Academic literature on the topic 'Palatal lateral approximant consonant'

Introduction. This article is based on the results of a comparison of a number of Serbo-Croatian/Slovenian lexemes with a palatal lateral approximant [ʎ] and Western Slavic lexemes with a velarized lateral approximant [ɫ] with related lexemes in Slavic and other Indo-European (IE) languages. It is shown that the Balkan-Slavic [ʎ] irregularly corresponds to the phonemes [l'] and [j] of other Slavic languages and even some IE languages beyond the Slavic group. It is also shown that the West Slavic [ɫ] irregularly corresponds to the phonemes [l] and [w]/[v] of other Slavic and IE languages. Because of this irregularity, these phonetic correspondences are difficult to explain with local dialect features.Methodology and sources. A model based on the generalization of instrumental studies that showed that palatal sounds are characterized by instability of articulation is proposed. This leads to their divergent evolution, transformation into sounds with different stable zones of articulation.In the proposed model, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiced lateral approximants *[ɫ] and *[ʎ], forming the opposition "hard consonant - soft consonant", in the process of phonetic evolution in IE languages were split into variants with a clearer articulation: velarized *[ɫ] > solid alveolar lateral [l] and bilabial fricative [w]; palatal *[ʎ] > soft alveolar lateral [l'] and palatal approximant [j]. Besides, the original consonants have survived in a number of languages.Results and discussion. Examples of correspondences are given to suggest the presence of *[ɫ] and *[ʎ] in PIE and Common Slavic prototypes. The newly discovered etymological links, such as the links between Russian lexemes баня 'bath' and балий, бальник 'healer, sorcerer' are being discussed.Conclusion. With the help of the mechanism of divergent evolution of the palatal lateral approximant *[ʎ] and the velarized lateral approximant *[ɫ] the irregularity of phonetic correspondences of voiced lateral approximants in Slavic languages can be uniformly explained.Besides, the acceptance of *[ʎ] and *[ɫ] in PIE phonology also lets us to establish some previously undetected etymological relations.

Introduction. The proposed article critically examines the explanation of the origin of nasal vowels in Slavic languages by incorporating an open syllable law. It is shown that the convergence of many closed syllables, ending with nasal consonants, into two kinds of open syllables with nasal vowels contradicts a number of facts of evolution in the opposite direction, e. g., evolution of nasal vowels towards combinations ”a vowel – a nasal consonant“ in Balkan Slavic languages (Bulg. пент ”five“, вънзел ”knot“), as well as to the observed interpretation of Slavic nasal vowels in acts of borrowing by languages without nasal vowels, e. g. OCS дѫбрава ”oak forest“ > Rom. dumbrávă. Methodology and sources. The proposed model results from generalization of the data of instrumental phonetical research, which show that the articulation of palatal consonants is unstable leading to there divergent evolution, i. e. transformation to sounds with more definite zones of articulation, e. g. palatal lateral approximant *[ʎ] split into palatalized lateral liquid [l'] and fricative [j]. In the proposed model Proto-Indo-European (PIE) syllable velar nasal consonant *ŋ̍ in the process of its phonetic evolution in Indo-European (IE) languages split into a variety of nasal vowels with different articulations, which further on irregularly transformed into vowels without nasalization or into combinations of vowels with nasal consonants (e. g. OInd. paŋktíṣ, OIsl. fimt, Lith. penkì, OCS пѩть, OHG finf, fimf, funf "пять", etc., from the common PIE prototype with syllable nasal *ŋ̍). Results and discussion. Examples of PIE prototypes of lexemes meaning “water bird”, “tooth, sharp edge”, “five”, as well as lexemes, related to Russ. нутро, ядро, неясыть, уж, угорь, нагой, нога, ноготь are presented. All prototypes contain a nasal syllabic, which is split producing four types of reflexes in IE languages. Newly discovered etymological links, such as the connection between Russ. Lexemes meaning “leg” and “corner”, are discussed.Conclusion. The proposed model permits to uniformly explain the facts of synchronous existence of related Rus. недро ”insides“ and ядро ”nucleos“, related нутро и утроба ”belly“, related OCS ѫты, Lith. ántis and AGr. Att. νῆττα “duck”, related Rus. неясыть “a kind of owl; pelican” and ненасытный “insatiable”, etc., using the notion of divergent evolution of the PIE syllable velar nasal *ŋ̍.

