Journal articles on the topic 'Pakistan Navy'

The Indian Ocean accounts half of the world's container shipments, two-thirds of oil product shipments and a third of bulk cargo. Pakistan as a significant regional power laying claims to a higher role in regional trade. But it demands effective naval forces capable of resisting both traditional (possible blockade of Pakistan's seaports if an armed conflict with India takes place) and non-traditional threats (piracy in the Strait of Hormuz). The article examines the evolution of Pakistan's naval strategy from the moment of gaining independence to the present day. The article provides a brief historical overview of the development of the country's naval strategy, analyzes the place of the Pakistani Navy in the armed forces, their role in the implementation of the China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC), considers Pakistan's initiatives in the field of regional maritime security, as well as the processes of modernizing the fleet. The author believes that the role of the Navy in Pakistan's grand strategy will only increase due to both economic and regional security factors. The author claims that the role of the maritime strategy and the Pakistani Navy in the country's foreign policy will increase, which is explained by the need to ensure maritime security to implement the key economic project of the CPEC, as well to build a regional security system in the Indian Ocean resistant to all types of threats. The author invokes historical methods to analyze the evolution of Pakistani maritime strategy and hermeneutics to consider the current development of the strategy and its prospects.

On 22 September 1999 the Islamic Republic of Pakistan instituted proceedings against India before the International Court of Justice concerning the shooting down of a Pakistani aircraft by Indian air force planes on 10 August 1999. In its Application filed in the Registry on 21 September 1999 Pakistan contends that the “unarmed Atlantique aircraft of the Pakistan navy was on a routine training mission with sixteen personnel on board” when “while flying over Pakistan air space it was fired upon with air to air missiles by Indian air force planes, without warning”, resulting in the death of all 16 personnel, “mostly young naval trainees”. It maintains that the aircraft, when shot down, was in an area situated approximately 70 to 90 miles east of Karachi and that it was “carrying out various training exercises and manoeuvres of instrument.” According to Pakistan, after radar contact was lost with the aircraft at 10.55 a.m., an intensive search was undertaken by Pakistani aircraft and helicopters and the wreckage was discovered around 2.55 p.m. 2 kilometres inside Pakistan territory. Pakistan further maintains that in the two and a half hours which elapsed between the shooting down and the discovery of the wreckage, “Indian helicopters […] sneaked into Pakistan's territory to pick up a few items from the debris […] in order to produce ‘evidence’ for [India's] initial claim that the Atlantique had been shot down over Indian air space.” However, according to Pakistan, because of the “overwhelming evidence […] Indian officials were obliged to admit that the Atlantique had indeed been shot down over Pakistan's air space.”

India and Pakistan are one of those countries that sought to possess nuclear weapons in order to be a deterrent factor and achieve the desired balance required from their hearts. Pakistan and neighboring rival India detonated nuclear explosions just days apart in May 1998. Since then, the two South Asian countries have been developing the fastest growing stockpiles of nuclear warheads and missile launch systems. Retired Indian Navy Admiral Arun Prakash noted, “India and Pakistan are perilously close to the point of ever-growing nuclear arsenals. This could turn into an unreasonable race driven by mutual suspicion rather than the actual needs of deterrence and maintenance of stability.” . Notably, in recent years, the two countries have already tested a wide range of ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads, including tactical systems. At the same time, India adopts a policy (not to pre-empt the use of nuclear weapons) at a time when Pakistan was more showcasing its nuclear power. Therefore, we will study in this research the impact of the Indian-Pakistani nuclear armament on the security of South Asia

China’s Silk Road concept known as Belt and Road Initiative (B&R) by Xi Jinping aims at strengthening China’s economic power. One part of the initiative is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Using a qualitative descriptive method, we attempt to explain how China and Pakistan integrate themselves in several aspects such as economic, military and politics. The CPEC establishment falls under the intention of both countries to gain more advantage in several aspects. The main objective of this journal is to explain non-economic and also economic interests behind China and Pakistan relations especially China’s strategic and geopolitical interests. This journal also analyzes Chinese counter-measures against Indian influence in the Indian Ocean. The conclusion of this research shows that China gain more benefits from CPEC especially after the deployment of China’s Navy into the Gwadar Sea Port.

Osama Bin Laden was killed on 2 May 2011 in the course of an operation by US special forces (Navy Seals) in Abbottabad, Pakistan.1 The US forces were flown by helicopter from neighbouring Afghanistan. The death of Bin Laden renewed questions about the legality of such operations during armed conflicts and during peacetime.2 The potentially applicable law includes international humanitarian law, international human rights law, jus ad bellum and the domestic law of the US and Pakistan.3

India is arming and modernizing its military with its land forces receiving equipment in an unprecedented manner while its navy is growingly becoming a blue water navy capable of projecting power way beyond its shores and is rapidly arming its air force to become a strategic force capable of playing an independent role. The international environment is favourable for India, which is further adding impetus towards indigenization and modernization of Indian defence and military capabilities while providing an opportunity for the economy to flourish even more. The paper is an endeavour to analyze, assess, predict and prescribe the potential upshots and outcomes of indigenization, local and licensed manufacturing and joint ventures initiated by India in defence and military sectors – and the likelihood of such choices and actions in becoming a vital strategic and security concern for Pakistan.

In the changing global scenario of international politics, the growing attention following the end of the Cold War, has been directed towards oceans. Indian Ocean and its region has gained immense attention in the past few years. Due to the presence of strategic Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs) and choke points-Indian Ocean has crucial importance to drive international politics. The level of competition in the region has increased. With China’s rise as a global economic power, the hegemonic status of USis beingchallenged. In this regard, China’s String of Pearls strategy comes to light with special reference to the One Belt, One Road (BRI). The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the most potent part of the Belt-Road Initiative. Thesurmounting attention owes to the geostrategic location of Gwadar. Connecting Gwadar with Xinjiang-it would provide China with an alternate route to reach the Middle Eastern and North African markets, ending its Malacca Dilemma. CPEC in this regard, requires a diverse map for maritime security which sees the interplay of four major navies in the region-US, PLA Navy, Pakistan and the Indian Navy.

Pakistan's marine security concerns are crucial to maintaining peace in the Indian Ocean area. Beyond its strategic importance in the great power dispute among the USA, India, and China, the Indian Ocean is also a vital commercial shipping lane for international trade. As 95 percent of Pakistan's trade relies on this sea route, the country is immediately affected by any occurrences in the Indian Ocean. We must maintain dependable maritime security since a robust navy is essential for conducting business. It is also a vital communication conduit throughout the world. Pakistan's marine security concerns are crucial to maintaining peace in the Indian Ocean area. Beyond its strategic importance in the great power dispute among the USA, India, and China, the Indian Ocean is also a vital commercial shipping lane for international trade.

