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Journal articles on the topic 'Pakistan Refugees'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Muhammad, Rehan Khan. "International Forced Migration and Pak- Afghan Development Concerns: Exploring Afghan Refugee Livelihood Strategies." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 2, no. 4 (October 15, 2011): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v2i4.667.

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This study investigates the livelihood strategies employed by Afghan refugees residing in Pakistan. These refugees were forced to take refuge in Pakistan after Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1978. Three decades after their migration, and after repeated Pakistani government attempts to resettle them in Afghanistan, scores of Afghan refugees still reside in Pakistan. This paper discusses the evolving relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the years and their respective implications. Researching the various livelihood strategies that Afghan refugees pursued their impact on the Pakistani labor market is discussed. By means of taking a case study of an Afghan refugee woman, this study concludes that there exists a gender dimension in Afghan refugee population. In doing so two developmental concerns are identified i) development projects focused on refugee assistance in Afghanistan and Pakistan ignore the development concerns of the women population ii) countries that provide refuge to victims of war are exposed to a new set of development challenges in addition to their already burdened economy. This paper furthers the academic debate on achieving the development challenge of attaining a stable South Asia, in light of the AfPak strategy initiated by President Obama in 2010, and reflects on potential areas for policy making for Pakistan, Afghanistan and the United States.
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2

Zubair, Muhammad, Muhammad Aqeel Khan, and Muzamil Shah. "Analysis of Pakistan's Policy Towards Afghan Refugees: A Legal Perspective." III IV, no. III (September 30, 2019): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).04.

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This article explores Pakistan’s policy towards Afghan refugees since their arrival into Pakistan in 1979. As Pakistan has no refugee related law at national level nor is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its Protocol of 1967; but despite of all these obstacles it has welcomed the refugees from Afghanistan after the Russian aggression. During their stay here in Pakistan, these refugees have faced various problems due to the non-existence of the relevant laws and have been treated under the Foreigner’s Act of 1946, which did not apply to them. What impact this absence of law has made on the lives of these Afghan refugees? Here various phases of their arrival into Pakistan as well as the shift in policies of the government of Pakistan have been also discussed in brief. This article explores all these obstacles along with possible legal remedies.
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3

Anjum, Ubair. "A Review of Refugees and Their Mental Health in the Perspective of World, and the Particular Issue of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." International Journal of Culture and History 7, no. 1 (April 14, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijch.v7i1.16842.

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The mental health of the refugees is a matter of interest from the global perspective, as the refugees are reported to have several kinds of mental illness because of their flee from their home countries which could ultimately provoke the circumstances of the host countries. Pakistan is amongst the top listed countries providing the refuge to the displaced people after Lebanon, Jordan and, Turkey. The refugees have been reported to have behavioral and mental issues because they had gone through the awful situations of being exiled from their own land. Pakistan is serving the refugees from decades on mandate of UNHCR, but has been victimized of worthy loss due to the extremists and terrorists hide in refugee camps, because of their psychopaths of criminality towards the host-nation. Pakistan still backed the Afghan refugees and declared to provide the nationality to those Afghan’s born in Pakistan. But, Pakistan doesn’t possess any certain act or policy concerning the Afghan refugee till now, the mandate of UNHCR has been following as well as the health facilities and betterments for refugees are accordingly. By unveiling the certain issue mental health of the refugees in general the recommendations has been presented as well as by focusing the matter of the Afghan Refugees the ultimate policy is devised to consider for betterment in state-backed by the evidence gathered contextually.
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Khan, Saima, Dr Qamar-uddin Zia Ghaznavi, and Muhammad Tariq. "Assessing Refugee Crisis through the Lens of Media Discourse; A comparative Analysis of American and Pakistani Newspapers." Journal of Peace, Development & Communication me 05, issue 2 (June 30, 2021): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v05-i02-02.

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Study focuses on portrayal refugee crisis in American and Pakistani newspapers (The Washington Post and Dawn) during one year (May 2017-April 2017). Recently two major events played a key role in heightening this tragedy, firstly post 9/11 war on terror and secondly Arab spring. The consequent conflicts in countries have caused millions of people to flee from their homelands. Now 22 million people are refugees out of the total 65.6 million of world population. America being a key player in international media, can make or break the story through its information handling techniques. Likewise Pakistan, the second largest host of refugees in the world, lost its top position only after Syrian conflict. Issue of Afghan refugees is the most delayed refugee issue in the world and Pakistan being top host has greater place at international scenario in these terms. As the refugee crisis goes on with no end in sight, increasing socio-economic pressures in neighboring countries; acceptance of refugees has become questionable. Since refugees are being subjected to major human rights violation, analyzing role of media in this regard becomes significant. While considering main objectives of the study, findings of critical discourse analysis (CDA) reveal that American and Pakistani newspapers’ portray refugees as victim of human rights violations.
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5

Zubair, Muhammad, Suhail Shahzad, and Muhammad Aqeel Khan. "The Position of Afghan Refugees under Various Agreements and Constitution of Pakistan: An Analysis." Global Regional Review IV, no. I (March 30, 2019): 462–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-i).50.