According to Population Census 2011, the estimated number of Poles in Latgale was 20,806 (7%). In the city of Rēzekne there were 795 Poles (2.5%) who constituted the third largest national minority after Latvians and Russians (CSP 2012). The Polish language spoken in Latvia belongs to the Northern-Peripheral Polish (in Polish ‘polszcszyzna północnokresowa’) that functions on the territory of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Ананьева 2004: 103). The aim of the paper is to describe and to analyse the major phonetic peculiarities of the Polish regiolect used by the Poles living in Rēzekne, determining their origin and possible infl uence of Russian and Latvian languages. The author juxtaposes the acquired data with the Standard Polish Language and fi ndings of other researchers considering Peripheral Polish Language. The material for this article has been recorded with a sound recorder at the end of 2011 and at the beginning of 2012 in Rēzekne during structured interviews. The length of the analysed records is 18 hours, which contain speech of thirty informants – three age groups of Poles born from 1932 to 1999 and living in Rēzekne. The data gained during interviews are indicative that since the Second World War there has been a signifi cant decrease in the use of Polish language in all spheres of life. Today the oldest and the middle generation use Peripheral Polish in families and at social events, but the youngest generation learns Standard Polish at school. A very signifi cant and interesting fact is that the representatives of the oldest generation who used and still use the Russian language to communicate with their children (the middle generation born during the Soviet rule), and use Polish when speaking to their grandchildren. After the auditory analysis of the recorded material, the author has selected ten most common and interesting phonetic peculiarities that are characteristic to the speech of Poles in Rēzekne. 1. Considering prosody, in the majority of idiolects the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, which is also characteristic of the Standard Polish, but the stress on ultimate and antepenultimate syllables has also been recorded. 2. The coexistence of the characteristic Standard Polish semi-vowel ṷ and Polish Peripheral dental lateral approximant ł. 3. The use of dental lateral approximant ł instead of the Standard Polish alveolar lateral approximant l. 4. Palatalized pronunciation of alveolar lateral approximant l’ characteristic of Peripheral Polish. 5. Palatalized pronunciation of voiced retroflex affricates č’, ǯ’ instead of the Standard Polish voiced alveolo-palatal ć, ʒ́ , as well as pronunciation of palatalized voiced retroflex č’ instead of the Standard Polish č. 6. Five realisations of “nasal vowels” ǫ, ę: a) synchronous pronunciation ǫ, ę; b) denasalization into o, e; c) asynchronous pronunciation on, on’, en, om, em; d) pronunciation of the sound cluster eŋ with velar nasal consonant ŋ in the ending; e) the realisation of ę with a vowel cluster eu. 7. So called “singing pronunciation” i.e. lengthened pronunciation of vowels in stressed syllables. 8. Merging of unstressed vowels o, e into a. 9. Reduction of unstressed vowel e > i, y. 10. Reduction of unstressed vowel o> u. When describing the Peripheral Polish spoken in the current territory of Lithuania and Belarus, a number of scientists note that various peculiarities of regiolects have emerged under the influence of Russian, Belarusian and Lithuanian languages. The material gathered during the current research allows proposing that phonetic peculiarities of the Polish language used in Rēzekne today are connected with the influence of Russian and Latvian languages. The peculiarities of the oldest generation of speakers were previously recorded by the researcher of Latgalian Polish language Małgorzata Ostrówka, but the current data shows that there are considerable differences in the language of the three studied generations. The main traces of the language spoken by the youngest generation of speakers are palatalized pronunciation of voiced retroflex affricates č’, ǯ’, pronunciation of the Standard Polish semi- vowel ṷ, the use of the dental lateral approximant ł instead of the Standard Polish alveolar lateral approximant l, synchronous realisation of “nasal vowels” ę, ǫ or their realisation with a sound cluster eŋ in the ending. On the contrary, the oldest generation retains dental lateral approximant ł instead of the Standard Polish semi-vowel ṷ, shows traces of “singing pronunciation”, asynchronous and denasalized pronunciation of “nasal vowels”, reduction of unstressed vowels, palatalized pronunciation of alveolar lateral approximant l’, merging of unstressed vowels o, e into a and pronunciation of palatalized voiced retroflex č’ instead of the Standard Polish č. The peculiarities recorded in the speech of the middle generation are a mixture of those of the old and young generations: dental lateral approximant ł and semi- vowel ṷ, various realization of “nasal vowels”, reduction of unstressed vowels, palatalized pronunciation of voiced retroflex č’. Disregarding the fact that the language of the youngest generation is phonetically closer to the Standard Polish language, provisional data gained by the author demonstrate insufficient vocabulary and restricted fluency. The representatives of the oldest and the middle generations are mostly fluent – speak without hesitation. It can be concluded that the Polish language spoken by the Poles in Rēzekne today is an aggregate of idiolects with many common phonetic peculiarities, but their frequency depends on the generation of the speaker and languages s/he uses on everyday basis. Continuation of research on morphology, lexis and syntax of the Polish language spoken in Rēzekne will allow constructing the full picture of the peculiarities of the regiolect.