Objective: To determine the effect of Dexamethasone on post-operative delirium in adults following general anaesthesia among patients operated at Pakistan Navy Hospital Shifa. Study Design: Prospective comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine Departments, Pakistan Navy Hospital Shifa, Karachi Pakistan, from Oct 2019 to Jan 2021. Methodology: Patients operated in the main operation theatre of our hospital during the study period without any complication fulfilling the exclusion/inclusion criteria, were included in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups, with Group-A receiving 4mg Dexamethasone and other routine pre-anaesthetic medications. In contrast, Group-B just received the routine pre-anaesthetic medications but no Dexamethasone. An independent assessor assessed post-operative delirium using the Confusion assessment method (CAM). Results: A total of 250 patients were included in the study, which met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the study participants was 34.419±4.329 years. 27(10.8%) patients showed post-operative delirium, while 223(89.2%) did not show postoperative delirium on the Confusion assessment method. The chi-square test revealed that none of the factors studied, including the administration of pre-operative Dexamethasone, had any statistically significant relationship with the presence or absence of delirium among the target population (p-value >0.05). Conclusion: Delirium was a fairly common finding in adult patients 24 hours after routine surgical procedures. None of the factors studied, including Dexamethasone, was related to the presence or absence of delirium in our study.

In recent years amid 2013-2024, Sino-Pak relations witnessed a qualitative transformation as bilateral ties expanded in strategic perspective. Pakistan has been forced to pursue a strategic collaboration with China in order to preserve the balance of power in South Asia as a result of the dynamic post 9/11 global political changes and expanding strategic partnership between the US and India. Under the auspices of the Indo-US strategic partnership, India is making most of its resources and collaborating with US in a number of areas, including energy, defense and security, so as to fulfill its ambitions of becoming a dominating force in the region and building blue water navy. India regional aspirations are too great for Pakistan to overcome on its own. In order to oppose India's imperial aspirations in South Asian area, the Sino-Pak formed a strategic alliance. This study will pose some queries about most recent iterations of this partnership. In this research, strategic partnership amid two countries is described using a Rational Actor Model. The research goes on to say that Sino-Pak will not be deterred from pursuing the project despite India's assertion that corridor route goes through disputed Northern Pakistani territory.

Post-9/11 dynamic global political developments and the growing Indo-US strategic partnership has compelled Pakistan to seek strategic partnership with China and geared at maintaining the balance of power in South Asia. India is maximising its resources under the umbrella of Indo-US strategic partnership and working with the US on various sectors such as security, defence and energy to pursue its aspirations to be a regionally dominant power and to possess a blue water navy. Pakistan unaided and alone cannot counterbalance India’s regional ambitions. Thus, Pakistan with China established a strategic partnership to counter India’s hegemonic ambitions in the South Asian region. This paper will raise some questions about the latest contours of this partnership. Prime amongst them is: what kind of role is this partnership playing in South Asia? The paper argues that a China-Pakistan strategic partnership built around the development of Gwadar Port and the China Pakistan Economic Corridor is playing the role of a balancer against India’s regional ambitions in South Asia. India has some serious security concerns about these mega development projects apprehending their geostrategic importance not only for both countries but also for the entire region. A neo-realist theoretical approach is used to describe both countries ‘strategic partnership’ in this paper. The paper further argues that India’s claim that the corridor route passes through the disputed territory of Northern Pakistan will not stop China and Pakistan from continuing the project.

Strategic maritime environment of Indian Ocean is rigorously changing in the course of last two decades. Regional focus has sharply shifted from territorial to maritime borders, largely impacting transnational ties in wake of defense and security measures. This insight covers background of strategic maritime environment of Indian Ocean along with shifting trends after the launch of China’s “Belt Road Initiative”. This discourse also covers impact of COVID crisis on maritime environment of IO and recent tactical reorientation of global powers in the region. Furthermore, Strategic analysis of maritime power of Indian Ocean is done in calibration of the narrative. USA, China, India, Australia, and Pakistan are taken under keen sight of policy analysis. Opportunities and challenges for Pakistan in lieu of this discussion is penned down categorically. Development of Maritime Security Strategy of Pakistan (MSSP) with commensurate needs is focused as a result of the deliberate policy and maritime environment study of IOR. Cogent recommendations are offered to Pakistan Navy and Government of the State to fill the lapse on way to emerging naval power of Western Indian Ocean. It is qualitative research employing descriptive chronological discussion targeting theme in the larger perspective.

The increasing Chinese naval presence in and around Indian ocean, coupled with the rise of the home-grown Indian Navy and the US naval dominance over the global commons, has brought about a strategic maritime triangle in the Indian Ocean. This article looks into the evolving role, capacity and objectives of the Indian, Chinese and US Navy vis-à-vis their strategic interests in the Indian Ocean region. The article argues that the ascendency of China’s naval prowess in Indian Ocean will prod India to opt for a tactical naval entente with the USA. Few impediments to the potential formation of a close-knit Indo-US partnership like India’s fear of losing strategic autonomy, its aversion in being an east Asian naval power, US–Pakistan ties and the difference in the Indian and USA’s interpretation of the concept of ‘Freedom of Navigation’ have been discussed. The article contends that an effective Indo-US naval cooperation will depend on how these impediments are taken into considerations within the make-up of their partnership.

India is rapidly building up its navy in order to develop blue-water capabilities and increase its prowess in the Indian Ocean and beyond, which is integral to India’s grand strategy to attain a regional and global power status. This poses a threat to the regional states. It, especially, heightens Pakistan’s threat perception, whose main security threat comes from India. Of all the gravest concerns for Pakistan is India’s development of nuclear triad, which is mainly comprised of its nuclear powered submarine fleet, armed with a range of nuclear-tipped missiles, which gives it a second-strike capability. The paper looks at how India’s development of sea-based nuclear capability would affect nuclear deterrence stability in South Asia. The paper assesses the Indian naval nuclear development and also whether a second strike capability can potentially stabilises deterrence in South Asia. It finds that the development of a nuclear triad, in general, and second strike capability, in particular, would not stabilise deterrence or bring strategic stability to South Asia. In fact, it would increase arms race tendencies. It would eventually brings instability and further uncertainty to the region with complex command and control issues involved, and the risk of accidental or unauthorised launch.

Purpose:Objective number one in the current study seeks to understand the role of historical developments in shaping the direction of democracy with a testable hypothesis one having that the Military intervention in politics is a result of bad politics exercised by politicians while addressing problems caused by low political culture, this paper explores answers to that question in a context of renewed option rule in Pakistan and Nigeria.Methodology:This Research paper will provide an overview of the major historical events since the independence of these two countries to be in a position to evaluate the role of the military in politics. The Nigerian military's poor human rights record has had a devastating impact on its effectiveness.Findings:Severe abuse of civilian communities, from the Ogoni (in the mid-1990s) to Odi (1999) and Zaki Biam (2001), and more recent extrajudicial assassinations, frequently in the background of contradicting militant and separatist groups from Boko Haram and the Islamic.Implication:Movement of Nigeria (IMN) In recent days, Pakistan has had legitimate power to encompass the tenures of the chiefs of staff of the army, navy, and air force.

