Academic literature on the topic 'Pakistan Paper type Research Paper'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pakistan Paper type Research Paper"
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DR., MARIYAM MALIK, FOUZIANASIR, and S. KHURRAM KHAN ALWI DR. "IMPACT OF SUPERVISOR SUPPORT ON FAMILY-WORK CONFLICT: A CASE STUDY OF COMMERCIAL PILOTS OF PAKISTAN." Seybold Report V16, no. 09 (2021): 31–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6553192.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> <strong>Purpose -</strong> This study has been embarked to discover the impact of supervisor support on family work conflict in commercial pilots of Pakistan. The study was conducted on the commercial pilots of four prominent commercial aviation organizations of Pakistan i.e. public and private organizations. <strong>Design/Methodology/Approach - </strong>The data was collected from 255 commercial pilots quantitatively i.e., questionnaire. <strong>Findings - </strong>The result concluded that there is no relationship amidst supervisor support and family-work conflicts. This study will guide the relevant authorities in the aviation sector of Pakistan to implement management policies which aid in curbing family-work conflict and simultaneously promote an apt balance between work and home. <strong>Originality/value</strong> – Futile research has been done on work-family dynamics in the aviation sector of Pakistan. This study attempted to tap this gap by analyzing the impact of supervisor support on curbing family-work conflict.
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Yaar Muhammad, Yasira Waqar, and Faisal Anis. "Navigating Complexity: Overcoming Challenges in Qualitative Research for Special Education in Pakistan." Voyage Journal of Educational Studies 4, no. 2 (2024): 400–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.58622/vjes.v4i2.169.
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This paper aims to identify some of the challenges of qualitative research in special education in Pakistan and how such challenges could be effectively handled. It discusses the contemporary state of affairs concerning this type of education and the importance of using qualitative research strategies to study education-related processes in the country. This paper presents several issues, which could be methodological, ethical, linguistic, institutional, and specific to the researcher. Approaches for overcoming these challenges are enumerated, such as formulating culturally appropriate research models, addressing ethical issues, involving the host community members, and availing necessary expert assistance to the research workers. The paper also describes possible recommendations for further qualitative research of special education in Pakistan: The relation to novel qualitative approaches and the requirement of policy encouragement. Despite these challenges, by addressing them and implementing the assessed strategies, qualitative research can greatly support improving the special education practices and policies in Pakistan, thus positively impacting the education of students with disabilities. Keywords: , ,, , , ,
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Ullah, Ahsan, and Muhammad Rafiq. "Pakistan research repository: a showcase of theses and dissertations." Library Hi Tech News 31, no. 4 (2014): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lhtn-01-2014-0003.
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Purpose – The paper aims to describe the characteristics and purposes of Pakistan Research Repository (PRR). A quantitative analysis of this repository is carried out by analyzing the content of the repository. A critical analysis of the entire growth strategy, population and web interface is also included in this paper. This study also proposes certain measures to make it more effective and efficient for archiving the research output of a nation. The study was designed to investigate issues relating to PRR and outline steps to develop a strategy to overcome these challenges. Design/methodology/approach – This article focuses on quantitative aspects and critical analysis of PRR. A multi-tier research design was used to meet the objectives of the study. A web search was conducted, and information was drawn from documents available on the Web site of Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan, PRR and directories of open-access repositories; data were complemented by quantitative and critical analysis of the content of the repository. Information was also gathered by literature-based review of project documents which were created for the implementation of this project. Findings – The paper has highlighted how far this repository has succeeded in bringing the research output from universities across Pakistan to the researcher community by analyzing the available content by institution, type, subject and year. This study has provided a valuable insight about the current status of PRR by identifying gaps in the content of the repository. The quantitative analysis of the repository shows that the creation of this repository was a landmark achievement, as it provided the opportunity to researchers, faculty and students for preserving, disseminating and furthering their existing knowledge at a national-level platform. Research limitations/implications – This research article is a case study and focuses on PRR only. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to throw light on other repositories in Pakistan and sharing of resources among institutional repositories in Pakistan. Practical implications – This study will be helpful for the administrative authorities of HEC and university faculty to plan for effective collection of content from the institutions and digitization of this content. The paper includes implications for the development of repositories at an institutional level in Pakistan. Social implications – This paper will help in managing PRR, and it will ultimately lead to enhance and better manage research output in Pakistan. Originality/value – This paper has identified the characteristics and purposes for creating a research repository at the national level and provided a critical view of policies and statistical view of the content of the repository.
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Byerlee, Derek, and Tariq Husain. "Agricultural Research Strategies for Favoured and Marginal Areas: the Experience of Farming Systems Research in Pakistan." Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 2 (1993): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700020603.
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SummaryThis paper draws on the results of farming systems research (FSR) conducted over five years at eight sites distributed throughout Pakistan. The main research findings with respect to the irrigated plains, or favoured areas (four sites), and the marginal mountainous and rainfed areas (four sites) are summarized, with emphasis on the role of system interactions in technology development. In favoured areas, most system interactions occur between crops grown in multiple cropping patterns, whereas in marginal areas, crop-livestock interactions dominate. Appropriate research strategies for each kind of environment are discussed. It is concluded that although there is a need for quite different research strategies for favoured and marginal areas, the methods and perspective of FSR are equally appropriate and even critical for achieving future gains in agricultural productivity in each type of environment.Estrategias de investigación agricola en zonas favorecidas y marginales: Experiencias recogidas durante la investigación de sistemas agrícolas en Pakistán
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Shaheen, Ajaz, Sofia Khakwani, and Rabia Tabassum. "Obstacles to Sustainable Development in Higher Education Institutions of Pakistan." Journal of Asian Development Studies 13, no. 4 (2024): 194–201. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.4.15.
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This research paper explores the obstacles to sustainable development in Pakistan's higher education institutions (HEIs), focusing on challenges in implementing sustainability initiatives within academic and administrative settings. Despite the global emphasis on sustainability, Pakistani HEIs face several barriers that hinder the integration of sustainable development into curricula, research, and campus operations—the research problem centers around understanding these challenges and their impact on promoting sustainability in higher education. The study aims to identify the key obstacles preventing the effective implementation of sustainable development initiatives in Pakistani HEIs. Theoretical frameworks on sustainable development in education and institutional change guide the research. Phenomenology is a type of qualitative research involving semi-structured interviews with lecturers, professors, and educational administrators from various HEIs across Pakistan. Data is analyzed using thematic analysis to uncover recurring themes related to sustainability challenges. Results of the study revealed that insufficient policy support, inadequate funding, a lack of faculty training, and limited student engagement are significant obstacles to sustainability in HEIs. Additionally, participants emphasized the need for better institutional strategies and more robust government policies. The study underscores the urgent need for policy reforms, capacity-building initiatives, and increased financial support to promote sustainable development in Pakistani HEIs. Recommendations include improving policy alignment with global sustainability goals, fostering public-private partnerships, and integrating sustainability into academic curricula and research practices.
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Bilal, Muhammad. "From Legislation to Judgment: Case Study of T-199/04 in EU Trade Law." Journal of Law & Social Studies 6, no. 3 (2024): 309–19. https://doi.org/10.52279/jlss.06.03.309319.
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This paper examines the application of Anti-Dumping duty on imports of cotton type bed linen originating from Pakistan with particular reference to a Pakistani exporter Gul Ahmad (Pvt) Ltd. This research has delved into the legal discourse and jurisprudence evolving about the scope and limitations of Article 3(7) of the basic regulation and Article 3.5 of the GATT Article VI agreement. This research has taken on board the legal opinions of other researchers and judges about the causation and importance of creating a causal link while determining the injury caused to the importers. In this particular case it has been found that the EU Commission erroneously attributed the injury caused to its local industry to the alleged dumped imports while, conversely, it was being caused due the grant of generalised preferential system to Pakistan. Trough which Pakistani exporters benefitted and the influx of Pakistani imports increased in time. The same fact was established by the general court in its judgement which was later turned down by the EU Court of Justice.
