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Harendika, Melania Shinta, and Azka Ashila. "Sadia Shepard’s Foreign-Returned: Pakistani Immigrants’ View on American Values." Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature 15, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lc.v15i1.23882.
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Sadia Shepard’s Foreign-Returned talks about the life of Pakistani immigrants in America, especially Hasan, who struggle to live a better life in the U.S. American values become the main focus in this study to see their influences in certain characters’ point of view of this short story. The data are selected conversations and the narrations in Sadia Shepard’s Foreign-Returned as well as traditional American values and the sociological data of Pakistani Diaspora in America in the 2000s. This research reveals that most of the characters, both first- and second-generation Pakistani immigrants, practice American values in certain ways. However, values are fluid. Not everyone in the U.S.A believes in American values; on the other hand, non-Americans are possible to practice American values. In brief, how much the American values influence the characters' minds and behavior does not depend on whether they are first- or second-generation immigrants.
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Anjum, Gulnaz, Mudassar Aziz, and Emanuele Castano. "The Role of Fulbright Program in Building Positive Perception and Ally Image of the U.S. Among Pakistani Scholars." Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research 34, Spring 2019 (March 30, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2019.34.1.1.
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This study was aimed at exploring the role of Fulbright program in building perception about U.S. and Americans among Pakistani Fulbright scholars. While a host of theory and research had been growing on contact theory (Allport, 1954; Pettigrew & Tropp, 2008), application of contact hypothesis to cultural exchange programs based on foreign policy intended to develop peace and affective ties between nations has been limited. Specifically, this research gap was filled by this study that focused on the impact of direct contact on perception and image of the U.S. in the context of the U.S. and Pakistan Fulbright program. Pakistani Fulbright scholars (81 men, 67 women; Mean age = 23 years; Range = 21-29 years), with low-contact and high-contact were compared with respect to their perceptions of a prototypical American and the United States as an international entity. Compared to participants with low-contact (n = 52), participants with high-contact (n = 96) had developed a higher positive perception of a prototypical American. Furthermore, compared to participants with low-contact, those with high-contact perceived the U.S. significantly more as an ally and less as an imperialist-enemy nation. Participation was controlled through selection for the Fulbright program and no previous visits to the U.S. Discussion has focused on possibilities for foreign policy and peace related implications of the Fulbright program.
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Hasnain, Rooshey, Glenn T. Fujiura, John E. Capua, Tuyen Thi Thanh Bui, and Safiy Khan. "Disaggregating the Asian “Other”: Heterogeneity and Methodological Issues in Research on Asian Americans with Disabilities." Societies 10, no. 3 (July 28, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc10030058.
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Asian Americans comprise the fastest growing racial or ethnic group in the US. Between 2000 and 2019, their numbers almost doubled, from 11.9 million to 22.2 million. The numbers of people with disabilities within this demographically important population, which are also growing, puts stress on the service delivery sector. This situation indicates a pressing need for research on lived experiences of disabled Asian Americans. A review of the extant literature shows that Asian Americans are underrepresented in the research on disability and/or mental health. This lack of hard data is compounded by the tendency to treat Asian ethnicities as monolithic. The US Census Bureau recognizes more than 20 distinct Asian nationalities, ranging from South Asian Pakistani Americans to Southeast Asian Americans. Aggregating all Asian Americans together in surveys and studies impedes a sophisticated understanding of their unique needs and strengths. From a policy or systems perspective, inadequate data representation in the research literature, including outdated conclusions, is an implicit form of disenfranchisement. This conceptual article examines issues and implications around the lack of systematic attention to diversity within the Asian American population in disability research.
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Bashir, Huma A., and Mei Tang. "Understanding Contributing Factors to Cultural Identity of Pakistani Americans." Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 46, no. 4 (October 2018): 264–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12114.
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Chuang, Angie, and Robin Chin Roemer. "The Immigrant Muslim American at the Boundary of Insider and Outsider." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 90, no. 1 (January 7, 2013): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699012468740.
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Studies of Orientalized portrayals of Muslims have generally been distinct from studies on the Othering of immigrant Americans. This study employs concepts of insider/outsider status, applying theories of Orientalism and representations of the Other to newspaper coverage of the Muslim and Pakistani American perpetrator of the 2010 attempted Times Square bombing. Newspapers constructed a seemingly contradictory representation of Faisal Shahzad, as the apparent insider/American who becomes the alienated outsider/Other. This portrayal of the Orientalized insider establishes an emerging discourse on the “homegrown” terrorist who exists at the boundary of self and Other.
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Bashir, Rahat, and Musarat Yasmin. "The Language of Crisis: A Multimodal Discourse Analysis of COVID-19 Reporting in Pakistani and American Newspapers." Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (June 28, 2023): 2336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2023.1102.0526.
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The year 2020 has been an unusual year due to the pandemic and related issues, during which newspapers have been the most impactful medium for communication. The purpose of this research is to investigate how covid-19 has been visually represented and verbally communicated to readers in Pakistan and America through newspapers. The objectives of the study are to investigate the social identities given to the participants in the pictures and secondly, how the pandemic has been experienced in the verbal news reports to create a reality. Linguistic data has been analyzed by using the Transitivity kit, developed by Halliday in Systemic Functional Linguistics (2014), while the visuals are analyzed through the Visual Grammar Theory, presented by Kress and Leeuwen (2006). Visuals projects Pakistanis as rebellious, lawbreakers, and Chinese as victorious and strugglers, while Americans have portrayed the Chinese as inferior and in utter chaos to handle the pandemic. Similarly, in both countries material processes are the most frequent leading to the verbal and the least used mental processes, but both have used them to develop different ideologies, in Pakistani’s case, authorities have been shown highly sensitive towards socioeconomic issues of hunger and despite their best efforts they have been advised to be patient and take it as a trial of God. On the other hand, Americans have been shown striving for developing the vaccine, and at the same considering the virus as a petty issue, yet ready to combat it on all fronts.
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Afzal, Ahmed. "“Being gay has been a curse for me”." Journal of Language and Sexuality 3, no. 1 (March 10, 2014): 60–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jls.3.1.04afz.
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In this essay, I draw on ethnographic research with South Asian Muslim American gay men of Pakistani descent in Houston to explore everyday negotiations of religion, race, sexuality and transnationalism. The essay highlights three intersecting registers that situate gay Muslim American sexual cultural formations in local, transnational and cultural contexts. Drawing on participant observation and oral life history interviews, this essay examines: (a) culturally constructed male sexualities that are informed by the scripts, language, and cultural idioms of homo-sociality and same-sex eroticism, love and relationships in the homeland; (b) the increasing centrality of belonging to a transnational Muslim ummah; and (c) the appropriation of western terminologies and categories of sexuality in constructing a gay identity. The narratives examined in this essay contribute to cultural analyses of transnational sexual cultures, and ethnographies of Muslim Americans and LGBTQIA immigrant communities in the West.
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Kohli, Khushi, Mahi Kohli, Bhav Jain, Nishwant Swami, Sruthi Ranganathan, Fumiko Chino, Puneeth Iyengar, Divya Yerramilli, and Edward Christopher Christopher Dee. "Characterizing disparities in receipt of palliative care for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders with metastatic cancer in the United States." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2024): 12069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.12069.
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12069 Background: Despite the benefits of early palliative care (PC), inequities exist in receipt of PC for patients diagnosed with metastatic cancer. We sought to characterize disparities in receipt of PC for disaggregated Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AA&NHPI) patients with metastatic prostate, breast, or lung cancer. Methods: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) allows for evaluation of receipt of palliative care as part of first line of treatment. Therefore, we analyzed patients with metastatic breast, lung, or prostate cancer between 2004-2018 who were White (largest reference group) or of self-identified Asian Indian/Pakistani, Chinese, Filipino, Native Hawaiian, Hmong, Japanese, Kampuchean, Korean, Laotian, Pacific Islander, Thai, or Vietnamese descent. Multivariable logistic regressions defined adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of receiving palliative care when comparing i) White vs. AA&NHPI patients as a single cohort and ii) White vs. disaggregated AA&NHPI patients, adjusting for clinical, socioeconomic, and demographic covariates. Results: Among 775,289 individuals diagnosed with metastatic cancer, no significant differences in PC receipt were observed between White patients and aggregated AA&NHPI patients among patients with prostate cancer, breast cancer, or lung cancer. However, disaggregated analyses revealed reduced palliative care receipt for patients with breast cancer of Asian Indian/Pakistani descent (AOR=0.75, P=0.011) and for patients with lung cancer of Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, and Asian Indian/Pakistani descent compared to White patients (Chinese AOR=0.88, P=0.001; Vietnamese AOR=0.89, P=0.032; Thai AOR=0.64, P=0.016; Asian Indian/Pakistani AOR=0.83, P=0.001). Receipt of PC was greater for patients of Japanese and Hawaiian descent with prostate cancer (Japanese AOR=1.92, P=0.001; Hawaiian AOR=2.09, P=0.009), breast cancer (Japanese AOR=1.72, P=0.001; Hawaiian AOR=1.70, P=0.021), and lung cancer (Japanese AOR=1.92, P <0.001; Hawaiian AOR=2.95, P<0.001), as well as patients of Pacific Islander descent with lung cancer (AOR=1.62, P<0.001). Conclusions: Although in aggregate AA&NHPI patients were no less likely to receive PC than White patients, we found significant within-group disparities among AA&NHPI patients with metastatic cancer. Patients of Asian Indian/Pakistani, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Thai descent were less likely to receive PC, underscoring the need for i) disaggregated research on PC access and ii) targeted interventions to address cultural, socioeconomic, and healthcare system barriers that contribute to the disparities in PC among patients with cancer.
