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Journal articles on the topic 'Pakistani Arts'
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1
Ahmed, Fasih, Muhammad Nawaz, and Aisha Jadoon. "Topic Modeling of the Pakistani Economy in English Newspapers via Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)." SAGE Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): 215824402210799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221079931.
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This research paper explores aspects of the Pakistani economy using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) technique. The data based on 3,000 articles were collected from two Pakistani English newspapers, Dawn and The News, (2015–2020), through Lexis Nexis database. The headlines of the news articles relevant to Pakistan’s economy, were taken into account. By employing the data-driven approach of the grounded theory, it is found that changes in policies, security preference, textile industry, the shift of energy, inflation, growth and investment, mega projects, sustainable democracy and poverty control need to be focused to overcome the challenges of Pakistan’s economy. It also reveals that mega projects like the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) are called to boost Pakistan’s economy. The results show that smooth trading would help reduce poverty in the country.
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Pant, Ritika. "Televisual Tales From Across the Border: Mapping Neo-Global Flows in Media Peripheries." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 10, no. 2 (December 2019): 164–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927619897439.
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Foreign programming on Indian television was largely dominated by American and British TV programmes until 2014, when a Hindi entertainment channel Zindagi, owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises, began broadcasting syndicated television content from Pakistan. The channel’s tagline Jodey Dilon Ko (uniting hearts) shaped the possibility for peaceful reconciliation between the two political rivals, India and Pakistan, by offering ‘ sarhad paar ki kahaaniyaan’ (stories from across the border) to Indian audiences. The popularity of Pakistani serials in India may be observed against the backdrop of a television industry inundated with formulaic saas–bahu (mother-in-law/daughter-in-law) plotlines over the last decade. While Indian television and films have been a part of Pakistani popular culture for years, Pakistani serials like Humsafar (life partner, 2011) and Zindgai Gulzar Hai (life is a bed of roses, 2012) broadcast on Zindagi gave Indian audiences a peek into their neighbours’ socio-cultural environment. These serials dismantled the conventional mediatised image of the distanced ‘other’ and redefined the former perception of ‘foreign’ as essentially ‘Western’ in Indian television programming. Through an analysis of new trajectories of flows between media peripheries that I term ‘neo-global’ flows, this article argues that Pakistani dramas broadcast on Zindagi between 2014 and 2016 offered a ‘mediating space’ to Indian audiences by maintaining a balance between Indian tradition and Pakistani modernity.
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Qureshi, Bilal. "The Veiled Avengers of Pakistan’s Streaming New Wave." Film Quarterly 74, no. 3 (2021): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2021.74.3.66.
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The privatization of Pakistan’s media and television industry over the past two decades, along with the availability of high-speed internet and an easing of censorship, has revolutionized what plays in Pakistani homes. While hopes that this more open environment would encourage a Pakistani new wave have yet to be born out, an episodic series released this summer is perhaps a harbinger of things to come. Film Quarterly columnist Bilal Qureshi introduces readers to one of the most exciting voices in the emerging Pakistani film industry, Asim Abbasi, whose über-stylish series Churails (2020−) presents a women’s detective agency that works undercover to obtain justice for the women of Karachi. An extrajudicial feminist fantasy, Churails is remarkably uncensored and unrestrained, and ground-breaking in its exclusive focus on women’s rage.
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Alam, Muhammad Badar. "Notes from a Pakistani Newsroom." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 10, no. 2 (December 2019): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927619896772.
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The essay describes how and why various parts of the state in Pakistan, especially its security and intelligence agencies, have embarked on a campaign to censor and silence news media through mostly quasi-legal and extra-legal measures. It does so by offering a personal account as well as narrating many other impersonal examples collected from across the Pakistani news media. It also provides a historical and commercial context to the ongoing censorship and self-censorship in the country’s newsrooms to show how the present is both similar to and different from the past.
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Lu, Yuqiu, Guowei Li, Zhe Luo, Muhammad Anwar, and Yunju Zhang. "Does Intellectual Capital Spur Sustainable Competitive Advantage and Sustainable Growth?: A Study of Chinese and Pakistani Firms." SAGE Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 215824402199670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244021996702.
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Steered by the resource-based view theory, this study scrutinizes the impact of the dimensions of Intellectual Capital (IC)—human capital, structural capital, and relational capital (RC)—on sustainable growth (SG) with the mediating role of Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). We gathered data from 2010 to 2017 of 90 listed firms of China and Pakistan, respectively, and applied EVIEWS. The results indicate that IC plays a significant role in the SG of Chinese and Pakistani firms. IC has a significant influence on differentiation strategy (DS) in Chinese firms whereas only RC has an insignificant influence on DS in Pakistani firms. IC has a significant influence on cost leadership strategy (CLS) in Pakistani firms whereas structural and RC have an insignificant influence on the SG of Chinese firms. In terms of the mediating role, DS partially mediates the relationship between IC and SG in Pakistani firms while it only fully mediates the path between RC and SG in Chinese firms. CLS partially mediates the relationship between IC and SG in Chinese firms while it fully mediates the association between human capital and SG in Pakistani firms. This study recommends Chinese and Pakistani firms to encourage investment in IC to gain SCA and SG in the turbulent markets. To concise, this research advises Chinese firms to invest a satisfactory amount in human capital as compared with structural and RC. However, Pakistani firms should focus on IC to gain SCA and SG.
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Kanwal, Shamsa, Abdul Hameed Pitafi, Muhammad Yousaf Malik, Naseer Abbas Khan, and Rao Muhammad Rashid. "Local Pakistani Citizens’ Benefits and Attitudes Toward China–Pakistan Economic Corridor Projects." SAGE Open 10, no. 3 (July 2020): 215824402094275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020942759.
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The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a mega development plan in the South Asian region with the mutual cooperation of Pakistan and China. However, CPEC projects are still in the preliminary phase, and scholars and policymakers have continuously assured that CPEC projects will boost the economy of Pakistan through business creation and immense employment opportunities. This study investigated the influence of CPEC projects on the community lifestyle of local Pakistani citizens. The samples were gathered using an online survey from 335 respondents living in Pakistan. Most of the hypotheses supported by the existing data set showed the positive responses of local Pakistani citizens toward CPEC projects. The findings of this study will help government officials and the representatives of the CPEC understand the attitudes of the host community and their cooperation for the development of CPEC projects.