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Kashif, Muhammad, Mohsin Abdur Rehman, and Lina Pileliene. "Customer perceived service quality and loyalty in Islamic banks." TQM Journal 28, no. 1 (2016): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tqm-01-2014-0006.
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Purpose – There is a plethora of research which has dealt with service quality issues in various service organizations. But a few researchers have presented state of service quality from a cultural perspective, especially within an Asian cultural context. The purpose of this paper is to measure service quality of Pakistani Islamic banks through validating a culturally sensitive scale: PAKSERV. Furthermore, the path from service quality to customer loyalty has been presented through applying PAKSERV service quality scale. Design/methodology/approach – Following a positivist tradition, the service quality to loyalty path in Islamic banking sector of Pakistan is established. A self-administered survey was conducted to approach 300 Islamic bank customers in major cities of Pakistan. The respondents were purposefully selected based on their extent of using the retail banking services. The data were analysed through employing various quantitative measures such as correlation and structural equation modelling employing AMOS. Findings – The findings reveal that Pakistani Islamic banking customers are satisfied with the service quality offered. All the dimensions of PAKSERV are found to significantly contribute towards customer satisfaction and loyalty. However, major focus of customer is on the dimensions such as responsiveness and sincerity which are understandable in high-risk avoiding and moderately power-oriented Pakistani society. Originality/value – The research has been first of its type to present the validity of PAKSERV scale in a collectivist cultural context of Pakistan. Furthermore, the path from the customer satisfaction to loyalty by employing PAKSERV scale has been presented for the first time.
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Gul, Arbab, Muhammad Ali Ahmad, Hafiz Ahmad, Nuzulul Fatimah, and Abid Fareed. "The Role of Information Technology in Human Resource Management: Empirical Evidence from Public Sector of Pakistan." IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development) 4, no. 1 (2021): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v4i1.1270.
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Purpose: At present times, information technology is commonly exploited in different areas of HRM, therefore, most of the public sector organizations have taken initiated to utilize the outstanding services of IT in their HR management functions to optimize and improve their HR departmental efficiency. Information technology has radically changed the way organizations are operated, particularly the HR department.
 Design/methodology/approach: The current study has been done to identify the key role played by information technology in all human resource departments of public sector organizations operating in Pakistan, and it was found that information technology has changed the operations and functions of the HR department. 
 Findings: The current study has been done to identify the key role played by information technology in all human resource departments of public sector organizations operating in Pakistan, and it was found that information technology has changed the operations and functions of the HR department. 
 Research limitations/implications: The survey questionnaire was adopted; overall 300 questionnaires were distributed, from which 235 returns with a 78% response rate.
 Practical implications: A simple regression analysis was carried out to check the role of IT in the human resource department of Pakistani public sector organizations, hence found a positive role of IT with r2 = .070.. 
 Paper type: Research paper.
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Khalid, Asma. "Passive Design, Urban-Rural Architectural Morphology for Subtropics." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 3 (2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p376.
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Built environment is a function of man-made setting, surroundings, conditions which is the center of human activity in architectural places. The integration of nature into the built environment determines the urban or the rural form of settlements. The present research aims to specify architectural morphology of sub-tropical region through a case analysis of the situation in Pakistan. The field study analyses the existing housing stock in Pakistan, in urban settings and as a result of vernacular traditions in the villages. The paper identifies the regional characteristic behaviour of highland, lowland, coastal and arid region. It gives an overview of the current urban housing situation in Pakistan. It discusses the type of housing unit, the occupant behaviour, lifestyle of the people, It also identifies the pattern of energy used within the residential buildings of Pakistan. The architectural planning in urban and rural regions, their long term passive design techniques to cope with the climate challenges of a particular area have been discussed in detail. The paper recommend some contextual and adapted passive features of vernacular architecture in urban houses. 
 Keywords: Architectural-morphology, Urban, Housing, Vernacular, Passive Design, Built Environment
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Dharejo, Nazia, Hakim Ali Mahesar, and Ashique Ali Jhatial. "CONTRIBUTION OF STREET HAWKERS TOWARD ECONOMY AND PROBLEMS FACED BY THEM DURING STREET VENDING." Gomal University Journal of Research 38, no. 03 (2022): 360–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.51380/gujr-38-03-09.
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The informal economy in Pakistan is a part that has been mostly overlooked by researchers, although it is important part of everyday life in provinces like Sindh, Pakistan. This paper seeks to examine how the street entrepreneurs contribute to the economy of country and what type of challenges they face during street vending. By reviewing the extant literature, it appears that there is an acute shortage of empirical evidence on street hawkers in Pakistan, especially in Sindh province. This paper begins to fill this gap by analyzing hawkers' contributions, and the problems they are facing. The qualitative method was followed in this research, study seeks to determine the contribution of street hawkers as well as the issues that street vendors face during vending or conduct their business. There are many hawkers in the heart province of Sindh, hence the researchers used a convenient sampling method to select 30 respondents for the interview, the thematic analysis method was used to analyze data. The study's findings may have a positive impact on street vendors, and the challenges associated with street vending may be reduced.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pakistan Paper type Research Paper"
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Mungendje, Louis. "The causal relationship between road transport infrastructure development and economic growth in Namibia (1990-2014)." Thesis, University Of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29943.
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The major aim of the study was to examine the short and long-run relationships and directional causality flow between road transport infrastructure development and economic growth in Namibia for the period 1990-2014. To achieve this objective, the study adopted the auto regression distributive lag (ARDL) Bounds testing approach to co-integration, to examine the short-run and long-run relationship between economic growth and transportation infrastructure in Namibia. The data was sourced from the World Bank Database on GDP from 1990 to 2014, the Namibia National Planning Commission MTEF (Medium-Term Expenditure Framework from 1990-2015) and the Roads Authority Annual Reports from 1999 to 2014, which were imported into the E-view tool to run quarterly regressions from 1990 - 2014. The results confirm a relationship among the variables. The Bounds test results indicated that there exists a long-run relationship among the variables under study. The estimated long-run model showed that there is a statistically insignificant positive relationship between expenditure on road transport and economic growth as well as between information communication technology and economic growth in Namibia. However, the short-run model revealed a positive and statistically significant relationship between expenditure on road transport and economic growth. Conversely, both the long-run and short-run estimates showed a statistically insignificant and negative relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth. Lastly, the Granger causality test results showed no causality between expenditure on road transport and economic growth in Namibia. The present study offers fresh insights to policy makers on crafting appropriate policies to regulate tax consolidation revenue and infrastructure levies collection; secondly, to boost public sector borrowing on international capital markets through bond issues, infrastructure funds and revenue bonds; thirdly, to develop partner financing business models through sector budget support; fourthly, to secure private sector financing through a private debt, private equity or capital structure leveraging business model; and lastly, implementing fast-tightened fiscal and monetary policy measures on foreign direct investment which currently severely affect Namibian capital outflows.
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Narmack, Kirilll. "Dynamic Speed Adaptation for Curves using Machine Learning." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233545.