PurposeThis study has been undertaken to find as to how the Pakistan defense services being resource-intensive organizations can help to secure the natural environment and achieve sustained national development by adopting modern management concepts like the balanced scorecard (BSC) while not compromising on their core aim of achieving strategic national defense objectives. With this main purpose in mind, this study focused on locating the core functionalities of Pakistan armed services to be adopted as the key perspectives for building their BSCs.Design/methodology/approachThis study is quantitative in nature, and after the formulation of hypotheses by carrying out a thorough literature review, the distributed questionnaire collected quantitative data to test the hypotheses using computer-based SPSS software. Personnel of all the three arms of Pakistan defense service, namely army, navy and the air force, formed the population of this study.FindingsThis quantitative study has found that pursuit of national purpose, availability of resources, internal processes and building for future are the main core functionalities of Pakistan defense services and can be safely adopted as the main perspectives for the development of their BSCs to ensure sustained national development by exercising economy of resources without overburdening the natural resources and the environment.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study are based on cross-sectional data rather than longitudinal; therefore, these are not a representative of a dynamic situation. As the data collection for this study is limited to Pakistan, its findings cannot be generalized globally.Originality/valueThis study is unique in a way as it endeavors to bring out empirically that how a public entity like defense force can contribute to the safe keeping of environment while achieving sustained development. Most importantly, it highlights that how BSC as a management tool can help the defense force leadership to achieve desired state of sustained national development through intelligent application of precious resources placed on their disposal.

The God Almighty blessed Pakistan with precious diamonds. These diamonds are forces of Pakistan. It is only because of these forces that was spend peaceful life. These soldiers spend their whole lives to protect borders of our country. We are always proud of them. Our soldiers are not only successful in performing their duties, they also express their feelings and emotions through their writings. There are many literary names in our army that painted the land of literature with the pen. In literature they have created such master pieces, for which their names will remain till the end of this universe. These master pieces are good addition in literature. Among one of these military men, one famous name is Col. Abdal Bela. Doctor Abdal Bela was born on 14 December 1956 in Sialkot. Your father's name was Chaudhry Fazal Din. Who was a resident of Ludhiana. And came to Pakistan at the time of establishment of Pakistan. Abdal Bela received his primary education and college education from Lahore. Apart from this, he also studied from Faisalabad Punjab Medical College. He started his career in Pakistan Army as MBBS Doctor, Captain. He also served in Pakistan Navy and Saudi Army. In 2007, Abdal Bela retired from serving Pakistan as Deputy Director ISPR Primary education sailkot. After that, he obtained degrees in nutrition, journalism, and MBA from other educational institutions. Commissioned as Captain in Pakistan Army on 21 June 1980, promoted to Colonel in 1999. Retired from the army in December 2008, Abdal Bela wrote more than 10 books and his books have been translated into many languages like Arabic, Hindi, English and Sindhi etc. His books are unparalleled in modernity and literary style in Urdu prose, Islamic teachings in his works. Ishq Rasool is prominent in Islamic civilization and Sufism. Deeply immersed in the love of Rasool, he wrote the book Aqa on the Zaat Mubaraka of Rasoolullah. In it, the blessings of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) have been described in a very beautiful way and in very touching words

UNSC debate on the maritime security-initiated discussion on response and reaction plan not only for particular countries and regions overall. The Eastern part of the Indian Ocean (IO) has been a boiling cauldron due to the race of maritime hegemony, maritime alliances for economic cum security dimensions and choking important points of maritime trade in crisis. The outbreak of Covid heavily restricted global supply chains. Security cooperation should focus on ‘reassurance' rather than 'deterrence' to create the desired security order in which multilateral frameworks may be formed. In this scenario, security interactions would help nation-states converge their national interests and minimize a zero-sum security situation. UNSC debate on maritime security demands for cooperative security approach through a framework of like-minded states. Pakistan foresees this debate as an increasing challenge by constructing the role of the Pakistan Navy to perform and ensure its capacities for maritime security in the long run. The paper presents the response to Indian Duplicities in the wake of the Russian proposal for maritime security management at UNSC in 2021. Strategic analysis with qualitative research method and exploratory approach is adopted in this research with pertinent and feasible findings.

Technological advancements and tactical applications have always played a significant role in determining the outcomes of military conflicts. The emergence of Hypersonic Weapon Systems is considered a game-changer in contemporary and future warfare, as it can potentially dominate the early stages of conflict. Major powers like the US, China and Russia are pursuing technological superiority by developing hypersonic weapons, which could undermine conventional strategic capabilities and render even the most advanced air and missile defences obsolete. However, there has been limited discussion on the impact of deploying hypersonic weapons in the Indian Ocean region and its implications on strategic stability in the Pakistan-India military matrix. This paper examines the induction of hypersonic weapons by the Indian Navy, utilising insights from security dilemma and conventional deterrence theories to navigate the complex strategic landscape in the region. It contributes to the ongoing debate on the relationship between the arms race and conventional deterrence in Pakistan and India, highlighting the risks of an arms race in the Indian Ocean region. Without strategic dialogue on regulating hypersonic weapons systems, the chances of escalation and conflict could increase significantly. Bibliography Entry Raza, Imran and Nasir Mehmood. 2023. "Hypersonic Weapon Systems – A New Wave of Arms Race in the Indian Ocean Region." Margalla Papers 27 (1): 28-39.