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This article explores the legal position of Afghan refugees in Pakistan (as it has no refugee related legislation at national level nor a signatory to refugee related instruments at international level) in the light of . various agreements which it has concluded with the UNHCR and the Afghan government along with the various protections available under the 1973 Constitution. A total of eight agreements which started with the first one in 1988 have been concluded among the Government of Pakistan (GOP), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Government of Afghanistan (GOA) under which various rights have been extended to them apart from their refugee status recognition. The Constitution of Pakistan also affords them certain fundamental rights irrespective of their status as they are currently living in Pakistan’s territorial jurisdiction, which enables them to claim those rights. Their life and liberty is as protected as any other citizen of Pakistan.
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6

Ghafur, Riaz. "Portrail of Afghan Refugees in the Wake of APS Attack." Global Mass Communication Review III, no. I (December 30, 2018): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2018(iii-i).04.

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After the Russian invasion in 1979, most of the disturbed Afghans fled their homes. A huge number of refugees rushed to Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan. Their influx increases infrastructure problems in the targeted countries. According to the United nations available resources, more than 4 million registered Afghan refugees, took shelter in Pakistan. These refugees were given nominated spaces throughout Khyber Pakhtunkhwa & Baluchistan to live there. After the fall of Kabul, refugees remained in Pakistani provinces. During their stay, so many incidents took place in Pakistan. According to the intelligence reports, in many terrorists' activities, Afghan refugees found responsible. The recent attack of Army Public School showed a strong connection between Afghan refugees' involvement in the incident. Pakistani Media also portrayed them with angles.
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7

Bakhsh, Faiz, and Muhammad Asif Safdar. "ROLE OF THE UNHCR IN REPATRIATION OF AFGHAN REFUGEES FROM PAKISTAN: POST 9/11 ERA." PETITA: JURNAL KAJIAN ILMU HUKUM DAN SYARIAH 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/petita.v5i1.95.

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The post 9/11-armed conflict in Afghanistan resulted in the displacement of millions of Afghans and many of these displaced persons entered Pakistan as refugees. Moreover, the involvement of Pakistan in the conflict as an ally to NATO claimed Pakistan an internal armed conflict that displaced waves and waves of internal displacements. Repatriation is considered as a durable solution of the refugee problem. It is the responsibility of the host state to plan for safe and voluntary return of refugees and the UNHCR plays a supportive role in complying with this responsibility. However, the principles of safety, voluntariness and dignity are preserved during repatriation. To comply with the legal framework for refugees regarding repatriation, Pakistan had been struggling a lot in the context of the ongoing armed conflict in both Afghanistan and Pakistan. UNHCR has been helping and assisting the government of Pakistan in planning and executing the safe and voluntary Afghan refugees. This cooperation between the UNHCR and Pakistan has remained effective in achieving the goal of repatriation of Afghan Refugees in the context of ongoing conflicts in both Afghanistan and Pakistan in the context of difficult circumstances This paper discusses the repatriation of the Afghan refugees from Pakistan, engineered by the UNHCR and Pakistan, under the legal framework applicable for safe and voluntary return of refugees, amid waves of repeated displacements due to the ongoing conflicts in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
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8

Yusuf, Farhat. "Size and Sociodemographic characteristics of the Afghan refugee population in Pakistan." Journal of Biosocial Science 22, no. 3 (July 1990): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018654.

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SummarySome recent data are presented on the size and selected sociodemographic characteristics of the Afghan refugee population in Pakistan. Although the official figures show that there were 3·27 million registered Afghan refugees in Pakistan, it is estimated that the actual number may be as high as 3·6 million. There is an excess of females over males, mainly due to war-related activities and excessive casualties particularly among males. While infant and childhood mortality rates are declining and are lower than the levels prevalent in Pakistan, as well as in Afghanistan during the prewar period, the fertility levels among Afghan refugees seem very high indeed.
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9

Ur Rehman, Atta, Rubeena Zakar, Muhammad Zakria Zakar, Ume Hani, and Florian Fischer. "Protocol for a cross-sectional study on factors affecting health-related quality of life among Afghan refugees in Pakistan." F1000Research 10 (September 27, 2021): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73005.1.

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Background: Pakistan served as a host for more than 1.4 million Afghan refugees for more than 40 years. Access to health care is the most important issue faced by refugees, because they might be at a higher risk for certain diseases. This risk can be attributed to a lack of awareness of health care facilities, health beliefs, inadequate hygiene, cultural differences, and malnutrition. Health of individuals is closely associated with their quality of life. Quality of life over the whole lifespan is pivotal to overall life satisfaction. It includes physical wellbeing, mental health, education, occupation, income, personal safety, as well as (religious) freedom. Until now, the health status of Afghan refugees has never been comprehensively investigated in Pakistan. Therefore, an assessment in this regard is needed to explore their health-related quality of life, for securing their human right to health. Methods: A cross-sectional study has been designed to describe and explain the health-related quality of life of Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Multistage cluster sampling was applied for selection of study participants. The number of respondents from two regions in Pakistan was drawn through a proportionate sampling technique. A quantitative research method using pre-validated questionnaires was used for data collection. The questionnaire included items to assess well-being, mental health, health literacy, and factors affecting health and health care. Descriptive analysis was used, whereas inferential statistical tests (binary logistic regression model) was also performed. The study received ethically permission by the Advanced Studies and Research Board of the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Discussion: The assessment of Afghan refugee’s quality of life in Pakistan should lead to recommendations disseminated to public and health care officials. This evidence is needed for policymaking related to adequate measures for improving health conditions of Afghan refugees in Pakistan.
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10

Shekhar, Beulah, and Vijaya Somasundaram. "The Sri Lankan Refugee Crimes and Crisis: Experience and Lessons Learnt from South India." Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice 2, no. 2 (October 2019): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516606919885524.