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The vehicles of tomorrow will be more sophisticated, intelligent and safe than the vehicles of today. The future is leaning towards fully autonomous vehicles. This degree project provides a data driven solution for a speed adaptation system that can be used to compute a vehicle speed for curves, suitable for the underlying driving style of the driver, road properties and weather conditions. A speed adaptation system for curves aims to compute a vehicle speed suitable for curves that can be used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) or in Autonomous Driving (AD) applications. This degree project was carried out at Volvo Car Corporation. Literature in the field of speed adaptation systems and factors affecting the vehicle speed in curves was reviewed. Naturalistic driving data was both collected by driving and extracted from Volvo's data base and further processed. A novel speed adaptation system for curves was invented, implemented and evaluated. This speed adaptation system is able to compute a vehicle speed suitable for the underlying driving style of the driver, road properties and weather conditions. Two different artificial neural networks and two mathematical models were used to compute the desired vehicle speed in curves. These methods were compared and evaluated.<br>Morgondagens fordon kommer att vara mer sofistikerade, intelligenta och säkra än dagens fordon. Framtiden lutar mot fullständigt autonoma fordon. Detta examensarbete tillhandahåller en datadriven lösning för ett hastighetsanpassningssystem som kan beräkna ett fordons hastighet i kurvor som är lämpligt för förarens körstil, vägens egenskaper och rådande väder. Ett hastighetsanpassningssystem för kurvor har som mål att beräkna en fordonshastighet för kurvor som kan användas i Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) eller Autonomous Driving (AD) applikationer. Detta examensarbete utfördes på Volvo Car Corporation. Litteratur kring hastighetsanpassningssystem samt faktorer som påverkar ett fordons hastighet i kurvor studerades. Naturalistisk bilkörningsdata samlades genom att köra bil samt extraherades från Volvos databas och bearbetades. Ett nytt hastighetsanpassningssystem uppfanns, implementerades samt utvärderades. Hastighetsanpassningssystemet visade sig vara kapabelt till att beräkna en lämplig fordonshastighet för förarens körstil under rådande väderförhållanden och vägens egenskaper. Två olika artificiella neuronnätverk samt två matematiska modeller användes för att beräkna fordonets hastighet. Dessa metoder jämfördes och utvärderades.
Books on the topic "Pakistan Paper type Research Paper"
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Watteeuw, Lieve, and Hannah Iterbeke, eds. Enclosed Gardens of Mechelen. Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463720724.
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During the Late Middle Ages a unique type of ‘mixed media’ recycled and remnant art arose in houses of religious women in the Low Countries: enclosed gardens. They date from the time of Emperor Charles V and are unique examples of ‘anonymous’ female art, devotion and spirituality. A hortus conclusus (or enclosed garden) represents an ideal, paradisiacal world. Enclosed Gardens are retables, sometimes with painted side panels, the central section filled not only with narrative sculpture, but also with all sorts of trinkets and hand-worked textiles.Adornments include relics, wax medallions, gemstones set in silver, pilgrimage souvenirs, parchment banderoles, flowers made from textiles with silk thread, semi-precious stones, pearls and quilling (a decorative technique using rolled paper). The ensemble is an impressive and one-of-a-kind display and presents as an intoxicating garden. The sixteenth-century horti conclusi of the Mechelen Hospital sisters are recognized Masterpieces and are extremely rare, not alone at a Belgian but even at a global level. They are of international significance as they provide evidence of devotion and spirituality in convent communities in the Southern Netherlands in the sixteenth century. They are an extraordinary tangible expression of a devotional tradition. The highly individual visual language of the enclosed gardens contributes to our understanding of what life was like in cloistered communities. They testify to a cultural identity closely linked with mystical traditions allowing us to enter a lost world very much part of the culture of the Southern Netherlands. This book is the first full survey of the enclosed gardens and is the result of year-long academic research.
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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Navigating research methods: critical appraisal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses the role of critical appraisal as an integral part of evidence based practice. There is no gold standard for conducting critical appraisal of medical literature. Standard check lists are presented for the specific study designs (randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case control studies and cross-sectional studies). The check lists include questions which capture four main components of a scientific paper (introduction, methods, results and discussion), and are organized as screening questions (1. Does the research address a clearly focused question?, and 2. Was the type of study appropriate?) and detailed questions focusing on the different aspects of internal and external validity.
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Robb, Megan Eaton. Print and the Urdu Public. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190089375.001.0001.
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In early twentieth-century British India, prior to the arrival of digital medias and after the rise of nationalist political movements, a small-town paper from the margins became a key node for an Urdu journalism conversation with particular influence in the United Provinces and Punjab. Understanding this newspaper’s rise shows how a print public characterized by bottom-up as well as top-down approaches influenced the evolution of a new type of Urdu public in twentieth-century South Asia. Addressing a gap in scholarship on Urdu media in the early twentieth century, during the period when it underwent some of its most critical transformations, this book contributes a discursive and material analysis of a previously unexamined Urdu newspaper, Madinah, augmenting its analysis with evidence from contemporary Urdu, English, and Hindi papers; government records; private diaries; private library holdings; ethnographic interviews with families who owned and ran the newspaper; and training materials for newspaper printers. Madinah identified the Urdu newspaper conversation both explicitly and implicitly with Muslim identity, a commitment that became difficult to manage as the pro-Congress paper sought simultaneously to counter calls for Pakistan, to criticize Congress’s treatment of Muslims, and to emphasize Urdu’s necessary connection to Muslim identity. Since Madinah delineated the boundaries of a Muslim, public conversation in a way that emphasized rootedness to local politics and small urban spaces like Bijnor, this study demonstrates the necessity of considering spatial and temporal orientation in studies of the public in South Asia.
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Rathbun, Brian Christopher. Trust in International Relations. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.31.
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The importance of trust in international relations has recently become the subject of a vibrant new agenda of research. However, as this paper shows, trust has always implicitly been at the center of international relations theory. Realism, rationalism and constructivism conceive of trust differently, with enormous substantive implications. After establishing how different understandings about the type and degree of trust that prevail in international relations help structure core debates in the discipline, this paper then turns to showing the role that trust plays in diplomacy and multilateral cooperation. Trust seems necessary for the creation of large multilateral institutions in international relations as well as value-creating diplomacy that allows for win-win outcomes.
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Chataway, Michael. Occupational Violence Against Healthcare Professionals: Applying a Criminological Lens. Queensland University of Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/book.eprints.211872.
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Although it is common knowledge that occupational violence against healthcare workers is a worldwide problem, there is a lack of criminological research exploring how and why these offences occur and how this victimisation affects a worker’s wellbeing and perceptions of crime, in addition to the criminal justice system. Applying a criminological lens to better understand this worldwide problem offers an opportunity to develop innovative and targeted interventions to reduce these incidents of violence within healthcare settings. This paper explores what we know about the prevalence of occupational violence against healthcare workers and the risk factors associated with this type of violence within the healthcare sector. By the conclusion of this paper, I propose two criminological lines of enquiry for understanding the situational characteristics of these cases of occupational violence and victims’ reactions and responses
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Cree, Alice. Creative Methods in Military Studies. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881813857.
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What can creative methods offer our understanding of military power and militarised cultures? What constitutes ‘creative research’ in military studies? And, what are some of the challenges of this type of work? This edited volume brings together authors working at the cutting edge of creative research in military studies, to explore how creativity and creative practice can shed new light on often taken for granted concepts in critical military research. In twelve empirically and conceptually rich chapters, authors from a diverse range of disciplinary fields draw on theatre, model-making, songwriting, dance, spoken word, paper making, and more, to question what military research can and should look like. As a collection, the book explores topics of central concern in military studies such as militarism, military experience, and militarised cultures, as well as more practical questions around ethics, positionality, and research relationships. This path-breaking new volume considers what exactly constitutes creativity in critical military research, while offering the tools for researchers to think anew about big questions in the field.
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Archer-Parré, Caroline, and Malcolm Dick, eds. John Baskerville. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940643.001.0001.