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Jain, Bhav, Kenrick Ng, Patricia Mae G. Santos, Kekoa Taparra, Vinayak Muralidhar, Brandon A. Mahal, Neha Vapiwala, Quoc-Dien Trinh, Paul L. Nguyen, and Edward Christopher Dee. "Prostate Cancer Disparities in Risk Group at Presentation and Access to Treatment for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: A Study With Disaggregated Ethnic Groups." JCO Oncology Practice 18, no. 1 (January 2022): e204-e218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/op.21.00412.
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PURPOSE: We identified (1) differences in localized prostate cancer (PCa) risk group at presentation and (2) disparities in access to initial treatment for Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) men with PCa after controlling for sociodemographic factors. METHODS: We assessed all patients in the National Cancer Database with localized PCa with low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease who identified as Thai, White, Asian Indian, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Filipino, Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, Laotian, Pakistani, Kampuchean, and Hmong. Multivariable logistic regression defined adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% CI of (1) presenting at progressively higher risk group and (2) receiving treatment or active surveillance with intermediate- or high-risk disease, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors. RESULTS: Among 980,889 men (median age 66 years), all AANHPI subgroups with the exception of Thai (AOR = 0.84 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.21], P > .05), Asian Indian (AOR = 1.12 [95% CI, 1.00 to 1.25], P > .05), and Pakistani (AOR = 1.34 [95% CI, 0.98 to 1.83], P > .05) men had greater odds of presenting at a progressively higher PCa risk group compared with White patients (Chinese AOR = 1.18 [95% CI, 1.11 to 1.25], P < .001; Japanese AOR = 1.36 [95% CI, 1.26 to 1.47], P < .001; Filipino AOR = 1.37 [95% CI, 1.29 to 1.46], P < .001; Korean AOR = 1.32 [95% CI, 1.18 to 1.48], P < .001; Vietnamese AOR = 1.20 [95% CI, 1.07 to 1.35], P = .002; Laotian AOR = 1.60 [95% CI, 1.08 to 2.36], P = .018; Hmong AOR = 4.07 [95% CI, 1.54 to 10.81], P = .005; Kampuchean AOR = 1.55 [95% CI, 1.03 to 2.34], P = .036; Asian Indian or Pakistani AOR = 1.15 [95% CI, 1.07 to 1.24], P < .001; Native Hawaiians AOR = 1.58 [95% CI, 1.38 to 1.80], P < .001; and Pacific Islanders AOR = 1.58 [95% CI, 1.37 to 1.82], P < .001). Additionally, Japanese Americans (AOR = 1.46 [95% CI, 1.09 to 1.97], P = .013) were more likely to receive treatment compared with White patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that there are differences in PCa risk group at presentation by race or ethnicity among Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander subgroups and that there exist disparities in treatment patterns. Although AANHPI are often studied as a homogenous group, heterogeneity upon subgroup disaggregation underscores the importance of further study to assess and address barriers to PCa care.
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Reddy, Neha K., Vaidehi Kaushal, Alka M. Kanaya, Namratha R. Kandula, Unjali P. Gujral, and Nilay S. Shah. "Cardiovascular risk factor profiles in North and South Indian and Pakistani Americans: The MASALA Study." American Heart Journal 244 (February 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2021.10.115.
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Yang, David H., Marissa Justen, Dana Lee, Heeryoung Kim, Dowin Boatright, Miraj Desai, and Gunjan Tiyyagura. "Experiences with Racism Among Asian American Medical Students." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 9 (September 11, 2023): e2333067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33067.
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ImportanceAsian American physicians have experienced a dual pandemic of racism and COVID-19 since 2020; understanding how racism has affected the learning environment of Asian American medical students is necessary to inform strategies to promoting a more inclusive medical school environment and a diverse and inclusive workforce. While prior research has explored the influence of anti-Asian racism on the experiences of Asian American health care workers, to our knowledge there are no studies investigating how racism has impacted the training experiences of Asian American medical students.ObjectiveTo characterize how Asian American medical students have experienced anti-Asian racism in a medical school learning environment.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis qualitative study included online video interviews of Asian American medical students performed between July 29, 2021, and August 22, 2022. Eligible participants were recruited through the Asian Pacific American Medical Students Association and snowball sampling, and the sample represented a disaggregated population of Asian Americans and all 4 medical school years.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe medical school experiences of Asian American medical students.ResultsAmong 25 participants, Asian ethnicities included 8 Chinese American (32%), 5 Korean American (20%), 5 Indian American (20%), 3 Vietnamese American (12%), 2 Filipino American (8%), and 1 (4%) each Nepalese, Pakistani, and Desi American; 16 (64%) were female. Participants described 5 major themes concerning their experience with discrimination: (1) invisibility as racial aggression (eg, “It took them the whole first year to be able to tell me apart from the other Asian guy”); (2) visibility and racial aggression (“It transitioned from these series of microaggressions that every Asian person felt to actual aggression”); (3) absence of the Asian American experience in medical school (“They’re not going to mention Asian Americans at all”); (4) ignored while seeking support (“I don’t know what it means to have this part of my identity supported”); and (5) envisioning the future.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this qualitative study, Asian American medical students reported feeling invisible within medical school while a target of anti-Asian racism. Addressing these unique challenges related to anti-Asian racism is necessary to promote a more inclusive medical school learning environment.
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Zaheer, Lubna, Nasir Hameed, Farkhanda Tahseen, and Jam Sajjad Hussain. "Social Media Addiction and Healthy Life Habits: A Comparative Study of New York City - USA and Lahore - Pakistan." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v9i4.2820.
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Purpose: Developing comparative analysis between negative and positive health habits among young adults in wake of social media usage among youth in Lahore – Pakistan and New York, USA, is the core objective of this research. Different parameters applied on habits of young adults due to social media usage revealed excessive use of social media was resulting into negative effects on healthy habits of young adults in Pakistan, wherein social media was the least preference in USA. The purpose of the study was achieved to great extent.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study employed in-depth interviews qualitative method to extract detailed opinions about the phenomenon under exploration. In-depth interview technique seemed the most appropriate method for qualitative studies for data collection.
Findings: A massive gulf between social media consuming habits of Pakistani and Americans owing to multiple factors was established from this study. With the support of relevant stakeholders including cellular companies, prominent figures of society and Tech icons in USA has chalked out a comprehensive social-structural mechanism for wellbeing of the society at large particularly the young adults wherein the developing nations including Pakistan has least concern about this important component of social wellbeing.
Implications/Originality/Value: The US citizens love to enjoy through physical activities i.e., plan weekends and other events and even they avoid using cell phones / social media while dinning collectively at restaurants. In Lahore, however, the youngsters have developed negative social media usage habits which are highly affecting their healthy lifestyle.
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Iqbal, Muhammad, Umair Ahmed Khan, and Shozab Ali Raza Abbasi. "Cultural Assimilation Leading to Third Space Identity: A Postcolonial Analysis of The Reluctant Fundamentalist." Global Social Sciences Review VIII, no. II (June 30, 2023): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(viii-ii).55.
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The present paper analyzes the novel ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ (2007) from the postcolonial perspective in terms of Cultural Assimilation and Third Space Identity. Postcolonial theory features cultural hybridity and conflictive and conflated identities with a specific focus on theorists like Frantz Fanon’s ‘The Wretched of the Earth’ (1961), Edward Said’s, ‘Orientalism’ (1978) and Homi K. Bhabha’s 8‘Location of Culture’(1994). In the postcolonial context, cultural assimilation refers to cultural domination where the dominant culture seeks to erase indigenous culture and identity, whereas the Third Space Identity is the in-between space where cultural identities are hybridized. In ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ Pakistani expatriate, Changes is filled to the brim with the issue of an identity crisis. After 9/11 he questions his American Dream when he experiences the prejudice of Americans against Muslims. The paper will explore the theme of identity consciousness and crisis that leads to hybridization in the selected text by applying postcolonial theory. The focus of the study will be on Cultural assimilation and Third Space identity and will examine ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ the in pre and post-9/11 literary and socio-political milieu.