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Mulla, Ayesha. "‘Maza Nahin Aya’: Negotiating Sensationalism in Pakistani Television News Practices." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 10, no. 2 (December 2019): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927619896775.
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Over the course of the last 18 years, privatised television news channels have transformed the nature of the national news culture in Pakistan. In addition to sensational news packaging, leading current affairs talk-show hosts routinely capitalise on aggressive interrogative tactics to antagonise politicians on air, producing a dramatised performance that feeds a politics of publicity. Within this context, the emancipatory potential of television once celebrated through media deregulation in the early 2000s has since been replaced with a disdainful liberal discourse on the lack of critical-rational debate. Based on in-depth interviews with a range of television news professionals in Karachi, I explore how Pakistani news media professionals negotiate the tension between a principled commitment to protecting the ‘independence’ of mass media and a cynical disavowal of its existing forms. Sensationalist media programming is certainly not unique to Pakistani television, and an increasing interest in postcolonial news publics continues to provide much needed perspectives from non-Western models of journalism, yet I believe a scholarly focus on media sensationalism remains impoverished without an understanding of the contextual constraints within which television news producers mediate their livelihood. In this article, I argue that the prevailing discourse on the ethics of journalism in Pakistan becomes a productive site through which the differences between privileged and vulnerable media labour emerge as most apparent.
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NÆSS, ANDERS, and BJØRG MOEN. "Dementia and migration: Pakistani immigrants in the Norwegian welfare state." Ageing and Society 35, no. 8 (June 6, 2014): 1713–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x14000488.
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ABSTRACTThis article is about dementia disease in the context of transnational migration. Focusing on the example of Pakistani immigrants in Norway, the article explores response processes surrounding signs and symptoms of dementia. Particular attention is lent to understanding how Norwegian-Pakistani families ‘negotiate dementia’ in the space between their own imported, culturally defined system of cure and care, and the Norwegian health-care culture, which is characterised by an inclination towards public care and biomedical intervention. Based on field observations and in-depth interviews with Norwegian-Pakistani families and hospital professionals working with dementia, we show that the centrality of the traditional family in Norwegian-Pakistanis' identity claims has significant implications for how Norwegian-Pakistanis relate to the Norwegian health-care culture, and for how signs and symptoms of cognitive decline are read and responded to in a migratory context.
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Montpellier, Elliot. "Mirāt ul-‘Urūs on the Small Screen: Family TV Dramas and the Making of Pious Publics in Pakistan." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 10, no. 2 (December 2019): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927619901046.
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This article analyses three Pakistani television adaptations of Nazir Ahmad’s novel Mirāt ul-‘Urūs to better understand the role of television dramas, an entertainment genre, in shaping pious publics. Scholarly attention to the novel, notably Shenila Khoja-Moolji’s work (2018) on the two most recent adaptations, primarily discuss feminine piety, women’s education and modes of instilling middle class values for women in these narratives. This article shifts focus to examine more broadly how dramas contend with family tensions, how they conceptualise familial duty, and how this widened focus on family provides new insights on religion in these adaptations. The article explores the concept of ‘religious-adjacent’ issues (‘ side-chizen’), a category that emerges from ethnographic fieldwork in the Pakistani television industry. This framing helps us understand not only the ways in which narratives are structured around private piety and tensions arising from familial duty, but also the changing forms of circulation and online audience engagement of these dramas, all of which play an important role in shaping religious publics in contemporary Pakistan.
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Pirzado, Ali Akbar, Naeem Ahmed Qureshi, Imran Khan Jaoti, Komal Arain, and Riaz Ali Buriro. "MODELLING THE CONDITIONAL CO-MOVEMENTS OF PAKISTAN AND INTERNATIONAL STOCK MARKETS." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9330.
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Purpose of the study: This study assesses and evaluates the conditional co-movements and dynamic conditional correlation of the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) with other Stock Market.
Methodology: DCC-GARCH model has been applied due to its feasibility to model the covariance as a function of correlation and variance together.
Main findings: The findings of the research suggest that the Pakistani Stock Exchange (PSX) is highly volatile compared to two other selected stock markets. In-sample fitting, the study has selected the DCC-GARCH (1, 1) model based on information criterion, conversely, the criterion used for out-of-sample forecast evaluation such as MSFE, RMSFE, MAPE, selected the DCC (2,1)-GARCH (1,1).
Application of the study: This study is very useful for the Pakistan stock market and other international selected stocks markets until and unless the government of Pakistan and other governments will devise new policies which may open new opportunities to investors.
Novelty/ Originality of the study: This study has a great potential in the Pakistani stock market to offer investors to several foreign and domestic investors, allowing them to hold Pakistan as well as foreign and local stocks all major benefits.
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Ahmed, Shamshad, and Anam Amjad. "Evaluation of researchers’ satisfaction with electronic resources in two universities of Pakistan." Library Hi Tech News 31, no. 7 (August 26, 2014): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lhtn-06-2014-0043.
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Purpose – The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the satisfaction level of researchers with electronic resources as well as the uses, purposes, reasons and problems faced by them in using of these resources in the context of Pakistani Universities. Design/methodology/approach – This paper opted for a quantitative study using a questionnaire for survey. Response rate was 80 per cent and data were analyzed from 261 researchers of two universities of Pakistan. Five-point Likert scale ranked from “Dissatisfied” (5) to “Extremely Satisfied” (1) was used to evaluate the satisfaction level of researchers. Findings – The paper found that mostly researchers were “Very Satisfied” with electronic resources though they faced problems in using of these resources. Research limitations/implications – Research scholars from Faculty of Arts, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, and Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan, Punjab, Pakistan, were included in this paper. Practical implications – This paper advances knowledge about the current status of the use of university library electronic resources, helps librarians in Pakistani university libraries understand the information need of the researchers more specifically, and provides some guidelines for the efficient and effective use of these resources. Originality/value – This paper fulfils the identified need of researchers and indicates how researchers can utilize electronic resources in a better way.