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This book is concerned with the eighteenth-century typographer, printer, industrialist and Enlightenment figure, John Baskerville (1707-75). Baskerville was a Birmingham inventor, entrepreneur and artist with a worldwide reputation who made eighteenth-century Birmingham a city without typographic equal, by changing the course of type design. Baskerville not only designed one of the world’s most historically important typefaces, he also experimented with casting and setting type, improved the construction of the printing-press, developed a new kind of paper and refined the quality of printing inks. His typographic experiments put him ahead of his time, had an international impact and did much to enhance the printing and publishing industries of his day. Yet despite his importance, fame and influence many aspects of Baskerville’s work and life remain unexplored and his contribution to the arts, industry and technology of the Enlightenment are largely unrecognized. Moreover, recent research in archaeology, art and design, history, literary studies and typography, is leading to a fundamental reassessment of many aspects of Baskerville’s life and impact, including his birthplace, his work, the networks which sustained him and the reception of his printing in Britain and overseas. This interdisciplinary approach provides an original contribution to printing history, eighteenth-century studies and the dissemination of ideas.
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Ruback, R. Barry. Economic Sanctions in Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682583.001.0001.
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Economic sanctions are court-imposed financial obligations aimed at punishing offenders (fines), funding the government (costs/fees, forfeitures), and compensating victims (restitution). This book examines economic sanctions in the United States, with a focus on the multilevel, multimethod research my students and I conducted in Pennsylvania. The 15 studies described in the book are multiplistic in terms of academic discipline (social psychology, criminology, law), levels of analysis (individual, county, state), actors within the system (victims, offenders, probation officers, district attorneys, judges), type of process involved (imposition, payment, rearrest), and research methods (analyses of state-level computerized archives, coding of county-level paper court and probation records, surveys of individuals, a field-experiment, and follow-up involving probationers). Most of the studies examined the imposition, payment, and effect of paying restitution. Research across methods indicated that offenders are often unable to pay their court-ordered sanctions, that restitution is generally not paid in full, and that both offenders and victims are responsive to procedural justice. Experimental results indicated that randomly assigned probationers delinquent in making payments who received letters informing them of the restitution amounts they owed were more likely to pay restitution and less likely to commit a new crime as compared to randomly assigned delinquent probationers who did not receive letters or who received letters giving them a rationale for payment. Three policy recommendations are made concerning what is fair and effective for victims, offenders, and society: (1) mandating restitution, (2) making fines contingent on ability to pay, and (3) ending the imposition of costs and fees.
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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Monitoring. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses the role and responsibilities of monitors/CRAs seeking to improve awareness of their role in a global industry becoming more and more technologically focused. How the role is changing through the introduction of risk based monitoring. Often the only liaison between the Sponsor and each study site, CRAs are crucial to the successful completion of a clinical trial and need to be armed with appropriate knowledge and training to conduct their visits. Successful monitoring requires experience, people skills, management ability and knowledge – of the protocol, CRFs, study drug/device, therapeutic area, regulations and SOPs. In this chapter this spectrum of roles and responsibilities is presented in a concise and understandable format. Questions such as: What type of person makes a good monitor? EDC and/or paper? How – and how often – to monitor? are addressed. There are helpful tips and strategies on a variety of topics, notably preparing a monitoring plan; how to identify and assess potential investigators; preparing for a Study Initiation Visit; eCRFs and remote monitoring; thorough Source Data Verification; how to report monitoring visits plus example checklists associated with site visits and review of the Investigator Site File. The guidance provided in this chapter should help CRAs perform their essential role in encouraging good, high quality research - and provide an insight into the CRA role to those whose work is being monitored.
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Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.
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The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.
Book chapters on the topic "Pakistan Paper type Research Paper"
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Erdoğan, Armağan, and M. Murat Erdoğan. "Syrian University Students in Turkish Higher Education: Immediate Vulnerabilities, Future Challenges for the European Higher Education Area." In European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_16.
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Abstract Since 2011, millions of Syrian people have had to leave their country and seek shelter in neighbouring countries and in Europe. Forced migration or displacement creates multiple vulnerabilities while trying to settle in a new environment. Socioeconomic, cultural and psychological vulnerabilities hinder them from participating actively in society. Higher education is one of the main ways that refugees and displaced people cling to hope for a better life. Their access to and participation in higher education has been a challenging route for many reasons both for themselves and also for the higher education systems and universities in their host countries. Turkey has a unique place in regard to Syrian refugees. It hosts the largest refugee population in the world with 3.6 million Syrians and 500,000 asylum seekers from other countries, such as Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Turkey has a young population with the 5–17 age group comprising 21% of the population, but the Syrian population is much younger as its rate is 30%. Turkey is also the country with the largest student population in the European Higher Education Area. The incomparable magnitude of the situation, among others, plays a crucial role in developing new integration policies. In spite of the ongoing difficulties and challenges, the past nine years proved a success story in protection, social cohesion and integration of these newcomers. Turkey has been suffering from some challenges, such as a supply and demand imbalance in higher education. Demographic factors, shortcomings of the higher education system and the unemployment rate among university graduates have been some long-term challenges for Turkish higher education. Moreover, a common misconception in public opinion, that Syrian refugees are admitted to Turkish universities without fulfilling the requirements, adds new challenges for future policies. Both the sheer number of migrants and also the emergency of the situation during this migration flow necessitated some action to be taken in the area of higher education. In a country like Turkey, where there is high competition between students to pass the nationwide university selection exam each year, encouraging Syrian students to access higher education seems to be an area for discussion. This paper is based on the fieldwork of research conducted in the context of the Hopes-MADAD project entitled “Elite Dialogue II- Dialogue with Syrian Refugees in Turkey through Syrian Academics and Students” in 2019. The main research subject is which types of vulnerabilities Syrian university students face, and how they can integrate into society in Turkey. New approaches and definitions are needed to touch the actual needs of the refugees to be actively involved into society. Nevertheless, research on the higher education practices of vulnerable groups in general, and of Syrian students in particular, is largely missing.
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Xu, Haoran, Guangxiu Fang, and Baiyang Xue. "Research on Design Method and Optimization of New Epoxy Resin Concrete Mix Ratio." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4090-1_32.
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AbstractIn order to obtain epoxy concrete that can adapt to different strengths and different environmental conditions, this paper innovatively constructed a new type of accurate epoxy concrete mix calculation logic and calculation method through literature investigation, analysis, and test, which can make the process of calculating epoxy concrete mix ratio more concise and precise. In this paper, a new type of epoxy concrete mix with a strength class of C30 is designed, which can provide a reference for engineers and technicians to design accurate epoxy concrete mix better. It also provides some reference value for improving the mix ratio design method and engineering application of epoxy resin concrete.
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Abbasi, Khadija, and Alessandro Monsutti. "From Muhājir to Āwāra: Figures of Migration and Exile Among Afghans." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34194-6_13.
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AbstractThis paper examines how self-designation among Afghan refugees and migrants is evolving. While terms such as muhājir, “refugee,” with a religious connotation, panāhenda, “refugee,” and mosāfer, “traveller,” were used by Afghans in the 1980s and 1990s, they no longer have the favour of younger people who might have grown up in Iran or Pakistan and often aspire to try their chance in the West. New generations tend to describe their situation with words such as āwāra, sargardān, dar-ba-dar, which generally convey the idea of “wandering,” “vagrancy,” “homelessness,” “lack of purpose.” This evolving terminology suggest that exile has lost the religious and political significance it might have had during the anti-Soviet jihad, on the one hand. It also can be interpreted as a quest for meaning in life, an assertion of agency in an effort to define their place in this world, on the other hand. Social media and blogs run by Afghans evoke an ontology of displacement and mobility, which ultimately elicits a form of cosmopolitanism from bellow and resonates with the social, political and economic unpredictability in Afghanistan.
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Zhou, Lei, Wei Wang, Hao Huang, et al. "Research on the Application of QR Code Technology in Quality Sampling Inspection of Packaging Paper for Roll-Type Boxes in Tobacco Materials." In Advances in Computer Science Research. Atlantis Press International BV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-504-1_13.
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Sassa, Kyoji, Loi Doan, Koji Matsunami, et al. "Risk Identification of Large-Scale Landslides Triggered by Rainfalls and Post-Rainfall Earthquakes in Sri Lanka." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72736-8_16.
