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Journal articles on the topic 'Pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.)'

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Published: 19 February 2023

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1

RAMNARAIN, YVONNE INDRANI, LYDIA ORI, and ABDULLAH ADIL ANSARI. "Evaluation of the use of vermicompost on the crop production of two varieties of Pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) and on the soil structure in Suriname." Asian Journal of Agriculture 1, no. 02 (December 1, 2017): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g010204.

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Ramnarain YI, Ori L, Ansari AA. 2017. Evaluation of the use of vermicompost on the crop production of two varieties of Pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) and on the soil structure in Suriname. Asian J Agric 1: 73-79. The present research was carried out from January to May 2016 at the Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo. The investigation consisted of a field and laboratory study in order to evaluate the effect of vermicompost on crop production of 2 varieties Brassica rapa var. chinensis, white and green Pak choi, nutrient availability in the soil after the use of vermicompost and nutrient value of the crop.The experiment was carried out (completely randomized design) in a greenhouse for six weeks. The treatments were vermicompost (V), cow manure (S), chemical fertilizer (K) and control (C). Plant growth parameters were recorded during the experiment (plant height and number of leaves) and after harvest (root and shoot biomass, leaf area). Nutrient analysis (Ca and Fe) of Pak choi was also conducted followed by pre and post-experiment soil analysis (pH, EC, TOC, N, P, K and C/N ratio). The results were collected and analyzed using Sigma Plot 12.0 tools. In the white Pak choi the number of leaves, root length and weight of fresh plants showed no significant differences among the four treatments using Tukeyâ€™s test (Pâ‰¤0.05). In the green Pak choi the number of leaves and root length showed no significant differences among the four treatments by Tukeyâ€™s test (Pâ‰¤0.05). Furthermore, the soil parameters (pH, OC, N) did not indicate a significant increase or decrease of the elements in the soil. P did decrease significantly and K increase in the treatments in the soil was not relevant.The evaluation of the use of vermicompost on the crop production of 2 varieties of Pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) proved that the plants treated with vermicompost had similar results as those treated with cow manure and chemical fertilizer.

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2

Palada, M. C., W. M. Cole, S. M. A. Crossman, J. E. Rakocy, and J. A. Kowalski. "Fish Culture Water and Sludge Applied Via Drip Irrigation Improves Yield of Pak Choi (Brassica rapa L. Chinensis)." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 885A—885. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.885a.

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Using fish culture water and sludge may benefit vegetable production by reducing the need for high-quality irrigation water in areas where water is a limiting resource for agriculture. Fish water and sludge contains nutrients, thereby reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. A study was conducted to integrate fish (tilapia) culture with field production of Pak choi (Brassica rapa L. Chinensis). Water from tilapia culture tanks from which solids were removed (SR) and from tanks with no solid removal (NR) were applied to pak choi 2 to 3 times weekly through a drip system. These treatments were compared with sludge (FS) removed from culture tanks using three methods of irrigation. Conventional methods of fertigation (F) and band fertilizer (B) application were included as control treatments. The trial was conducted for 2 seasons. In the first season, pak choi applied with (FS) produced total yields ranging from 21 to 26 t·ha–l. Pak choi applied with fish water from tanks with (SR) and (NR) produced yields of 19 and 20 t·ha–l, respectively. Pak choi grown with (F) and (B) applications yielded 21 and 20 t·ha–l, respectively. There were no significant yield differences between the (FS) treated and (F) plots. Yield from (FS) treatment was significantly higher than all other treatments except (F). Similar results were obtained during the second season, but total yields from various treatments were 50% higher than the first season. Fish culture water and sludge are therefore good alternative sources of irrigation and fertilizer for pak choi.

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3

Rahmina, Widya, Ilah Nurlaelah, and Handayani Handayani. "PENGARUH PERBEDAAN KOMPOSISI LIMBAH AMPAS TAHU TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN PAK CHOI (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis)." Quagga : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Biologi 9, no. 02 (July 7, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/quagga.v9i02.746.

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ABSTRAKLimbah ampas tahu dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan. Selama ini limbah ampas tahu kurang dimanfaatkan secara maksimal. Padahal, limbah ampas tahu memiliki kandungan protein yang cukup tinggi serta senyawa-senyawa yang berpotensi untuk meningkatkan kesuburan tanah dan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan tanaman pak choi dengan menggunakan variasi komposisi limbah ampas tahu serta untuk mengetahui kandungan NPK yang terdapat dalam limbah ampas tahu. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan komposisi limbah ampas tahu masing-masing 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100%. Kontrol positif pupuk kandang dan kontrol negatif tanah. Parameter yang diukur pada tanaman pak choi, yaitu jumlah daun dan berat basah tanaman. Analisis data diperoleh dengan menggunakan uji Analisis Varians dan dilanjut dengan uji Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT) untuk parameter jumlah daun sedangkan uji Wilayah Berganda Duncan (DMRT) digunakan untuk parameter berat basah. Berdasarkan uji statistik yang telah dilakukan menggunakan uji BNT untuk jumlah daun dan uji DMRT untuk berat basah menunjukan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan diantara variasi komposisi limbah ampas tahu, dalam hal ini komposisi limbah ampas tahu 100% yang paling efektif dalam mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman pak choi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kandungan unsur N,P,K limbah ampas tahu kering ditinjau dari kriteria unsur N tercatat rendah, yaitu 0,110% sedangkan unsur P dan unsur K tercatat sangat tinggi, yaitu 1,219% dan 0,361%.

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4

Churilova, Elena, and David Midmore. "Vermiliquer (Vermicompost Leachate) as a Complete Liquid Fertilizer for Hydroponically-Grown Pak Choi (Brassica chinensis L.) in the Tropics." Horticulturae 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010026.