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Sharing porous borders with its neighbours, India has played a regular host to refugees from Nepal, Burma, Tibet, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. According to UNHCR, as of 2014, there are more than 200,000 refugees living in India. Notwithstanding the fact that India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and its additional 1967 Protocol, its open-door policy to refugees has had adverse political and socio-economic repercussions. This article3 analyses the experience of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with the Sri Lankan refugees from the first influx in 1983 up to 2000, when the refugees began returning to their homeland. The researchers identify the pull factors for the refugee influx and push factors that led to their return and in the process put together crucial learning that can be of significance to States dealing with the problem of refugees.
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11

Kronenfeld, D. A. "Afghan Refugees in Pakistan: Not All Refugees, Not Always in Pakistan, Not Necessarily Afghan?" Journal of Refugee Studies 21, no. 1 (February 11, 2008): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem048.

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12

Gilbert, Geoff. "The protection of refugees in international law post September 11 2001." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 6 (December 2003): 389–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900001392.

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The protection of refugees in international law is always a complex mix of legal obligations and policy considerations. Unfortunately, the reaction against refugees post September 11 has ignored both the facts and the pre-existing law.This paper addresses how refugees have fared in international and domestic law post September 11 2001. Given that a refugee, by definition, has lost the protection of her/his state, there is no body, other than the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), which is able to respond in the face of unjustified restrictions on the rights accorded to this most vulnerable group.The first thing to note is that none of the people involved in the events of September 11 was a refugee. Equally, immediately after the events of September 11, approximately 100,000 Afghans fled Kabul fearing revenge attacks by the United States. At the same time, under pressure from Pakistan and Iran, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees facilitated the repatriation of 215,000 Afghan refugees.
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13

Saeedullah, Anum, Muhammad Shabir Khan, Simon C. Andrews, Khalid Iqbal, Zia Ul-Haq, Syed Abdul Qadir, Haris Khan, Ishawu Iddrisu, and Muhammad Shahzad. "Nutritional Status of Adolescent Afghan Refugees Living in Peshawar, Pakistan." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 3072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093072.

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Pakistan has hosted millions of Afghan refugees over the last several decades. Due to poor socioeconomic status, food insecurity and inadequate access to health care, these refugees are considered to be at high risk of malnutrition. Previous studies on nutritional assessment of high-risk populations (refugees) have focused mainly on women and children (0–59 months). The current study aims to assess nutritional status of adolescent Afghan refugees; the population who are equally vulnerable to malnutrition and its consequences. In this cross sectional study, the nutritional status of 206 adolescent (10–19 years old) Afghans boys and girls living in a refugee camp in Peshawar, Pakistan was assessed using standard methods. The results indicate a prevalence of stunting, thinness, and overweight and obesity at 35.3%, 4.4% and 14.8%, respectively. Furthermore, there was a significantly high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (vitamin D, 80.5%; vitamin B12, 41.9%; and folate, 28.2%); and anemia (10.1%). Together, these findings indicate that this vulnerable population group suffers from the double burden of malnutrition and are thus at serious risk of impaired psychosocial cognitive development, general ill-health and diminished wellbeing. This study therefore highlights the urgent need to include adolescents in regular screening and intervention programs of such at-risk populations.
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Easton-Calabria, Evan. "Warriors of Self-reliance: The Instrumentalization of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." Journal of Refugee Studies 33, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez062.

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Abstract In striking contrast to most other refugee groups, Afghan refugees in Pakistan during the 1980s have primarily been understood as a successfully self-reliant population. However, little work has hitherto focused on the international assistance programmes that sought to support their everyday self-reliance. Drawing on extensive archival research, this article presents four phases of self-reliance assistance for Afghan refugees in Pakistan between 1979 and 1995, which correspond to shifts in broader economic trends from Keynesian economics to neoliberalism. At different times the practice of self-reliance assistance promoted large-scale collective employment, individual income-generation, protection for vulnerable populations unable to succeed in the market-based economy, and finally morphed into a form of self-governance through the ‘Afghanization’ of NGOs after the Cold War. These stages of self-reliance assistance encompass periods of humanitarian focus on so-called ‘refugee dependency syndrome’ and self-reliance as psycho-social support, holding parallels to the practice and discourse of contemporaneous Anglophone Western welfare systems. This article illuminates another chapter in the history of refugee self-reliance, and demonstrates the dynamism of self-reliance as both a concept and a practice.
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Ur Rehman, Ubaid, Syed Mudasser Abbas, and Alamgeer Khan. "AN ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING REPATRIATION OF AFGHAN REFUGEES FROM PAKISTAN." March 2021 37, no. 01 (March 30, 2021): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51380/gujr-37-01-02.

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Pakistan has been hosting Afghan refugees for almost four decades. These refugees are a burden on resources of country, hence Pakistan introduced repatriation of refugees with assistance of humanitarian organizations, but desired success not yet achieved. This study focused on "An analysis of economic factors influencing repatriation of the Afghan refugees from Pakistan”, therefore, utilized cross-sectional design to measure association between economic factors and expatriation. Study applied quantitative survey method to collect data through questionnaire. The simple random technique used to approach samples in population. Variables measured by the items selected from four different instruments. Data were analyzed with regression using SmartPLS. The results explored that productivity, labour market integration and access to shelter as indicators of economic factors for Afghan refugees in Pakistan are significantly associated with expatriation in presence of the mediating variable (economic well-being). Hence, a pull force of economic factors in Pakistan attracts them to stay in host country and avoid repatriation to homeland.
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Edwards, David Busby. "Marginality and Migration: Cultural Dimensions of the Afghan Refugee Problem." International Migration Review 20, no. 2 (June 1986): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838602000211.