ABSTRACTScholars, journalists, and government officials have tried to understand al-Qa'ida and its predecessor, Maktab al-Khidamat, since the early 1980s. These efforts increased significantly after the 11 September 2001 attacks against the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon. Yet, despite this attention, questions remain unanswered. What factors have influenced al-Qa'ida leaders over time as they have made and executed strategic decisions? How have they defined their relationship with affiliated groups in the context of these decisions? This present article utilizes private al-Qa'ida documents, captured by United States Navy Seals during a raid on Osama bin Laden's compound in Pakistan, and recently released to the public, to answer these questions. In doing so, it casts doubt on some of the conventional explanations for al-Qa'ida's trajectory between 2004 and 2013.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a widely used clinical tool for objectively measuring impaired consciousness in various acute medical and trauma conditions. This study aimed to explore the significance of assessing GCS knowledge among nurses. The research was conducted at PNS Shifa Hospital Karachi, situated in DHA Phase-II near Korangi Road Karachi, which provides training courses for medical professionals in the Pakistan Navy. The study employed a quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional design. The findings of this study revealed that among the nurses at PNS Shifa Hospital, 63.33% possessed a high level of knowledge regarding GCS, while 35% had a moderate level, and only 1.67% had a low level of knowledge. Additionally, the study identified that nursing students at PNS Shifa Hospital exhibited varying levels of GCS knowledge, with up to 50% having a low level, 60 to 80% having a moderate level, and 80 to 100% demonstrating a high level of understanding. Furthermore, the study included demographic data indicating that out of the total participants, 20 were male and 40 were female nurses. In terms of age distribution, 40 nurses fell within the 20-25 years age group, while 20 nurses were between 26-30 years old. Moreover, the educational qualifications of the participants included 25 nurses with a General Nursing (GN) diploma, 2 with an advanced diploma after GN, and 38 with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)/Post Navy and Allied Navies. This study highlights the importance of assessing GCS knowledge among nurses in the clinical setting. The findings underscore the need for targeted educational interventions to improve the understanding and application of the GCS scoring system, which serves as a crucial tool for decision-making and triage in assessing compromised consciousness levels.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of saline wound lavage in reducing wound infections in patients undergoing gynaecological and obstetrical abdominal surgical procedures. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pakistan Navy Ship Shifa Hospital, Karachi Pakistan, from Oct 2018 to Sep 2019. Methodology: All the patients undergoing gynaecological or obstetrical surgical procedures were enrolled after informed consent. Participants underwent elective or emergency surgery. In Group A with 551 patients, saline wound Lavage was done before closure, whereas in 533 patients in group B saline wound irrigation was not done. Similar post-operative care was provided to both groups. All patients were observed for febrile illness and wound discharge on 2nd, 8th, 15th and 30th postoperative day. Results: Out of 1084 patients, there were 551 (50.7%) in saline wound irrigation group A, while 533 (49.3%) were in group B where no saline wound irrigation was done. The frequency of febrile illness was observed in 49 (3.8%) patients. Febrile illness was significantly higher in patients without saline wound irrigation as compared to patients with saline wound irrigation (pvalue 0.002). The frequency of wound discharge was observed in 28 (22.2%) patients. Wound discharge was significantly higher in patients without saline wound irrigation as compared to patients with saline wound irrigation (p-value=0.018). Conclusion: Saline wound irrigation prior to wound closure in obstetrical and gynaecological abdominal procedures can lead to a significant reduction in surgical site infection.

Objective: To determine the clinical significance sof Delta Neutrophil Index (DNI) in diagnosing sepsis. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology, Pakistan Navy Ship, Shifa Hospital, Karachi from Jan to Jun 2020. Methodology: The study included one hundred and fifty patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) sadmitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU). Delta Neutrophil Index (DNI) is the difference in leukocyte sub-fractions recognized by myeloperoxidase reactive cells and nuclear lobularity channels. A specific blood cell analyzer measured DNI, and a cut-off of 2.7% was used to diagnose the sepsis. Positive blood culture was considered the gold standard.Results: The Delta Neutrophil Index (DNI) showed a sensitivity of 72.2% and a specificity of 97.6%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) was determined to be 0.82(0.81–0.94). The threshold efficiency was 2.5 per cent for the highest diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: As an early diagnostic measure for evaluating patients with septicemia, the Delta neutrophil index can be a reasonable and effective indicator and should be encouraged in regular screening programs.Keywords: Delta neutrophil index, Immature granulocyte, Infectious disease, Systemic inflammation, Sepsis

Objective: To determine the expression of BRAF V600E in tissue samples of colorectal carcinoma and to correlate it with various clinico-pathological parameters. Study design and setting: Cross-sectional study was conducted at department of Pathology, Pakistan Navy Station Shifa hospital Karachi from 1st March 2016 to 28th February 2019 Methodology: Total of 51 cases of colorectal cancer were analyzed for immunohistochemical staining using BRAF antibodies on representative tissue blocks. Clinical and pathological records were retrieved for data collection. The results of immunohistochemical analysis were correlated with the recorded clinico-pathological parameters. Results: In this study 51 cases of colorectal cancer were analyzed for immune expression of BRAF V600E. The age of the patients ranged from 14 to 85 years with the mean age of 60.96 years. Among the 51 cases, 37(72.5%) cases were males and 14(27.4%) were females. 37(72.5%) were localized to left side colon and 14(27.4%) were found in the right colon. For BRAF V600E, positive expression was seen in 20(39.2%) cases, whereas 31(60.7%) cases showed negative expression of BRAFV600E. No significant association was seen between BRAF V600E expression and histological variants like age, gender, tumor location and glandular carcinomas. Conclusion: BRAF V600E immunosuppression was seen in 39.2% of colorectal carcinoma in this study. No significant association was seen in BRAF V600E expression and histological variants

Objectives: To investigate heart size on chest X-ray via cardiothoracic ratio, and to correlate it with echocardiographic measurements. Method: The comparative analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pakistan Navy Station Shifa Hospital, Karachi, between January 2021 and July 2021. The radiological parameters were measured on chest X-rays posterior-anterior view, and the echocardiographic parameters were measured using 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. The absence or presence of cardiomegaly on both imaging modalities was modelled as a binary categorical variable and compared. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Results: Of the 79 participants, 44(55.7%) were males and 35(44.3%) were females. The mean age of the sample was 52.71±14.54 years. There were 28(35.44%) enlarged hearts on chest X-ray and 46(58.22%) on echocardiography. The sensitivity and specificity of chest X-ray were 54.35% and 90.90%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 89.28% and 58.82%, respectively. The accuracy of chest X-ray in identifying an enlarged heart was 69.62%. Conclusion: The cardiac silhouette on a chest X-ray could demonstrate heart size through simple measurements with high specificity and reasonable accuracy. However, a normal heart size on chest X-ray may not have a normal function. Key Words: Heart size, Cardiomegaly, Cardiothoracic ratio, Chest X-ray, PA view, Transthoracic echocardiography.

Objective: To assess the frequencies of various histopathological pattern of prostatic diseases in a tertiary care hospital at Karachi. Study Design: Cross Sectional Observational. Setting: Department of Pathology, Pakistan Navy Station Shifa Hospital, Karachi. Period: January 2018 to February 2019. Material & Methods: Our study comprised of 160 Prostatic specimen including prostatectomies and Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). All malignancies were graded according to Modified Gleason score for diagnostics and to calculate the frequency. Data was evaluated by using SPSS version 23. All frequencies were determined in terms of percentages. Results: A total of 160 prostatic samples comprised of 123 (76.87%) benign and 37(23.12%) malignant cases. Both transuretheral prostatectomies (84.4%) and radical prostatectomies specimens (15.6%) were included in the study Benign cases were diagnosed as only benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) 93.49%. Moreover, additional findings observed in the benign cases alongside benign prostatic hyperplasia were Acute/chronic prostatitis in 4% samples, granulomatous prostatitis in 1.6% cases and eosinophilic prostatitis in 0.8% case. In the malignant cases, majority of the cases were of prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma n=35(94.6%) while 2(5.4%) cases exhibited transitional cell carcinoma, perineural invasion was seen in 10 cases. Conclusion: Hyperplasia of prostate was reported in majority of the cases in our set up the most individuals were in the age group was 61-70 years. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate, was less commonly diagnosed in the age group of 51-60 years.