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The processing of organic wastes and composts by worms results in castes and vermiliquer (i.e., vermicompost leachate). Both castes and vermiliquer contain plant available nutrients, the latter better suited to hydroponic operations, but the optimum pH for worm productivity and vermiliquer production makes the latter too alkaline for hydroponics. We show that under optimal hydroponic management practices, the growth and yield of pak choi (Brassica chinensis) based entirely on pH buffered vermiliquer collected after 8–10 weeks of vermicomposting was comparable with those treated with a conventional inorganic hydroponic fertiliser. Nitric acid proved to be a superior pH buffer compared with orthophosphoric acid. The total fresh weight in the nitric acid buffered vermiliquer treatments ranged from 70% to 98% of the total fresh weight of the control. However, the non-buffered hydroponic production of pak choi using off-line (batch) vermiliquer or direct linkage with vermifarms was not successful. There were no statistically significant differences between pak choi yields using vermiliquer from kitchen wastes or composted paunch materials. A 50% dilution of vermiliquer led to yield loss, but less proportionately than the dilution, and the use of pot hydroponics rather than nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponics led to a better performance of pak choi under less favourable conditions. This is the first report of comparable yields between vermiliquer treatments and an inorganic nutrient source and highlights the feasibility and commercial potential of this hydroponic practice.

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5

Wiles, L. J., R. D. William, G. D. Crabtree, and S. R. Radosevich. "Analyzing Competition Between a Living Mulch and a Vegetable Crop in an Interplanting System." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 6 (November 1989): 1029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.6.1029.

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Abstract Development of interplanting systems for vegetables has been impeded due to concerns about yield reductions and use of systematic experimental designs that limit analysis of fundamental competitive processes. This study employed an addition series and growth analysis combined with management strategies aimed at minimizing competition between the crop and the interplant. Pak choi [Brassica rapa L. (Chinensis Group)] was interplanted with strips of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) that covered 67% of the soil. Pak Choi was a weak competitor compared to perennial ryegrass. Mulch suppression using a sublethal rate of fluazifop provided the most promising management strategy to reduce competition from the ryegrass interplant. Timing of suppression and reduction of mulch root growth were critical elements of successful management. Chemical names used: (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyrindinyI]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop).

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6

Hwang, San-Gwang, Hsiao-Chien Chao, and Huey-Ling Lin. "Differential Responses of Pak Choi and Edible Amaranth to an Elevated Temperature." HortScience 53, no. 2 (February 2018): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12667-17.

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Global surface temperatures are predicted to increase by 1 to 4 °C by the year 2100. To unravel the risks from rising temperature to Taiwan’s summer leafy vegetable production, the phenotypical and physiological responses of two leafy crops, pak choi (Brassica chinensis L. cv. Quanzhou) and edible amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L. cv. White leaf), were compared under an elevated temperature. A temperature increase from 28 to 32 °C resulted in lower leaf calcium, magnesium, and manganese concentrations (dry weight basis) in pak choi without significant changes in shoot dry weight, suggesting potential negative effects of the elevated temperature on pak choi leaf nutrient status. However, increased temperature promoted both root and leaf growth in edible amaranth, which may be beneficial to its yield, making edible amaranth a potential summer leafy vegetable crop for Taiwan. Furthermore, a temperature change from 28 to 32 °C resulted in a higher leaf nitrate concentration in edible amaranth, because of the lower nitrate reductase activity (NRA). Thus, suitable nitrogen fertilization rates and programs under elevated temperature conditions should be reconsidered in the future. To sum up, a future rise in summer temperatures may impose negative impacts on pak choi leaf nutrient status but positive impacts on edible amaranth production.

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7

Forney, Charles F., and Michael A. Jordan. "Anaerobic Production of Methanethiol and Other Compounds by Brassica Vegetables." HortScience 34, no. 4 (July 1999): 696–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.4.696.

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Methanethiol (MT) is a volatile compound responsible for the unpleasant odor evolved when fresh broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., Italica group) is held under anaerobic conditions. Inductive atmospheres can develop in storage, transportation containers, or modified atmosphere packages, resulting in reduced quality. To determine if related vegetables are capable of producing MT, 12 different vegetables from the genus Brassica were cut into ready-to-eat forms. Fifty-gram samples were sealed in 500-mL glass jars and flushed with N2. After 24 h in the dark at 20 °C, headspace samples from the jars were analyzed for MT and other volatiles. Headspace concentration of MT was greatest in broccoli florets, followed by pak choi (Brassica rapa L., Chinensis group) leaf blades, savoy cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., Capitata group), broccoflower (Brassica oleracea L., Botrytis group), and green and red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., Capitata group). Broccoli stems, kale (Brassica oleracea L., Acephala group), Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L., Gemmifera group), pak choi petioles, rutabaga (Brassica napus L., Napobrassica group) root, cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L., Botrytis group) florets, Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L., Pekinensis group), and kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L., Gongylodes group) tubers produced <3% of the MT produced by broccoli florets. Green tissues appeared to have a greater capacity to produce MT than nongreen tissues. Anaerobic production of CO2 and ethanol did not relate to the vegetable's ability to produce MT. The production of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) were also induced by the anaerobic conditions. Green cabbage produced the greatest concentration of DMDS, followed by savoy cabbage and broccoli florets. Production of DMTS was similar to the pattern observed for MT, but DMDS production was not highly correlated with MT production.

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8

Heath, Douglas W., Elizabeth D. Earle, and Michael H. Dickson. "Introgressing Cold-tolerant Ogura Cytoplasm from Rapeseed into Pak Choi and Chinese Cabbage." HortScience 29, no. 3 (March 1994): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.3.202.