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Claire Pamment. "Mock Courts and the Pakistani Bhānḍ." Asian Theatre Journal 25, no. 2 (2008): 344–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/atj.0.0009.
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Pintak, Lawrence, Brian J. Bowe, and Syed Javed Nazir. "Mediatization in Pakistan: Perceptions of media influence on a fragile democracy." Journalism 19, no. 7 (September 9, 2016): 934–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916663624.
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A survey of Pakistani journalists, members of the policy community and media academics found that the mediatization of Pakistan is having a mixed effect on the stability of the country’s fragile democracy. Members of the policy community generally have a more positive view of the impact of the media on Pakistani society than those who work in the profession and say they take media reaction into account before making decisions, although all groups said the media are still unable to fulfill its watchdog role without fear of retribution. The results are in line with studies in the developed world that found that the more politicians believe in a stronger media effect, the more susceptible they become to media agenda setting. The findings also bolster the ‘co-evolution’ theory that argues media gain influence as democracy stabilizes in post-autocratic environments.
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FUCHS, SIMON WOLFGANG. "Third Wave Shiʻism: Sayyid ‘Arif Husain al-Husaini and the Islamic Revolution in Pakistan." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 24, no. 3 (May 22, 2014): 493–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186314000200.
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AbstractThis paper seeks to illuminate the intellectual impact of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 among Pakistani Shiʻas by focusing on Sayyid ʻArif Husain al-Husaini, the dominating Shiʻi leader of the 1980s. In particular, I am interested in exploring how al-Husaini adapted hallmark themes of the Iranian revolutionary message, such as Muslim unity or political leadership of the religious scholars (ʻulama), to the specific circumstances of Pakistan. Crucial for such processes of translation was not only pressure from the Pakistani state but rather internal challenges and divisions among the Shiʻi community. While al-Husaini could draw on a strong, indigenous tradition of political mobilisation, his revolutionary ʻthird waveʼ of Shiʻi thought sat uncomfortably between Lucknow-educated traditionalists and Najaf-trained reformers who shied away from getting entangled in these novel forms of politics. By drawing on biographical accounts and al-Husaini's speeches in Urdu, I trace how his revolutionary rhetoric had to accommodate thorny local issues such as sectarianism, South Asian mourning traditions or the lack of an established Shiʻi clerical hierarchy in Pakistan.
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Hongming, Xie, Bilal Ahmed, Arif Hussain, Alam Rehman, Irfan Ullah, and Farman Ullah Khan. "Sustainability Reporting and Firm Performance: The Demonstration of Pakistani Firms." SAGE Open 10, no. 3 (July 2020): 215824402095318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020953180.
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The nexus between sustainability and firm performance is an area of debate among researchers and academicians. The objective of this study is to examine the level and extent of sustainable financial reporting for non-financial firms in Pakistan and to assess the level of the impact of sustainable financial reporting on firm performance in Pakistan. This study is a novel research work as the sustainability practices are not mandatory in many Pakistani firms. Rather kinds of mix sustainability reporting practices are being practiced. The dilemma still exists whether sustainability practices affect the performance of Pakistani firms positively or not. We collect data from the sustainability reports as well as annual reports of 50 non-financial public limited companies listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange for the period 2013 to 2017. We calculate sustainability reporting index using content analysis procedure based on 42 indicators. The index is based on three subindices, namely, environmental, health and safety, and social indicators. We apply two regression models with a view to ascertain the individual effect of each indicator of the sustainability as well as the composite effect of sustainability reporting index on firm performance. The results confirm positive effects of all three individual indicators as well as the composite form of sustainability reporting index on firm performance. The findings of the study clearly outline the economic relevance for introducing the corporate sustainability reporting practices in corporate strategy.
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Zahra, Fatima, and Dr Sarena Abdullah. "Aesthetic, Patriotic and Religious Peacock Motifs: Framing the Meanings of Pakistani Truck Art through Foss’ and Aristotle’s Rhetorical Approach." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 54 (April 6, 2019): 892–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.54.892.901.
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Peacock motifs have a long historical background and mythological significance in the Indian subcontinent. It is one of the most dominant motifs used in Pakistani truck art. This paper examines and compares several selected peacock motifs painted on trucks from different regions in Pakistan. It analyses the different shapes and styles of peacock motifs based on their aesthetic forms and themes particularly of religious and patriotic elements. By employing visual rhetoric theory of artefact proposed by Sonja K. Foss and Aristotle’s rhetorical triangular spectrum, this paper explores the characteristics, features, and persuasions of these peacock motifs as well as its variety of stylised forms with intrinsic appearances, patterns, placements, and influences of the regions’ cultures in truck arts.
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Zahra, Fatima, and Dr Sarena Abdullah. "Aesthetic, Patriotic and Religious Peacock Motifs: Framing the Meanings of Pakistani Truck Art through Foss’ and Aristotle’s Rhetorical Approach." Journal of Social Sciences Research, Special Issue 5 (December 15, 2018): 610–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi5.610.619.
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Peacock motifs have a long historical background and mythological significance in the Indian subcontinent. It is one of the most dominant motifs used in Pakistani truck art. This paper examines and compares several selected peacock motifs painted on trucks from different regions in Pakistan. It analyses the different shapes and styles of peacock motifs based on their aesthetic forms and themes particularly of religious and patriotic elements. By employing visual rhetoric theory of artefact proposed by Sonja K. Foss and Aristotle’s rhetorical triangular spectrum, this paper explores the characteristics, features, and persuasions of these peacock motifs as well as its variety of stylised forms with intrinsic appearances, patterns, placements, and influences of the regions’ cultures in truck arts.
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Afzal-Khan, Fawzia, and Bina Sharif. "Jihad Against Violence: A One-Act Play." TDR/The Drama Review 54, no. 2 (June 2010): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram.2010.54.2.60.