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Given the duration of time that has passed since the Afghan refugee influx into Pakistan began and the absence of any immediate prospect for a political settlement which would allow the refugees to return home, it is necessary to consider what the long-term requirements of this population might be and the implications of permanent resettlement on both the refugees and the host country. For policy makers, these are urgent questions that must be confronted not only to help ensure the health, safety and productive future of the refugees, but also to minimize the risks of even greater political instability in this troubled region. This article will attempt to provide some basic insights into the society and culture of the Afghan refugees and will consider what impact dislocation and settlement have had specifically on tribally-organized Pakhtuns, who comprise approximately 50 percent of the Afghan population generally and perhaps 80 to 90 percent of the refugee population.
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Abdul Wadood, Ahmed Khan, and Hidayatullah Khan. "Belonging to Nowhere: A Phenomenological Study of the Identity Crisis of the Second Generation of Afghan Refugees in Balochistan." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v6i3.1379.

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This study investigates how the second generation of Afghan refugees who are born and raised in Balochistan feel about and express their sense of belonging and identity in the hosting community. The main purpose of this study is to analyze and understand how the second generation of Afghan refugees feel about their identity in terms of who they think they were, how they perceived themselves, whether they felt comfortable or uncomfortable identifying themselves Afghans in local community, and that how their identity affected their sense of belonging and their day to day life in Balochistan. This phenomenological study intended to explore the sense of identity of the young Afghan refugees by drawing on their individual and collective narratives of self and others as they struggle to be part of the social fabric and feel safe and accepted in Pakistani community. It also aimed to highlight how the identity crisis and the feeling of being other affected the needs, attitudes and perceptions of second generation Afghan refugees in the hosting community , and that how the second-generation Afghan refugees experience their sense of belonging and identification in two different national contexts (Afghanistan and Pakistan).This study uses qualitative phenomenological approach. It uses analysis of relevant secondary data, focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal that the identity crisis is still a challenging and major issue for Afghan refugee children.
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Bonn, Dorothy. "Infectious diseases threaten refugees entering Pakistan." Lancet Infectious Diseases 1, no. 4 (November 2001): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(01)00102-5.

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19

Borthakur, Anchita. "AFGHAN REFUGEES: THE IMPACT ON PAKISTAN." Asian Affairs 48, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 488–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2017.1362871.

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20

Suleman, Mohammad. "Malaria in Afghan refugees in Pakistan." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, no. 1 (January 1988): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(88)90257-x.

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21

Ali, Mubbshar, Muhammad Imran Ashraf, and Iqra Jathol. "Pakistan – U.S. Relations and its Impact on Afghanistan." Global International Relations Review III, no. I (December 30, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2020(iii-i).01.

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Afghan's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1979 created panic worldwide and proved a decisive moment in the international political scenario. Soviet expansionism policy when challenged the security of Pakistan, it appeared as a front - line country and the main route to provide aid for Afghan Mujahedin. This paper has analytically reviews the Pakistan's decision to join 1979 Afghan war and evaluated how it benefited economic and defense conditions of Pakistan. Simultaneously, the article presents how this Afghan war posed grave threats to security (internal as well as external) of the country due to refugees flood that resulted not only in problematic scenario with respect to the economy, politics, and society but also produced ecological difficulties. Moreover, Afghan refugees caused deforestation for their food, eroded soil, propped up Kalashnikov culture, illegal drug trade, and other infinite law and order troubles. However, Pakistan had no better option except to take part in the Afghan war.
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S Ghosh, Partha. "Refugees and National Security: Two South Asian Case Studies." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.51.3.

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Among non-traditional threats to security, the problem of refugees is an important one. Because of political turmoil in several parts of the world, refugee flows are going beyond the capacity of the international system of handle. In South Asia, because of the ongoing conflict between two major nations, India and Pakistan, the issue assumes a serious dimension. We can understand this by studying the following two case studies: the Bangladesh war and the Afghan war. In both cases, the number of refugees was massive and in both cases, America was the principal external actor. But while in the case of Bengali refugees, the host state tried to take advantage of the situation for promoting its foreign policy goals, in the case of Afghan refugees, the host nation tried to use the situation to promote its foreign policy as well as domestic political goals. Although every host state had to face unforeseen consequences, in the long run, it underlines the relevance of the discourse of the refugee-security interface.
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Fatima, Noor, Syed Umair Jalal, and Syed Karim Haider. "Impact of Pakistan-Us Relations on Afghan Peace Process." Global Foreign Policies Review I, no. I (December 30, 2018): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2018(i-i).04.

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Afghan's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1979 created panic worldwide and proved a decisive moment in the international political scenario. Soviet expansionism policy when challenged the security of Pakistan, it appeared as a front - line country and the main route to provide aid for Afghan Mujahedin. This paper has analytically reviews the Pakistan's decision to join 1979 Afghan war and evaluated how it benefited economic and defense conditions of Pakistan. Simultaneously, the article presents how this Afghan war posed grave threats to security (internal as well as external) of the country due to refugees flood that resulted not only in problematic scenario with respect to the economy, politics, and society but also produced ecological difficulties. Moreover, Afghan refugees caused deforestation for their food, eroded soil, propped up Kalashnikov culture, illegal drug trade, and other infinite law and order troubles. However, Pakistan had no better option except to take part in the Afghan war.
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Syed Kaleem Ullah and Inam Ullah Leghari. "Exploring Transnational Marriages among Afghan Refugees in Quetta, Balochistan – Social Forces and Cultural Dynamics." sjesr 3, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss4-2020(297-304).