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Cold-tolerant, Ogura male-sterile, somatic hybrid rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) lines were used as maternal parents in two independent introgression experiments. In one experiment, an atrazine-sensitive B. napus (aacc) somatic hybrid was crossed directly with a male-fertile pak choi (B. campestris Chinensis Group, aa) accession. Allotriploid (sac) progeny were then backcrossed to the recurrent pak choi parent. Forty-five percent of the progeny from the first backcross were determined to be diploids (aa). In the other experiment, an atrazine-resistant B. napus somatic hybrid was crossed first to a bridge line. Three additional backcross generations to Chinese cabbage (B. campestris Pekinensis Group) resulted in Chinese cabbage resistant to black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris). These materials may be useful for production of B. campestris hybrid vegetable seed.

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9

Schnitzler, W. H., and K. Kallabis-Rippel. "TASTE OF PAK CHOI (BRASSICA CHINENSIS L.) CULTIVARS WITH ACCEPTANCE TO GERMAN CONSUMERS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 467 (May 1998): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.467.37.

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10

He, Lizhi, Na Li, Xuefeng Liang, Xiuling Yin, Qingqing Huang, Lin Wang, Yuebing Sun, and Yingming Xu. "Reduction of Cd accumulation in pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) in consecutive growing seasons using mercapto-grafted palygorskite." RSC Advances 8, no. 56 (2018): 32084–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04952a.

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MP significantly reduced Cd accumulation in the shoots of pak choi in comparison to the control, in consecutive growing seasons, and the minimum Cd contents were less than the maximum permitted level proposed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.

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11

Yan, Zhicheng, Jinhua Zuo, Fuhui Zhou, Junyan Shi, Dongying Xu, Wenzhong Hu, Aili Jiang, Yao Liu, and Qing Wang. "Integrated Analysis of Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Data Reveals the Mechanism by Which LED Light Irradiation Extends the Postharvest Quality of Pak-choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino var. communis Tsen et Lee)." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020252.

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Low-intensity (10 μmol m−2 s−1) white LED (light-emitting diode) light effectively delayed senescence and maintained the quality of postharvest pakchoi during storage at 20 °C. To investigate the mechanism of LED treatment in maintaining the quality of pakchoi, metabolite profiles reported previously were complemented by transcriptomic profiling to provide greater information. A total of 7761 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in response to the LED irradiation of pak-choi during postharvest storage. Several pathways were markedly induced by LED irradiation, with photosynthesis being the most notable. More specifically, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism and glucosinolate biosynthesis were significantly induced by LED irradiation, which is consistent with metabolomics reported previously. Additionally, chlorophyllide a, chlorophyll, as well as total glucosinolate content was positively induced by LED irradiation. Overall, LED irradiation delayed the senescence of postharvest pak-choi mainly by activating photosynthesis, inducting glucosinolate biosynthesis, and inhibiting the down-regulation of porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathways. The present study provides new insights into the effect and the underlying mechanism of LED irradiation on delaying the senescence of pak-choi. LED irradiation represents a useful approach for extending the shelf life of pak-choi.

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Gong, Tian, Zachary T. Ray, Kylee E. Butcher, Zachary E. Black, Xin Zhao, and Jeffrey K. Brecht. "A Novel Graft between Pac Choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) and Daikon Radish (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus)." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101464.

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Vegetable grafting has primarily been used in the commercial production of high-value crops in the Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae families. In this study, we explored the feasibility of making a novel graft between pac choi (Brassica rapa L. var. chinensis) and daikon radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus) to create a plant with harvestable pac choi leafy vegetable above-ground, and a daikon radish taproot below-ground. ‘Mei Qing Choi’ pac choi (scion) was grafted onto ‘Bora King’ daikon radish (rootstock). Grafted pac choi–daikon radish plants did not show a decrease in SPAD value, canopy size, leaf number, leaf area, or above-ground weight compared with self-grafted pac choi plants. However, taproot formation was reduced in grafted pac choi–daikon radish plants, as shown by decreased taproot length, diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight compared with non- and self-grafted daikon radish plants. Surprisingly, grafting with radish increased the photosynthetic rate of the pac choi. This pilot study demonstrated the potential of creating a new pac choi–daikon radish vegetable product to help save growing space and minimize waste at consumption, as pac choi roots are not eaten and radish leaves are usually discarded. The inter-generic grafting between B. rapa var. chinensis and R. sativus var. longipinnatus could also provide a unique model system to help elucidate scion-rootstock synergy and above- and below-ground sink competition in horticultural crops.

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Xiao, Wendan, Xiaoe Yang, Yibin Zhang, M. T. Rafiq, Zhenli He, R. Aziz, and Tingqiang Li. "Accumulation of Chromium in Pak Choi (Brassica chinensis L.) Grown on Representative Chinese Soils." Journal of Environmental Quality 42, no. 3 (May 2013): 758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0419.

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14

Assefa, Kiros. "Biogas residues as source of sulfur to Pak choi Brassica rapa Var. chinensis (L.)." Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management 4, no. 8 (December 31, 2013): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jssem13.0409.

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15

Mahmud, T?M?M, J?G Atherton, C?J Wright, M?F Ramlan, and S?H Ahmad. "Pak Choi (Brassica rapa ssp Chinensis L) quality response to pre-harvest salinity and temperature." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 79, no. 12 (September 1999): 1698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199909)79:12<1698::aid-jsfa421>3.0.co;2-k.

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Johnson, Wendy A., Raymond A. Cloyd, James R. Nechols, Kimberly A. Williams, Nathan O. Nelson, Dorith Rotenberg, and Megan M. Kennelly. "Effect of Nitrogen Source on Pac Choi (Brassica rapa L.) Chemistry and Interactions with the Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella L.)." HortScience 47, no. 10 (October 2012): 1457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.10.1457.