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Jihad Against Violence, a collaboration between two Pakistani American women, is a dramatic and poetic depiction of the struggle (emotional, physical, and psychological) against violence of any kind toward women in Pakistani culture.
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SUMBAL, SAADIA. "The Jamaat of Allah's Friends: Maulana Allahyar's Reformist Movement and Sacralising the Space of the Armed Forces of Pakistan." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 31, no. 1 (September 28, 2020): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186320000541.
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AbstractThis article discusses a Sufi-inspired reformist movement that was set up in Chakrala (Pakistani Punjab) by Maulana Allahyar during the second half of the twentieth century. Attention is paid to the polemical religious context in which this movement arose, in part linked to the proselytising activities of local Shias and Ahmadis. Allahyar's preaching in the town created sectarian divisions within Chakrala's syncretic religious traditions. His reformist ideas also were articulated through a tablighi jamaat (missionary movement), which penetrated the armed forces of Pakistan during the military rule of Ayub Khan. Against this backdrop, the article also discusses the interface between Islam and the army, as this relationship played out in Indian prisoner-of-war camps holding captured Pakistani soldiers in the wake of the 1971 war, and so points to ways in which the mutual performance of mystical practices by Allahyar's Jamaat created a cohesive moral community.
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Siddique, Salma. "Nigar Hai Toh Industry Hai: Notes on the Morale and Mortality of Pakistani Film." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 11, no. 2 (December 2020): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09749276211006935.
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Combining archival and ethnographic fieldwork, this piece reflects on the scope of film publicity through the author’s conversations with the proprietor-editor of the oldest film magazine in Pakistan, The Nigar Weekly. Offering a larger view from post-colonial Karachi of political and national transitions, Nigar’s brand of film commentary in the 1950s and 60s, reveled in connecting and cohabiting the multiple film centers in South Asia: Karachi, Lahore, Dhaka and Bombay. Foregrounding the muhajir background of its founders and its self-styled relationship with the film industry, the piece draws attention to a distinctive characteristic of the publication: its satirical visual content. The magazine while borrowing select content from a Bombay film magazine in its early years, vividly commented on issues such as film trade with India, censorship and public morality in Pakistan, cross-border film intimacies, film exhibition practices, and local production strategies. The cartoons, while directly connected to the written content, could also exaggerate and provoke as can be expected of visual satire. And it is in this less restrained feature of Nigar that a cautionary critique and a calculated celebration of the Pakistani cinema emerges.
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Akhtar, Asif. "The Regulator Regulated: A Genealogy of the Pakistani Broadcast Media and its State of ‘Double Capture’ in the Post-Musharraf Era." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 10, no. 2 (December 2019): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927619901039.
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This article traces a genealogy of regulatory and other tactics through which the Pakistani broadcast media is controlled, comparing the colonial context of the development of these tactics with the postcolonial circumstances of their re-deployment. Archival research into the East India Company’s documents from the turn of the nineteenth century uncovers the development of regulatory regimes referred to as Censorship, Self-Regulation, and Licensing, in addition to extra-legal techniques. The article argues that colonial tactics still form key components of Pakistan’s postcolonial broadcast regulations. However, in the past, one regime was replaced by another in a linear progression; today these regulatory techniques appear concomitantly stacked, selectively deployable and enfolded within an expanding array of extralegal techniques. The article seeks to move beyond conceptions of ‘regulatory capture’ or ‘media capture’ by applying the Deleuzian concept of ‘double capture’: in the case of the Pakistani broadcast media, the government regulator (and to some extent the government itself) is captured by ‘media power’ in the same instance that the media assemblage itself becomes subject to ‘state capture’ through extralegal means. Part one focuses on the decades when the colonial state first regulated newsprint (1780–1823), tracing the development from extralegal controls to a succession of legal regulations through which Company administrators could regulate – rather than be regulated by – colonial newsprint. Part two considers the paradoxical situation in Pakistan’s contemporary broadcast regulations (2002–2018), where PEMRA seems powerless to regulate the media, yet the media is subject to a ‘double capture’ through a combination of legal and extralegal modes of control.
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Gul, Shazia, Irfan Ullah, and Sarfraz Aslam. "Challenges of Online Learning in Developing Country under the Impact of the Pandemic Situation- A Case Study of Pakistan." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 12 (December 29, 2022): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20221250.
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On the 30th of January 2020, The WHO proclaimed COVID-19 as a Public Health Emergency of International concern. As a direct response to COVID-19, on the 14th of March 2020, the Pakistani government decided to close all educational institutions and directed Higher educational institutions in Pakistan to begin distance learning (DL) modes and to assist their students online regularly until the COVID-19 crisis is resolved. The objective of this study is to identify the challenges that Pakistani students faced while participating in online learning environments and (1) determine whether or not there are any differences between male and female students and different socioeconomic statuses of the students who faced challenges during online learning; (2) highlighted whether online education is still feasible in Pakistan or not. The research was carried out with their permission and was conducted using an analytical and cross-sectional study. The survey was collected from 550 students through Google forms. The sampling technique used in this study was random sampling. The results of the independent sample t-test indicated that there was a difference between the responses of male and female students regarding challenges encountered in online education. Online learning cannot produce positive results in developing countries like Pakistan, where a large majority of students do not have access to a reliable internet facility due to financial and technical problems. Educational institutions that provide online courses or programs need to incentivize their teaching staff to reimagine traditional lecture-based classes for delivery in an online setting. Keywords: Online Education, KMO and Bartlett's test, t-test, random sampling, COVID-19.
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Warrich, Haseeb ur Rehman, Zaeem Yasin, Zil e. Huma, Raza Waqas Ahmad, and Raazia Israr. "TRANSFORMING IDENTITIES AND RELATIONS: A CASE OF TALIBAN PEACE TALKS IN THE PAKISTANI PRESS." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (June 27, 2021): 1303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.93129.
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Purpose of the study: The study examines the role of Pakistani mainstream print media in framing peace talks between the Taliban and the Government of Pakistan from 1st January 2014 till 1st July 2014. This study focuses on the role played by the print media of Pakistan during the efforts for the peace talks as a LIC.