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Building on ethnographic fieldwork and qualitative techniques, this paper attempts to explore the mechanisms through which refugee populations maintain distinct identities through marriages as a cultural process. An examination of the cultural factors determining marriage choices among Afghan refugees in Quetta reveals how the Afghan diaspora maintains social links between the host and the home country. The cultural practices specific to Afghan refugees describe how cultural forces negotiate the demands of assimilation from the host country while maintaining distinct identities as a diaspora. These practices are framed in the debate about the place of refugees in studies on transnationalism. It comments on how social and cultural factors are equally important in determining the behavior of and towards refugees, contrasting the economic and political focus of most work done on the subject. The current study of Afghan refugees' marriage preference highlights the dynamic nature of notions about migration, imagined Diasporas, and continued connection to homeland even after generations of exile in the host country which is Pakistan.
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Tecle, Aster S., Kara Byrne, Kimberly Schmit, Mary Beth Vogel-Ferguson, Naima Mohamed, Abdulkhaliq Mohamed, and Rosemarie Hunter. "Seeking Refuge: An Exploration of Unaccompanied Women, Minors from Somalia and Families from Pakistan Experiences of Services in Bangkok, Thailand." Advances in Social Work 18, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 1005–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/21639.

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The number of unprotected urban refugees in Bangkok has grown over the past few years with new migrations of young women, men and families from Somalia and Pakistan. An urban environment can mean opportunity for some but for many the environment can increase vulnerability to exploitation and detention. This study aimed to explore refugees’ experiences in Bangkok, assess agencies’ service delivery models, and strengthen their capabilities to address service gaps. Participants were recruited using purposeful sampling and snowball. Using CBPR, focus groups discussion with Somali and Pakistani refugees (n=63) and individual interviews (n=42) were conducted. Agencies’ staff (n=23) were interviewed regarding challenges in providing services to refugees. Qualitative data analysis revealed four major themes: lack of basic need, problems with legal services, agencies revealed urgent need for shifting from emergency services towards long-term strategies given the protracted immigration status of urban refugees, and the need for a collaborative approach in service provision emerged as an urgent call. Implications to social work practice with urban refugees focusing on potentials for innovative service provision and collective agency responses are discussed.
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Ishaque, Waseem, Shabnam Gul, and Muhammad Faizan Asghar. "Evolving Migration Trends from Afghanistan: Management and Honourable Repatriation of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." Global Regional Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(vi-i).14.

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Since 1979, Pakistan has been a key player in the management of Afghan refugees despite challenging economic and security conditions. The repatriation efforts in the past could not bring conclusive results as a significant population still live in Pakistan. The outbreak of COVID 19 has increased their vulnerability due to inadequate quarantine and health facilities. The positive political developments by way of new elections and a political settlement with the Taliban provide an opportunity for honourable repatriation of Afghan refugees. This article investigates the dilemma in the management of Afghan refugees in Pakistan and suggests a viable course of action for their honourable repatriation to Afghanistan.
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Khan, Asghar, Irfan Khan, and Noor Ullah Khan. "War, refugees and regional implications: The impact of Afghan refugees on local society of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 2, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/2.1.11.

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The migration of Afghan refugees into Pakistan started in the wake of Saur (Red) Revolution in 1978, as a result of reforms introduced by the communist regime in Kabul, Afghanistan. However the large influx of refugees to Pakistan took place soon after the invasion of Soviet Union in 1979. Pakistan provided asylum for the approximately 4.2 million refugees. They were settled in 386 camps mostly in rural as well as in urban areas of the country. But the most populous province that has large number of Afghan refugees was Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) (that time N.W.F.P), which has long border (Durand line) with Afghanistan, and also has cultural, religious, and linguistics ties. This large number of immigrants generated grave consequences for Pakistan, especially for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. They have affected the socio-economic and political life of the province. The main objective of the study was to find out the socio-economic impact of Afghan Refugees living for more than three decades in the host society of KP. An empirical and analytical methodological approach was adopted for this study. To conclude the findings, the research reveals that that Afghan Refugees have not only affected the social set-up but also the economy of the local host society by introducing various type of social evils like begging, drugs culture, Kalashnikov culture (AK-47), Galemjum culture (prostitution) and corruption.
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Dupree, Nancy Hatch. "Demographic Reporting on Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 4 (October 1988): 845–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015766.

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After seven years, the care-and-maintenance network sustaining an estimated three million plus Afghan refugees in Pakistan functions with remarkable efficiency. There have been no epidemics, no starvation, little malnutrition because of insufficient intake of food, and no major outbreaks of violence.
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Rogers, Tom. "Afghan refugees and the stability of Pakistan." Survival 29, no. 5 (September 1987): 416–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338708442377.

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Mufti, Khalid A., Farooq Naeem, Haroon Rasheed Chaudry, Asad Haroon, Farida Saifi, Siama Mahmood Qureshi, and Saif ur Rehman Dagarwal. "Post-traumatic stress disorder among Afghan refugees following war." International Psychiatry 4, no. 1 (January 2007): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600005087.