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Two greenhouse studies were conducted to examine effects of nitrogen source on primary and secondary metabolism of pac choi (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis cv. Mei Qing Choi) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) consumption, development, survival, and body weight. Applications of a liquid organic source of nitrogen (fish hydrolysate fertilizer) were compared with a conventional fertilizer to determine whether nitrogen source directly impacts pac choi chemistry (elemental composition and phenolics) and biomass and indirectly affects diamondback moth fitness parameters. There was no significant effect of fertility treatment on pac choi chemistry or biomass with the exception of percent leaf phosphorus, which was significantly higher in the conventional fertility treatment, and p-coumarin, which was significantly higher in the organic fertility treatment. Diamondback moth also affected plant chemistry. Both calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were significantly higher in plants infested with larvae compared with uninfested plants. Fertilizer affected diamondback moth fitness with percent survival and cohort development significantly reduced on pac choi associated with the organic fertilizer. However, pac choi receiving the organic treatment was similar in regard to primary nutrients and secondary compounds compared with plants that received a conventional fertilizer.

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Saleh, Roksana, Lokanadha R. Gunupuru, Rajasekaran Lada, Vilis Nams, Raymond H. Thomas, and Lord Abbey. "Growth and Biochemical Composition of Microgreens Grown in Different Formulated Soilless Media." Plants 11, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 3546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243546.

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Microgreens are immature young plants grown for their health benefits. A study was performed to evaluate the different mixed growing media on growth, chemical composition, and antioxidant activities of four microgreen species: namely, kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala), Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla), arugula (Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa), and pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis). The growing media were T1.1 (30% vermicast + 30% sawdust + 10% perlite + 30% PittMoss (PM)); T2.1 (30% vermicast + 20% sawdust + 20% perlite + 30% PM); PM was replaced with mushroom compost in the respective media to form T1.2 and T2.2. Positive control (PC) was Pro-mix BX™ potting medium alone. Root length was the highest in T1.1 while the shoot length, root volume, and yield were highest in T2.2. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of Swiss chard grown in T1.1 was the highest, followed by T2.2 and T1.1. Pak choi and kale had the highest sugar and protein contents in T2.2, respectively. Consistently, total phenolics and flavonoids of the microgreens were increased by 1.5-fold in T1.1 and T2.2 compared to PC. Antioxidant enzyme activities were increased in all the four microgreens grown in T1.1 and T2.2. Overall, T2.2 was the most effective growing media to increase microgreens plant growth, yield, and biochemical composition.

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Liu, Zheng-Shang, Jia-Mei Wu, and Yong-Hong Lin. "Optimum Castor Meal Application in the Cultivation of Pak Choi (Brassica chinensis L.) with Toxicity Survey for Earthworms (Eisenia andrei)." Horticulturae 7, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100383.

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In Taiwan, castor meal (CM) is often used by farmers as an organic fertilizer for the supplement of plant nutrition. It can rapidly increase nitrogen availability for crops. However, the excessive application of CM will affect the ecosystem. This study was conducted to evaluate the optimum concentration of CM that can be used as a fertilizer for balancing crop production and soil ecosystem health (by considering earthworms). Pak choi was selected for the experiment. A randomized block design with three replications was used, with treatments consisting of five concentrations of CM (namely 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg/0.1 ha) and fermented livestock compost 800 kg/0.1 ha, represented as CM25, CM50, CM100, CM150, CM200, and LC800, respectively. The results revealed that soil properties, leaf nutrient concentration, and plant traits, namely plant diameter, plant height, and fresh and dry root and shoot matter, improved with the increasing concentrations of CM, and CM100–CM200, and led to the highest production of pak choi which was equivalent to that with LC800. However, the weight of earthworms decreased as CM concentrations increased. The weight of earthworms was similar between CM25, CM50, CM100, and LC800. In conclusion, given the characteristics of high nitrogen as a fertilizer, the optimal dose of CM was 100–150 kg/0.1 ha for obtaining a balance between crop production and ecosystem safety.

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Ma, Qingxu, Xiaochuang Cao, Yinan Xie, Yan Gu, Ying Feng, Wenhai Mi, Xin Yang, and Lianghuan Wu. "Effect of pH on the uptake and metabolism of glycine in pak choi ( Brassica chinensis L.)." Environmental and Experimental Botany 133 (January 2017): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2016.10.013.

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20

Dintcheva, T., H. Boteva, and B. Arnaoudov. "Optimal use of areas in perennial vegetable crops during first year of growing." Agricultural Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (June 2019): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2019.02.031.

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Abstract. This paper tries to illustrate how intercropping increases the overall output of a cropping system and achieving much larger yields than sole crops by using environmental resources more fully over time or more efficiently in space. The research was conducted to establish the opportunity for optimal use of the growing area in perennial vegetables crops (Asparagus officinalis L., Rheum rhabarbarum L., Cynara cardunculus var. Scolymus, Levisticum officinale) by an intercropping system with annual vegetables (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis, Eruca sativa) in open field. The experiment was carried out in 2018 year in Vegetable Crops Research Institute (VCRI) Maritsa, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Crops were grown under schemes: asparagus – 200+60/50 cm; artichoke – 200+60/90 cm; rhubarb – 200+60/90 cm; lovage – 200+60/50 cm; pak choi – 55+45+45+55/20 cm and 55+30+30+30+55/20 cm; rocket – 55+45+45+55/15 cm and 55+30+30+30+55/15 cm. As a result it was determined that the use of annual crops increases efficiency of the areas in perennial vegetables during the first year of growing. Annual vegetables pak choi and rocket grown under scheme 55 + 30 + 30 + 30 + 55/20cm and 55 + 30 + 30 + 30 + 55/15cm, respectively, are suitable for an intercropping system.

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Hooks, Triston, Ling Sun, Yun Kong, Joseph Masabni, and Genhua Niu. "Effect of Nutrient Solution Cooling in Summer and Heating in Winter on the Performance of Baby Leafy Vegetables in Deep-Water Hydroponic Systems." Horticulturae 8, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080749.

