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Academic literature on the topic 'Pakistan Refugees'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Pakistan Refugees"

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Muhammad, Rehan Khan. "International Forced Migration and Pak- Afghan Development Concerns: Exploring Afghan Refugee Livelihood Strategies." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 2, no. 4 (October 15, 2011): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v2i4.667.

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This study investigates the livelihood strategies employed by Afghan refugees residing in Pakistan. These refugees were forced to take refuge in Pakistan after Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1978. Three decades after their migration, and after repeated Pakistani government attempts to resettle them in Afghanistan, scores of Afghan refugees still reside in Pakistan. This paper discusses the evolving relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the years and their respective implications. Researching the various livelihood strategies that Afghan refugees pursued their impact on the Pakistani labor market is discussed. By means of taking a case study of an Afghan refugee woman, this study concludes that there exists a gender dimension in Afghan refugee population. In doing so two developmental concerns are identified i) development projects focused on refugee assistance in Afghanistan and Pakistan ignore the development concerns of the women population ii) countries that provide refuge to victims of war are exposed to a new set of development challenges in addition to their already burdened economy. This paper furthers the academic debate on achieving the development challenge of attaining a stable South Asia, in light of the AfPak strategy initiated by President Obama in 2010, and reflects on potential areas for policy making for Pakistan, Afghanistan and the United States.

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Zubair, Muhammad, Muhammad Aqeel Khan, and Muzamil Shah. "Analysis of Pakistan's Policy Towards Afghan Refugees: A Legal Perspective." III IV, no. III (September 30, 2019): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).04.

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This article explores Pakistan’s policy towards Afghan refugees since their arrival into Pakistan in 1979. As Pakistan has no refugee related law at national level nor is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its Protocol of 1967; but despite of all these obstacles it has welcomed the refugees from Afghanistan after the Russian aggression. During their stay here in Pakistan, these refugees have faced various problems due to the non-existence of the relevant laws and have been treated under the Foreigner’s Act of 1946, which did not apply to them. What impact this absence of law has made on the lives of these Afghan refugees? Here various phases of their arrival into Pakistan as well as the shift in policies of the government of Pakistan have been also discussed in brief. This article explores all these obstacles along with possible legal remedies.

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Anjum, Ubair. "A Review of Refugees and Their Mental Health in the Perspective of World, and the Particular Issue of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." International Journal of Culture and History 7, no. 1 (April 14, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijch.v7i1.16842.

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The mental health of the refugees is a matter of interest from the global perspective, as the refugees are reported to have several kinds of mental illness because of their flee from their home countries which could ultimately provoke the circumstances of the host countries. Pakistan is amongst the top listed countries providing the refuge to the displaced people after Lebanon, Jordan and, Turkey. The refugees have been reported to have behavioral and mental issues because they had gone through the awful situations of being exiled from their own land. Pakistan is serving the refugees from decades on mandate of UNHCR, but has been victimized of worthy loss due to the extremists and terrorists hide in refugee camps, because of their psychopaths of criminality towards the host-nation. Pakistan still backed the Afghan refugees and declared to provide the nationality to those Afghan’s born in Pakistan. But, Pakistan doesn’t possess any certain act or policy concerning the Afghan refugee till now, the mandate of UNHCR has been following as well as the health facilities and betterments for refugees are accordingly. By unveiling the certain issue mental health of the refugees in general the recommendations has been presented as well as by focusing the matter of the Afghan Refugees the ultimate policy is devised to consider for betterment in state-backed by the evidence gathered contextually.

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Khan, Saima, Dr Qamar-uddin Zia Ghaznavi, and Muhammad Tariq. "Assessing Refugee Crisis through the Lens of Media Discourse; A comparative Analysis of American and Pakistani Newspapers." Journal of Peace, Development & Communication me 05, issue 2 (June 30, 2021): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v05-i02-02.