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There was a large influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan during the 1980s and in particular after the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. That refugees have high rates of mental health problems has been well established (e.g. De Jong et al, 2000) — causes include migration, often with painful transit experiences, difficult camp life and the experience of major trauma, including multiple losses of family members as well as the loss of property and traditional lifestyle. However, the Afghan refugees in Pakistan have been poorly studied. Although the mental health problems of Afghan refugees have been studied in the West, the numbers of participants in such research have been relatively small.
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Nasir, Khurram, Adnan A. Hyder, and C. M. Shahbaz. "Injuries Among Afghan Refugees: Review of Evidence." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 19, no. 2 (June 2004): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001692.

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AbstractBackground:Injuries are a public health problem in developing countries resulting in major financial and productivity losses. Injuries in vulnerable populations, such as refugees, make an even greater impact on loss of life. Afghan refugees in Pakistan continue to form one of the world's largest refugee populations. This study systemically reviews the literature to estimate the magnitude and prevalence of intentional and unintentional injuries in Afghan refugees, and explores the implications of the findings for refugee healthcare policy and development of potential interventions specifically for Afghan refugees.Methods:Electronic databases of MEDLINE, POPLINE, Refworld, and Winspirs were searched. In addition, a web search was conducted and specific organizational websites were reviewed. The search in developing countries was limited to studies in English or with an English abstract for the years 1966–2001.Results:The literature review identified patients with reported war injuries who presented to hospitals. Injuries to extremities (45%) were more frequent than injuries to the head or neck (36%, p <0.001), and thorax/abdomen (14%, p <0.001) regions. A majority of the injuries were caused by explosives, which included landmines (32.5%), fragmentations, such as shrapnel (33%), and firearms (27%). The mean incidence of mortality in these studies was 11%.Conclusions:Despite such an extensive search, limited information was found pertinent to injuries in Afghan refugees residing in refugee camps. This dearth of literature on the prevalence of injuries, risk factors, and outcomes among this vulnerable group is a research and policy gap for public health. Specific quantitive and qualitative studies in this field are required to shape refugee healthcare policies and develop intervention programs.
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Qadir, Syed Abdul, Shahzad Muhammad, Maria Ishaq Khattak, Zohaib Khan, Muslim Khan, and Zia Ul Haq. "Self-reported oral health status and associated factors among Afghan refugees in Peshawar Pakistan; a pilot study." Rehman Journal of Health Sciences 2, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52442/rjhs.v2i2.72.

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Introduction: Afghan refugees in Pakistan is the third largest refugee community in the world. However, till date, information about their oral health and disease burden is very limited. The current is aimed to assess self-reported oral health status, practices, dental care access and associated factors among Afghan refugees in district Peshawar, Pakistan. Material & Methods: This pilot, cross sectional study was conducted on 644 adult Afghan refugees residing in district Peshawar from June to September 2020. Socio-demographic characteristics and data on selfreported oral health status, oral hygiene habits and dental care access was collected using self-reported oral health questionnaire. Statistical tests were applied to determine association between self-reported oral health status and participants characteristics using SPSS. Results: Of all the respondents, majority (79.3%) were Pashtun by ethnicity and 41.6% did not obtain any formal education. Nearly all (97.2%) of them reported cleaning their teeth regularly, at least once a day with tooth brush and tooth paste being the commonest cleansing agents. More than half participants (58.1%) rated their oral health good/very good and 68.0% were satisfied with their dental appearance. Tooth ache and sensitivity were the most commonly reported oral problems. 28.7% of the participants never visited dentist in their life. Most of the participants (82.6%) felt need of dental care in the past one year but could not get it due to financial constraints. Significant association were found between self-rated oral health and age, marital status, country of birth, formal education and dentist visit (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Afghan refugees in Pakistan have poor self-reported oral health status. Access to dental care and oral health promotion and educations programs are crucial to improve oral health of this vulnerable population.
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CHATTHA, ILYAS. "Competitions for Resources: Partition's Evacuee Property and the Sustenance of Corruption in Pakistan." Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 5 (April 26, 2012): 1182–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000170.

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AbstractThis paper explores the part that the redistribution of evacuee property—the property abandoned by departing Hindus and Sikhs during the mass migrations after Partition—played in the institutionalization of corruption in Pakistan. By drawing on hitherto unexplored sources, including Pakistan's Rehabilitation Department papers, local police files and court records, it highlights the schemes of illegal appropriation, misappropriation, and paints a wholly convincing portrait of the scramble for millions of rupees worth of abandoned property in the towns and countryside of West Punjab. It shows how politicians, bureaucrats, powerful local notables and enterprising refugee groups grabbed properties, mainly by bribing officers charged with allocating them to incoming refugees, or by utilizing their personal contacts. The paper argues that the fierce competition for resources and temptations for evacuee property encouraged the emergence of a ‘corruption’ discourse which not only contributed to an atmosphere that was detrimental to democratic consolidation in the early years of Pakistan's history, but also justified later military intervention. This not only adds to the empirical knowledge of Partition and its legacies, but also makes a significant contribution towards our understanding of the transitional state in Pakistan.
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Darussalam, Andi, Farahdiba Rahma Bachtiar, and Andi Zulfikar. "Tinjauan Sikap dan Kebijakan Negara-Negara Terkait Pengungsi Timur Tengah: Peran Strategis Negara-Negara Mayoritas Muslim dalam Perspektif Islam." Gorontalo Journal of Government and Political Studies 4, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.32662/gjgops.v4i1.1447.