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Biswas, Pooja, Adda L. Villanueva, Angel Soto-Hermida, Jacque L. Duncan, Hiroko Matsui, Shyamanga Borooah, Berzhan Kurmanov, et al. "Deciphering the genetic architecture and ethnographic distribution of IRD in three ethnic populations by whole genome sequence analysis." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): e1009848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009848.
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Patients with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) were recruited from two understudied populations: Mexico and Pakistan as well as a third well-studied population of European Americans to define the genetic architecture of IRD by performing whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Whole-genome analysis was performed on 409 individuals from 108 unrelated pedigrees with IRDs. All patients underwent an ophthalmic evaluation to establish the retinal phenotype. Although the 108 pedigrees in this study had previously been examined for mutations in known IRD genes using a wide range of methodologies including targeted gene(s) or mutation(s) screening, linkage analysis and exome sequencing, the gene mutations responsible for IRD in these 108 pedigrees were not determined. WGS was performed on these pedigrees using Illumina X10 at a minimum of 30X depth. The sequence reads were mapped against hg19 followed by variant calling using GATK. The genome variants were annotated using SnpEff, PolyPhen2, and CADD score; the structural variants (SVs) were called using GenomeSTRiP and LUMPY. We identified potential causative sequence alterations in 61 pedigrees (57%), including 39 novel and 54 reported variants in IRD genes. For 57 of these pedigrees the observed genotype was consistent with the initial clinical diagnosis, the remaining 4 had the clinical diagnosis reclassified based on our findings. In seven pedigrees (12%) we observed atypical causal variants, i.e. unexpected genotype(s), including 4 pedigrees with causal variants in more than one IRD gene within all affected family members, one pedigree with intrafamilial genetic heterogeneity (different affected family members carrying causal variants in different IRD genes), one pedigree carrying a dominant causative variant present in pseudo-recessive form due to consanguinity and one pedigree with a de-novo variant in the affected family member. Combined atypical and large structural variants contributed to about 20% of cases. Among the novel mutations, 75% were detected in Mexican and 50% found in European American pedigrees and have not been reported in any other population while only 20% were detected in Pakistani pedigrees and were not previously reported. The remaining novel IRD causative variants were listed in gnomAD but were found to be very rare and population specific. Mutations in known IRD associated genes contributed to pathology in 63% Mexican, 60% Pakistani and 45% European American pedigrees analyzed. Overall, contribution of known IRD gene variants to disease pathology in these three populations was similar to that observed in other populations worldwide. This study revealed a spectrum of mutations contributing to IRD in three populations, identified a large proportion of novel potentially causative variants that are specific to the corresponding population or not reported in gnomAD and shed light on the genetic architecture of IRD in these diverse global populations.
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Cho, Dalnim, Beverly Gor, Mike Hernandez, and Curtis A. Pettaway. "Abstract A094: Ethnic differences in indicators of prostate health among Asian American men." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): A094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-a094.
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Abstract Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most diagnosed non-skin cancer in American men. While Asian Americans have lower incidence and mortality rates of PCa compared to other ethnicities, this cancer type nonetheless has a significant burden on this population. Specifically, population-based studies have shown that when data on PCa in Asian Americans are disaggregated based on ethnicity, several subgroups of Asian American men, in fact, are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced (i.e., more aggressive or metastatic) PCa than non-Hispanic Whites. The heightened rates of advanced PCa at diagnosis among Asian American subgroups highlights the importance of reducing modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and obesity, and promoting early detection in these subgroups. Objective: Accordingly, to better understand and improve prostate health among Asian American men, the present study investigated within group differences in obesity and smoking, two known risk factors for advanced PCa incidence, along with previous history of PCa screening, between three large Asian American ethnic groups: Vietnamese, South Asian (Asian Indian/Pakistani), and Chinese in Houston, Texas. Methods: From 2003 to 2008, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center conducted a prostate screening project targeting minority men with low income, in which over 500 Asian American men (142 Chinese, 251 Vietnamese, and 128 South Asians) participated. The community-based program provided an educational session on PCa and participants were offered free prostate screening using the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and/or digital rectal examination (DRE). Along with socio-demographic and clinical variables, risk factors for advanced PCa (smoking, and obesity), and previous PCa screening history were collected, and differences across the Asian subgroups were examined. Results: Vietnamese men had the highest smoking rate of the three Asian subgroups (52% reported as former/current smokers) and the lowest previous PCa screening rate (15.9% compared to 25.4% of Chinese and 18.8% of South Asian). South Asian men had the highest obesity rate of the three Asian subgroups (12.9% were obese compared to 3.4% of Vietnamese and 4.8% of Chinese). Chinese men had the highest mean PSA and the highest percentage (15.5%) of PSA results ≥ 4 compared to Vietnamese and South Asian men. Chinese men also had the highest percentage (22.4%) of abnormal findings in DRE, compared to Vietnamese (6.6%) and South Asian men (4.8%). Discussion: This study demonstrates that subgroups of Asian Americans may have different PCa risk profiles, nullifying the assumption that all Asian American men are at low risk for the disease. Thus, aggregation of Asian American subgroups may mask meaningful differences in their prostate health. Interventions may need to be tailored to specific Asian subgroups given the heterogeneity of the data based on Asian heritage. Citation Format: Dalnim Cho, Beverly Gor, Mike Hernandez, Curtis A. Pettaway. Ethnic differences in indicators of prostate health among Asian American men [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A094.
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Grossmann, Igor, Richard P. Eibach, Jacklyn Koyama, and Qaisar B. Sahi. "Folk standards of sound judgment: Rationality Versus Reasonableness." Science Advances 6, no. 2 (January 2020): eaaz0289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0289.
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Normative theories of judgment either focus on rationality (decontextualized preference maximization) or reasonableness (pragmatic balance of preferences and socially conscious norms). Despite centuries of work on these concepts, a critical question appears overlooked: How do people’s intuitions and behavior align with the concepts of rationality from game theory and reasonableness from legal scholarship? We show that laypeople view rationality as abstract and preference maximizing, simultaneously viewing reasonableness as sensitive to social context, as evidenced in spontaneous descriptions, social perceptions, and linguistic analyses of cultural products (news, soap operas, legal opinions, and Google books). Further, experiments among North Americans and Pakistani bankers, street merchants, and samples engaging in exchange (versus market) economy show that rationality and reasonableness lead people to different conclusions about what constitutes good judgment in Dictator Games, Commons Dilemma, and Prisoner’s Dilemma: Lay rationality is reductionist and instrumental, whereas reasonableness integrates preferences with particulars and moral concerns.
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Perumandla, Sirisha, Yelena Patsiornik, Neetha Mahajan, and Anju Ohri. "Prevalence of Activated Protein C Resistance Due To Factor V Leiden Mutation among South Asians (India and Pakistan) with Venous Thromboembolism." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 4043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.4043.4043.
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Abstract Objective: To study the prevalence of Activated Protein C (APC) resistance due to Factor V Leiden (FV Leiden) mutation among the first generation immigrants from India and Pakistan with venous thromboembolism (VTE). Introduction: APC resistance due to the substitution of Arginine 506 by Glutamine in coagulation Factor V is caused by G1691A mutation in exon 10 of Factor V gene. This is the commonest cause of inherited thrombophilia in Caucasians, but the frequency of this mutation is low in non-Caucasians. Among subjects in the Physician Health Study, the frequency of FV Leiden was found to be 5.27% in Caucasian Americans vs. 0.45% in Asian Americans. Another study found no mutation in 191 Asian Americans tested. In non-Caucasians with VTE, it is generally considered not cost effective to screen for this mutation. However Asians are a heterogeneous group and the Leiden gene frequency varies among different ethnic populations. While the frequency of FV Leiden gene has been documented to be low in China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia etc, the frequency in India and Pakistan is not well studied. Two studies found a carrier frequency of 2% (Rees et al) and 4.2 % (Gou et al) among the general population from India and Pakistan. This is similar to the frequency found in Middle Eastern and European population. We did not come across any study of FV Leiden gene frequency in patients with VTE from India and Pakistan. Patients and Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients of Indian or Pakistani origin seen at Coney Island Hospital, from July 1996 to June 2003, who had a work up for inherited thrombophilia after an episode of VTE. During the chart review age, sex, first or recurrent episode and any predisposing factors such as immobilization, malignancy, hormonal therapy, surgery, pregnancy, and the presence of SLE or MPD were noted. Thrombophilia work up included functional assays for Protein C, S and Antithrombin III, Lupus anticoagulant, ACA and Homocysteine levels. APC resistance was measured by a clotting assay using Factor V depleted plasma and all patients who were borderline or resistant were tested for the presence of FV Leiden mutation by PCR. Results: A total of 18 patients were studied. All had an episode of VTE documented by a Doppler ultrasonography or a Ventilation Perfusion lung scan or a CT angiogram. 3 out of 18 patients (16.6%) had APC resistance. All the three patients were confirmed to be heterozygous for FV Leiden mutation. Two were male and one was a female with a median age of 36 yrs (27, 36 and 57 yrs). The female patient had a recurrent episode, first one occurred during pregnancy, but the second episode had no precipitating events. One male patient had trauma to the leg and was immobilized at the time of the VTE, another male patient was a cab driver by occupation. None of the patients had any other concurrent inherited thrombophilic state. Conclusions: The prevalence of the FV Leiden mutation is significantly high among South Asians with VTE in our study. If the findings are confirmed by a larger study, screening for this mutation for thrombophilia would be relevant in patients of South Asian origin and screening recommendations for family members would be identical to Caucasian population. The high prevalance as in Caucasians suggests a founder effect and possible spread of the mutation by the migration of Neolithic farmers from the Middle East towards Europe and India, ten thousand years ago. This has been confirmed by haplotype analysis.