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Study focuses on portrayal refugee crisis in American and Pakistani newspapers (The Washington Post and Dawn) during one year (May 2017-April 2017). Recently two major events played a key role in heightening this tragedy, firstly post 9/11 war on terror and secondly Arab spring. The consequent conflicts in countries have caused millions of people to flee from their homelands. Now 22 million people are refugees out of the total 65.6 million of world population. America being a key player in international media, can make or break the story through its information handling techniques. Likewise Pakistan, the second largest host of refugees in the world, lost its top position only after Syrian conflict. Issue of Afghan refugees is the most delayed refugee issue in the world and Pakistan being top host has greater place at international scenario in these terms. As the refugee crisis goes on with no end in sight, increasing socio-economic pressures in neighboring countries; acceptance of refugees has become questionable. Since refugees are being subjected to major human rights violation, analyzing role of media in this regard becomes significant. While considering main objectives of the study, findings of critical discourse analysis (CDA) reveal that American and Pakistani newspapers’ portray refugees as victim of human rights violations.

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Zubair, Muhammad, Suhail Shahzad, and Muhammad Aqeel Khan. "The Position of Afghan Refugees under Various Agreements and Constitution of Pakistan: An Analysis." Global Regional Review IV, no. I (March 30, 2019): 462–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-i).50.

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This article explores the legal position of Afghan refugees in Pakistan (as it has no refugee related legislation at national level nor a signatory to refugee related instruments at international level) in the light of . various agreements which it has concluded with the UNHCR and the Afghan government along with the various protections available under the 1973 Constitution. A total of eight agreements which started with the first one in 1988 have been concluded among the Government of Pakistan (GOP), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Government of Afghanistan (GOA) under which various rights have been extended to them apart from their refugee status recognition. The Constitution of Pakistan also affords them certain fundamental rights irrespective of their status as they are currently living in Pakistan’s territorial jurisdiction, which enables them to claim those rights. Their life and liberty is as protected as any other citizen of Pakistan.

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Ghafur, Riaz. "Portrail of Afghan Refugees in the Wake of APS Attack." Global Mass Communication Review III, no. I (December 30, 2018): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2018(iii-i).04.

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After the Russian invasion in 1979, most of the disturbed Afghans fled their homes. A huge number of refugees rushed to Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan. Their influx increases infrastructure problems in the targeted countries. According to the United nations available resources, more than 4 million registered Afghan refugees, took shelter in Pakistan. These refugees were given nominated spaces throughout Khyber Pakhtunkhwa & Baluchistan to live there. After the fall of Kabul, refugees remained in Pakistani provinces. During their stay, so many incidents took place in Pakistan. According to the intelligence reports, in many terrorists' activities, Afghan refugees found responsible. The recent attack of Army Public School showed a strong connection between Afghan refugees' involvement in the incident. Pakistani Media also portrayed them with angles.

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Bakhsh, Faiz, and Muhammad Asif Safdar. "ROLE OF THE UNHCR IN REPATRIATION OF AFGHAN REFUGEES FROM PAKISTAN: POST 9/11 ERA." PETITA: JURNAL KAJIAN ILMU HUKUM DAN SYARIAH 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/petita.v5i1.95.

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The post 9/11-armed conflict in Afghanistan resulted in the displacement of millions of Afghans and many of these displaced persons entered Pakistan as refugees. Moreover, the involvement of Pakistan in the conflict as an ally to NATO claimed Pakistan an internal armed conflict that displaced waves and waves of internal displacements. Repatriation is considered as a durable solution of the refugee problem. It is the responsibility of the host state to plan for safe and voluntary return of refugees and the UNHCR plays a supportive role in complying with this responsibility. However, the principles of safety, voluntariness and dignity are preserved during repatriation. To comply with the legal framework for refugees regarding repatriation, Pakistan had been struggling a lot in the context of the ongoing armed conflict in both Afghanistan and Pakistan. UNHCR has been helping and assisting the government of Pakistan in planning and executing the safe and voluntary Afghan refugees. This cooperation between the UNHCR and Pakistan has remained effective in achieving the goal of repatriation of Afghan Refugees in the context of ongoing conflicts in both Afghanistan and Pakistan in the context of difficult circumstances This paper discusses the repatriation of the Afghan refugees from Pakistan, engineered by the UNHCR and Pakistan, under the legal framework applicable for safe and voluntary return of refugees, amid waves of repeated displacements due to the ongoing conflicts in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

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Yusuf, Farhat. "Size and Sociodemographic characteristics of the Afghan refugee population in Pakistan." Journal of Biosocial Science 22, no. 3 (July 1990): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018654.