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AbstractBased on the ISDR-ICL Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015–2025, the ICL and NBRO implemented joint research on the “Development of early warning technology of rain-induced rapid and long-travelling landslides in Sri Lanka” from 2019. This paper reports the achievement of this project from June 2019 to April 2024.Based on studies of previous large-scale landslides, most large-scale landslides occurred in/around previous large-scale landslides. Then, we identified around 200 previous large-scale landslides in the Aranayake area (20 km × 20 km). Within 50 landslides, we conducted the LS-RAPID analysis, measured the critical pore pressure ratio and identified and recorded the resulted landslide moving area (landslide hazard map). Using MSSG (Multi-Scale Simulator for the Geoenvironment), we obtained the spatial rainfall data and calculated the pore water pressure for each landslide. When the pore water pressure in a potential landslide site exceeds the critical pore water pressure, a landslide moving area (hazard map) is identified. The rainfall and landslide hazard areas are forecasted and presented on an AR (Augmented reality) view for early warning.The latter part of this paper was devoted to earthquake and microearthquake monitoring in Sri Lanka using the developed ICL type seismographs, which include one velocity type of seismometer and one acceleration type seismometer in one unit. We installed this type of 15 seismographs in Sri Lanka in 2023–2024.Many nearby earthquakes (P-S time less than 5 s) were monitored throughout the year. The monitoring results are surprising. Nearby earthquakes are small in the magnitude. However, the distance between the landslide and its hypocenters are close. Therefore, the acceleration loading on the landslide is not small. Shaking by the nearby earthquakes in Aranayake and Atwelthota landslides can be the order of 0.01 kine (cm/s), which corresponds to the order of 1 gal (cm/s2) acceleration. The shaking by the Hambantota earthquake (Mg = 4.4) was 2–5 gal at the Aranayake landslide. The effects of nearby earthquakes after the rainfall were examined in a test slope near the Aranayake.In February 2024, two seismographs were installed in the Kotmale dam reservoir slope, where a series of past rockslide topography can be identified. Subsequently, many nearby earthquakes were monitored in March and April in 2024. This paper presents and discusses two seismic record examples (P-S time = 3.4 s on 2 March 2024 and P-S time = 0.1 s on 1 April 2024). Distance to the seismic source were 25–30 km and less than 1 km and maximum accelerations were 0.8 and 0.6 gal.
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Trivunović, Eva. "Phraseological Research of the 16th-Century Slovenian Literary Language." In Studi e ricerche del Dipartimento di Lettere e Filosofia. Società Editrice Fiorentina, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35948/dilef/978-88-6032-750-5.07.
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The paper deals with phraseology of the Slovenian literary language of the 16th century and tries to fill the gap in this field of linguistic research. Firstly, definition and types of multi-word units are presented, one type of them being phraseological units. Secondly, sources, methods and some linguistic features of 16th century Slovenian literary language are presented. Finally, some phraseological dilemmas of dealing with centuries old texts are presented; main focus is on the relativization of the definitional features of phraseological units: relative stability and expressiveness.
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Shou, LingChao, HeQuan Zhao, XiaoBo Sun, Jin Pang, Ting Bao, and LiFeng Wang. "Analysis of the Influence of Foundation Pit Excavation on the Surrounding Surface Settlement and Retaining Structure." In Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_18.
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AbstractThis paper analyzes the foundation pit of Gen Shan East Road through tunnels under the river. The results show: When digging to the bottom, the maximum horizontal displacement of the wall is located at 2 ~ 4 m above the bottom of the pit, and the maximum value is 0.57‰ ~ 0.64‰H. The surface subsidence is mainly of groove type. The maximum surface settlement is 0.107%H. The mean value of the maximum surface settlement is about 0.91 times the maximum horizontal displacement of the wall, and the maximum surface settlement is between 0.58 and 1.91 times the maximum horizontal displacement of the wall.
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Mattioli, Virginia. "Cultural awareness across time." In IVITRA Research in Linguistics and Literature. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1075/ivitra.45.08mat.
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Abstract This paper aims to describe diachronically the use of foreign words as a specific type of cultural references representing linguistic culture in a corpus of novels translated between 2000 and 2014. The adopted corpus-based methodology consists in identifying foreign words of three semantic fields particularly related to culture, assessing their cultural impact, determining the translation techniques used for their transposition and the corresponding translators’ behaviour (maintenance, loss or adaptation of the foreign items). The results show a peak of cultural awareness in the novels translated between 2005 and 2009, characterized by items with the greatest cultural impact mostly maintained during the translation process, offering interesting points of departure for further research from a conceptual and a methodological perspective.
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Qiao, Xiaoshuai, Chao Sun, Yanzheng Hu, and Congbin Jiang. "Research on Vibration Design of Large Compressor Foundation." In Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_40.
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AbstractThe safe operation of a compressor machine heavily relies on the proper design of its foundation. The frame-type supporting foundation is usually adopted in engineering. This paper studies the vibration design of the compressor’s foundation. Two types of finite element model for the foundation are considered, which are beam-slab element model and solid element model. By the comparative analysis of vibration mode shape and time-history dynamic calculation, it is concluded that the commonly used beam-slab element model could be unsafe for a design purpose. In contrast, the solid element model is more reliable. Then, the solid element model was used to study the influence of structural arrangement parameters on vibration response, including roof thickness, column’s section size, eccentric unit arrangement and plate cantilever length. It is concluded that the thickness of the top plate has the most significant influence on the vibration response compared to other factors.
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Wen, Zhen, Hanxi Zhang, and Taiyu Fu. "Research on Whole-Process Cost Management of Prefabricated Building Based on BIM Technology." In Novel Technology and Whole-Process Management in Prefabricated Building. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5108-2_12.
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AbstractPrefabricated building is the inevitable trend of the development of China’s construction industry. However, the problem of high construction cost of prefabricated construction projects still exists, which is also the main problem that hinders the rapid development of prefabricated construction. Because the prefabricated construction and installation needs the cooperation of all parties. The combination of BIM engineering technology design concept and assembly type is an inevitable trend of future development. This paper systematically analyzes the current situation of cost management in the whole process of prefabricated building construction, and makes use of BIM technology to fully share relevant information of all participants, and then puts forward corresponding suggestions to solve the problem of high cost management of prefabricated building.
Conference papers on the topic "Pakistan Paper type Research Paper"
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Sharp, W. B. A. Sandy. "Breakthroughs in Corrosion Control and Materials Engineering in the Pulp and Paper Industry - Lessons from History." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11165.
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Abstract Progress in controlling corrosion is discontinuous. Eight breakthroughs in corrosion control or materials engineering in the pulp and paper industry during the last 80 years have been examined to discover keys to success in research and implementation. Successful cooperative research programs have focused goals, well-planned research and organization structures that involve both funding managers and the engineers who will implement the results. Entrepreneurial breakthroughs by supplier companies confirm that catastrophes are not a prerequisite for success. However, for novel technologies to be implemented, their operation and benefits must be well understood by the engineers who will implement them. Recognizing hidden problems and applying developments from other industries can have breakthrough benefits but requires a type of thinking not normally sought in mill engineers. Because of reduced research funding by pulp and paper companies, future breakthroughs in corrosion control and materials engineering will depend on research and development largely funded by governments, equipment suppliers or other industries. Technology roadmaps may be the best tool for prioritizing precompetitive research that has broad industry support.
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Shahrukh Ali, Syed Muhammad, and Rana Rabnanwaz Ahmed. "Designing a Material Database for the Flood-Resistant Housing." In International Civil Engineering Conference. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-vwt4ov.