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Qadri, Farheen Akhtar, Sajjad Hussain, and Muhammad Asaf Amir. "Chronic Inter-play of Identity and Choice: A Zero-sum Competition in Shamsie's Home Fire." Global Social Sciences Review VI, no. II (June 30, 2021): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(vi-ii).34.
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The issues of globalization and economic and social dependency have penetrated into modern postcolonial literature, especially in the literature of expatriate Pakistani writers. Home Fire explicitly covers the issue of zero-sum competition between the immigrants and the locals. The attitude of the Americans and the Britishersin the perspective of post 9\11 era highlighted this issue. The Zero-sum competition is situational and chronic. The major factor that constitutes this competition is the national identity. There are certain discursive events in the novel that propagate the fallacy of zero-sum competition. Zero-sum situations force Is ma to adopt the Other attitude towards her brother Pervaiz and sister Aneeka because of the (BIOPTIONAL CHOICE) two options of choice and future. Eamon gains choice and, after that, realizes and refuses the future. This study shows the zero-sum events as highlighted in the work Home Fire and analyzes the situational and chronic interplay of national identity, choice, and sense of future.
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Thaploo, Advait, Frances Dominique Ho, Katarina Wang, Aditya Narayan, Isabelle Alberto, Erika Ong, Khushi Kohli, et al. "Cervical cancer disparities in stage at presentation for disaggregated Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2024): 5534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.5534.
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5534 Background: Over 20 million Americans identify as Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander (AANHPI). Despite the diversity of indigenous and immigration histories, lived experiences, and health needs within the AANHPI community, prior research has considered this group as an aggregate. Given known disparities in access to cancer screening, this study assessed on cervical cancer stage at presentation, focusing on disaggregated AANHPI groups. Methods: Data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from 2004 to 2020 identified patients with newly diagnosed cervical cancer. Patients were disaggregated into AANHPI groups by indigenous history or historical country of origin. We performed ordinal logistic regression, adjusting for clinical and sociodemographic factors, with higher adjusted odds ratios (aORs) indicating diagnoses at later stages on a local, regional, and metastatic scale. Results: Out of 82,193 patients with cervical cancer, 3,943 (4.80%) identified as AANHPI. Compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients, pooled AANHPI patients were slightly older (median age, NHW: 55 years, AANHPI: 56 years, χ2 P<0.001) and more likely to be uninsured or on Medicaid (NHW: 25.6%, AANHPI: 34.0%, χ2 P<0.001). In aggregate, AANHPI patients presented at lower stages of cancer (NWH: 58.7% diagnosed local/regional, AANHPI: 85.6% at local/regional, χ2 P<0.001). The largest AANHPI subgroups included Chinese (n=802, 20.3% of AANHPI), Filipinos (n=777, 19.7%), Asian Indian/Pakistani (n=554, 14.0%), Vietnamese (n=480, 12.2%), and Korean (n=452, 11.5%) Americans respectively. AANHPI disaggregation revealed that Pacific Islander patients had higher odds of later stage at diagnosis (aOR 1.59, 95% CI 1.24–2.03, p < 0.001) relative to NHW patients. Conversely, Chinese (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.56–0.73, p < 0.001) and Vietnamese (aOR 0.77, 95% CI 0.65–0.91, p = 0.003) American patients were less likely to represent at later stage. Compared to the largest AANHPI group (Chinese American), all other subgroups were more likely to present at a higher stage. The largest differences were observed in Thai (aOR 2.84, 95% CI 1.56–5.14, p = 0.001), Pacific Islander (aOR 2.71, 95% CI 2.03–3.63, p < 0.001), Hmong (aOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.30–3.18, p = 0.002), Laotian (aOR 1.96, 95% CI 1.27–3.02, p = 0.002), and Korean (aOR 1.87, 95% CI 1.49–2.34, p < 0.001) American patients. Conclusions: Aggregated evaluation of the AANHPI monolith masks disparities in outcomes for distinct populations at risk for equity gaps. This disaggregation study shows that marginalized groups within the larger AANHPI population – including Hmong and Pacific Islander patients – may face different exposures and larger structural barriers to cancer screening and early-stage diagnosis. A future focus on community based disaggregated research and tailored interventions is necessary to close these gaps.
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Hasan, Mariwan, and Latef Noori. "Ayad Akhtar’s American Dervish: Analysis and Revaluation." ISSUE NINE 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v5n2y2021.pp6-13.
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Apparently the best and yet the most famous work by Ayad Akhtar is American Dervish which was published in 2012. It has gained quick attention, but not by many, as a debut novel about the identity issue. Yet, no studies have been devoted to studying the novel from an analytical point of view of Pakistani-American migrants’ issues in America, in general. However, the novel has received some attention, there remain some aspects, in our view, and an essential aspect amongst them is the analytical study of the novel, which is not explored yet. In general migrants to new countries will usually face difficulty and especially if they are followers of a different religion. Also, the difference in their culture with culture of the country they migrate to will be an obstacle in integrating themselves into the new culture as seen in the character of Hayat Shah’s father; whereas to some extent different for Hayat himself. Hayat befriends a Jewish girl and neglects Islam and similarly his father becomes friend with a Jewish teacher, Nathan. It is not easy for the migrant people to integrate into the American culture and tolerate the other religious beliefs such as Judaism as it is quite a novel experience for them. The migrants obligingly ignore their surrender to their own Islamic religion and assimilate into the Judaism and American culture, which is very difficult. These are the two key aspects that the paper focuses on by analyzing and highlighting the challenges that Hayat Shah and his family members face in America. Akhtar demonstrates the difficulty for the migrant characters between either choosing Islam or Judaism or secularism to be able to live like Americans.
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Kanaya, Alka M. "Diabetes in South Asians: Uncovering Novel Risk Factors With Longitudinal Epidemiologic Data: Kelly West Award Lecture 2023." Diabetes Care 47, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dci23-0068.
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South Asian populations have a higher prevalence and earlier age of onset of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases than other race and ethnic groups. To better understand the pathophysiology and multilevel risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, we established the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study in 2010. The original MASALA study cohort (n = 1,164) included 83% Asian Indian immigrants, with an ongoing expansion of the study to include individuals of Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin. We have found that South Asian Americans in the MASALA study had higher type 2 diabetes prevalence, lower insulin secretion, more insulin resistance, and an adverse body composition with higher liver and intermuscular fat and lower lean muscle mass compared with four other U.S. race and ethnic groups. MASALA study participants with diabetes were more likely to have the severe hyperglycemia subtype, characterized by β-cell dysfunction and lower body weight, and this subtype was associated with a higher incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis. We have found several modifiable factors for cardiometabolic disease among South Asians including diet and physical activity that can be influenced using specific social network members and with cultural adaptations to the U.S. context. Longitudinal data with repeat cardiometabolic measures that are supplemented with qualitative and mixed-method approaches enable a deeper understanding of disease risk and resilience factors. Studying and contrasting Asian American subgroups can uncover the causes for cardiometabolic disease heterogeneity and reveal novel methods for prevention and treatment.
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Siddiqui, Rida Asim. "It's time to foster Pride and let go of Prejudice. Disability Pride Month: Why Pakistan needs it?" Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 73, no. 05 (April 15, 2023): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.7955.