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SummarySome recent data are presented on the size and selected sociodemographic characteristics of the Afghan refugee population in Pakistan. Although the official figures show that there were 3·27 million registered Afghan refugees in Pakistan, it is estimated that the actual number may be as high as 3·6 million. There is an excess of females over males, mainly due to war-related activities and excessive casualties particularly among males. While infant and childhood mortality rates are declining and are lower than the levels prevalent in Pakistan, as well as in Afghanistan during the prewar period, the fertility levels among Afghan refugees seem very high indeed.

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Ur Rehman, Atta, Rubeena Zakar, Muhammad Zakria Zakar, Ume Hani, and Florian Fischer. "Protocol for a cross-sectional study on factors affecting health-related quality of life among Afghan refugees in Pakistan." F1000Research 10 (September 27, 2021): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73005.1.

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Background: Pakistan served as a host for more than 1.4 million Afghan refugees for more than 40 years. Access to health care is the most important issue faced by refugees, because they might be at a higher risk for certain diseases. This risk can be attributed to a lack of awareness of health care facilities, health beliefs, inadequate hygiene, cultural differences, and malnutrition. Health of individuals is closely associated with their quality of life. Quality of life over the whole lifespan is pivotal to overall life satisfaction. It includes physical wellbeing, mental health, education, occupation, income, personal safety, as well as (religious) freedom. Until now, the health status of Afghan refugees has never been comprehensively investigated in Pakistan. Therefore, an assessment in this regard is needed to explore their health-related quality of life, for securing their human right to health. Methods: A cross-sectional study has been designed to describe and explain the health-related quality of life of Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Multistage cluster sampling was applied for selection of study participants. The number of respondents from two regions in Pakistan was drawn through a proportionate sampling technique. A quantitative research method using pre-validated questionnaires was used for data collection. The questionnaire included items to assess well-being, mental health, health literacy, and factors affecting health and health care. Descriptive analysis was used, whereas inferential statistical tests (binary logistic regression model) was also performed. The study received ethically permission by the Advanced Studies and Research Board of the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Discussion: The assessment of Afghan refugee’s quality of life in Pakistan should lead to recommendations disseminated to public and health care officials. This evidence is needed for policymaking related to adequate measures for improving health conditions of Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

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Shekhar, Beulah, and Vijaya Somasundaram. "The Sri Lankan Refugee Crimes and Crisis: Experience and Lessons Learnt from South India." Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice 2, no. 2 (October 2019): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516606919885524.

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Sharing porous borders with its neighbours, India has played a regular host to refugees from Nepal, Burma, Tibet, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. According to UNHCR, as of 2014, there are more than 200,000 refugees living in India. Notwithstanding the fact that India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and its additional 1967 Protocol, its open-door policy to refugees has had adverse political and socio-economic repercussions. This article3 analyses the experience of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with the Sri Lankan refugees from the first influx in 1983 up to 2000, when the refugees began returning to their homeland. The researchers identify the pull factors for the refugee influx and push factors that led to their return and in the process put together crucial learning that can be of significance to States dealing with the problem of refugees.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pakistan Refugees"

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Malik, Abdul Hamid Masood Alauddin. "Impelled Afghan migration to Pakistan, 1978-1984." Peshawar : Area Study Centre, 2000. http://books.google.com/books?id=8vttAAAAMAAJ.

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Bhatty, Saad. "Impact of the Afghan refugees on Pakistan." FIU Digital Commons, 1987. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1674.