Methodology: It is a quantitative research study in which researchers have used the content analysis technique to determine how print media framed the peace negotiations between the government and the TTP, editorials, and columns of two English newspapers, namely, Dawn and The News, along with two Urdu newspapers, Jang, Nawe Waqt were analyzed.
Main Findings: The findings of the study show that in the peace talks between the government and TTP, the print media of Pakistan did not engage in constructive talk to facilitate the peace talking process. The media failed to give the communicative space to facilitate the political negotiating process to proceed. Narratives of despair and fear were dominant.
Applications of this study: This study can be used to know about the psychology of newspapers that how they are framing the news, columns, and articles related to complex issues like Taliban peace talks. Along with it, it is necessary to see the role of newspapers in transforming identities and relations.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study contributed to the existing literature by examining that how print media of Pakistan frame the peace initiatives in the context of resolving the conflict between the Taliban and the government of Pakistan. Apart from it, it is necessary to know about the relationship between the way media was framing the peace negotiations and the way peace talks were taking a turn and whether Pakistani print media played the role of a facilitator of the peace process or framed the peace process as an inevitable risk of more violence or not.
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Mehta, Suhaan. "Tradition and Tolerance." Religion and the Arts 20, no. 3 (2016): 336–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685292-02003004.
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In Modernism and the Art of Muslim South Asia, Iftikhar Dadi demonstrates how Pakistani artists draw on a range of traditional and contemporary aesthetic practices and intellectual currents. Consistent with Finbarr Barry Flood’s criticism of the post-9/11 mobilization of “Islamic art” against neo-fundamentalism, Dadi argues that Pakistani artistic works cannot be reduced to performing an anti-hegemonic function. Here, I use Dadi and Flood’s claims to analyze the Pakistani-British author Nadeem Aslam’s mediation of the Persianate miniaturist Bihzad (1465–1535) in his novel The Wasted Vigil (2008). While Aslam reconfigures Bihzad to affirm and interrogate Buddhist and Islamic practices in Afghanistan, he nonetheless privileges a secular, aesthetic critique of neo-fundamentalism. Moreover, athough the scriptures are a source of creativity for Aslam, when decoupled from the arts they mostly inspire violence. This creates a binary between artistic and textual forms of Islam, essentializing art as an embodiment of tolerance.
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Afzal-Khan, Fawzia. "Performative Interventions in the Body Politic of Pakistan." TDR/The Drama Review 54, no. 2 (June 2010): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram.2010.54.2.18.
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In light of the US-led “War on Terror” in which the Pakistani state has and continues to play a pivotal role as a frontline ally, this special section of TDR on Performing Pakistani Politics provides an urgent insight into the role of performance as artivist intervention for a citizenry confronting the tide of rising extremism as well as imperialism.
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Williams, Richard David, and Rafay Mahmood. "A Soundtrack for Reimagining Pakistan? Coke Studio, Memory and the Music Video." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 10, no. 2 (December 2019): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927619896771.
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Since 2007, Coke Studio has rapidly become one of the most influential platforms in televisual, digital and musical media, and has assumed a significant role in generating new narratives about Pakistani modernity. The musical pieces in Coke Studio’s videos re-work a range of genres and performing arts, encompassing popular and familiar songs, as well as resuscitating classical poetry and the musical traditions of marginalised communities. This re-working of the creative arts of South Asia represents an innovative approach to sound, language, and form, but also poses larger questions about how cultural memory and national narratives can be reimagined through musical media, and then further reworked by media consumers and digital audiences. This article considers how Coke Studio’s music videos have been both celebrated and criticised, and explores the online conversations that compared new covers to the originals, be they much loved or long forgotten. The ways in which the videos are viewed, shared, and dissected online sheds light on new modes of media consumption and self-reflection. Following specific examples, we examine the larger implications of the hybrid text–video–audio object in the digital age, and how the consumers of Coke Studio actively participate in developing new narratives about South Asian history and Pakistani modernity.
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Jamal, Amina. "Feminist ‘Selves’ and Feminism's ‘Others’: Feminist Representations of Jamaat-E-Islami Women in Pakistan." Feminist Review 81, no. 1 (November 2005): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400239.
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In Pakistan, as in many other societies, politico-religious movements or so-called Islamist fundamentalist movements are becoming an important site for women's activism as well as the harnessing of such activism to promote agendas that seem to undermine women's autonomy. This has become a concern for a growing feminist literature which from a variety of political and theoretical positions seeks to understand and explain the subject-position of Muslim women as politico-religious activists. This paper attempts a deconstructive reading of texts by leading Pakistani feminist scholars as they attempt the difficult process of steering between fundamentalism and Orientalism in their accounts of ‘fundamentalist’ women in the political ideological space of Pakistan.
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Anjum, Safia, and Junwu Chai. "Drivers of Cash-on-Delivery Method of Payment in E-Commerce Shopping: Evidence From Pakistan." SAGE Open 10, no. 3 (July 2020): 215824402091739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020917392.
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The e-commerce market of Pakistan has phenomenally fostered in recent years as a result of cyberspace expansion and launching of various national and international vendors. While country’s e-commerce scenario has significantly reshaped, customers are still reluctant to adopt e-payment methods and cash on delivery (COD) prevails as the method of payments for online shopping. This study was conducted to empirically investigate major factors which influence Pakistani customers to opt for COD while shopping online. A framework was proposed based on seven constructs and the data were collected using 5-point Likert-type scale. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v. 22 and Amos v. 23 were used for statistical analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM). Cronbach’s alpha values above .85 were found suggesting good internal consistency. The goodness-of-fit index and adjusted goodness-of-fit index values were observed to be 0.933 and 0.866, respectively. In SEM analysis, perceived security against online scams and perceived control over the buying process were observed to be the key role players instigating Pakistani customers to use COD. Interestingly, perceived trust and perceived satisfaction did not show significant impact. Moreover, the moderator of ease of use positively mediated the influence of perceived security on the use of COD. This study presents imperative implications for online businesses as well as government agencies. The investigation provides an insight into purchase behaviors of Pakistani e-customers and has paramount importance for e-commerce retailers and marketing startups in evolving e-commerce scenario of the country.