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Flooding has been a recurring disaster in the 21st century, with an annual average of 168 out of 370 events worldwide. According to the International Disaster Database (IDD), 57.1 million people were impacted by floods worldwide in 2022, with Pakistan accounting for 33 million people. With that massive impact, its management is of utmost importance, and fortunately, flood is not a type of disaster whose consequences cannot be mitigated. One of the obvious way is to look at the damages in retrospective way i.e., doing relief works, but it should be a less preferred choice. Rather, looking things in a prospective manner i.e., building flood-resistant houses (FRH). In literature, various flood mitigation strategies were present, which are discussed in this paper. However, it is also observed from the literature review that, the usage of various flood-resistant materials (FRM) results in improving the house ability to withstand inundation and extreme rainfall conditions. Like other developing countries, due to the global economic crises, availability of cost-effective materials for building FRH is currently a matter of concern in Pakistan. Furthermore, there is very little structured information available in the market as well. This study contributes in addressing this research gap, by designing a generic material database for FRH, and discuss its possible usage in the context of Pakistan.
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Khanam, Mehwish, Waqar Ali Javed, Adeel Nazeer, et al. "Understanding Source of Produced Water with Varying Salinities in Oil and Gas Field of Eastern Potwar, A Case Study." In PAPG/SPE Pakistan Section Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217372-ms.
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Abstract X field is producing water along with hydrocarbon from Tobra, Khewra & Sakesar reservoirs. Hence, it is imperative to understand the source of this water and its entry into the wells to optimize the field's production and limit the water production within the available water handling and disposal constraints. Even though multiple wells have been drilled in the field to-date, depth of the free water level is still unknown in the Tobra and Khewra formations. Large uncertainty lies with the thickness of the transition zone across the reservoirs with permeabilities ranging from 4 to 10 md. Besides, capillary forces are likely to have some effect in the rise of water in the pore space leading to some water production. In context of the uncertainties associated with the water breakthrough time and predicting the trend of water cut, it is considered useful to investigate the source of water via the information on the salinities and ion analyses. Four types of water have been produced from four types of reservoir rocks. Water ranges from fresh to brackish, and brackish to brine. Murree Formation is producing freshwater on surface; and hydrocarbon (HC) shows during drilling. Water production in Sakesar is high with relatively less salinity and high pressures. Surface Well Testing (SWT) data confirmed the water salinity of brine origin with varying composition. Sakesar formation's water salinity in X field ranges between 10,000 - 20,000 ppm is because of fresh water mixing with marine origin. However, nearby regional produced water salinity is 50,000 - 60,000 ppm from Sakesar. SWT data showed the production of high saline water in Tobra and Khewra reservoirs. However, salinity greater than 80,000 ppm is not associated with depositional environment of glacial sands (Tobra), and deltaic sands (Khewra); nor present in present day oceans and seas. Probably high saline water (brine) encroached in the formation from somewhere else. Our research is based on the chemical testing of water samples collected during well testing campaigns. Data was analyzed to understand the origin of water in Potwar Plateau, X field and probable ranges of salinity in different depositional environment. This case study is focused on the source of water from underlying formations or through deep seated faults. Same will be confirmed by detailed evaluation of SWT data and water analyses. In this paper, water breakthrough will be discussed with varying salinities in different wells depending upon the faults in the vicinity.
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Khairiyyah, Alimah Ulfah. "Meta-Analysis: The Influence of Social Support and Gender on the Risk of Depression in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus." In The 10th International Conference on Public Health 2021. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/icph10/epidemiology/2023.01.
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Background: People with diabetes — either type 1 or type 2 —have a higher risk of developing depression. Conversely, people with depression have a greater chance of developing type 2 diabetes. The good news is that diabetes and depression can be treated together by strengthening social support. This study aimed to estimate the effect of social support and gender on the risk of depression in diabetic patients. Subjects and Method: This meta-analysis was conducted using the PICO research question. Population: Diabetic patients. Intervention: Strong social support and female. Comparison: Weak social support and male. Outcome: Depression. The articles were searched from databases Google Scholar, PubMed, and NCBI. Keywords used “Social Support” AND “Gender” AND “Depression” AND “Diabetes”. The inclusion criteria included a full-text paper, cross-sectional study, multivariate analysis with adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), and published from 2016 to 2023. The articles were analyzed using RevMan 5.4.1. Results: The meta-analysis included 15 primary studies from Nepal, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. The total sample size was 6.897 patients. People with diabetes mellitus receiving social support had 0.34 times as much risk of depression compared to those with weak social support, and it was statistically significant (aOR= 0.34; 95% CI= 0.27-0.44; p=0.001). Females increased the risk of depression by 2.10 times as much compared to males, and it was statistically significant (aOR= 2.10; 95% CI= 1.50-2.93; p=0.001). Conclusion: People with diabetes mellitus who have strong social support have a lower risk of developing depression than those with weak social support. Females have a higher risk of depression than males. Keywords: social support, gender, depression, diabetes mellitus.
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Ren, Yao, Balaji Kandadai, James K. Good, and S. J. I’ Anson. "Center Winding Versus Surface Winding: The Effect of Winder Type and Web Material Properties on Wound Roll Stresses." In Advances in Pulp and Paper Research, Cambridge 2013. Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.2013.1.403.
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The choice of winder type for various web materials has long been a qualitative discussion. Web materials are vast and hence the range of web material properties is also vast. Valid but conflicting opinions for an optimal winder type have been developed from experience bases that represent this vast range of web materials. The purpose of this publication is to quantify how the internal stresses in wound rolls are affected by winder type and web material properties.
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Ketola, Annika, Tuomo Hjelt, Timo Lappalainen, et al. "The Relation Between Bubble-Fibre Interaction and Material Properties in Foam Forming." In Advances in Pulp and Paper Research. Pulp & Paper Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.2022.1.65.
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Foam forming of cellulose fibre materials is based on an interaction between fibres and bubbles, which can take several material properties to new levels. To control the formed structure, the mechanisms of this interaction have been systematically investigated. This started with captive bubble studies where we analysed the interaction of a single bubble with various smooth cellulose and silica model surfaces. The bubbles adhered only to hydrophobic surfaces, and this attraction was sensitive to the surface tension. From this simplest case, the studied system gradually became more complex. We found that a bubble adheres weakly also to a submerged cellulose nanofibre (CNF) film, which could be explained by nanoscale surface roughness capturing nanobubbles. The interaction with real fibres was studied by pressing a single bubble against a fibre bed in water and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) solution. Fibre type and surface tension had all apparent effects on the attachment. In the case of natural fibres, the presence of hydrophobic lignin clearly increased the fibre attachment on a bubble, while added SDS decreased the attachment with all fibre types. These findings agreed with the mechanisms found earlier using the model surfaces. Finally, when forming thick nonwoven materials using hydrophilic and hydrophobic viscose fibres, differences in fibre network structure and strength properties depended on the fibre hydrophobicity and surfactant type, as suggested by the results obtained in simpler systems.
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Bollström, Roger, and Martti Toivakka. "Paper Substrate for Printed Functionality." In Advances in Pulp and Paper Research, Cambridge 2013, edited by S. J. I’ Anson. Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.2013.2.945.
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Requirements for paper to be used as substrate for printed functionality were investigated. A recyclable, multilayer-coated paper substrate that combines adequate barrier and printability properties for printed electronics and sensor applications was developed. In this multilayer structure, a thin top-coating consisting of mineral pigments is coated on top of a dispersion-coated barrier layer. The top-coating provides well-controlled sorption properties through controlled thickness and porosity, thus enabling optimizing the printability of functional materials. The optimum barrier layer structure was investigated by studying the influence of latex type and amount in blends with different size and shape factor kaolin pigments. Highly aligned high shape factor kaolin improved barrier properties in general, but was found especially useful against organic solvents, which may degrade the latex. Dimensional stability and its influence on substrate surface properties as well as on functionality of conductive tracks were studied by exposure to high/low humidity cycles. The barrier layer of the multilayer coated paper reduced the dimensional changes and surface roughness increase caused by humidity and helped maintain the conductivity of printed tracks. As proof of concept functional devices, hygroscopic insulator field effect transistors were printed on the multi- layer curtain coated paper using a custom-built roll-to-roll hybrid printer.