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There was a massive influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan following the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan in December 1979. An attempt has been made here to analyze the political, ethnic, economic and social ramifications of the Afghan refugees on Pakistan. Among the consequences of the presence of Afghan refugees are: 1. A heavy burden on Pakistan's resources on account of sustaining the 2.8 million Afghan refugees 2. Friction between Afghan refugees and the Pakistani population, due to land, employment, animal grazing-pasture and water-supply disputes, and 3. A direct threat to Pakistan's internal security and political stability, which is made evident by numerous violations of Pakistan's western borders by Soviet-Afghan air and ground forces in pursuit of the refugees and Afghan Mujahidin. The political talks on the Afghan crisis are deadlocked on the question of a Soviet troop withdrawal. The Soviets and Afghans insist on the stoppage of foreign support to the Afghan counterrevolutionaries. The refugees in Pakistan will not return to their homes unless they are insured a safe and honorable life by the Afghan government.

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Ames, Todd Trowbridge. "Factors affecting the repatriation of the Afghan refugees." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4274.

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Nicolson, Vanessa Johan. "Reconciling notions of asylum and refugees in Islam and international law : a case study of Afghan refugees in Pakistan." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12644.

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Muslims constitute the largest refugee populations worldwide. However, a lack of refugee protection mechanisms in the Muslim world (where most Muslims seek asylum) leaves these groups vulnerable to the interests of individual states. At the same time, Muslims face fierce prejudice in the West, including the depiction of Islam as an anti-Western, anti-democratic, and anti-modern religion. However, an examination of Islamic precepts reveals the falsity of such allegations, especially with regard to refugees and asylum. Islam provides a normative framework for socio-economic justice, including asylum, and sets out regulations for the assistance and protection of refugees. In spite of this, little scholarly work has explored the role of Islam in issues of asylum and refugees. This article examines the past three decades of Afghan refugees in Pakistan. It attempts to explain the role of Islam in Pakistan’s initial acceptance of Afghan refugees, and why this generosity eventually transformed into hostility. It also reveals the flaws of UNHCR operations in the Afghan case, from which useful inferences can be drawn to Muslim refugee crises in general. Finally, this thesis outlines challenges and solutions to incorporating Islamic principles into Islamic state responses to Muslim refugee crises. It concludes that stronger multilateral agreements based on Islamic refugee laws should be made between Muslim states (with full UNHCR support) to provide more effective responses to Muslim refugee crises and better protection of Muslim refugees’ rights.

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Sanchez, Laura. "A comparative study of refugees and idps." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/506.

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There is a grave concern for the life, liberty and security of individuals who have been forced to leave their homes and have become dispersed within their native countries and throughout the Asian continent. These internally displaced persons and refugees are the subject of this study. Some of the themes that will be discussed include: civil war, human rights violations and the economy, since these are the problems affecting the populations of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Myanmar. These case studies are of particular interest because Afghanistan is where most refugees come from, Myanmar has the longest-running military regime and Pakistan hosts the most refugees in the world. All three case studies are currently in a state of civil war, are breeding grounds for violations of human rights and have corrupt economies. Thus, the goal is to end armed conflict, to put an end to the human rights violations that come with it and to restructure the economies in each of these nation states so that the internally displaced persons and refugees can be repatriated, since displacement has become too much of a burden for Afghanistan, Pakistan and Myanmar's neighboring countries, who have been taking in all of the refugees from said countries. Theoretically, if the issues causing displacement were to be solved, then the countries that host refugees would be able to concentrate on their own populations. This study can potentially address the gap between knowledge, policy formation, and policy implementation to realize the goals of the international community in dealing with the displacement crisis.
B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science

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Alimia, Sana. "The quest for humanity in a dehumanised state : Afghan refugees and devalued citizens in urban Pakistan, 1979-2012." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2013. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/16641/.