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Respected Madam, Since the beginning of time, disability, in any form, has always had an enormous amount of stigma attached to it and Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) are made to suffer hardships and injustices every day. Pakistan has a population of roughly 207 million people.1 Around 31 million people in Pakistan are anticipated to be living with a disability. According to the disability evaluation report conducted by Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF), eight out of every 100 people have a handicap of some kind, and one out of every 130 people has a severe condition.2 July celebrates the Disability Pride Month honouring the signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act, which occurred 32 years ago.3 Yet, this day has a deeper meaning; This month empower PWDs to proudly own their identities and reinvent the power dynamic designed to work against them. PWDs in Pakistan are often marginalized, made to feel inferior, and rarely seen actively participating in society alongside those who can. Our community still has archaic views such as, disability is a source of shame for the family, a form of punishment for crimes, and a detachment from religion.4 According to estimates, 24.9 to 41% of persons with disabilities experience depression, compared to 22.8 to 27.5% of adults without disabilities.5 Madam, this is a painful reality, but we must face it together. All of these injustices have left Pakistani PWDs feeling lost and disempowered. When they are constantly let down and made to feel inferior, it demoralizes them before they can muster the courage and determination to seek opportunities and demand justice. Pakistan desperately needs Disability Pride Month as a platform and reminder that every member of society, able-bodied or not, is equally important and has something unique to offer. Given that Pakistan is a developing country and that the government frequently overlooks their fundamental rights and demands, Disability Pride Month will allow them to celebrate all that they have overcome and accomplished, providing them a platform to draw attention to their issues and shed light on their concerns. A revolutionized change can occur in the practices of this archaic society. Awareness is essential, but Pride stems from within. A man who has faith in himself will strive to conquer his goals. That is when a true change will occur.
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Malik Abbasi, Abdul, Samreen Riaz Ahmed, Alia Farooqi, and Stephon John. "Exploring Factors of Speech Anxiety in Second Language Classroom." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 10, no. 5 (October 30, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.10n.5p.97.
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This study aims to investigate the factors affecting on English speech of undergraduate students at the SMIU, Karachi. The study prospects two aspects as outcomes of the study, one to discover what are the major issues and hindrances and another one to find their solutions for developing techniques and skills to gain confidence while speaking English as a second language in ESL classroom and in public. It will further investigate as how to help develop a wonderful speech free from speech anxiety. The study administered Likert Scale as a tool for data collection. Forty participating students were recruited from the department of Computer Science, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi. Speech anxiety is a common phenomenon amongst the students in the second language classrooms. Second language i.e., English, however, has become the lingua franca of the world. It is no longer the language of only native Britishers and Americans, rather, it is a widely spoken language by most people living in every nook & corner of the world. This study investigates as to how ESL learners turn out as nervous speakers while speaking English. Findings of the study suggest that speech anxiety seems to be an unavoidable phenomenon for ESL learners as the data reveal. In addition, this study is associated with the previous studies that there is a moderate level of Foreign Language Speech Anxiety (FLSA) amongst the Pakistani English speakers. Since English is taught from the primary level and every literate person almost understands and speaks English. Pakistani English language speakers should speak without speech anxiety, though it seems to be a part of human nature being nervous while speaking English as a second language. The students should learn how to manage speech anxiety by welcoming it and try to overcome it not by mindless imitation but by being natural in English speech.
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Farid, Irfan, Asma Aftab, and Zubair Iqbal. "A Critique of American Supremacist Politics in Cold War in Sorayya Khan's City of Spies." Global Social Sciences Review VI, no. II (March 30, 2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(vi-ii).02.
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The present study investigates the representation of America in Anglophone Pakistani Literature with a special focus on Sorayya Khan's City of Spies with the assumption to trace some possible connection between American intervention and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in the context of Pakistan's politics. Given the American intervention in Pakistani politics and its indelible impact on the domestic and international scenario had made the country a virtual battleground for the superpowers of the world. Khan's novel situates this conflict in the aftermath of the military coup of General Zia, followed by the Afghan war and (c)overt American alliance in it, which brought about serious implications for the Pakistani state. The story of the novel offers some pertinent extracts which deal, literally or metaphorically, with the role and representation of America in these geostrategic events. The article has used the critical cultural angle by investing the theoretical views of Ziauddin Sardar in terms of the Muslim world's apathy for America in the aftermath of cold war politics are used to get a better insight into the central problem by underscoring how this foreign policy of America has been responsible for the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan.
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Iftikhar, Aatif, and Zubair Shafiq. "The Portrayal of Pak-US Relations in Print Media: An Analysis of War on Terror and Militancy in Pakistan during the Republican and the Democratic Regimes." Global Regional Review IV, no. III (September 30, 2019): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-iii).02.
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This study has examined how the leading Pakistani and American newspapers portrayed the war on terror and militancy in Pakistan during Republican (George W. Bush) and Democratic (Barack Obama) regimes. All the editorials were analyzed which were published on the subjects during the timeline of sixteen years (January 2001 - January 2017). The results show that both the newspapers are independent, balanced and suggestive. Overall coverage of editorials remained higher (59%) in the democratic regime as compared to that of the republican regime (41%). On the issue of Pakistan's support in the war against terrorism, both the newspapers gave mixed framing. Dawn gave Pakistan more favorable portrayal. NYT remained more unfavorable towards Pakistan, especially during democratic regime. The study reveals that Pak-US relations remained more hostile during Obama regime. However the overall foreign policy remains similar in America irrespective of its administration.
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Yousaf, Dr Zahid, Dr Muhammad Haseeb Sarwar, and Ehtisham Ali. "Framing of Pak-Afghan Relations by Elite Pakistani and American Press during PMLN Government (2013-2018)." Issue-2 04, no. 02 (September 30, 2020): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v04-i02-18.
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The study Framing of Pak-Afghan Relations by Pakistani and American Press during PMLN Government (2013-2018) is focused to analyze the Pak-Afghan relations as both countries are neighbors sharing a long border on one hand and is focus of the international powers since decades due to cold war and the war on terrorism after 9/11 attacks in the United States. The study is focused to analyze that how the elite Pakistani and American press frames the relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan during the PMLN government that is from June 2013 to May 2018. For the study the elite English newspapers of the two countries Pakistan and United States were selected. Dawn and The News were selected from Pakistan and The Washington Post and The New York Times were selected from US. The editorials of selected newspapers were analyzed in this study using content analysis method. The study is supported by agenda setting theory focusing on the media agenda and the framing concept.Four categories discussing terrorism, US as factor in Pak-Afghan relations; the Pakistani and American stance on the Pak-Afghan bilateral relations are analyzed in three directions positive, negative and neutral. The study concludes that the elite Pakistani press has given more coverage to Pak-Afghan relations than US press whereas both Pakistani and US press has framed Pak-Afghan relations negatively.
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Kovalkov, O. "Soviet Aggression in Afghanistan (1979–1989) and American – Pakistan Relanions." Problems of World History, no. 18 (November 8, 2022): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2022-18-6.
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The impact of the Soviet aggression in Afghanistan in 1979–1989 on US–Pakistan relations on the basis of predominantly American-Pakistani documents and memoirs has been examined in the article. Soviet intervention in Afghanistan led to the deterioration of Soviet-American relations, the curtailment of “détente” and the escalation of the Cold War. One manifestation of this was the United States’ full support for the Afghan opposition. The USA needed Pakistan as allies in this policy but it was sandwiched between Soviet-occupied Afghanistan and unfriendly India, so it needed reliable allies. In addition, the Afghan opposition parties’ headquarters, Mujahedeen training camps were located in Pakistan with almost 3 million settled refugees. The USA and Pakistan were mutually interested in close cooperation.
The conditionality of changing the format of US-Pakistani relations by the civil war in Afghanistan and the involvement of the USSR on the side of the ruling People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan have been proved. The relations between the USA and Pakistan in the 1980s developed in two directions: official and covert but under the Afghan crisis influence the United States gave in to its principles. Despite the dictatorial regime, violation of the conditions of nuclear non-proliferation the USA has significantly expanded its military-technical and economic assistance to Pakistan. This significantly strengthened the country's defense capabilities and position of M. Ziyaul-Haq’s regime and Pakistan has become in general one of the main allies of the USA in their support of the Afghan crisis opposition. The secret cooperation between the CIA and the Pakistani Interagency Intelligence in financing and supplying military property to the Afghan Mujahedeen, providing them with intelligence, assisting in the production and dissemination of propaganda materials was important. This had a marked effect on the Afghan war outbreak, greatly strengthened the Mujahedeen’s ability to resist Soviet troops, and significantly increased the disastrous consequences of the Afghan adventure for the USSR. After the Soviet troops’ withdrawal from Afghanistan, Pakistan lost strategic importance to the USA, and most programs of US-Pakistani cooperation were curtailed.
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Ali Shinwari, Rizwan, and Ken LeBlond. "Combatting Stereotypes: The Media's View versus Personal Experiences in Pakistan and the United States." ab-Original 4, no. 1-2 (December 2020): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/aboriginal.4.1-2.0177.
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ABSTRACT Pakistan and US media often negatively portray the opposite side. The media's propagation of negative imagery that two friends (one American and one Pakistani) both consumed in their early lives did not prevent them from being curious and open-minded about each other's countries. This article addresses how one American and one Paskistani had their views shaped by American and Pakistani media and how their personal experiences contradicted those media images.