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Postulka, Niels, Michelle Seibert, Andreas Geißler, et al. "Porosity Centrifuge: Analysis of the Porous Structure of Paper in Contact with Water Under Hypergravity Condition." In Advances in Pulp and Paper Research. Pulp & Paper Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.2022.1.463.
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The characterization of pore sizes in paper is an important parameter, as numerous modifications of paper fibers influence or even aim to change them. yet, most methods for determining pore size only work in the absence of water (e.g. mercury porosimetry or computed tomography). However, the influence of swelling on pore size caused by water is of great interest, especially, but not only, for the porous material paper. Here we present a new method for determining the characteristic pore radius of paper sheets, being in direct contact with water. We call our device “porosity centrifuge”, in which the capillary forces that develop during the wetting and swelling process within a paper sheet are counter-balanced by a matching centrifugal force. While the capillary pressure is determined by the pore radius of the porous structure, some paper intrinsic parameters lead to a reduction from the predicted imbibition distance calculated from the force balance between centrifugal and capillary forces. Since we are able to modulate the degree of this reduction by changing the fiber type or by applying various fiber pretreatments, such as beating, reduction of fines content or calendering, we refer to it as “substrate coefficient”. Our method enables a simple and fast determination of characteristic pore radii in paper sheets using water as liquid.
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Chattha, Javed A., Mohammad S. Khan, and Anwar ul-Haque. "Micro-Hydro Power Systems: Current Status and Future Research in Pakistan." In ASME 2009 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2009-81148.
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The total installed electric power capacity of Pakistan is about 20,000 MW. Pakistan is currently facing a power deficit of about 4,000 MW. This deficit is creating huge difficulties for the consumers as electrical power load shedding has become a norm in all over the country. Currently only about 33% of the total power is being produced by hydro sources and major electric power is still produced by burning oil and gas. The hydro potential of Pakistan is estimated to be about 41 GW, out of which 1,290 MW can be generated by micro-hydro systems. These potential off grid micro-hydro systems are very essential for the consumers living in the remote areas of Pakistan and may be installed on canals and water falls which are abundant in the remote areas. This paper discusses the potential and the status of installed of hydro power systems in Pakistan. Cross flow turbines are being manufactured in Pakistan and are usually quite successful for micro-hydro systems. However, cross flow turbines are not suitable for majority of the prospective site conditions. Furthermore, custom made conventional turbines are not mass produced and for the micro-hydro systems, standard centrifugal pumps may be used as turbines. These centrifugal pumps are easily available in the market at comparatively much lower cost and shorter delivery periods. A pump was installed at a suitable site for generation of electricity, while running in turbine mode. It was initially estimated that the Pump as Turbine, PaT would be able to generate about 70 kW of power based on the available flow rate and head parameters at the site. Currently only half of that power is being generated by the PaT, under study. Efforts are underway to rectify the problems being faced and improve the power generation capacity of the installed unit. This paper discusses the problems associated with the use of PaT and measures being undertaken to make it feasible for the use of micro-hydro systems. Two major issues; draft tube design and presence of trash in the canal water, responsible for performance deterioration have been discussed in this paper.
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Nikbakht, A., A. Madani, J. A. Olson, and D. M. Martinez. "Observation of the Turbulent Transition of a Fibre Suspension in Hagen-Poiseuille Flow." In Advances in Pulp and Paper Research, Cambridge 2013, edited by S. J. I’ Anson. Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.2013.1.521.
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The focus of the present work is an experimental study of the transition to turbulent ow of papermaking fibre suspensions in a cylindrical pipe. The suspensions used in this study possess yield stress. With this class of fluid the axial profile in fully developed slow ow is characterized by an unyielded or plug zone. With increasing ow rates the size of the plug diminishes. One of the remaining open questions with these suspensions is the role of the plug during transition. In this work we characterize the size of the plug using ultrasound Doppler velocimetry (UDV) as a function of ow rate for dilute, i.e. less than 2% consistency, papermaking suspensions in a 50 mm diameter, 10 m long cylindrical pipe. The plug size was determined through analysis of local spatial and temporal variations of the velocity, strain- rate and the fluctuating component of velocity. With this, we were able to estimate the yield stress of the suspension through knowledge of the applied pressure gradient and find the yield stress to be in the range of 2–10 Pa, depending upon the consistency and Reynolds number Re. We observe complex behavior with the plug in which we see initially that with increasing velocity, the plug diminishes through a densification-type mechanism in a response to an increase frictional pressure drop. At higher Re, it diminishes through an erosion-type behavior. We estimate the critical Reynolds number Rec for the disappearance of the plug to be Rec ~ 105.
Reports on the topic "Pakistan Paper type Research Paper"
1
Hossain, Naomi, John Agbonifo, Martin Atela, et al. Demanding Power: Do Protests Empower Citizens to Hold Governments Accountable over Energy? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.056.
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Energy protests are becoming increasingly common and significant around the world. While in the global North concerns tend to centre around climate issues, in the global South the concerns are more often with affordable energy. Both types of protests, however, have one issue in common: the undemocratic nature of energy policymaking. This paper draws together findings from research conducted in three countries, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Pakistan to ask how and under which conditions do struggles over energy access in fragile and conflict affected settings empower the powerless to hold public authorities to account? In exploring this theme, the study examines what factors support protests developing into significant episodes of contention within fragile settings, and whether these energy struggles promote citizen empowerment and institutional accountability.
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Maheshwar, Seema. Experiences of Intersecting Inequalities for Poor Hindu Women in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.012.
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Through first-hand accounts of marginalisation and discrimination, the research paper in question explores the reality of life in Pakistan for poor Hindu women and girls who face intersecting and overlapping inequalities due to their religious identity, their gender and their caste. They carry a heavy burden among the marginalised groups in Pakistan, facing violence, discrimination and exclusion, lack of access to education, transportation and health care, along with occupational discrimination and a high threat of abduction, forced conversion and forced marriage.
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Yamano, Takashi, Murali Krishna Gumma, Pranay Panjala, et al. Applying Spatial Analysis to Assess Crop Damage: A Case Study of the Pakistan 2022 Floods. Asian Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps240225-2.
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Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events in Pakistan. During and immediately after such events many locations are inaccessible, yet the government needs evidence-based data to help plan effective responses. This paper uses spatial analysis and spectral mapping to assess the agricultural damage from the 2022 floods in Pakistan. Spatial analysis could be a vital tool in assessing and verifying damage from disaster events. The paper emphasizes the need to build spatial analysis capacities in provincial crop reporting services and the Ministry of National Food Security and Research.
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Khan, Ayesha, and Komal Qidwai. Donor Action in Pakistan: A Comparative Case Study of CDIP and AAWAZ. Institute of Development Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.025.
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This paper analyses findings from a study of the Consolidating Democracy in Pakistan (CDIP) and AAWAZ Voice and Accountability programmes, both funded by the UK government. The study is a contribution to the A4EA research programme workstream ‘Unpacking Donor Action’. It is based on a secondary literature review, analysis of programme documents, and qualitative interviews with individuals who worked with these programmes at various levels. The analysis explores the interaction between the two programmes to argue they produced strong synergies as an outcome of their adaptive programming approach. The synergising took place under conditions of growing constraints on civic society and the democratic process during the programme life cycles. The paper concludes that the beneficial interaction effects were an outcome of strategic partnerships with a common implementing agency (DAI) and deep engagement with civil society organisations, but without empowered local government and on-going donor support the empowerment effects are difficult to sustain.