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Bashir, Asma, Dine Brinkman, Harm J. A. Biemans, and Ruhi Khalid. "A Qualitative Exploration of Acculturation Practices of Pakistani Scholars in Dutch Society." SAGE Open 11, no. 4 (October 2021): 215824402110563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211056335.
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The psychosocial adaptation of international scholars is a growing area of inquiry in social sciences. Currently, almost 47,164 Pakistani international scholars are enrolled in various universities worldwide but there is a dearth of literature concerning their psychosocial adjustment. This qualitative inquiry focuses on Pakistani graduate and postgraduate international scholars’ insights concerning their adaptation practices in Dutch culture and society. The study is grounded in a sociocultural adaptation model. The primary data was collected through in-depth interviews with ten Pakistani international students who are currently registered in three Dutch universities. The seven central themes that emerged out of in-depth interviews were the perception of cultural disparity, linguistic challenges, limited interaction with host nationals, discrimination, difficulties practicing religious obligations, acculturation attitudes, and participants’ coping strategies applied during the adjustment process. The findings of the current study highlight both barriers and protective factors within the scope of theoretical assumptions and literature. The current study contributes to the gap in the available literature concerning Pakistani international scholars’ experiences. A limited number of studies have discussed acculturation practices of Muslim students and from a specific region. The present findings would be useful for Pakistani international scholars who intend to study abroad and the administration of the host universities receiving Pakistani international scholars to facilitate their adjustment to the new context.
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Zia Ur Rehman, Zubda, and Mahin Ahmad. "E-commerce growth in Pakistan: A critical review in light of Abhijeet Banerjee’s poverty alleviation theory." Journal of Management Info 9, no. 2 (November 5, 2022): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/jmi.v9i2.2640.
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This review paper looks at how e-commerce has shown up as a vital means of stimulating productivity and growth in the current digital age, penetrating the markets of most of the world deep without any signs of letting up. Moreover, it also looks at e-commerce growth and its usage in Pakistan in the recent times, its potentiality, and draws a comparison with China’s successful usage of e-commerce to boost productivity and alleviate poverty, allowing rural areas also to reap the benefits the internet provides. Can Pakistan also somehow use e-commerce to do the same and lift out the millions struck in destitution, somehow fixing the economy in the process? Plagued by structural, geographical, educational, lingual, technological, and cultural issues, this paper also does a parallel analysis with Abhijeet Bannerjee’s Poverty Alleviation Theory in hopes of rooting out the shortcomings Pakistan faces. This is done with the intention of identifying what can be done to rectify these glaring issues using an approach that’s palatable to the Pakistani population.
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Pritchett, Frances W., and Frank J. Korom. "Pakistani Folk Culture: An Annotated Bibliography." Journal of American Folklore 104, no. 411 (1991): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/541154.
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IRSHAD, AYESHA, and GABRIELE WERNER-FELMAYER. "An Ethical Analysis of Assisted Reproduction Providers’ Websites in Pakistan." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 25, no. 3 (June 27, 2016): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180116000141.
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Abstract:Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and reproductive genetic technologies (RGTs) are intertwined and coevolving. These technologies are increasingly used to fulfill socially and culturally framed requests, for example, “family balancing,” or to enable postmenopausal women or homosexual couples to have genetically linked children. The areas of ART and RGT are replete with ethical issues, because different social practices and legal regulations, as well as economic inequalities within and among countries, create vulnerable groups and, therefore, the potential for exploitation. This article provides an overview of the ART and RGT landscape in Pakistan and analyzes the available online content addressing Pakistani citizens and international clients. We explored the topic in view of socioeconomic challenges in Pakistan, particularly deeply rooted poverty, lack of education, gender discrimination, and absence of regulation. As online information given by ART and RGT providers is readily available and could easily raise false hopes, make use of discriminatory statements with regard to women, and promote gender selection to meet sociocultural expectations, it should be subjected to quality control.
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Waheed, Ahmed Waqas. "State Sovereignty and International Relations in Pakistan." South Asia Research 37, no. 3 (September 24, 2017): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728017725624.
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In Pakistan, the field of international relations (IR) theory remains firmly embedded in the ‘realist’ tradition, to the detriment of a wider range of considerations. This stranglehold, strengthened by the particular evolutionary trajectory of the Pakistani state as well as a complacent academia, seems to have created a vicious circle of knowledge reproduction, reinforced by various bids for power, or proximity to it. This article scrutinises specifically the dominant understandings in Pakistan of state sovereignty and security in a broadly historical perspective, showing how the rise of the military, combined with security paranoia, has prevented academic creativity in this field, including scrutiny of recent concerns over rather close China–Pakistan links.
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Helweg, Arthur. ": A Pakistani Community in Britain . Alison Shaw." American Anthropologist 92, no. 3 (September 1990): 783–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1990.92.3.02a00560.
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Walle, Thomas Michael. "Cricket as ‘utopian homeland’ in the Pakistani diasporic imagination." South Asian Popular Culture 11, no. 3 (October 2013): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14746689.2013.820483.
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Patka, Mazna, Christopher B. Keys, David B. Henry, and Katherine E. McDonald. "Attitudes of Pakistani Community Members and Staff Toward People with Intellectual Disability." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 118, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-118.1.32.
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Abstract The acceptance and inclusion of persons with intellectual disability can vary across cultures, and understanding attitudes can provide insight into such variation. To our knowledge, no previous study has explored attitudes toward people with intellectual disability among Pakistani community members and disability service providers. We administered the Community Living Attitudes Scale (Henry et al., 1996), a measure of attitudes toward people with intellectual disability developed in the United States, to 262 community members and 190 disability service providers in Pakistan. Confirmatory factor analysis found a 4-factor solution (empowerment, similarity, exclusion, and sheltering) fit the Pakistani sample. More positive attitudes were observed in staff serving people with intellectual disability, females, Christians, Hindus, Sunnis, and people with greater education. We discuss implications for research, theory, and practice.