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Gillani, Awais H., Hans Frey, and Noman Ishfaq. "INDEXING AND AMERICAN PRESIDENCY: PAKISTANI MUSLIM SOCIETY ON THE FRONT-PAGES OF MAINSTREAM U.S. NEWSPAPERS." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 04 (December 31, 2021): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i4.320.
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Mr. Joe Biden quoting a saying from Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.), vows to lift the Muslim ban from day one in the Oval office. This study shows how the U.S. mainstream liberal and the conservative printed press gave Pakistan and Pakistani society coverage in the first year of Biden's Vice Presidency under President Obama when the U.S. military interests were high in the South Asian region. Employing thematic analysis with indexing theory, the study analyzes three leading U.S. dailies from January 2009 to January 2010. The study finds media frames, issues, and sources that confirm the practical implementation of indexing theory in American news reporting on crucial foreign policy issues. About Pakistan Muslim society, the U.S. media conclude that terrorism is in the “DNA” of Pakistani people, and militants will take over Pakistan and its nuclear bomb. This study adds to the indexing theory, propaganda, political, international, and strategic communication literature. Key Words: Islamic extremism, Sharia law, Pakistani nuclear bomb, al Qaeda, Vice President Joe Biden, American print media, War on Terror, Indexing, Liberal, Conservative.
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Prokhorov, Ruslan. "Pakistani-American Relations: Current State and Perspectives." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760015900-7.
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The article examines the political cooperation of Pakistan with the United States of America. The importance of maintaining dialogue is emphasized at all levels of interstate contacts, even in the most difficult conditions. Military and military-technical cooperation is highlighted as a traditional direction of Pakistani-American relations. Trade and economic relations between the two states are analyzed, including an analysis of the economic indicators of US-Pakistan cooperation in comparison with the traditional economic partners of Pakistan. The article covers the implementation of educational and ethnocultural programs by US government and public organizations. Summing up, it is concluded that bilateral contacts between the United States of America and Pakistan will continue and be predominantly of a partnership nature.
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Mikhel, Irina. "RIVALRY AND PARTNERSHIP STRATEGIES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION." Vostokovedenie i Afrikanistika, no. 2 (2021): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rva/2021.02.06.
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This review analyzes recent publications by Pakistani authors on the policies of world powers in the Indian Ocean region, India-US cooperation and its implications for Pakistan, and recent Indo-Pakistan relations. The recent the U.S. containment doctrine on China has contributed to an American Pivot of Asia, an increased strategic partnership between the U.S. and India, a cooling of the U.S.-Pakistan relationship, and an increase in comprehensive cooperation between China and Pakistan. The establishment of a China-Pakistan economic corridor with access to the Indian Ocean near the Gwadar port becomes a matter of survival and a basis for future prosperity for China and Pakistan, while for the United States and its new allies it becomes a cause for serious concern and a reason for a new round of confrontation with China and Pakistan. The ongoing Indo-Pakistani rivalry is now also driven by Indian domestic politics and the role of Prime Minister Modi and his party.
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Fatima, Noor, and Imran Ashraf. "Pakistan: Identity in Foreign Policy and Anti-Westernism." Global Pakistan Studies Research Review V, no. I (December 30, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpsrr.2022(v-i).01.
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This article aims at dealing with different dimensions of Pakistan’s foreign policy, particularly the challenges to it during and after the Cold War. These challenges were mostly unilateral in the sense that Pakistan was captive to the grand American design in the Middle East and in Western Asia. There is much anti-American and anti-Western rhetoric by right-wing parties, both religious and non-religious, particularly after 9/11. The article attempts on developing an understanding on identity constructions that accompanied the Pakistani foreign policy collaboration with USA., the research seeks to understand what national identity constructions were attempted by the Pakistani foreign policymaking elite in the context of a foreign policy convergence between Pakistan and the USA. Therefore, examines the contradictions in the attempts at identity construction that how Pakistan the pursuit of security and consequent policy is accompanied by certain identity constructions highlighting the conformity non-conformity" of the element of "anti-western.
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Pervez, Alina, Manju Chandran, and Aysha Habib Khan. "Guiding postmenopausal care for osteoporosis: First evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for Pakistan." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 74, no. 6 (May 24, 2024): 1202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.10632.
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Madam, We would like to address the issue of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) management in Pakistan and advocate for the country-wide dissemination of the recently published Pakistan-specific clinical practice guideline (CPG) "GRADE-Adolopment of Clinical Practice Guideline for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Management - a Pakistani Context" (1). Osteoporosis poses a significant threat to the health of postmenopausal women. Although osteoporosis prevalence among postmenopausal women ranges from 20% to 49.3% in Pakistan, there is a lack of epidemiological data, diagnostic facilities, and public awareness about bone health. Healthcare providers in Pakistan have thus far struggled with managing osteoporosis effectively because of the absence of local CPGs. The Pakistani PMO guideline, developed by the Aga Khan University aligns the recommendations of the Asia Pacific Consortium on Osteoporosis (2) and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (3). The GRADE-ADOLOPMENT methodology used in developing the guideline provides a systematic support for the recommendations that are evidence based and suitable for adoption in Pakistan's medical settings. The guideline recommends higher doses (2000-4000 IU) of vitamin D in patients with obesity, malabsorption, and old age, considering their increased requirements and suboptimal response to lower doses. It addresses food insecurity and malnutrition, which contribute to vitamin D deficiency and fracture risk. Moreover, the guideline incorporates the surrogate FRAX model created for Pakistan, recommended by the International Osteoporosis Foundation for countries lacking fracture incidence data (4). A management algorithm is proposed, based on intervention thresholds developed for Pakistan for accurate estimation of fracture probability, and to guide clinical practice(5). The primary goal of the guideline is to improve the quality of care by changing the daily practice of physicians in the desired direction. Disseminating and integrating osteoporosis care into the healthcare system is challenging but remains a top priority. The endorsement of the guideline by relevant national societies can play a crucial role in its dissemination. Implementation through their members can help in assessing effectiveness and in shaping clinical practice. The guideline is a critical step in addressing osteoporosis management challenges in Pakistan, but for full impact, widespread dissemination and implementation in clinical practice is required. We implore the medical community, policymakers, and stakeholders to collaborate in this endeavor and work towards improving the management of osteoporosis, to enhance the health outcomes of the Pakistani population. It is essential that healthcare policymakers and practitioners recognize PMO as a significant public health issue and implement the CPG for appropriate practice changes.
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Asiyah, Nur. "Pakistani-American Muslim women identity negotiation as reflected in diaspora literature." Leksika: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Pengajarannya 14, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/lks.v14i2.7594.
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Identity is significant issue in the world. Pakistani-American Muslim women faced the problems of identity because they got different treatment in the society. This study reveals how do Pakistani-American Muslim women negotiate their identity and the result of negotiation? This research was done under descriptive qualitative research. The data of the research are the words, phrases, and sentences from diasporic literature entitled Saffron Dreams by Shaila Abdullah that published in 2009. To analyze the data, this study used postcolonial theory based on Bhabha’s hybridity and Tomey’s identity negotiation concept. Based on the research, it is found that Pakistan American Muslim women negotiate their identity by mindful negotiation namely adapting American culture and shaping hybrid identity. They change their fashion style by putting off their veils. They replace Arabic name into American style to hide their religious identity. In building the house they American building with Arabian nuance. On the other hand, in assimilating the culture to get a job, Pakistani American Muslim women must fight harder because of the striking differences in culture and the idealism they believe in.
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Naqvi, Syeda Sughra. "Life, Art, and Politics: Pakistan and Social Misrepresentations." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 25, no. 4 (December 2022): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2022.25.4.105.
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This paper critically analyses how Mohsin Hamid in ‘Discontent and Its Civilizations’ delineates the rupture lines prompted by a decade and a half of tectonic change, from the ‘war on terror’ to the struggles of individuals to maintain humanity in the inflexible physiognomy of repressive ideology, or the apathetic face of globalization. Whether he is discussing ritual love affairs or pop culture, drones or the pattern of day-to-day life in an extended family, he carries us beyond the doomsayer headlines of a perturbed West and a turbulent East and helps to bring a dazzling manifold world within spiritual and intellectual reach. The classifications under which the essays are congregated: Life, Art, and Politics may be considered universal, as the themes of these segments are wide-ranging. Hamid’s nonfiction pieces of writings are deep-rooted in the shifting nature of his homeland. He talks about the way in which Pakistan “plays a recurring role as villain in the horror sub-industry within the news business” (Hamid, 2014). He believes that in Pakistan, Islam has been as a binding force for developing unity for strengthening nationhood. Although Pakistan; “a test bed for pluralism on a globalising planet” (Hamid, 2014), is still struggling for “more pluralism” (Hamid, 2014). American drone attacks have had a deeply detrimental effect by refusing the sovereignty of Pakistan and Pakistani society, and by demanding ‘do more’ to accost the problem of extremists who tyrannize Pakistanis/Muslims or non-Pakistanis/ non-Muslims in the same way. Such social misrepresentations, for some selfish self-interests, neither only shatter the image of a nation in the world, but also play a vital role in transformation of the nation alike with the help of such vague reflections. Pakistan and Islam both need to be reviewed without any “makeup and plastic fangs” (Hamid, 2014) or else future generations will look back at our era and think of us with the same perplexity that we think of those who lived in societies that legalized slavery.