More than half a century has elapsed since China and India fought a War in October–November 1962. The War saw the Chinese Army coming out with flying colours. India as a nation was shocked and had to strain every sinew to reorganise itself to win the ensuing wars with Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. There are many questions as regards the causes of the War, the events which preceded the conflict and what actually happened that led to the debacle. The article addresses these issues comprehensively and analyses the War in detail. Overall it was a failure to assess the Chinese threat in correct perspective. The Indian government did not expect China to fight a War against India. The obvious question to ask is what is the way ahead? The concluding portion of the article deals with the current situation and measures to be taken to deter China from undertaking a military adventure. There is a need to have a National Security Strategy as also leave no stone unturned to build our Comprehensive National Power. In this, our Armed Forces must be modernised to meet the Chinese forces. The Chinese Navy has of late gained strength and is making forays into the Indian Ocean. We should be prepared for this aspect and build our military diplomacy with the United States, Japan and Vietnam. Last of all to understand China, we must create nodes of excellence in our country.

OBJECTIVES To determine NKX3.1 expression in prostatic adenocarcinoma and benign prostate hyperplasia on Immunohistochemistry at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. METHODOLOGY 74 prostatic specimens were recruited in this comparative cross-sectional study at the Department of Pathology, Pakistan Navy Station Shifa Hospital, Karachi, from January 2018 to February 2019. Of these, 37 specimens were of prostatic adenocarcinoma, and 37 were benign prostate hyperplasia. All specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical staining with NKX3.1. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version 23.0. The association of the extent of NKX3.1 staining between the adenocarcinoma and hyperplasia group was assessed using the Chi-square test x2. RESULTSOf the 37 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia subjected to NKX3.1 staining, 32 showed positive staining with strong to moderate intensity. No staining was observed in 5 cases. 37 cases of adenocarcinoma prostate stained for NKX3.1 revealed positive staining in 30 cases with strong to moderate intensity. Negative staining was seen in 7 cases. The prostatic adenocarcinoma showed a statistically significant association of NKX3.1 positivity compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia cases. The p-value was found to be 0.03. CONCLUSION NKX3.1 staining was highly specific for prostate epithelium, as it was positive in most cases. This immune marker was useful for distinguishing prostatic origin in the context of metastatic lesions. Adding NKX3.1 protein staining to a panel of features may add value to the diagnosis if applied in the appropriate clinicopathologic context.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to correlate the hypochondriacal concerns related to diseases with level of anxiety and depression symptoms among medical and engineering undergraduates. Study design and Setting: Cross sectional study was conducted among undergraduates of final year students of BUMDC (Bahria University Medical & Dental College) and engineering students from NUST- PNEC (NUST – Pakistan Navy Engineering College). Methodology: In this study; (99) final year medical students and (92) engineering students were recruited. In order to maintain consistency of age, students aging between 21–26 years were selected. Selected students were handed to fill the required ‘Self-administered Questionnaire’ comprising of demographic details, short health anxiety inventory, medical history and DASS (depression, anxiety and stress scale) which were completed on-site. Data was entered in SPSS version 21 and analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result: Out of 191 students in total from both the groups n=86 (45%) were females and n=105(55%) were males. There were 99 participants from MBBS and 92 from engineering. The participants’ ages ranged from 21-26 years with a mean= 23.95 (SD±2.29), both the cohorts belonged to approximately same age group. While assessing depression the responses were not very different for both the groups. When responses of depression scale were related to visits to psychiatrists or psychologist or psychotherapist a strong relationship was observed (p=0.012) in medical students cohort. Conclusion: The results of the study reflected comparable psychosocial strain at an elevated level among both student groups

Objective: To determine the immunohistochemical expression of Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 and intratumoural cluster of differentiation-8-positive T lymphocyte count in primary breast cancer cases, and to ascertain their association with different clinicopathological parameters. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pakistan Navy Station Shifa Hospital, Karachi, from January 2020 to December 2021, and comprised patients of breast cancer regardless of age. Representative tissue blocks, both prospective and from the 2019 institutional archives, were exposed to immunohistochemical staining with Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 and intratumoural cluster of differentiation-8-positive T lymphocyte antibodies. Pathological and clinical records were used for assessing clinicopathological parameters. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Results: Of the 70 women with mean age 52.04±12.54 years, 30(42.9%) expressed high Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 positivity, and 55(78.6%) revealed low intratumoural cluster of differentiation-8-positive T lymphocyte count, while 23 (32.9%), had both Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 high positivity and low intratumoural cluster of differentiation-8-positive T lymphocyte count. The association between Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 and intratumoural cluster of differentiation-8-positive T lymphocytes was not significant (p=0.813). A strong significant association was observed between Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 expression and progesterone receptor negative status (p=0.008). No significant association was observed with any other clinicopathological parameter. Conclusion: Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 high positivity and low intratumoural cluster of differentiation-8-positive T lymphocyte count were together observed in one-third of the breast cancer cases. A strong significant association existed between Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 high positivity and progesterone receptor negative status. Key Words: Breast cancer, Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 protein human, CD8 positive T lymphocytes, Immunohistochemistry.

Rocket wind data from 25 firings over Thumba (India) have been used in conjunction with similar data from other low latitude stations like Ascension Island, Colon (Panama), Natal (Brazil),Barking Sands (Hawaii) and Somniani (Pakistan), Behaviour of the stratospheric and mesospheric Winds seasonally, in the equatorial region and outside it, has been studied, A strong easterly jet is detected over the equatorial stations in January, with core winds varying from 35 to 60 mps and height varying from 42 to 50 km, From a synoptic study of the rocket wind data pertaining to 17 March 1965 over Thumba, Ascension Island, U S, Navy ship Croatan at 13°S, 78°W, Barking Sands and Sonmiani, it is inferred that in the equinoctial month of March, the stratospheric wind speed increases with proximity to the equator, with the region of maximum wind speed to the south of the equator; but in the mesosphere the region of maximum wind is to the north of the equator, J et stream in the troposphere (both easterly and westerly) in the Indian region, has been studied in relation to the stratospheric winds over Thumba and Sonmialii and found that there is no obvious relation between the trophspheric jets and the stratospheric wind system, Lack of correlation between the zonal (and also meridional) wind speeds in the stratosphere an a the ozone content above the station, indicates that ozone mixing may be taking place mainly in the vertical. Vertical wind shears have been computed fur rocket flights over Thuillba and Sonmiani and their plots against height reveal that turbulence is larger over Thumba than over Sonmiani. In the equatorial region, there is considerable winds shear in the equinoctial months, which decrease in winter when there is a peak shear in the mesosphere near 52 km. Outside the equatorial region, there is very little seasonal variation in the-windshear, either in the stratosphere or in the mesosphere, The rockets wind data of Thamba do not indicate oppositely directed winds at each level from one; year to the next, as is shown by the data of Kwajalein. It is, therefore, inferred that the amplitude of the quasi-biennial wave is greater over Kwajalein than over Thumba, contrary to expectation.