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This thesis asks two questions. Firstly, how do refugees exert political agency in Pakistan? And secondly, does legal citizenship affect the expression of political agency in Pakistan? It examines how Afghans (non-citizens) and Pakistanis (citizens - specifically the urban poor) occupy a shared reality in Pakistan. It pays attention to urban spaces, and it looks at this shared space through a framework of 'dehumanisation' and 'self-humanisation' as informed by the oral narratives and ethnography collected during fieldwork in Karachi and Peshawar. In everyday urban Pakistan differences at the level of political agency between the citizen and the non-citizen are slim. This is because official institutions do not deliver the material and nonmaterial resources to which both groups are legally entitled. In practice, therefore, both Afghans and Pakistanis use a similar repertoire of 'hybrid' formal/informal structures and strategies to redistribute everyday material and non-material goods in their push for a humanised existence. Through these shared experiences of dehumanisation and self-humanisation, an alternative space of 'belonging' occurs, which goes beyond traditional demarcations between 'refugees', 'citizens', and 'non-citizens'. These formal/informal ways of being are tolerated and encouraged by official actors because they represent an alternative way of managing urban populations and maintaining the state. However, specific benefits withstanding, this sphere of formal/informal political agency inadvertently chips away at the Pakistani state, in physical and non-physical ways, creating longterm changes to the city and the political legitimacy of the state. This thesis concludes by showing that 'citizenship' matters only in the domain of state 'security'. The post-2001 climate of (in)security in Pakistan has created deeply penetrative forms of enumeration and surveillance. This combines with negative constructions of the Afghan 'Other' to create an everyday reality of humiliation (police harassment, verbal and physical abuse, and arbitrary detention) which is specifically reserved for Afghan bodies.

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Godfrey, Nancy. "Getting in on the act : the multiplicity of agencies promoting the health of refugees, with a case study of the Afghans in Pakistan, 1978-1988." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2437/.

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Over the past century and a half, an international system to assist refugees has evolved, which gives priority to health. This thesis looks at the processes by which policies for the health of refugees have been formulated and implemented in three historical periods. It begins with the Red Cross movement of the late 1800s when medical care was first organised for those wounded in war. Provision of basic medical care for entire populations affected by the World Wars is then reviewed, highlighting the creation of organizations by governments collectively for relief and aid. The bulk of the analysis, however, focuses on the past forty years when western charities and inter-governmental organizations increasingly made medical and public health interventions available for refugee relief in poorer countries. Organizational policies, mandates and structures of the specialised agencies of the United Nations and the charitable agencies based in Europe and North America are examined. This places existing policies for the health of refugees within the context of the cultural and political environment in which they originate. It also identifies more general patterns in institutional responses, allowing their roles in particular relief operations to be anticipated. Health policies for the Afghan refugees in Pakistan during the 1980s are then analyzed. Not only does this analysis validate earlier conclusions about international policies for refugee health, it reveals unbalanced relationships of power between internationally- and nationally-based organizations. In so doing, cultural dimensions of the policy process and the complexity of vested interests within national societies arc found lo have been neglected. Although recommendations can be made, the policy process indicates that they are unlikely to be put into practice. Consequently, more general conclusions about the policy process, key policy issues and characteristics of existing policies for the health of refugees bring the analysis to a close. In particular, this research indicates that there is a coherent system through which health relief is provided. Health relief is not, however, promoted as a human right; instead it is provided as a humanitarian activity by powerful groups within national societies and globally. Sadly, many of the activities carried out under the aegis of relief appear to be symbolic since they do not alter existing balances of power. The intention of these policies to promote the health of refugees is, therefore, subject to debate.

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Shahani, Uttara. "Sind and the partition of India, c.1927-1952." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290268.

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Sindhi Hindus comprise the world's most widespread South Asian diaspora. When the British divided their Indian empire in 1947, unlike Punjab, Bengal, and Assam, they did not partition Sind (today a part of Pakistan), despite the minority campaign for a partition of the region. Sind's partition in 1947 was a deterritorialised and demographic one, producing over a million 'non-Muslim' refugees who resettled in India and abroad. A frequently overlooked region in histories of South Asia, Sind is of profound importance to the history of the partition of India. In the decades preceding partition Sind formed the core of the demand for the creation of 'Muslim majority' provinces that later gave Pakistan its territorial basis. This thesis outlines a new history of partition from the pre-partition Sindhi movement for separation from the Bombay Presidency. It explores the hardening of communal identities in a province renowned for its blurred religious boundaries and the ambiguities of defining a 'Muslim majority' province in the run-up to the foundation of Pakistan. Partition histories emphasise the role of sudden and unexpected genocidal violence in creating refugees. The processes of nation-formation and establishing new political-legal sovereignties also shaped refugee flows. Sindhi Hindu migration at the time of partition is also located within their older histories of mobility and suggests a more complex picture of displacements at the time of partition. Largely unwelcome in India, Sindhi refugees exercised a considerable amount of initiative, in rehabilitating themselves and in challenging the state's slow response to their demands for rehabilitation. Using rarely studied legal archives, this thesis charts how, despite being a stateless minority, Sindhi refugees' legal campaigns shaped the Indian constitution and informed broader notions of Indian citizenship. Refugee initiatives to create a 'new' Sind and port in Kutch collided with the governmental agenda to secure the integration of the princely states and harness their economic resources to the Indian Union. By investigating the 'failures' of this attempt to re-establish 'Sind in India', this thesis provides unique insights into the fraught interaction between refugee resettlement and the birth of a new nation.