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Raza, Syed Sami. "Anti-terrorism Legal Regime of Pakistan and the Global Paradigm of Security: A Genealogical and Comparative Analysis." Review of Human Rights 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 4–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35994/rhr.v2i1.74.
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Pakistan is often criticized for its anti-terrorism legal regime—which institutionalizes preventive indefinite detention, special courts, and speedy trials. Pakistani officials, on their part, rebut this criticism by pointing to the Anglo-American anti-terrorism legal regimes, and generally to “the global paradigm of security.” Interestingly, should we trace the genealogy of the anti-terrorism legal regime of Pakistan, we find rich historical-juridical linkages between the Pakistani and Anglo-American regimes. These linkages converge on, or at least begin from, the British law of high treason. This law was adopted in certain colonial regulations in the early 19th century. In this article I demonstrate how the legal form and substance of the high treason law and of certain other colonial regulations traveled through colonial and post-colonial security laws, such that they have recently come to converge with the global paradigm of security.
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Fatima, Eesham, Waqasia Naeem, and Irfan Abbas. "THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON THE DISCOURSE MARKERS IN PAKISTANI SIGN LANGUAGE." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 02 (June 30, 2022): 1201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.616.
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This paper aims to shed light on the common discourse markers in Sign Language, particularly Pakistani Sign Language. Pakistani Sign Language is overlooked and emerges as a non-standardized. These gestures/ discourse markers will be studied in comparison to American Sign Language (ASL). The main features will be analysed that call for a detailed analysis based on the use, the universality and application. This research aims to study if there is any influence of gender on these discourse markers. The Pakistan Sign Language Corpus will be collected and analysed with the assistance of Sign Language Interpreters. Furthermore, to see for any consistent language specific functions that these languages may share will also be accounted and noted. Keywords: Sign Language, Discourse markers, gender, American Sign Language, Pakistani Sign Language
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Javed, Muhammad Tazeem, Muhammad Shafiq, and Muhammad Azhar. "A Saga of Decisive Combat of Pakistan Army in North and South Waziristan (2009- 2016)." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review VII, no. II (June 30, 2022): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(vii-ii).08.
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The entire security landscape of the world was altered due to the 9/11 terrorist attacks on America's World Trade Centre. After this incident, the US accused Al-Qaeda headship of the attacks. Henceforth, President Bush demanded the Afghan Taliban hand over Osama Bin Laden to the US. However, when the Taliban did not respond positively, the US attacked Afghanistan. The US also pushed Pakistan to take a U-turn on its Afghan policy; hence, President Musharraf decided to offer logistics and other relevant backing to the American force sin their operation in Afghanistan. After the defeat of the Afghan Taliban in 2002, many militants from Afghanistan came to Pakistan's tribal areas through a porous border. As Pakistan supported the US War on Terrorism (WoT), a militant insurgency was started in the tribal areas of Pakistan. This research examines the counter-terrorism strategies of the Pakistan army that it implemented from 2009 to 2016. The study explains the military operations of the Pakistan army in former FATA against hardcore terrorist groups like Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and other small and affiliated radical organizations. It is analyzed that military operations namely Rah-e-Nijat and Zarb-e-Azb in former FATA with a focus on North and South Waziristan relatively remained successful.
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Zaheer, Mohsin, and Quratul Ain. "Complexity of Home in the Memoir 'Threading my Prayer Rug' by Sabeeha Rehman." Global Language Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2020(v-iii).22.
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The narrative 'Threading my Prayer Rug' highlights the condition of the character named Biya in her journey to becoming an American Muslim from a Pakistani Muslim. This research has presented the complexity of home for the Pakistani diaspora by using the diasporic paradigm of the post-colonial perspective. It has aimed to identify the concept of plurality of home and the problems of unhomeliness. By utilizing Uehara (2007) model of narrative analysis, this research claims that the diaspora's attempt of making their multiple homes have shattered altogether after the incident of 9/11 and diaspora have faced the problem of unhomeliness. The narrative rejects the fixity of the concept of home as the characters in the narrative have attempted to create a blended identity by considering both Pakistan and America as their homes. This unhomeliness makes the diaspora reunite with their first home for their recognition and reconciliation; henceforth, the home of the Pakistani diaspora in Pakistan only.
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Ahmad, Bilal, Naznina Hakim Khan, Irfan Ullah, and Raeesa. "A Corpus-Based Comparative Analysis of Socio-Linguistic Features in the Genderlect of American and Pakistani English TV Talk Shows." Journal of Asian Development Studies 13, no. 2 (May 28, 2024): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.2.25.
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This study examines the depiction of gender in Pakistani and American television discussion programmes. The primary objective is to determine if the talk shows in both countries (i.e., Pakistan and America) display typical gender stereotypes or whether they challenge dominant views of gender and promote fresh depictions. To accomplish this objective, content analysis is performed to examine the sample comprising Pakistani and American television talk programmes. Specifically, programmes broadcast on Pakistani and American general-interest networks have been chosen. Results indicate that only individuals with binary gender expressions (female and male) participated. Males are likelier to play a prominent role in these programmes, particularly as the host position, which is essential to the format's dynamics. As a rule, female characters are less powerful and use significantly less humour than their male counterparts in these talk shows in Pakistan and the United States. On the other hand, late-night talk shows are known for their inclusivity in featuring both male and female guests. They are open to discussing a wide range of topics, from intimate and political matters to current affairs and private issues, without gender bias. The primary conclusion of this study that can be reached is still problematic in terms of gender (male and female) representation, mainly owing to the absence of female players in dominating positions and the preconceived notions about women when they do humour as a host of the programme.
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Hanif, Asfia, Fasih-ur Rehman, and Muhammad Ashfaq. "Framing of Pakistan in American Media: An Analysis of 'Homeland'." Fall 2023 VI, no. IV (December 30, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2023(vi-iv).01.
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This study investigates the frames used in 'Homeland' for Pakistanis. Season four of the show focuses on Pakistan and it is analyzed by quantitative research method. The sample for this study is all twelve episodes of season four. Categories and coding sheets were developed to extract data from all twelve episodes. Results of the study show that Pakistanis were framed more negatively than positively by using negative stereotyping, their physical appearance, skin colour, language etc.
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Humaira Tariq. "Feudal System of Pakistan in Daniyal Mueenuddin’s Short Stories." Linguistics and Literature Review 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/llr.v4i1.275.
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This study analyses the short stories of the Pakistani-American author Daniyal Mueenuddin, in his collection, “In Other Rooms, Other Wonders” (Mueenuddin, 2009). The theoretical foundation of this study draws mainly from The Communist Manifesto written by the German philosophers Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (Marx, Engels, & Taylor, 1967). The study highlights the Feudal System in Punjab- Pakistan, given in Mueenuddin’s stories as representative of the same stratification and class struggles, discussed by Marx and Engels for the capitalist society. The Bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie and proletariat classes of Capitalism given in the Manifesto are traced in the Feudal set up of the stories to expose the workings of the feudal system of Pakistan. The study is supported by views on Pakistani feudalism by various intellectuals both from the West and East and the presentation of feudalism by Mueenuddin is weighed and analysed accordingly. Finally, in keeping with the Marxist point of view, the role of the author is explicated in highlighting and addressing the injustices in feudal system of Pakistan. This study is undertaken with a hope of highlighting the feudal system of Pakistan which is although slowly receding in Pakistan but still has a strong hold in the rural areas. “In Other Rooms, Other Wonders” is one of the very few books on feudalism in Pakistan, especially in the literary arena. A need for authoring more such texts on Pakistani feudalism is expressed through this study, to create awareness and to present possible solutions for this system of unjust agrarian hierarchy.
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Sana, Rabia, and Professor Dr Shahzad Ali. "Mapping of Pakistani Media, Society and Culture in the Mainstream Print Media of the United Kingdom and the United States." Journal of Law & Social Studies 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.04.02.361372.