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Abbas, Furrakh, Abdul Majid Khan Rana, Irfan Bashir, and Azhar Munir Bhatti. "THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY AS A GLOBAL EMPLOYMENT SKILL: THE VIEWPOINT OF PAKISTANI ACADEMIA." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (June 21, 2021): 1071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.93106.
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Purpose of the Study: The current research aims at exploring the need of effective English skill as a global employment skill and its various reasons, as there are various Pakistani institutes which are dedicated to The English language teaching and reinforce its relationship with employability. The importance of the study being conducted in Pakistan becomes more evident as English enjoys the status of the second language in the country.
Methodology: Current study uses a mixed-method research design and employs both questionnaires and interviews as research instruments. The questionnaire was administrated on a sample of 392 university students while a sample of 13 informants from university faculty participated in an interview for data collection.
Main Findings: The study concludes that the importance of English was associated with increased connectivity due to globalization. The study also concludes that the importance of English for finding jobs and making a career was well-established. To conclude, it can be said that English language proficiency is amongst the top global employment skills in the viewpoint of Pakistani academia.
Application of this Study: The study implicates that the importance of English for employment across the globe and a successful career will further lead to the formulation of English Specific courses for different professional and occupational groups in Pakistan.
The originality of the Study: There is a scarcity of empirical evidence in terms of the importance of English as an employment skill though English is considered very important as an elite language and a status symbol. The study proposes to fill in the gap by providing empirical evidence, therefore, the research is being conducted to assess the status of English and its importance for global employment skills.
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Hamid, Zebunnisa. "Behind the Scenes: The Women Filmmakers of New Pakistani Cinema." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 11, no. 1 (June 2020): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927620942316.
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In order to locate and contextualise the space women filmmakers occupy in what I refer to as New Pakistani Cinema (NPC), this article highlights the eight women directors of NPC, whose films were released between 2013 and 2018: Afia Nathaniel, Iram Parveen Bilal, Meenu Gaur, Mehreen Jabbar, Momina Duraid, Sabiha Sumar, Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy and Shazia Ali Khan. In doing so, this article also touches upon women working behind the scenes as producers and writers (often in multiple roles on the same film as director, producer and/or writer) to illustrate how women filmmakers have played a key role in establishing NPC in its early years. Starting with initial releases in 2013, NPC functions within a complex terrain, informed in part by new industry players, the crossing of borders in the production of films, the role of foreign content in Pakistani cinemas and an engagement with regional and global themes situated within a local context. Therefore, NPC and the evolving cinema culture that surrounds it demand unique and innovative forms and avenues of production, distribution and exhibition, along with distinct emerging imaginaries that are an amalgamation of the local, national, regional and global. It is within the temporal and spatial intersections of these different processes that we can begin to situate these women filmmakers.
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Aslam, Sarfraz, Atif Saleem, Teresa J. Kennedy, Tribhuwan Kumar, Khalida Parveen, Huma Akram, and BaoHui Zhang. "Identifying the Research and Trends in STEM Education in Pakistan: A Systematic Literature Review." SAGE Open 12, no. 3 (July 2022): 215824402211185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221118545.
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Although STEM is an essential feature of 21st-century education and learning, there is a lack of awareness about it in Pakistan, especially at the K-12 and tertiary levels. Recently many initiatives have been launched across Pakistan to create more interest in STEM education. In order to assist in raising the level of STEM awareness in Pakistan, this study sought to examine the current state of research and identify recent contributions and gaps in the literature. A systematic literature review was conducted using 22 research papers from five renowned databases. Results produced limited research in this area, with the majority being descriptive and only four being interventional studies. Regrettably, no research explored the engineering component of STEM education. Trends indicate that STEM education research has experienced a downward trend in Pakistan. The observed decline may have occurred due to a lack of understanding among Pakistani researchers regarding the importance of STEM education. Additionally, we identified the current gaps in research on STEM education and subsequently provided recommendations for future research.
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Ge, Yi, Qi Zhang, Miao Wang, Lei Zhang, Shusheng Shi, and Rizwan Ahmed Laar. "Restrictions on Pakistani Female Students’ Participation in Sports: A Statistical Model of Constraints." SAGE Open 12, no. 4 (October 2022): 215824402211387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221138771.
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Previous studies have made a significant contribution to the modeling of constraints on women’s sports participation, including religious and cultural issues, gender inequality, and socio-cultural restrictions, especially in Muslim countries. However, there is still a knowledge gap in this field. Using the survey method with stratified random sampling (strata), data were collected from the colleges of four provinces in Pakistan. After eliminating defective (missing data and duplication) samples, 687 valid questionnaires were retained. The eight most common influencing factors for sports participation among Pakistani female students were then incorporated into a constraints model in the context of feminism in sports theory, which was validated using AMOS 24. The results suggested the following measures: introducing sports activities and female coaches in schools; the government provision of female-only facilities; removing the misconception that Islam is an anti-sports religion; raising awareness among female students and their parents about sports benefits; and using the concept of negotiation to overcome these constraints. According to the results of the present study, we conclude that providing women-only facilities, spreading the correct meaning of religion (Islam), and raising awareness among women and their parents could enhance female students’ sports participation in Pakistan to a great extent.
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Pamment, Claire. "Hijraism: Jostling for a Third Space in Pakistani Politics." TDR/The Drama Review 54, no. 2 (June 2010): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram.2010.54.2.29.
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Khan, Ali, and Ali Nobil Ahmad. "FromZinda Laash to Zibahkhana: Violence and Horror in Pakistani Cinema." Third Text 24, no. 1 (January 2010): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09528820903489024.
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Masood, Syeda Momina. "Visions of Queer Anarchism: Gender, Desire, and Futurity in Omar Ali Khan’s Zibahkhana." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 10, no. 1 (June 2019): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927619857342.