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Hydroponics has become a popular production technology for leafy greens in greenhouses. However, year-round production of cool-season leafy greens remains challenging due to costly heating and cooling during winter and summer seasons, depending on location. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of nutrient solution cooling and heating in deep-water hydroponic systems on the performance of several leafy green vegetables. Two experiments of nutrient solution cooling during the summer season and another two experiments of nutrient solution heating during the winter season were conducted in Texas, USA in 2020–2021. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) ‘Bergams Green’ and ‘Red Mist’, Pak Choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) ‘Purple Magic’ and ‘White Stem’, and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) ‘Mandolin’ and ‘Seaside’ were grown in the summer experiments, and only the two lettuce cultivars were grown for the winter experiments. For both cooling and heating studies, six deep-water culture systems were used with two treatments: cooling (23 °C) vs. no cooling, and heating (22 °C) vs. no heating, with three replications in each experiment. In the nutrient solution cooling study, spinach was the most heat-sensitive species, and ‘Mandolin’ was more heat-tolerant than ‘Seaside,’ as evidenced by its lower mortality rate in both experiments. Lettuce and pak choi grew well and solution cooling increased shoot fresh weight in both lettuce cultivars and in ‘White Stem’ pak choi but not in ‘Purple Magic’ pak choi. Conversely, during the winter season, solution heating increased shoot fresh weight of both lettuce cultivars; however, ‘Red Mist’ was more responsive than ‘Bergams Green’ lettuce. These results indicate the potential to increase crop yield by controlling nutrient solution temperature throughout the year, depending on the season. Also, there were genotypic differences in both cooling and heating experiments, indicating that more research is needed to determine the species-dependent and even cultivar-dependent nutrient solution temperature control strategies to achieve optimum year-round production.

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Manla, Lilibeth, and Suzette Lina. "Effects of Organic Fertilizers and Concoctions and the Rates of Inorganic Fertilizer on Soil Properties and Growth Performance of Pak Choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Chinensis (L.) Hanelt) Grown in Acidic and Neutral Soils." Science and Humanities Journal 16, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47773/shj.1998.161.2.

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Organic fertilizers and concoctions have variable nutrient contents as well as effects on soil properties, growth and yield of the crops. A split-split plot in a threefactor factorial study (2 x 5 x 3), arranged in randomized complete block design was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil types, organic fertilizers and concoctions, and rates of inorganic fertilizers on the chemical properties of acidic and neutral soil, growth, yield and nutrient uptake of Pak Choi. Nutrient contents of reformulated vermicast, IMO , fermented plant juice, and fish amino acid were 6 determined. Significant interactions were observed among the three factors for total N and total P in Pak Choi. Total N in plant was highest in acidic soil added with IMO at 50 6 % rate of inorganic fertilizer. This was significantly different from neutral soil in which the highest total was noted with the addition of 100 % inorganic fertilizer. Total P was found significantly highest in acidic soil with IMO with no significant 6 effect in neutral soil. IMO alone showed significant improvement in all of the plant 6 parameters gathered for the rates of inorganic fertilizer, Pak Choi applied with 100 % inorganic at 100 % exhibited superior performance. The addition of IMO and 6 reformulated vermicast resulted in a significantly higher total N in soil. Moreover, available P and exchangeable K were significantly higher in neutral soil while soil pH significantly decreased with the addition of 100 % inorganic fertilizer. On the other hand, FAA resulted to a significantly higher microbial respiration.

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Rembet, Frisky Fernando, Frangky J. Paat, and Jemmy Najoan. "TEST THE POTENTIAL GROWTH AND YIELD OF PLANTS PAK CHOI (Brassica rapa Subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt Var. Green) THROUGH HYDROPONICS SYSTEM-NUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUE AT THE LEVEL OF THE CONCENTRATION OF NUTRIENTS ®AB MIX." Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Terapan 2, no. 2 (November 12, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/jat.v2i2.35335.

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This study aims to obtain the results of the growth and production of pak choi plants. The level of nutrient concentration of ®AB Mix in this treatment is the independent variable, while the dependent variable is the pak choi plant. This study was arranged in a Randomized Block Design with 4 treatments and 3 replications, the factors studied were the concentration of AB mix nutrients with the following treatments: (P0) (Control), (P1) 900ppm, (P2) 1100 ppm and (P3) 1300 ppm. The results showed that the best plant height was produced at the nutrient concentration level of ®AB Mix in the treatment of 1100 ppm (P2) with an average of 15.35 ppm and 1300 ppm (P3) 16.23 cm. The growth parameters on the longest plant roots were produced at the level of nutrient concentration ®AB Mix 1100 ppm (P2) with an average of 25.536 cm and 1300 ppm (P3) with an average of 26,097 (P3) cm. The best fresh weight of plants was produced at the level of nutrient concentration ®AB Mix in the treatment of 1100 ppm (P2) 196.67 gr and 1300 ppm (P3) with an average of 236.67 gr (P3). Environmental variables with an average morning temperature of 28°C, 32°C during the day, 26°C at night, 60% humidity in the morning, 30% humidity during the day and 89% humidity at night for 42 days after planting.Keywoards: Hydroponic; Agroecotechnology; Pak Choi. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan hasil pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman pak choi. Taraf konsentrasi nutrisi ®AB Mix pada perlakuan ini sebagai variabel bebas (independent variable) sedangkan variabel terikat (dependent variable) adalah tanaman pak choi. Penelitian ini disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan, faktor yang diteliti adalah konsentrasi nutrisi AB mix dengan perlakuan : (P0) (Kontrol), (P1) 900ppm, (P2) 1100 ppm dan (P3) 1300 ppm. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa tinggi tanaman terbaik dihasilkan pada taraf konsentrasi nutrisi ®AB Mix pada perlakuan 1100 ppm (P2) dengan rataan 15,35 ppm dan 1300 ppm (P3) 16,23 cm. Parameter pertumbuhan pada akar tanaman terpanjang dihasilkan pada taraf konsentrasi nutrisi ®AB Mix 1100 ppm (P2) dengan rataan 25,536 cm dan 1300 ppm (P3) dengan rataan 26,097 (P3) cm. Bobot segar tanaman terbaik dihasilkan pada taraf konsentrasi nutrisi®AB Mix pada perlakuan 1100 ppm (P2) 196,67 gr dan 1300 ppm (P3) dengan rataan 236,67 gr (P3). Variabel lingkungan dengan rataan suhu pagi hari 28°C, Siang hari 32°C, malam hari 26°C, rataan kelembaban 60% pada pagi hari, kelembaban 30% pada siang hari dan kelembaban 89% pada malam hari selama 42 hari setelah tanam.Kata kunci: Hidroponik; Agroekoteknologi; Pak Choi.