The results of Khrushchev&apos;s foreign policy can be considered, albeit not in everything and even more modest than planned, on the whole quite successful. To resolve the 2nd Berlin crisis (1958–1963), Khrushchev in 1960 reduced the Soviet ground forces by a third, thereby trying to encourage the United States to reduce its military presence in Europe. However, at the Paris Summit of the heads of the 4 powers (1960), due to the active opposition of France and Germany, he failed to push through an agreement on West Berlin on Soviet terms. Mao Zedong, who himself dreamed of leadership among socialist countries after Stalin&apos;s death, took advantage of the convenient situation to start a conflict with Moscow. In such an environment, Khrushchev escalated the Berlin crisis by threatening to conclude a peace treaty with the GDR and block Western powers&apos; access to West Berlin (at the same time he conducts command and staff exercises “Storm”, 5–15.10.1961, together with the armies of the ATS countries). He hoped that the United States would not dare to start a war because of West Berlin, and this, in turn, would help to break off Western European states from NATO, showing them that the United States is not a reliable defender for them. His plan partially succeeded: in 1966, France will withdraw from NATO. In order to divert the attention and forces of the United States from West Berlin, the USSR has been actively creating distracting situations around the world since 1961. One of these situations was the Caribbean crisis, which almost led to a nuclear war (1962) and was a heavy defeat for the USSR, which had to fulfill all the conditions of the United States, but in return received Kennedy&apos;s promise to remove missile bases from Turkey. It will be possible to remove them only in 1963 in exchange for Turkey&apos;s support in its war with Greece over Cyprus. From Iran, due to the harsh Anglo-American pressure on the Shah, the USSR was able to achieve only an obligation not to deploy foreign missiles on its territory, but not to withdraw from the Baghdad Pact, nevertheless, the latter&apos;s activities were paralyzed. Under Brezhnev, despite the rejection of Khrushchev&apos;s tactics of nuclear bluff, the main directions and strategic goals of foreign policy remained the same as under Khrushchev: ensuring security on the western and southern borders of the USSR by splitting the opposing military blocs and establishing ties with Western European countries, especially France, improving relations with Turkey, Iran and Pakistan, linking them economically. The program of naval construction and the permanent presence of the Soviet Navy in all oceans, begun in 1959, continued.

The naval build-up of India in contemporary times reflects its major power ambitions. Owing to its development of advanced naval capabilities coupled with its long-standing desire to develop a blue-water navy is a major driver of this build up. These blue water ambitions stir instability in Indian Ocean Region (IOR) affecting Pakistan’s threat perceptions. The most important development in the region's stability and security architecture is the addition of second-strike capacity to the sea, which carries serious consequences. Hence, it is pertinent to address the question of strategic stability regarding the development of India’s sea based nuclear capabilities. This paper explores Indian naval nuclear developments and their repercussions for the security environment of South Asia. It establishes that nuclearization of Indian Ocean is leading to aggressive arms build-up in South Asia and subsequent risk of nuclear accidents, sabotage and command and control vulnerabilities. Bibliography Entry Bibi, Gulshan and Brice Tseen Fu Lee. 2023. "Ramifications of India’s Naval Buildup in Nuclear Realms." Margalla Papers 27 (2): 1-13.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM), is the universally occurring non-communicable disease as well as exemplary health problem affecting peo-ple worldwide.1 The number of cases of DM are rising at an enormous pace irrespective of any age, gender, economic status or ethnicity around the globe.Objective: To evaluate the macro-vascular complications and its correlation with different risk factors among type-2 diabetic patients.Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Red Crescent General Hospital Latifabad Hyderabad from October 2018 to October 2020. Type 2 diabetics of either gender, between age 20 and 70 years, on diabetic medication visited during the study duration were included in the study. Data related to socio-demographic details and clinical features was collect-ed from the participants using a written questionnaire. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS ver. 22.Results: Significant association (p<0.05) was demonstrated between Coro-nary artery diseases and the risk factors like; age of patient, the duration of diabetes mellitus, diastolic as well as systolic blood pressures, body mass index and serum triglycerides levels. While the statistically significant asso-ciation (p<0.05) of peripheral vascular diseases with the duration of diabe-tes mellitus, systolic blood pressure and serum triglyceride levels. Whereas, cerebrovascular disease was associated (p<0.05) with age, systolic and diastolic BP.Conclusion: The coronary artery disease seems to be most frequent macro-vascular complication among the type 2 diabetic patients. Whereas the risk factors including; advancing age, duration of diabetes mellitus, hyperten-sion, BMI as well as serum triglycerides levels are the most significant fac-tors for these complications.Key Words: Coronary artery disease, Cerebrovascular Disease, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Peripheral vascular disease

This article concerns the re-fashioning of traditional small, hand-powered boat craft – namely canoes and kayaks – into instruments of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience. This has recently been termed “kayaktivism” by participants in these actions. The protests can take the form of civilian blockades or sites for making statements of opposition, whether in visual or verbal form, or both. The most common targets originally were weapons shipments, but since the turn of the millennium such protests focus on fossil fuels and nuclear power vs. sustainability as an ethic. Five examples of this are briefly sketched: 1) canoe blockades of Pakistani weapons shipments leaving the northeastern U.S. during the Bangladeshi Liberation War of 1971, 2) the Bay Area Peace Navy in San Francisco that protested militarism, nuclear power, and weapons shipments to Central America, 3) the South Pacific Climate Warriors canoe action in Newcastle, Australia to blockade and protest coal shipments, 4) actions in the northwestern U.S. to block a Shell Oil vessel from drilling in the Arctic Ocean, and 5) river protests in New Jersey, U.S.A., against a new power plant and a natural gas pipeline under the Delaware River. The conclusion of the paper considers this in the context of other civil disobedience, and why the image of the canoe or kayak is so effective, including the centrality of the David and Goliath motif. Finally, it looks at how protesters use, adapt, and build upon canoe traditions and the relationship between traditional craft and value systems.

Decolonization process in India involved a range of political, economic, and social changes aimed at dismantling the colonial system and building a new, independent nation. One of the most significant challenges India faced during the decolonization process was the issue of partition. The partition of India in 1947 led to the creation of two separate countries—India and Pakistan—and resulted in widespread violence and displacement. Millions of people were forced to migrate across the newly formed borders, resulting in one of the largest mass migrations in human history which created huge demand for housing. The methodology adopted for this research is based on qualitative analysis and the data source for this study are government reports, research articles, books and newspaper. Further, it examines four case studies of social housing projects designed to provide sustainable and livable solutions for low-income families in different regions of India, including Aranya Community Housing, Incremental Housing in Belapur, ATIRA Staff Housing in Ahmadabad, and CIDCO Housing in Parsik Hill in Navi Mumbai. At the core of the article lies an investigation into the dynamic nature of architecture in the aftermath of independence, coupled with a detailed examination of four distinct social housing ventures. The social housing studies demonstrate innovative and flexible approaches to social housing, with a focus on community building, energy efficiency, and social amenities. The projects have been successful in providing access to affordable and sustainable housing for low-income families in different regions of India. The case studies highlight the importance of a community-centered approach to social housing, emphasizing the need for shared spaces and amenities. The article discusses the challenges and opportunities of implementing sustainable and livable social housing solutions in India.

