve in patients diagnosed as ‘ophthalmoplegic migraine’ prompts reconsideration of this uncommon disorder. The case histories of five patients, three male and two female, varying in age from 6 to 30 years, are presented here. Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegia started in infancy in two cases, childhood in two instances and adult life in one. One child had his first attacks at 3, 5 and 12 months of age, on each occasion 10 days after an injection of triple vaccin

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35

Singh, Mohenish K., Brittany Marshall, and John Hawley. "Painful Ophthalmoplegia: A Case of Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome." Military Medicine 179, no. 11 (2014): e1409-e1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-14-00265.

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36

Prete, Brandon, and Joseph Sowka. "Painful ophthalmoplegia as an initial presentation of sarcoidosis." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 100, no. 3 (2016): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12468.

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37

Paovic, Jelena, Predrag Paovic, Ivica Bojkovic, Mirjana Nagulic, and Vojislav Sredovic. "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome - diagnostic problem of painful ophthalmoplegia." Vojnosanitetski pregled 69, no. 7 (2012): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1207627p.

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Background. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is an uncommon disease caused by non-specific inflammation of the cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure and the apex of the orbit. The disease is characterized by periorbital pain, paresis of the bulbomotor and quick response to steroid treatment. The orbital process may lead to optic nerve atrophy. According to the International Headache Society Classification of 2004, the diagnostic protocol includes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biopsy. Case reports. We presented 46-year old male patient, with THS. The patient had unilateral periorbital pain

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38

Polito, Ennio, and Antonio Leccisotti. "Painful ophthalmoplegia caused by superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis." Neuro-Ophthalmology 16, no. 3 (1996): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01658109609009680.

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39

Curone, M., V. Tullo, A. Proietti-Cecchini, C. Peccarisi, M. Leone, and G. Bussone. "Painful ophthalmoplegia: a retrospective study of 23 cases." Neurological Sciences 30, S1 (2009): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-009-0067-1.

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40

Terrence, Christopher F., and Frederick J. Samaha. "The Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome (Painful Ophthalmoplegia) in Children." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 15, no. 4 (2008): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1973.tb05074.x.

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41

Ganesan, V., J. P. Lin, W. K. Chong, F. J. Kirkham, and R. A. Surtees. "Painful and painless ophthalmoplegia with cavernous sinus pseudotumour." Archives of Disease in Childhood 75, no. 3 (1996): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.75.3.239.

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42

Guaschino, E., C. Zandrini, G. Minonzio, A. Mancioli, M. Broggini, and G. Bono. "Relapsing–remitting painful ophthalmoplegia due to orbital myositis." Journal of Headache and Pain 6, no. 6 (2005): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10194-005-0254-2.

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Kim, Byungseok, and Taewon Kim. "Hashimoto’s thyroiditis associated with acute painful unilateral ophthalmoplegia." Neurological Sciences 41, no. 1 (2019): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-019-04032-w.

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44

Rodriguez-Homs, Larissa G., Mark Goerlitz-Jessen, and Samrat U. Das. "A 17-Year-Old Girl With Unilateral Headache and Double Vision." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 7 (January 2019): 232470961983830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2324709619838309.

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Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is characterized by a painful ophthalmoplegia secondary to a granulomatous inflammation in or adjacent to the cavernous sinus. Magnetic resonance imaging will show enhancement of the cavernous sinus and/or the orbital apex. Although this syndrome is extremely rare in children, it should be a diagnostic consideration in patients presenting with painful ophthalmoplegia with variable involvement of cranial nerves II to VI. The differential diagnosis for unilateral cavernous sinus lesion is broad, including vascular lesions (cavernous sinus thrombosis), inflammatory processes

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45

Kumar, Sunil. "Ophthalmoplegia syndrome or tolosa hunt syndrome – A review." IP International Journal of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty 9, no. 4 (2024): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijooo.2023.037.

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Ophthalmoplegia syndrome or Tolosa Hunt syndrome (THS) is a rare severe unilateral periorbital headache associated with painful and restricted eye movements (ophthalmoplegia) with no visual deterioration. It is associated with choric inflammation with granulomatous deposition in cavernous sinus and at superior orbital fissure. This article provides a detail outlook of this syndrome that along with pathophysiology, the present diagnostic considerations and management insights on Tolosa-Hunt syndrome through review of published article.

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46

Васюта, Віра, О. П. Вітовська, Т. А. Йовенко, С. А. Вербовська, and Л. О. Дунаєвська. "Neuro-opthalmological aspect of Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: A Case Report." Oftalmologicheskii Zhurnal, no. 5 (November 1, 2023): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31288/oftalmolzh202355355.

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Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome is an idiopathic granulomatous inflammatory disease of the cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit which is manifested by ocular pain and ophthalmoplegia. Granulomatous inflammation of the dural wall of the cavernous sinus and/or superior orbital fissure is the basis of the pathological process. The disease is clinically manifested by orbital pain, diplopia, exophthalmos, and/or oculomotor abnormalities. The syndrome is also called painful ophthalmoplegia with a key symptom being neuropathic periorbital or retro-orbital pain, and paresthesias along the first br

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47

Kim, Jae-Myung, You-Ri Kang, Kyung Wook Kang, and Seung-Han Lee. "Recurrent alternating ophthalmoplegia with ipsilateral headache: unusual but possible manifestation of recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy." Neurological Sciences 41, no. 11 (2020): 3357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04502-6.

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48

Lubomski, Michal, James Dalgliesh, Kenneth Lee, Omprakash Damodaran, Genevieve McKew, and Stephen Reddel. "Actinomyces cavernous sinus infection: a case and systematic literature review." Practical Neurology 18, no. 5 (2018): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2017-001844.

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A 63-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of progressive right-sided exophthalmos, painful ophthalmoplegia and fevers. As more features developed, he was diagnosed with giant cell arteritis, then Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, and transiently responded to corticosteroids. A bland cerebrospinal fluid and highly metabolically active brain (18F)-fluoro-D-glucose-positron emission tomography suggested lymphoma. Biopsy of the mass showed sulphur granules with Gram-positive filamentous bacteria with Actinomyces-like colonies. Actinomyces cavernous sinus infections are rare and indolent. They often m

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Hamada, Kensuke, Yasuhisa Sakurai, and Izumi Sugimoto. "Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegia in a patient with diabetes mellitus: Is ophthalmoplegia associated with diabetes mellitus?" Cephalalgia 36, no. 14 (2016): 1397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102416629240.

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Roh, Young Bae, Jhoon Ho Kim, Joo Young Song, and Boo Sup Oum. "Painful ophthalmoplegia secondary to nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case report." Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 4, no. 2 (1990): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/kjo.1990.4.2.112.

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