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Abdalla, Muna A., Caroline A. C. Meschede, and Karl H. Mühling. "Selenium foliar application alters patterns of glucosinolate hydrolysis products of pak choi Brassica rapa L. var. chinensis." Scientia Horticulturae 273 (November 2020): 109614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109614.

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Samuolienė, Giedrė, Aušra Brazaitytė, Julė Jankauskienė, Akvilė Viršilė, Ramūnas Sirtautas, Algirdas Novičkovas, Sandra Sakalauskienė, Jurga Sakalauskaitė, and Pavelas Duchovskis. "LED irradiance level affects growth and nutritional quality of Brassica microgreens." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 1241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0246-1.

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AbstractThis study examines the effect of irradiance level produced by solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the growth, nutritional quality and antioxidant properties of Brassicaceae family microgreens. Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes, ‘Delicacy Purple’) mustard (Brassica juncea L., ‘Red Lion’), red pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis, ‘Rubi F1’) and tatsoi (Brassica rapa var. rosularis) were grown using peat substrate in controlled-environment chambers until harvest time (10 days, 21/17°C, 16 h). A system of five lighting modules with 455, 638, 665 and 731 nm LEDs at a total photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of 545, 440, 330, 220 and 110 µmol m−2s−1 respectively were used. Insufficient levels of photosynthetically active photon flux (110 µmol m−2 s−1) suppressed normal growth and diminished the nutritional value of the Brassica microgreens studied. In general, the most suitable conditions for growth and nutritional quality of the microgreens was 330–440 µmol m−2 s−1 irradiation, which resulted in a larger leaf surface area, lower content of nitrates and higher total anthocyanins, total phenols and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging capacity. High light levels (545 µmol m−2 s−1), which was expected to induce mild photostress, had no significant positive impact for most of investigated parameters.

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Han, Ruifeng, Muhammad Khalid, Jiaxiang Juan, and Danfeng Huang. "Exogenous glycine inhibits root elongation and reduces nitrate-N uptake in pak choi (Brassica campestris ssp. Chinensis L.)." PLOS ONE 13, no. 9 (September 21, 2018): e0204488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204488.

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Granges, A. "EXPERIMENTATION ET DEVELOPPEMENT PRATIQUE DE DEUX NOUVEAUX LEGUMES EN SUISSE : LE PAK-CHOI (BRASSICA CHINENSIS L.) ET L'HYMENIA (BRASSICA PEKINENSIS - LOUR. RUPR.)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 242 (June 1989): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.242.36.

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WANG, Hua-Jing, Liang-Huan WU, Min-Yan WANG, Yuan-Hong ZHU, Qin-Nan TAO, and Fu-Suo ZHANG. "Effects of Amino Acids Replacing Nitrate on Growth, Nitrate Accumulation, and Macroelement Concentrations in Pak-choi (Brassica chinensis L.)." Pedosphere 17, no. 5 (October 2007): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0160(07)60070-8.

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Yu, Shuancang, Fenglan Zhang, Xiaoyi Wang, Xiuyun Zhao, Deshuang Zhang, Yangjun Yu, and Jiabing Xu. "Genetic diversity and marker-trait associations in a collection of Pak-choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis Makino) Accessions." Genes & Genomics 32, no. 5 (October 2010): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13258-010-0033-6.

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Zhou, Yang, and Lili Li. "Effect of a Passivator Synthesized by Wastes of Iron Tailings and Biomass on the Leachability of Cd/Pb and Safety of Pak Choi (Brassica chinensis L.) in Contaminated Soil." Processes 9, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 1866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9111866.

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Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) carry a high heavy-metal-toxic risk for both animals and plants in soil. In this study, iron-based biochar (T-BC) was prepared by co-pyrolysis using wastes of iron tailings and biomass with urea as the functioning agents. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and toxicity-characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods were employed to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of T-BC. Additionally, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of T-BC on the physiological characteristics of pak choi (Brassica campestris L.), the availability of heavy metals, and enzyme activities in the soils. The results show that toxic metals have been volatilized by the roasting process and immobilized within T-BC via the formation of stable metal-compounds during the co-pyrolysis process, which satisfies the requirements of a soil passivator. Incubation experiments showed that the DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb in contaminated soils decreased with an increasing amendment rate. Moreover, in the pot experiments, by adding 1% (w/w) T-BC into soils, the soils benefited from its large adsorption, complex precipitation, and immobilization capacity. Approximately 36% Cd and 29% Pb concentrations of edible parts in pak choi were reduced. The amendment proved promising for the stabilization of Cd and Pb in contaminated soils, while providing a strategy for solving the residual waste of tailings and biomass.

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Pelu, Jahra, Setyono Y. Tyasmoro, and Moch Dawam Maghfoer. "Effect bulking agent on composting mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia L) biomass and utilization on pak choi production." AGROMIX 11, no. 1 (March 14, 2020): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35891/agx.v11i1.1906.