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ROY, HAIMANTI. "CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN POST PARTITION BENGAL, 1947-65." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1147886544.

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Boidin, Philippe. "La chirurgie des refugies : compte-rendu d'une experience de 16 mois a peshawar au pakistan." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR1M139.

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Books on the topic "Pakistan Refugees"

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Rahman, Khalid, and Fakiha Mahmood. International refugee law, Islamic Shariah and Afghan Refugees in Pakistan. Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, 2013.

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Khattak, Saba Gul. In/security: Afghan refugees and politics in Pakistan. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 2003.

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Pakistan and the Afghan crisis. Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, 1986.

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Four years in Pakistan. Kathmandu: Nabeen Publications, 2006.

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Weinbaum, Marvin G. Pakistan and Afghanistan: Resistance and reconstruction. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.

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Michael, Barry. Mission to Afghanistan and Pakistan (September/October/November 1985): Report. Paris, France: Bureau International Afghanistan (BIA), 1985.

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Long years of exile: Central Asian refugees in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994.

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Alauddin, Masood, ed. Impelled Afghan migration to Pakistan, 1978-1984. Peshawar: Area Study Centre, 2000.

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Saikal, Fazel Haq. Afghan refugee relief in Pakistan: Political context and practical problems. Canberra, Australia: University College, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Dept. of Politics, 1986.

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Khan, Mohammad Bhehzad. The legal environment in Pakistan for registered Afghans. Islamabad: Community Appraisal & Motivation Program, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pakistan Refugees"

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Dupree, Nancy Hatch. "The Demography of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." In Soviet-American Relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan, 366–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08553-8_18.

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Badalič, Vasja. "The Reverse Exodus: The Forced Repatriation of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." In The War Against Civilians, 191–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12406-9_10.

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Scalettaris, Giulia. "Refugees or Migrants? The UNHCR’s Comprehensive Approach to Afghan Mobility into Iran and Pakistan." In The Politics of International Migration Management, 252–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230294882_12.

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Erdoğan, Armağan, and M. Murat Erdoğan. "Syrian University Students in Turkish Higher Education: Immediate Vulnerabilities, Future Challenges for the European Higher Education Area." In European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade, 229–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_16.