Complex segments consisting of two phases are potentially ambivalent as to which phase determines their phonemic status – e.g. whether // is a stop or a nasal. This theoretical problem is addressed here with respect to a typologically unusual phoneme in Hiw, an endangered Oceanic language of Vanuatu. This complex segment, //, combines a velar voiced stop and a velar lateral approximant. Similar phonemes, in the few languages which have them, have been variously described as (laterally released) stops, affricates or (prestopped) laterals. The nature of Hiw // can be established from its patterning in tautosyllabic consonant clusters. The licensing of word-initial CC clusters in Hiw complies with the Sonority Sequencing Principle, albeit with some adjustments. Consequently, the well-formedness of words like /mejiŋə/ ‘berserk’ relies on // being analysed as a prestopped velar lateral approximant – the only liquid in the system.

ABSTRACTOccitan and Catalan are in an increasing state of language obsolescence in France. Their phonologies both contain a voiced palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/, not present in modern French, that is being replaced in all positions by the palatal approximant [j]. It is not clear whether this is an effect of language contact with French because [j] commonly emerges as a variant of /ʎ/ in non-contact varieties of Romance. This article examines the distribution of /ʎ/ in Occitan and Catalan, using auditory and acoustic data from a wordlist-translation task conducted with 40 native speakers. The analysis aims to determine the nature of this sound change either as the result of transfer from French or as a regular sound change that is motivated by the phonetic similarity of [ʎ] and [j]. The mechanisms governing transfer from French are modelled statistically to account for the distribution of historically appropriate and contact-induced variants of /ʎ/, and acoustic analyses test the hypothesis that the change is internally motivated and occurring gradually. Results show that the factors conditioning the change may be different in each of these related languages in that it is contact-induced in Occitan, but potentially due to internal and external factors in Catalan.

Theoretical and descriptive work on Spanish phonetics and phonology has been largely based on Peninsular varieties. This study uses electropalatography (EPG) to investigate articulatory characteristics of coronal consonant contrasts in Argentine and Cuban Spanish. Simultaneous EPG and acoustic data were collected from five speakers from Buenos Aires (Argentina) and three speakers from Havana (Cuba) reading sentences with various syllable-initial coronal consonants corresponding to the orthographic 〈t, ch, n, ñ, s, z, ll, y, l, r〉. As a control, the same data were collected from a single speaker of Peninsular Spanish from Madrid. As expected, the main distinction in both varieties was made between anterior and posterior coronal consonants ((denti-)alveolars vs. (alveolo-)palatals) and reflected the historical merger of the sounds represented by 〈s–z〉 and 〈ll–y〉. At the same time, the results revealed some consistent differences between the two varieties in the location of the constriction and the amount of linguopalatal contact for most coronal consonants. First, the coronal consonants produced by the Argentine speakers were overall considerably more fronted and more constricted than the corresponding consonants produced by the Cuban speakers. Second, 〈ll, y〉 were produced as a fronted alveolo-palatal fricative by the Argentine speakers, and as an approximant by the Cuban speakers. Inter-speaker variation was observed within the varieties in the articulation of some consonants, namely in the Argentine alveolo-palatal fricative and nasal (〈ll, y〉 and 〈ñ〉), and the Cuban alveolo-palatal affricate 〈ch〉.