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Mexican sunflower or paitan in Indonesian (Thitonia diversifolia L) is a weed with high biomass production with nutrient quality that potentially use as composting material. However, there were problem for for optimize composting process due to low C/N ratio and high moisture content of this material. Therefore co-composting with higher C/N ratio and low moisture bulking materials to attain a proper composting process. Research to (1) Evaluate the effect of raw rice husk (RRH) and rice husk charcoal (RHC) as bulking agent on quality of compost T.diversifolia. Two composting mixture were TRRH = biomass T. Diversifolia + raw rice husk and TRHC = T. diversifolia biomass + rice husk biochar. Data were analyzed descriptively and compared with National Standards of Organic Fertilizer SNI 19-7030-2004. (2) To Compare the effect TRRH and TRHC compost on growth and yield of pakchoi (Brassica rapa var chinensis). Plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, edible and total fresh weight and N uptake analyzed with ANOVA and mean diference with Tukey/HSD test. The results showed that (1) T.diversifolia L compost has nutritional quality of N, P, K in accordance with SNI 19-7030-2004, but the levels of N, P and K in TRHC > TRRH. (2) TTRH.40 planting media gave maximum growth and yield of pakchoy compared to other treatments. The study confirms that composting T.diversifolia L biomass were potential to enhance pakchoi production while promoting cultivation of vegetables for food security.

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Eryilmaz Acikgoz, F., S. Adiloglu, F. Irmak Yilmaz, and A. Adiloglu. "The effects of hazelnut biochar and mycorrhiza applications on some biological characteristics of pak choi (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis L.) plant." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1226 (November 2018): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1226.43.

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Lai, Hung-Yu, and Bo-Ching Chen. "The Dynamic Growth Exhibition and Accumulation of Cadmium of Pak Choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis) Grown in Contaminated Soils." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 11 (October 25, 2013): 5284–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10115284.

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ALAM, S. M. Khorshed, Jiro TOGASHI, Takayuki OHTOMO, and Tsuneo NAMAI. "Bacterial Soft Rot, a New Disease of Pak-choi (Brassica campestris L., chinensis group) Caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 65, no. 1 (1999): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.65.46.

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Harbaum, Britta, Eva Maria Hubbermann, Zhujun Zhu, and Karin Schwarz. "Free and bound phenolic compounds in leaves of pak choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. communis) and Chinese leaf mustard (Brassica juncea Coss)." Food Chemistry 110, no. 4 (October 2008): 838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.069.

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Shannon, Michael C., Catherine M. Grieve, Scott M. Lesch, and John H. Draper. "Analysis of Salt Tolerance in Nine Leafy Vegetables Irrigated with Saline Drainage Water." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, no. 5 (September 2000): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.5.658.

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Saline agricultural drainage water may be used as a resource to grow high value horticultural crops and reduce the volume of drainage for eventual disposal. To explore reuse options the effects of salinity and timing of application were tested on selected leafy vegetables grown in 24 sand culture plots in Riverside, Calif. The leafy winter vegetables included `Ruby Red Chard' Swiss chard [Beta vulgaris L. var. flavescens (Lam.) Lam.], `Space' spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), `Vitamin Green' salad greens [Brassica rapa L. (Narinosa Group)], `Red Giant' mustard greens [Brassica juncea L. (Czerniak)], pac choi [Brassica rapa L. (Chinensis Group)], `Winterbor' kale [Brassica oleracea L. (Acephala Group)], tatsoi [Brassica rapa L. (Narinosa Group)], `Salad King' curly endive (Cichorium endivia L.), and `Red Preco No. 1' radicchio (Cichorium intybus L.). All vegetables were planted at the same time and irrigated initially with tap water and nutrients. At 3 and 7 weeks after seeding (application times), six salinity treatments were initiated by adding salts to the irrigation water to represent the chemical compositions of drainage waters found typically in the San Joaquin Valley, Calif. The six salinity treatments had electrical conductivities of 3 (control), 7, 11, 15, 19, or 23 dS·m-1. A randomized complete block design was used with (6 salinities × 2 application times × 2 replications). Within each plot a 1.5-m row of each of the nine vegetables was grown as split plots. Salinity reduced fresh weight (FW) yields of all species. Salt stress applied at 3 weeks after seeding reduced FWs for seven of the nine vegetables compared to salination at 7 weeks. Analyses of salt tolerance curves, maximum yields, and the point of 50% yield reduction (C50) were conducted. Greens produced the highest biomass at 874 g/plant, but was the most affected by application time. Swiss chard and radicchio were not significantly affected by timing of salinity application, and Swiss chard was the most salt tolerant overall. Greens, kale, pac choi, and to a lesser extent, tatsoi, have potential as winter-grown, leafy vegetables in drainage water reuse systems.

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WANG, Yong-Qin, Wan-Zhi YE, Jia-Shu CAO, Xiao-Lin YU, Xun XIANG, and Gang LU. "Cloning and Characterization of the Microspore Development-Related Gene BcMF2 in Chinese Cabbage Pak-Choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino)." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 47, no. 7 (July 2005): 863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2005.00101.x.

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Kamran, Muhammad, Zaffar Malik, Aasma Parveen, Yutong Zong, Ghulam Hassan Abbasi, Muhammad Tariq Rafiq, Muhammad Shaaban, et al. "Biochar alleviates Cd phytotoxicity by minimizing bioavailability and oxidative stress in pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) cultivated in Cd-polluted soil." Journal of Environmental Management 250 (November 2019): 109500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109500.

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McGrath, J. Mitchell, and Carlos F. Quiros. "Intersubspecies Hybrids and Their Progeny in Brassica campestris." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 2 (March 1991): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.2.349.