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Abstract Since 2011, millions of Syrian people have had to leave their country and seek shelter in neighbouring countries and in Europe. Forced migration or displacement creates multiple vulnerabilities while trying to settle in a new environment. Socioeconomic, cultural and psychological vulnerabilities hinder them from participating actively in society. Higher education is one of the main ways that refugees and displaced people cling to hope for a better life. Their access to and participation in higher education has been a challenging route for many reasons both for themselves and also for the higher education systems and universities in their host countries. Turkey has a unique place in regard to Syrian refugees. It hosts the largest refugee population in the world with 3.6 million Syrians and 500,000 asylum seekers from other countries, such as Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Turkey has a young population with the 5–17 age group comprising 21% of the population, but the Syrian population is much younger as its rate is 30%. Turkey is also the country with the largest student population in the European Higher Education Area. The incomparable magnitude of the situation, among others, plays a crucial role in developing new integration policies. In spite of the ongoing difficulties and challenges, the past nine years proved a success story in protection, social cohesion and integration of these newcomers. Turkey has been suffering from some challenges, such as a supply and demand imbalance in higher education. Demographic factors, shortcomings of the higher education system and the unemployment rate among university graduates have been some long-term challenges for Turkish higher education. Moreover, a common misconception in public opinion, that Syrian refugees are admitted to Turkish universities without fulfilling the requirements, adds new challenges for future policies. Both the sheer number of migrants and also the emergency of the situation during this migration flow necessitated some action to be taken in the area of higher education. In a country like Turkey, where there is high competition between students to pass the nationwide university selection exam each year, encouraging Syrian students to access higher education seems to be an area for discussion. This paper is based on the fieldwork of research conducted in the context of the Hopes-MADAD project entitled “Elite Dialogue II- Dialogue with Syrian Refugees in Turkey through Syrian Academics and Students” in 2019. The main research subject is which types of vulnerabilities Syrian university students face, and how they can integrate into society in Turkey. New approaches and definitions are needed to touch the actual needs of the refugees to be actively involved into society. Nevertheless, research on the higher education practices of vulnerable groups in general, and of Syrian students in particular, is largely missing.

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Manzoor, Humera, Mehboob ur Rashid, Cherry W. M. Cheung, and Caleb Kwong. "Internally Displaced Entrepreneurs in Pakistan: The Case of Abdullah." In Refugee Entrepreneurship, 195–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92534-9_13.

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Munir, Laine P. "Fleeing Gender: Reasons for Displacement in Pakistan’s Transgender Community." In LGBTI Asylum Seekers and Refugees from a Legal and Political Perspective, 49–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91905-8_4.

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"Appendix C. Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." In Afghanistan, 319–20. University of California Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520919143-021.

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Weinbaum, Marvin G. "The Impact and Legacy of the Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." In Contemporary Problems of Pakistan, 125–46. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429041723-7.

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"India’s military intervention in East Pakistan, 1971." In The Politics of Refugees in South Asia, 118–32. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315890142-14.

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"The World at War: India, Pakistan, and the United Nations." In Refugees and Borders in South Asia, 26–51. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203104613-6.

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Reports on the topic "Pakistan Refugees"

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Idris, Iffat. Increasing Birth Registration for Children of Marginalised Groups in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.102.

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This review looks at approaches to promote birth registration among marginalised groups, in order to inform programming in Pakistan. It draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, in particular reports by international development organizations. While there is extensive literature on rates of birth registration and the barriers to this, and consensus on approaches to promote registration, the review found less evidence of measures specifically aimed at marginalised groups. Gender issues are addressed to some extent, particularly in understanding barriers to registration, but the literature was largely disability-blind. The literature notes that birth registration is considered as a fundamental human right, allowing access to services such as healthcare and education; it is the basis for obtaining other identity documents, e.g. driving licenses and passports; it protects children, e.g. from child marriage; and it enables production of vital statistics to support government planning and resource allocation. Registration rates are generally lower than average for vulnerable children, e.g. from minority groups, migrants, refugees, children with disabilities. Discriminatory policies against minorities, restrictions on movement, lack of resources, and lack of trust in government are among the ‘additional’ barriers affecting the most marginalised. Women, especially unmarried women, also face greater challenges in getting births registered. General approaches to promoting birth registration include legal and policy reform, awareness-raising activities, capacity building of registration offices, integration of birth registration with health services/education/social safety nets, and the use of digital technology to increase efficiency and accessibility.

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Rohwerder, Brigitte. The Socioeconomic Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Forcibly Displaced Persons. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2021.006.

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Covid-19 and the response and mitigation efforts taken to contain the virus have triggered a global crisis impacting on all aspects of life. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic for forcibly displaced persons (refugees, internally displaced persons and asylum seekers) extends beyond its health impacts and includes serious socioeconomic and protection impacts. This rapid review focuses on the available evidence of the socioeconomic impacts of the crisis on forcibly displaced persons, with a focus where possible and relevant on examples from countries of interest to the Covid Collective programme: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Ghana, Iraq, Kenya, Malawi, Pakistan, Rwanda, South Sudan, Syria, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

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