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Self-medication is the use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed diseases or symptoms. The purpose of the following work was to determine self-medication in nursing students of the Universidad Católica de Cuenca - Azogues during the period 2020 - 2021. A non-experimental design, descriptive-correlational and prospective cross-sectional study was conducted, with a quantitative approach, with a sample of 168 students who were studying during the academic period: October 2020 - February 2021. The most prevalent sex was female (89.5%); the mean age was 21.65 years, the percentage of self-medication in the last year was (78.6%); the most used drugs were (NSAIDs) with (47.7%). Among the factors found were: source of information: own knowledge, consultation with friends and family, internet; according to the place where it is acquired: pharmacy. Conclusion: the practice of self-medication is high in the university population. Keywords: practice, self-medication, university students. 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While broadly highlighting developing maritime power tussles underway due to cooperation and competition between and/or among regional and extra-regional maritime stakeholders in the western quadrant of the Indian Ocean the research explores multifaceted internal and external challenges that Pakistan Navy is likely to face. Mainly, challenges that have emerged with the navy’s extended role and responsibilities in the aftermath of projects like Gwadar port development and maturing of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) are of serious concern. For, successful completion and subsequent sustainability of these projects is highly dependent upon secured maritime zone. The internal challenges include sea blindness, budgeting constraints to infrastructural upgradation and expansion, infiltration issues that surfaced within navy and domestic security issues to the CPEC. Whereas likely external challenges are conventional threats due to technological gaps with the traditional rival i.e., Indian Navy, probability, and intensity of non-conventional hybrid maritime threats and above all growing nuclearization that could result in regional instability. To counter such a wide and diverse array of challenges frequent evaluation and assessment of war and peace time roles of Pakistan Navy is required by strategic policy makers.

Due to the growing rivalry between local and external actors, the Indian Ocean region is increasingly the site of an underwater Cold War. India and Pakistan are actively developing their submarines, contributing to regional maritime saturation. While India plans to increase the number of conventional vessels and nuclear-powered submarines armed with nuclear-capable ballistic missiles, Pakistan is working on launching nuclear-capable cruise missiles from diesel-electric submarines. This maritime saturation leads to the emergence of new threats and the revitalisation of old ones. The danger of accidental collisions between nuclear-powered submarines and diesel submarines, in some cases both with nuclear weapons on board, is increasing. Mutual misunderstanding of strategic imperatives and mistrust can lead to accidental conflicts, and incidents on board nuclear submarines. This essay argues that it is necessary to raise awareness of these challenges and of strategic cultures in the region to prevent incidents with nuclear weapons. Keywords: Indian Ocean, People’s Liberation Army Navy, Indian Navy, Pakistan Navy, Submarine

Karachi harbor has an immense operational infrastructure of Pakistan National Shipping Corporation (PNSC), Pakistan Navy (PN), and Pakistan Maritime Security Agency (PMSA). It is significant for the readiness of PN and PMSA for peace and wartime operations. Although the Government of Pakistan has declared Karachi Port Complex a National Vulnerable Area, Karachi’s coast receives massive pollutants from various land and sea sources. The primary sources include liquid discharge from industry and solid effluents of the municipality. The non-availability of disposal facilities and the absence of effluent treatment plants add to the misery. Toxic liquids and solid pollutants remain in the harbor for extended intervals. This pollution threatens the marine environment and ocean life and degrades water quality. These pollutants also affect the life of assets and infrastructures, including incoming and parked ships, which deteriorate fast. This paper includes the sources of pollution and the current state of Karachi harbor. Also, possible outcomes of the growing pollution fall into the domain of this study.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of haemodialysis on plasma carnitine levels. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted from April 20, 2020 to May 10, 2022, at the dialysis unit of the nephrology ward of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, and the Pakistan Navy Ship Shifa Hospital, Karachi, in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, and comprised patients of either gender aged >18 years. They were divided into chronic kidney disease group A and end-stage renal disease group B. Control group C included subjects from the general population. Free carnitine and total carnitine values were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Acyl carnitine was estimated by applying the standard formula, and the ratio between acyl carnitine and free carnitine was calculated for accurate assessment of the carnitine status. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Results: Of the 203 subjects, 143(70.44%) were cases and 60(29.55%) were controls. Among the cases, 120(84%) were recruited from Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre and 23(16%) from Pakistan Navy Ship Shifa Hospital. There were 60(29.55%) patients in group A, 83(40.88%) in group B and 60(29.55%) in group C. The mean age in group A was 47.90/5,65 years, it was 44.10/8.92 years in group B and 40.90/6.73 years in group C. There was a significant difference related to free carnitine, total carnitine, acyl carnitine values and the ratio between acyl carnitine and free carnitine values in groups A and B compared to control group C (p<0.05). Conclusions: Patients on maintenance haemodialysis developed were found to have developed carnitine deficiency. Key Words: Carnitine, Chronic kidney disease, Dialysis-related carnitine disorder, Haemodialysis.

Abstract Objective: To see the efficacy of rapid color test for the sensitivity of ceftriaxone against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out at the department of Microbiology, Pakistan Navy Ship (PNS) Shifa Hospital, Karachi from Nov 2018 through April 2019.We tested 97 clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi by this rapid color test. All the isolates were also test by conventional disc diffusion method and MICs by Vitek-2 system. Results: Out of these isolates, 83 were ceftriaxone resistant while 14 isolates were ceftriaxone sensitive. Sensitivity and specificity of rapid color test were 100% when compared with results of disc diffusion, E-test and Vitek 2 system. All the results were readable within 2 hours on color test. Conclusion: This color test is rapid, accurate and inexpensive and can be used as a screening test for ceftriaxone resistance in typhoid endemic areas. Keywords: Ceftriaxone; drug resistance; meropenem Continuous...