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Morphology and fertility were characterized for 22 intersubspecies hybrids within B. campestris L. Nine subspecies, representing crop types from different geographical areas, were used as pollen donors on three different seed parents. Stability of scored morphological characters was divided into four classes based on their appearance in F1 hybrids; i) constant (present in all hybrids when the character was present in one of the parents, e.g., enlarged hypocotyl, divided leaf), ii) variable (present in some hybrids when the character was present in parent types, e.g., petiole color, pubescence), iii) novel (appearing in hybrids but not present in parents, e.g., anther tip spot, self-compatibility), and iv) reciprocal differences. Constant characters are assumed to have a strong genetic component, variable characters may result from heterozygosity in parents, an allelic series, or polygenic inheritance, and novel characters may arise through mutation or altered gene or physiological interactions. Reciprocal crosses revealed morphological components controlled by the maternal parent, and were most striking in pak-choi (ssp. chinensis) by turnip [ssp. rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk.] hybrids. Pollen and seed fertility of hybrids was generally reduced when Indian oilseeds [ssp. dichomata (Roxb.) Olsson; ssp. trilecularis (Roxb.) Olsson] were used as parents. Inheritance of the enlarged hypocotyl character was tested in one F2 population. Segregation of the enlarged hypocotyl trait was consistent with a hypothesis of a dominant Mendelian locus. Various novel characters appeared in this F2 population that were not evident in the parents of the hybrid, some of which also showed Mendelian segregation. Genetic differentiation of nuclear or plastid genomes may account for these observations.

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Vyatrisa, Bella, Sri Muhartini, and Sriyanto Waluyo. "Pengaruh Vinase dan Macam Pupuk Organik terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Pak Choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt)." Vegetalika 6, no. 1 (June 15, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/veg.25884.

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Zhengxiang, Du, Hou Ruixian, Zhu Yuying, Li Xiaofeng, Zhu Hongfang, and Wang Zhenzhen. "A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular marker linked to late-bolting gene in pak-choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino L.)." African Journal of Biotechnology 10, no. 41 (August 3, 2011): 7962–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb11.239.

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Harahap, Miftah A., Fauziyah Harahap, and Tumiur Gultom. "The Effect of Ab mix Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) Plants under Hydroponic Wick System Condition." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1485 (March 2020): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1485/1/012028.

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Ma, Qingxu, Xiaochuang Cao, Jinzhao Ma, Xiaoli Tan, Yinan Xie, Han Xiao, and Lianghuan Wu. "Hexavalent chromium stress enhances the uptake of nitrate but reduces the uptake of ammonium and glycine in pak choi ( Brassica chinensis L.)." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 139 (May 2017): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.009.

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Li, Jun, Dongli Liang, Siyue Qin, Puyang Feng, and Xiongping Wu. "Effects of selenite and selenate application on growth and shoot selenium accumulation of pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) during successive planting conditions." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no. 14 (March 21, 2015): 11076–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4344-7.

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Yong, Yingying, Yingming Xu, Qingqing Huang, Yuebing Sun, Lin Wang, Xuefeng Liang, Xu Qin, and Lijie Zhao. "Remediation effect of mercapto-palygorskite combined with manganese sulfate on cadmium contaminated alkaline soil and cadmium accumulation in pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.)." Science of The Total Environment 813 (March 2022): 152636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152636.

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Shang, H. Q., and G. M. Shen. "Effect of ammonium/nitrate ratio on pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) photosynthetic capacity and biomass accumulation under low light intensity and water deficit." Photosynthetica 56, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 1039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11099-018-0815-7.

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Wu, Xue, Zheng Bo Zhu, Jia Hui Chen, Yi Fan Huang, Zi Li Liu, Jian Wen Zou, Ya Hua Chen, Na Na Su, and Jin Cui. "Transcriptome analysis revealed pivotal transporters involved in the reduction of cadmium accumulation in pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) by exogenous hydrogen-rich water." Chemosphere 216 (February 2019): 684–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.152.

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Khan, Kiran Yasmin, Barkat Ali, Xiaoqiang Cui, Ying Feng, Petter Joseph Stoffella, Lin Tang, and Xiaoe Yang. "Effect of humic acid amendment on cadmium bioavailability and accumulation by pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis L.) to alleviate dietary toxicity risk." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 63, no. 10 (January 27, 2017): 1431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1283018.

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Mucha-Pelzer, Tanja, Reinhard Bauer, Ekkehard Scobel, and Christian Ulrichs. "Insecticidal Effects of Different Application Techniques for Silica Dusts in Plant Protection on Phaedon cochleariae Fab. and Pieris brassicae L." HortScience 45, no. 9 (September 2010): 1349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.9.1349.

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Since the 1900s, diatomaceous earth (DE) has been used as an alternative to chemical insecticides in stored product protection. New silica and DE formulations offer expanded possibilities for use in horticultural crops. However, many crop pests are found on the leaf underside and this is especially challenging when using silica because the substance must have direct contact with the insect to be effective. We tested three application techniques with three formulations of silica to evaluate their efficacy against different developmental stages of mustard leaf beetle (Phaedon cochleariae Fab.) and the cabbage worm of the large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.) on the host plant species pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis L.). Formulations were applied manually with a powder blower, with an electrostatic spray gun, and in a closed chamber also working with electrostatic forces. The silica formulations used in the biotests were Fossil Shield 90.0s®, AE R974®, and a formulation developed at Humboldt University Berlin called AL-06-109. All formulations contained at least 60% silicon dioxide. Significant differences in efficacy were detected with different application methods and/or silica formulations. AL-06-109 electrostatic cabin-applied was the most effective combination. All formulations, if applied electrostatically, resulted in good coverage and in high plant protection against insect pests. Dusts applied manually were unevenly distributed and easily removed by wind from leaf surfaces. Electrostatic application with a spray gun resulted in even particle distribution on plants, but overspray was high. To accomplish even coverage without wasting so much active material, an enclosed mobile chamber with an electrostatic spray system and an attached exhaust system was developed.

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Zhu, Biao, Zhizhou Wang, Jing Yang, Zhujun Zhu, and Huasen Wang. "Isolation and Expression of Glucosinolate Synthesis Genes CYP83A1 and CYP83B1 in Pak Choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. communis (N. Tsen & S.H. Lee) Hanelt)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 5 (May 15, 2012): 5832–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms13055832.

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