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Nazneen, Sohela. Women’s Leadership and Political Agency in Fragile Polities. Institute of Development Studies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.046.
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Recent evidence from Afghanistan shows that even in the most difficult contexts, women will still protest for their rights. This paper draws on evidence from the Action for Empowerment and Accountability (A4EA) research programme to show how women express their political agency and activism and seek accountability in repressive contexts. A4EA research looked at cases of women-led protest in Egypt, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Pakistan, and explored women’s political participation in Nigeria and Pakistan. The research shows that despite some success in claim-making on specific issues, ‘sticky norms’ and male gatekeeping prevail and govern women’s access to public space and mediate their voice in these contexts. The paper concludes by calling on donors to go beyond blueprints in programming, and to work in agile and creative ways to support women’s rights organising.
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Batool, Fizza, Ihsan Yilmaz, and Kainat Shakil. Contest between leaders of the Ummah: Comparing civilizational populisms of PTI and TLP in Pakistan. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/pp0020.
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With the recognition of populism emerging in varied forms across the Global South, the lacuna of research on populism in Asia is gradually filling. Yet, research on populism in Pakistan is still limited and focused mostly on the singular case of former Prime Minister Imran Khan and his political party Pakistan Tahreek-e-Insaaf (PTI). There is much lesser attention to the populism of Tahreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP), a far-right movement-turned-party. This paper addresses this gap by comparing the two cases of populism in Pakistan – PTI and TLP – to outline the similarities and differences in their characterization of “the people,” “the elite” and “the others,” using the framework of civilizational populism. The comparative analysis of public discourse of the leadership of two parties shows an extensive use of civilizational rhetoric by both parties, with varying degrees of religious sloganeering, to cater public support. Civilizational dimension forms an overlay over the vertical-horizontal dimensions of populism. Given that 2023 is the election year in Pakistan and both parties are planning to contest elections, this is a timely piece to warn about the treacherous trajectory taken by Pakistani politics.
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Bano, Masooda. Low-Fee Private-Tuition Providers in Developing Countries: An Under-Appreciated and Under- Studied Market—Supply-Side Dynamics in Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/107.
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Although low-income parents’ dependence on low-fee private schools has been actively documented in the past decade, existing research and policy discussions have failed to recognise their heavy reliance on low-fee tuition providers in order to ensure that their children complete the primary cycle. By mapping a vibrant supply of low-fee tuition providers in two neighbourhoods in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan, this paper argues for understanding the supply-side dynamics of this segment of the education market with the aim of designing better-informed policies, making better use of public spending on supporting private-sector players to reach the poor. Contrary to what is assumed in studies of the private tuition market, the low-fee tuition providers offering services in the Pakistani urban neighbourhoods are not teachers in government schools trying to make extra money by offering afternoon tutorial to children from their schools. Working from their homes, the tutors featured in this paper are mostly women who often have no formal teacher training but are imaginative in their use of a diverse set of teaching techniques to ensure that children from low-income households who cannot get support for education at home cope with their daily homework assignments and pass the annual exams to transition to the next grade. These tutors were motivated to offer tuition by a combination of factors ranging from the need to earn a living, a desire to stay productively engaged, and for some a commitment to help poor children. Arguing that parents expect them to take full responsibility for their children’s educational attainment, these providers view the poor quality of education in schools, the weak maternal involvement in children’s education, and changing cultural norms, whereby children no longer respect authority, as being key to explaining the prevailing low educational levels. The paper presents evidence that the private tuition providers, who may be viewed as education entrepreneurs, have the potential to be used by the state and development agencies to provide better quality education to children from low-income families.
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Bano, Masooda. Beating the ‘Anti-Work’ Culture: Lessons from a Successful Attemptto Improve Performance in State Schools in Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE)r, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/105.
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What local-level factors, or horizontal pressures, can improve learning outcomes in government schools in developing countries, when the political elites and education bureaucracy are not exerting enough vertical pressure on principals and teachers to ensure improvement in learning outcomes? Existing research suggests the role of principals, investment in teacher training or improving financial incentives, and increased community participation as possible ways to enhance performance of teachers and principals. Assessing a 25-year state-school improvement programme run by CARE, a prominent education foundation in Pakistan, which has demonstrated visible success in improving student enrolment and performance in national matriculation exams and transition to college and university education, this paper shows that while principals can play a critical role in improving school performance, the real challenge is to suppress the ‘anti-work’ culture that prevails in state schools in countries where appointments of teachers as well as principals remain a source of political patronage. The paper shows that in such contexts NGOs, if given the contractual authority to monitor performance, can act as effective third-party enforcers to help shift the balance in favour of ‘pro-work’ teachers. However, for systematic long-term improvement in school performance, this support needs to come via the district-level education authorities—and this, as we shall see, is often also missing in such contexts. The findings from this study thus support growing evidence on the challenges confronting efforts to strengthen the short route of accountability in countries where the long route of accountability is weak. In such a political-economy context, even committed principals are unlikely to be able to shift school culture in favour of a ‘pro-work’ ethic unless there are wide-ranging reforms in the wider political and bureaucratic culture.
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Bano, Masooda. Beating the ‘Anti-Work’ Culture: Lessons from a Successful Attemptto Improve Performance in State Schools in Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE)r, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/105.
Full textAbstract:
What local-level factors, or horizontal pressures, can improve learning outcomes in government schools in developing countries, when the political elites and education bureaucracy are not exerting enough vertical pressure on principals and teachers to ensure improvement in learning outcomes? Existing research suggests the role of principals, investment in teacher training or improving financial incentives, and increased community participation as possible ways to enhance performance of teachers and principals. Assessing a 25-year state-school improvement programme run by CARE, a prominent education foundation in Pakistan, which has demonstrated visible success in improving student enrolment and performance in national matriculation exams and transition to college and university education, this paper shows that while principals can play a critical role in improving school performance, the real challenge is to suppress the ‘anti-work’ culture that prevails in state schools in countries where appointments of teachers as well as principals remain a source of political patronage. The paper shows that in such contexts NGOs, if given the contractual authority to monitor performance, can act as effective third-party enforcers to help shift the balance in favour of ‘pro-work’ teachers. However, for systematic long-term improvement in school performance, this support needs to come via the district-level education authorities—and this, as we shall see, is often also missing in such contexts. The findings from this study thus support growing evidence on the challenges confronting efforts to strengthen the short route of accountability in countries where the long route of accountability is weak. In such a political-economy context, even committed principals are unlikely to be able to shift school culture in favour of a ‘pro-work’ ethic unless there are wide-ranging reforms in the wider political and bureaucratic culture.
10
Panko, Mary. Undergraduate Research: A Source for Faculty Publications? Unitec ePress, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.002.
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Over the last two decades undergraduate students have been encouraged to problem solve in ‘the real world’ in order to construct their own subject knowledge. This generally means that students are required to carry out research in their disciplines, a process which inevitably leads to the production of quantities of data. Once their findings are reported back to faculty and have been graded, they are largely ignored, as they are ‘only’ the product of undergraduate research. However, since 2000 there has been a move to bring this type of work into the open through undergraduate research conferences in order to benefit both the students and their institutions. Nevertheless, except for a few publications within medical teaching, faculty themselves have not widely used this data for their own research, perhaps fearing its potential lack of authenticity or credibility. This paper explores a case study to examine the validity and reliability of students’ findings and considers whether the observations obtained by students can or should be made into academic publications by staff. This study comprised four cohorts, totaling 109 second-year undergraduate automotive students, who had made repeat visits to a number of automotive workshops and reviewed the workshops’ activities with a particular focus on customer service, health and safety, and waste management. Analysis of the top 25% of students’ reports revealed that a number of compliance failures were appearing on such a regular basis that these findings should be brought to the attention of the automotive industry. The paper concludes with a recommendation that under carefully controlled conditions, academics should draw on this hitherto ignored seam of research data.