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The issue of refugees is one of the crucial issues that is currently becoming a trending topic in the international world. This can be seen from the media headlines and the proliferation of refugee camps scattered in Indonesia's various places. It is necessary to have a comprehensive and collective policy towards handling refugees in a bilateral framework by each country. However, it is necessary to have multilateral policies by Muslim-majority countries to overcome the refugee problem. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study method, focuses explicitly on Muslim-majority countries. In contrast, the type of data used in this research is data through library research/literature review, namely reports of related institutions, journals, books, websites, UNHCR data, and the results of previous research related to refugee issues. This study indicates that the attitudes and policies adopted by Muslim-majority countries related to refugees originating from the Middle East, in terms of quantity (people), the majority of refugee recipients come from OIC countries, especially in Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, and Lebanon. There are policy strategies that Muslim-majority countries can undertake to address refugee problems, including establishing a Refugee Emergency Team to safely travel to certain countries, providing education and employment rights. Islamic teachings related to refugees' handling have been discussed in many verses, hadiths, and Islamic history. However, people in Muslim countries rarely mention and articulate 'hijrah' when dealing with refugees, so that awareness and improvement of the quality of handling refugees is needed.Isu pengungsi merupakan salah satu isu krusial yang sedang menjadi trending topic di dunia internasional. Hal ini terlihat dari headline media dan maraknya kamp pengungsian yang tersebar di berbagai tempat di Indonesia. Diperlukan kebijakan yang komprehensif dan kolektif terhadap penanganan pengungsi dalam kerangka bilateral oleh masing-masing negara, diperlukan adanya kebijakan multilateral oleh negara mayoritas muslim untuk mengatasi masalah pengungsi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus, berfokus secara eksplisit pada negara-negara mayoritas Muslim. Sedangkan jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data melalui studi pustaka/ literatur review yaitu laporan instansi terkait, jurnal, buku, website, data UNHCR, dan hasil penelitian sebelumnya terkait masalah pengungsi. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa sikap dan kebijakan yang diadopsi oleh negara-negara mayoritas Muslim terkait pengungsi yang berasal dari Timur Tengah, secara kuantitas (orang), mayoritas penerima pengungsi berasal dari negara-negara OKI, khususnya di Turki, Pakistan, Iran, dan Libanon. Ada strategi kebijakan yang dapat dilakukan oleh negara-negara mayoritas Muslim untuk mengatasi masalah pengungsi, termasuk membentuk Tim Darurat Pengungsi untuk bepergian dengan aman ke negara-negara tertentu (penerima suaka), dan memberikan hak pendidikan serta pekerjaan. Ajaran Islam terkait penanganan pengungsi telah dibahas dalam banyak ayat, hadits, dan sejarah Islam. Namun masyarakat di negara muslim jarang sekali menyebut dan mengartikulasikan 'hijrah' ketika berhadapan dengan pengungsi, sehingga diperlukan kesadaran dan peningkatan kualitas penanganan pengungsi bagi umat Islam.
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35

Madziva, Roda. "Bordering Through Religion: A Case Study of Christians from the Muslim Majority World Seeking Asylum in the UK." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 9, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i3.1591.

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The current global ‘crisis’ of the refugee movement has drawn to the forefront longstanding public worries about welcoming and accommodating refugees, especially in liberal democratic States. While religion is central to refuge, very little is known about the experiences of individuals seeking refugee protection on religious grounds and even the racialisation of religious identities within the asylum adjudication system. Drawing on ethnographic research with Christians from Pakistan, who are seeking asylum in the United Kingdom (UK), this paper explores the religious discrimination that this group faces within the context of the UK’s current hostile environment. Findings reveal a complex issue of misdirected Islamophobia, along with other multi-layered forms of stereotyping. By exploring and engaging with these issues, the paper aims to highlight the complex ‘borders’ that those seeking protection on religious grounds have to negotiate as they move through the asylum adjudication system.
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Tremblay, Reeta Chowdhari. "Protracted Displacement in Conflict Zones: Refugees and Internally Displaced People in Jammu and Kashmir." Migration, Mobility, & Displacement 2, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/mmd22201615015.

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This study concentrates on the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and on those displaced people who, for the past six and a half decades, have remained invisible against the high profile background of the conflict between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region. Their difficult situation arises in large part from the identity-based politics of Kashmir Valley which has led to the failure of the state (both national and regional) fully to respond to their very significant conflict-induced displacement resettlement requirements. This essay will address two distinct types of displacement which occurred in 1947 in the wake of Partition and the tribal invasion of the Princely State: the one involving the West Pakistan Refugees (WPR) who moved from Pakistani towns adjacent to the State of Jammu and Kashmir and had not been citizens of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir; and the other involving the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir Displaced People (PoKDP), citizens of the State, who moved from the Pakistan-administered part of Kashmir to the Indian-administered Kashmir, mainly the Jammu region and surrounding areas. Both groups belonged predominantly to the Hindu community. While the former, the WPR, remain stateless with no citizenship rights in J&amp;K, the latter, the PoKDP, are considered by the State as temporary migrants, and thus have received only temporary relief.
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37

Gopalakrishnan, Murali. "Securitization of refugees in South Asia: Through the prism of Kautilya’s Arthashastra." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 5, no. 4 (November 10, 2019): 400–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891119881505.