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This paper interrogated the Western media perception regarding Pakistani society, culture, image and media. It was the developing concern of Western electronic and print media to discuss the various issues related to Pakistan and mainly politics, international relations, society and culture were stressed upon. The present study explored the coverage of American and British press (the Telegraph, the Guardian, the New York Times & the Washington Post) regarding Pakistan. For this reason, the data got from the following newspapers the Telegraph, the Guardian, the New York Times & the Washington Post for the three specific months. The findings revealed that overall negative impression was found in American and British newspapers regarding Pakistani society, culture and media. Pakistani culture was attributed with patriarchal, male chauvinistic with blend of conservative’s tribal norms; extremism, rigidity, violent behavior and religious fanaticism. Women were shown as living in shabby conditions and they were deprived of their fundamental rights. The issues of crime against women, especially in the countryside about domestic violence, acid burning, and abused rape were highlighted. However, softer tone was depicted for pro-Western, liberals’ individuals, NGOs and other elements as compared to the right-wing groups which received more negative frames. Overall the negative issues related to natural disasters, over population, corruption, mismanagement, poor human rights, pervasiveness of conservative’s rightwing groups, and insecurity for journalists dominated the coverage.
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Kumar, Rajesh, Tania Laghari, and Aniqa Arslan. "A Move-Based Analysis of Research Article Abstracts by Natives and Non-native Writers of English A Comparative Study." Academy of Education and Social Sciences Review 3, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.48112/aessr.v3i3.585.
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An abstract is the main part of a Research Article (RA) that gives a major outlook of the whole article and it makes the reader decide to read or leave a particular article. It is less studied part in terms of research, especially in the context of Pakistan. Therefore, this study is aimed to compare the abstracts of research articles written by native (American) and non-native (Pakistani) authors. The focus of the current study is to investigate the frequency and percentage of each move of RA abstracts composed by native and non-native writers of English. To achieve this end, a corpus of 30 native and 30 non-native abstracts is collected and Hyland’s (2000) five-move model is applied to analyse the data. The results show that the move 1 (Introduction) occurred in all (60) abstracts and it is obligatory in Pakistani as well as American context. Furthermore, the results show that the difference in Conclusion move in Pakistani abstracts is 73%. On the other hand, the frequency of remaining three moves including purpose, method and product is similar in American and Pakistani contexts with minor differences. It is recommended that more comparative research be done on this specific subject utilizing more data sources.
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Fozia, Abida Yousaf, and Imran Ashraf. "The Impacts of International Structure on the Foreign Policy of Pakistan." Global Foreign Policies Review II, no. I (December 30, 2019): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2019(ii-i).03.
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Foreign policy is one of the key tools to maintain the affairs of international relations. Foreign policy of a state is mainly shaped by domestic environment and international system. This study highlights the impacts of international structure on the foreign policy behaviour of Pakistan since 1947. During cold war period, the bi-polar world order mainly shaped the foreign policy of Pakistan. After independence, the economic, political and security challenges pushed Pakistan towards western bloc to protect its interests. Being an ally of west, Pakistan supported USA to contain the spread of communism. With the collapse of Soviet Union, the world order was shifted from bi-polarity to uni-polarity. Consequently, American supremacy shaped the world politics as a sole super power. With the start of 21st century, the incident of 9/11 and in response American invasion of Afghanistan again made Pakistani an ally of USA on their Global War on terror. Pakistan has faced serious consequences as an ally of USA. However, with the emergence of multi-polar world order, now Pakistan has opportunity to balance its relations with global powers like China, Russia and USA on the basis of mutual benefits, equality and equity.
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Pant, Ritika. "Televisual Tales From Across the Border: Mapping Neo-Global Flows in Media Peripheries." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 10, no. 2 (December 2019): 164–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927619897439.
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Foreign programming on Indian television was largely dominated by American and British TV programmes until 2014, when a Hindi entertainment channel Zindagi, owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises, began broadcasting syndicated television content from Pakistan. The channel’s tagline Jodey Dilon Ko (uniting hearts) shaped the possibility for peaceful reconciliation between the two political rivals, India and Pakistan, by offering ‘ sarhad paar ki kahaaniyaan’ (stories from across the border) to Indian audiences. The popularity of Pakistani serials in India may be observed against the backdrop of a television industry inundated with formulaic saas–bahu (mother-in-law/daughter-in-law) plotlines over the last decade. While Indian television and films have been a part of Pakistani popular culture for years, Pakistani serials like Humsafar (life partner, 2011) and Zindgai Gulzar Hai (life is a bed of roses, 2012) broadcast on Zindagi gave Indian audiences a peek into their neighbours’ socio-cultural environment. These serials dismantled the conventional mediatised image of the distanced ‘other’ and redefined the former perception of ‘foreign’ as essentially ‘Western’ in Indian television programming. Through an analysis of new trajectories of flows between media peripheries that I term ‘neo-global’ flows, this article argues that Pakistani dramas broadcast on Zindagi between 2014 and 2016 offered a ‘mediating space’ to Indian audiences by maintaining a balance between Indian tradition and Pakistani modernity.
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Hagerty, Devin T. "China and Pakistan: Strains in the Relationship." Current History 101, no. 656 (September 1, 2002): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2002.101.656.284.
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Although the American war on terrorism has altered the regional landscape, “China and Pakistan continue to derive substantial value from their close relationship. For Islamabad, Beijing remains its most steadfast friend in international affairs. United States interest in Pakistan waxes and wanes, but China has proved itself to be in Pakistan's corner over the long haul.”
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Farooq, Hassan. "Relief Work After the Earthquake in Pakistan: A Pakistani-American Physician's Perspective." Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 19, no. 3 (July 2006): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2006.11928174.
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Khan, Rizwan Ullah, Sidra Mumtaz, Muhammad Usman Rashid, and Naila Malkani. "An Outlook on the COVID-19 Infection Magnitude in Pakistan and Potential Factors Contributing to Low Mortality Rates." Annals of King Edward Medical University 27, no. 4 (February 2, 2022): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v27i4.4908.
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Background: COVID-19 has severely affected some countries with a high mortality rate than others. In Pakistan, its mortality rate is lower (2.06%) than neighboring countries and even economically advanced countries. Here we discuss the distinct characteristic of the Pakistani population that might have contributed to this lower mortality. Methods: COVID-19 mortality data were collected from December, 2019 to July, 2020 and studied for population age spectrum, health facilities, immunization profiles, physical activity, and obesity from Pakistan and other countries. Results: Lower COVID-19 related mortality rate was observed in Pakistan (2.06%) as compared to France (18.02%), Italy (14.45%), UK (14.01%), Spain (9.56%), the USA (4.71%), and Iran (4.77%). Small proportion (3.5%) of the elderly population (>65 years of age), exposure to different viral antigens, a higher rate of BCG vaccination, better physical activity practices, and lower obesity prevalence in Pakistani population as compared European and North American population may contribute to lower COVID-19 related mortality rate. Conclusions: Multiple factors may have contributed to this lower mortality rate in Pakistan. Our observations
may facilitate clinicians to identify individuals who may have low risk to COVID-19 related deaths. Comprehensive studies are warranted to address it further.
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Imran, Muhammad, and Muhammad Arif Saeed. "STRATEGIES OF USA-PAKISTAN RELATIONS IN THE POST 9/11 PERIOD: HURDLES AND PROSPECTS." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 03 (September 30, 2022): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i03.725.
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From that moment forward, the Pak-US relationship will be rocky, and it will challenge both countries' foreign strategies. As a result of its dire needs, Pakistan has come to rely heavily on the United States (US). After the country's liberation, Pakistan may play a significant role in the region. However, it was still difficult to imagine being in a relationship. The lack of trust between you and me is a significant factor in determining the nature of any future commitment. September 11 altered the trajectory of relationships and the depth of commitments. This event marked a turning moment in the mending of fences between the two parties. Since then, various factors have influenced who is responsible for what. The inclusion of the manual shows serious dedication. The willingness to commit is based on the extent to which one is helped. The US military's strategic outreach to Pakistan during the War on Terror solidified US interest in Pakistan and transformed it into a technologically advanced partner. Frustrations also contribute to a decline in teamwork. After 9/11, the globe saw both bright and less promising times due to three central defining moments: the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the rise of the US as a global champion, the consolidation of territorial security, and the fear-based oppressor onslaught. This war against mental oppression envisioned a new alliance between the US and Pakistan; during this time, Pakistan faced challenges and emerged as a crucial ally for Americans in South Asia's war against fear. The relationship between the US and Pakistan was a cornerstone of American foreign policy. The approach to South Asia prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union. The US provided Pakistan political, economic, and military aid during the Cold War. The re-arming of Islamic militants against the Soviets posed new problems for the US. U.S. foreign policy experts' sense of urgency following the September 11 attacks led them to rethink their country's ties to Pakistan. Fears that Osama bin Laden and Islamic mercenaries are hiding near Pakistan's borders have been a top issue for Americans. Expanded US-India collaboration has been effectively constrained by the long-term goal of containing China and thwarting terrorism. Given those presumptions, this research looks into the ties between the US and Pakistan. Keywords: Bilateral connection, Pakistan, South Asia, United States of America, War on fear, 9/11.