Abstract Introduction: To determine the strategies that improve faculty retention at a medical university. Methods: The mixed-method study was conducted at Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, from August to September 2020, and comprised faculty members of either gender associated either with the university or with Pakistan Navy Station Shifa Hospital. Qualitative component comprised of semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data was collected using the 35-item Faculty Retention Strategies Questionnaire (FRSQ). Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was done to extract the common factors influencing faculty retention. Results: Of the 182 faculty members approached, 101(56%) responded. Of them, 66(65.3%) subjects were females, 35(34.7%) were males, 46(45.5%) were aged <36 years, and 65(65.3%) were working at the university for <5 years. The factors affecting faculty retention were direct communication of departmental head with faculty, timely promotions, feedback on teaching performance to junior faculty, clear employment policies, protected research time, teaching expertise-based promotions, implementing innovative faculty ideas, scholarships for postgraduate faculty, faculty administrative positions, equal junior faculty workloads, transport provision, competitive pay-scale and faculty development workshops. Item mean was 4.143±0.380, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.894 and inter-item correlation was 0.223. EFA revealed a 4-factor solution: ‘institutional work support’, ‘faculty development’, ‘faculty communication’ and ‘faculty leadership initiative’. Conclusion: Implementing certain strategies could possibly lead to long-term faculty retention. Key Words: Faculty attrition, Faculty development, Faculty resignation, Faculty retention, Faculty turnover. Continuous...

Objectives: To investigate the indications, interventions and clinical outcomes of pregnant and newly delivered women admitted to the multidisciplinary intensive care unit. Study Design: Retrospective review / observational study. Setting and Duration: Critical care unit of Pakistan Navy Ship Shifa hospital Karachi from 1st August 2017 to 31st July 2018. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in 13 bedded Intensive care units of PNS Shifa hospital Karachi, over a period of one year. All obstetrics admissions to ICU up to 42 days postpartum were included in the study, while those patients admitted after 42 days of delivery were excluded. Results: During the study period, 2688 women delivered and 66 obstetric patients were admitted to ICU, which was 7.5% of all ICU admission and it accounted for 2.4% of all deliveries. The most common indication for admission to ICU was hypertension disorders of pregnancy 45.4% followed by obstetric haemorrhage in 42.4% cases. 75% of the cases belonged to the age group of 21-35 years. The parity of 60% of patients was in the range of P2-P4. During the stay in ICU, 9% of patients were put on ventilator support, 40.9% had blood product transfusion, while 45% received antihypertensive and anticonvulsant therapy. Maternal mortality was 4.5%. Conclusion: Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and obstetric hemorrhage were the main indications for admission to ICU. A multidisciplinary team approach and timely recognition of complications development can lead to a better maternal outcome. Universal availability of antenatal care can help in reducing serious complications and admissions to ICU. Keywords: Intensive care unit, maternal mortality, obstetric haemorrhage.

One of the few figures from Kashmir who has written extensively on the conflict there is Syed Ali Shah Geelani. He has written over a dozen books, all of them in Urdu, that cover different facets of the issue. His range of news releases, communication with the Pakistani and Indian prime ministers, and other notable figures (many composed during his protracted incarceration in India), interviews with Kashmiri and Pakistani journalists, and public addresses are compiled in his work titled "Kashmir: Voice of Freedom" (Nava-e Hurriyat). This book explores several facets of the Kashmir problem from Geelani's point of view. on the causes of the crisis in Kashmir, his disapproval of Indian governance, his support for Pakistan's inclusion of Kashmir, and his rejection of Jammu and Kashmir's independence. His ideas on nationalism, jihad, and intercommunity interactions within what he considers the normative Islamic paradigm, as well as his understanding of the link between Islam, politics, and the state, are all crucial to the current struggle in and over Jammu and Kashmir

Macroeconomic research has mostly been focused on investigating micro foundations of the theory and transmission channels of policy ever since rational expectations have found place in the literature. It was in the 1990s that macroeconomists started working on models incorporating the assumption of nominal rigidity in the optimal behaviour of individuals and firms. These models have gained empirical support from both aggregate as well as firm-level data. The evidence for developing countries on the issue is limited and Pakistan is no exception. This study aims at investigating the price setting behaviour of Pakistani firms. Besides this, the potential effects of changes in financial cost on the overall pricing and production decisions have also been investigated. Pakistani firms perceive themselves to be operating in a competitive environment though most of their clientele is regular. The majority of the firms use current information while reviewing prices. Around 70 percent of the firms use either a state-dependent pricing rule or a combination of both time and state-dependent rules. Pakistani firms revise and change their prices usually in the months of June and July. The main determinants of change in the price level are the cost of raw material, energy and inflation. The competitors’ price generally figures in price decrease. Among the causes of price stickiness, implicit contract with the customers is at the top; the fixed term contract comes next. Most of the firms change their wage structure annually. About half of the firms index their workers’ wages to inflation and for the purpose refer to the earlier inflation rate. On the whole labour productivity and changes in inflation rate are observed as the main determinants of wage change. 1. INTRODUCTION Ever since rational expectations nave found place in the literature much of the research in the area of macroeconomics has been focused on investigating micro foundations of macroeconomic theory and transmission channels of policy. Macroeconomists started working on macro models in the 1990s incorporating the assumption of nominal rigidity with explicit modelling of optimal behaviour of individuals and firms, [see for instance, Rotemberg and Woodford (1997); McCallum and Nelson (1999); Woodford (2003)]. These models incorporate various forms of price and wage rigidities making monetary policy effective, though only in the short run. More recently these models have gained empirical support1 from both aggregate as well as firm-level data. In this regard micro-level evidence is more convincing since aggregated data may depend on the assumptions used and methodology employed, whereas micro level research offers direct evidence. For instance, micro level data directly investigates the price-setting behaviour of firms. Some studies in the literature on the price setting behaviour of the firms investigate the issue by collecting data from a particular sector of the economy or a group of firms [e.g. Kashyap (1995); Dutta, et al. (1999); Copaciu (2004)]. Another strand of literature, with the pioneer work of Blinder (1991), uses a survey-based approach to investigate various aspects of price stickiness. These studies have an added advantage as they allow additional insights and permit a clear ranking of the causes and patterns of price stickiness. Hall, et al. (1997) extended Blinder’s work for UK firms. Similarly Apel, et al. (2005) investigated the price setting behaviour of Swedish firms and Fabiani, et al. (2004) did the same for Italian firms. A number of survey-based studies conducted within the Eurosystem’s Inflation Persistence Network used this approach. A limited number of studies are also available that focus on developing countries. Studies in Pakistan have little micro level focus which this study as the first attempt to deal with the firms’ price setting behaviour aims to do. Besides this, the potential effects of changes in financial cost on the overall pricing and production decisions have also been investigated. Moreover this study is different from others in that data has been collected through enumerators and field investigators instead of mailing questionnaires to respondents. The study mainly focuses on four issues. First, the type of pricing rule; whether it is state-dependent or time-dependent? Second, what type of information (past, current or future forecast) is used for price calculations and, what is the frequency and size of the average price change. Third, it deals with different theories of price stickiness by investigating the determinants. The wage setting behaviour, which has certain implications for the effectiveness of monetary policy, is the fourth area the study deals with. The study proceeds as follows: Section 2 highlights the methodological issues. Section 3 outlines the main characteristics of the market. Section 4 deals with the price setting behaviour while Section 5 highlights determinants of price change and causes of price stickiness. The wage setting behaviour is investigated in Section 6 and Section 7 concludes the study.