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Modelled upon American slasher film tropes, Omar Ali Khan’s Zibahkhana (2007) is more than a transnational remake. It is a vision of a queer revolution, and imagines queer futures brought about through rural anarchy and violent eroticism. This article reads the masked killer of Zibahkhana as a monstrous queer agency armed with a queer (zombie) militia prepared to consume and transform the heteronormative matrix. Offering an unprecedented and unapologetic representation of queer aggression onscreen, Khan’s indie slasher explores queer articulations of desire and anarchy in the figure of the killer, Baby, a queer woman and a murderous cannibal. With Baby, Zibahkhana offers a queer anti-hero, the first of its kind for Pakistani cinema, that challenges normative modes of being, belonging, and desiring. Thus Zibahkhana not only offers a welcome revision of Western slasher film tropes, it blazes a trail for transgressive and incendiary portrayals of queer embodiments and intimacies in Pakistani visual media.
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Ali, Shahid, Muhammad Akram Naseem, Junfeng Jiang, Ramiz Ur Rehman, Fizzah Malik, and Muhammad Ishfaq Ahmad. "“How” and “When” CEO Duality Matter? Case of a Developing Economy." SAGE Open 12, no. 3 (July 2022): 215824402211161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221116113.
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This study addresses the questions of “How” and “When” CEO duality affects firm performance from a developing country’s perspective. To address the research question, CEO duality serves as an explanatory variable, board effectiveness as a mediator, CEO personal characteristics as moderator, firm-specific characteristics as control, and performance indicators as a dependent variable. Our dataset comprises 163 Pakistani firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange for 2009 to 2018. Results demonstrate that CEO’s duality negatively affects a firm’s financial performance; however, board effectiveness mediates the link between CEO duality and firm performance. The results support the agency theory framework. Furthermore, findings proposed that the CEO’s attributes (age, gender, and financial education) significantly moderate the link between a CEO’s duality and firm performance. The findings may be generalized among the developing countries and net 11 ( N-11) specifically. The current study claims to be the first one that explores the mediating role of the board effectiveness and moderating role of the CEO personal attributes together on a duality-performance link employing Pakistan’s corporate data. The findings suggest that policymakers and regulators ensure separation of power between Chairman and CEO to assure transparency through induction of more independence in the board room.
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Qureshi, Kaveri. "Sabar:body politics among middle-aged migrant Pakistani women." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 19, no. 1 (January 25, 2013): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12006.
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Malik, Aisha. "Transnational Feminist Edutainment Television in Pakistan: Udaari as Case Study." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 10, no. 2 (December 2019): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927619896774.
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First created in the context of state-controlled broadcast television of the 1960s, the Urdu serial drama form has proven enduringly popular in Pakistan. This article examines how institutional changes, including the appearance of nongovernmental organisations in this space, have altered the production and reception of these serial dramas and their thematic content, which has recently included such highly charged topics as sexual abuse, harassment and rape. First, I look at how transnationally funded content has impacted modes of production in a liberalised and deregulated Pakistani television industry. Second, I give a case study of the internationally funded drama serial Udaari as an example of agenda setting television intended to create public dialogue and galvanise change, to which I give the name feminist edutainment (FE) that intentionally recalls the form of entertainment education (EE) associated with the work of Miguel Sabido. Finally, I draw on my ethnographic research to argue that contemporary serial dramas, while engaging a domestic reception space primarily occupied by women, have expanded into the online space through the social media activism of feminist influencers.
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Harris, Diana. "Viewpoints Limited Access Only: The problems of researching performing arts in a Muslim Pakistani community." Music Education Research 2, no. 2 (September 2000): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14613800050165640.
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Qureshi, Muhammad Azeem, Muhammad Sufyan Ramish, Junaid Ansari, and Muhammad Adnan Bashir. "Leader’s Toxicity at Workplace: How Leader’s Decadence Affect Employees? A Pakistani Perspective." SAGE Open 12, no. 2 (April 2022): 215824402210964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221096425.
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Several studies have found adverse effects of abusive leadership on employees and organizations in the recent past. However, the cultural norms in Pakistan demand an abusive leadership approach. Pakistani culture is high in power distance, abuse of power is a norm, and people are accustomed to autocracy. Since most of the studies addressing the negative effects of abusive leadership were conducted in the west, it is necessary to examine whether abusive leadership is an effective leadership approach in the cultures that experience high power distance. There is a paucity of literature addressing the issue in question. In addition, existing literature does not explain how abusive leaders affect employees’ attitudes and behaviors with clarity. This research makes an ontological contribution and discusses the philosophical origins of abusive leadership theory. Furthermore, this research draws the inference using the groundings of conservation of resource theory, leader-member exchange theory, and aggression displaced theory to propose that abusive leaders deteriorate employees’ quality of working life experience. Employees with poor working-life experience are more likely to be involved in counterproductive work behavior, planning to leave the organization, and are less likely to show organizational citizenship behavior. Dyadic data were collected from 474 respondents based on purposive sampling technique from private sector organizations in Pakistan. Results of structural equation modeling using AMOS v23 supported all the proposed hypotheses. Results imply that the moral content of leadership requires special attention, and abusive leadership is not an appropriate leadership approach because of its adverse effects on employees’ attitudes and behaviors.
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van Eerde, Wendelien, and Sana Azar. "Too Late? What Do You Mean? Cultural Norms Regarding Lateness for Meetings and Appointments." Cross-Cultural Research 54, no. 2-3 (September 3, 2019): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397119866132.
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In this study, we extend the research on lateness for meetings and appointments by taking a cultural norms perspective among South African ( n = 76), Dutch ( n = 86), and Pakistani ( n = 83) respondents. Based upon the distinction between clock time and event time cultures, we examined time norms related to lateness. Pakistani respondents (from an event time culture) differed from the other two groups (from clock time cultures) in how they defined lateness to business meetings. Also, they found larger time intervals of lateness acceptable for appointments than the other two groups Based upon considerations related to power distance, we additionally tested whether not only clock or event time but also status would matter to lateness norms. In contrast to the South African and Pakistani respondents, Dutch respondents did not allow longer waiting times for people with higher status. We discuss our results in light of theoretical and practical implications and provide suggestions for future research.
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Khan, Shahnaz. "Zina and the moral regulation of Pakistani women." Feminist Review 75, no. 1 (November 19, 2003): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400111.
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