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The acceptance of refugees and internally displaced persons represents the altruism of the countries of South Asia, which has witnessed the phenomenon of displaced persons since the early 19th century. The refugee phenomenon has a causal nature and will remain for a long time to come. The refugee situation in South Asia since 1947 has also resulted in protracted internal security conditions in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The dual paradigm of refugees for a host country – societal concerns and security issues – can be resolved by adopting the Kautilyan Arthashastra (a treatise written around the turn of 4 BC) model of empowerment and integration for outsiders and his philosophy on securing society both from external and internal threats. Modern thinkers such as Plessner on anthropological behaviour, and critical security theories by Welsh and Booth, corroborate the ideas of Arthashastra. Given the prevailing global perception of refugees, the UNHCR articulation of durable solutions with a multilateral framework of understanding (MFU) among nations is a viable long-term solution. Given the peculiarities of South Asian economies, the article recommends that the long-term answer to the refugee crisis lies in an empowerment model and within the framework of collective decision-making of regional institutions such as BIMSTEC/SAARC for a coordinated and cooperative platform.
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Prata-Ribeiro, H., A. Bento, A. Ponte, B. Costa Neves, and L. Gil. "EV466Characterization of the refugee population in a psychiatry clinic in Lisbon." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1451.

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AbstractThe refugee population has been a growing concern to the developed countries in general and to Europe in particular. The recent mass migrations are changing the population that is getting to the psychiatric hospitals, not only culturally but also pathologically. The aim of this study is to characterize the refugee population that contacts with the clinic of transcultural psychiatry in Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, understanding the most frequent pathologies and nationalities. The methods used consisted in analyzing the refugee population that attended a psychotherapeutic group and consultation in the Transcultural clinic of Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa during the past year. Analyzing the population, 66 refugees were in contact with the transcultural clinic, 44 of which were men, being the other 22 women, representing a total of 23 countries. The more frequent nationality was Iranian (20) and the most frequent diagnosis was “adjustment disorder and anxiety” (38). We can reach the conclusion that more refugee men contact with our psychiatric hospital than women, accounting for 66, 6% of the total; 30, 3% of the refugees were from Iran, followed by Pakistan with 10, 6%. The fact that the most frequent diagnosis is adjustment disorder and anxiety, accounting for 57, 6% of the sample, seems to point out the extreme stress refugees undergo.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Lampe, Hermann, and Marianne Wolters. "CARING FOR THE AFGHAN REFUGEES IN PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 91, no. 2 (February 1993): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199302000-00036.

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A. Nicolai, J. P. "CARING FOR THE AFGHAN REFUGEES IN PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 91, no. 2 (February 1993): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199302000-00037.

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Iqbal, Javed. "CARING FOR THE AFGHAN REFUGEES IN PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 91, no. 2 (February 1993): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199302000-00038.

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42

Purdin, Susan, Tila Khan, and Roxanne Saucier. "Reducing maternal mortality among Afghan refugees in Pakistan." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 105, no. 1 (February 20, 2009): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.12.021.

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43

Bartlett, Linda A., Denise J. Jamieson, Tila Kahn, Munawar Sultana, Hoyt G. Wilson, and Ann Duerr. "Maternal mortality among Afghan refugees in Pakistan, 1999-2000." Lancet 359, no. 9307 (February 2002): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07808-x.

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Khan, Sher Mohammad, Jawad Gillani, Shagufta Nasreen, and Salar Zai. "Pediatric Tumors in North West Pakistan and Afghan Refugees." Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 14, no. 3 (January 1997): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08880019709009496.

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Sinclair, Margaret. "NGO income generation programmes for Afghan refugees in Pakistan." Journal of International Development 5, no. 4 (July 1993): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3380050405.

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A. Nicolai, J. P. "THE SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF AFGHAN REFUGEES IN PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 89, no. 3 (March 1992): 578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199203000-00050.

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Sullivan, Fran. "THE SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF AFGHAN REFUGEES IN PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 89, no. 3 (March 1992): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199203000-00051.

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48

Centlivres, Pierre, and Micheline Centlivres-Demont. "The Afghan Refugees in Pakistan: A Nation in Exile." Current Sociology 36, no. 2 (June 1988): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001139288036002008.

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49

Ghufran, Nasreen. "The Role of UNHCR and Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." Strategic Analysis 35, no. 6 (November 2011): 945–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2011.608833.

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Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq. "KAMAL MATINUDDIN, The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999). Pp. 306." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 4 (November 2000): 586–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002920.

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In his book, The Taliban Phenomenon, Kamal Matinuddin does not offer a central thesis regarding Afghan politics or the Taliban movement. Rather, he discusses a number of important questions pertaining to the Taliban movement. Since the rise of the Taliban, their identity has been disputed. The opponents of the Taliban claim that many members of the movement are natives of Pakistan. In contrast, the supporters of the Taliban assert that they are ethnic Afghans. Matinuddin's discussion of the origins of the Taliban addresses this controversy. According to Matinuddin, during the 1980s a large number of Islamic seminaries (d―in―i mad―aris) were established in Pakistan. The government of Pakistan and oil-rich Arab states paid for most of the expenses of these institutions. In 1997, about 220,000 students were enrolled in these seminaries. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, a large number of young Afghan refugees registered in these institutions. When the Taliban movement began, not only Afghan students (Taliban) of these seminaries joined the movement, but Pakistani Taliban from these institutions also joined their Afghan colleagues in their efforts to take control of Afghanistan. Thus, according to Matinuddin, the Taliban movement is an Afghan phenomenon, but occasionally Pakistani Taliban help their Afghan colleagues in the battlefield. However, Pakistani Taliban do not take orders from the government of Pakistan.
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