Danish, like closely related Swedish and Norwegian, has descended from Old Norse (Haugen 1976). While the three contemporary languages are variably mutually intelligible, Danish has phonologically diverged from the other Scandinavian languages (Gooskens 2006). This is caused by extensive consonant lenition and vowel reduction within Danish (Basbøll 2005). The lenition of <t> and <d> in syllable coda positions into a sound that Danish linguists have called soft-d is seemingly unique to the Danish. In most phonological descriptions, it is transcribed using the phonetic symbol /ð/, a voiced interdental fricative. We assert that this is not accurate; not all phonologists agree that the soft-d is a fricative. Some describe it as an alveolar semi-vowel (Haberland 1994), while others transcribe it as a velarized, retracted, and lowered alveolar approximant (Basbøll 2005). Many observe that the sound resembles lateral /l/, a distinct phoneme of Danish (Wells, 2010). Through acoustic analysis of tokens taken from the DanPASS corpus (Grønnum 2016) we show that the acoustic properties (HNR) of soft-d are indeed not the same as a fricative, but rather that of an approximant or vowel. Therefore, the use of /ð/ to transcribe this symbol is inaccurate and does not align with the goals of the International Phonetic Association.

A eletropalatografia, EPG, é uma técnica que possibilita a obtenção de informações espaciais e temporais (em tempo real), dos contatos da língua com a abóbada palatina, mais precisamente, as regiões alveolar, pós-alveolar, palatal e, por vezes, velar. Consiste de um palato artificial (1,5 mm de espessura), de tipo ortodôntico, recoberto com 62 eletrodos dispostos em linhas e colunas. Neste artigo, são examinados os fones oclusivos, fricativos, laterais, tepe, em contexto a__a, como em batata, além dos fones africados vozeados e não vozeados em posição tônica. Examinaremos em seguida fones vocálicos em posição tônica.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Eletropalatografia. Consoantes. Vogais. Sílaba tônica.ABSTRACTThe eletropalatography, EPG, is a technique that makes possible the attainment of space and temporal information (in real time), of the contacts of the tongue with the palate, more accurately, with the alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal regions and, some times, velar region. It consists of an artificial palate (1,5 mm of thickness), of orthodontic type, recovered with 62 electrodes disposed in lines and columns. In this article, we examine the occlusive, affricative, lateral phones, tap, in context a__a, as in batata, beyond the voiced and not voiced affricated phones in tonic position. We also examine that vocalic phones in tonic position. KEYWORDS: Eletropalatography. Consonant. Vowel. Tonic syllable.

This paper deals with the acoustic features of the Surgut Khanty consonants. The research is based on the data gathered during fieldwork in Kogalym town (2018) and the Ugut village (2019). The audio samples are provided by three native speakers of the Tromjegan, Malyi Yugan, and Bolshoi Yugan idioms. The total size of the sample database numbers more than six thousand isolated consonant pronouncements. The data for the research was obtained using oscillographic and spectrographic methods, formant locus analysis, spectral moment analysis. The analysis was performed via Praat and Emu-SDMS software. Oscillograghy and spectrography methods reveal that voiceless fricative phonemes may be voiced in intervocalic distribution. It is common for the sonants to become devoiced in the final and preconsonantal positions. Moreover, due to devoicing, different phonemes may acquire low-obstruent and obstruent consonant features. For the fricative, lateral-fricative consonants, affricates spectral moment analysis has been carried out. The spectral moments technique gives an opportunity to represent complex noise data as a relatively small set of numbers that can be processed statistically. According to the data on spectral moments, four types of noise have been defined: high-frequency low-dispersion noise resembling /s/, medium-frequency low-dispersion noise resembling /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /cc/, low-frequency medium-dispersed noise for phonemes /ɫ/, / /, low-frequency dispersed noise for phonemes /w/, /γ/. The forman analysis is used o es ima e onsonan resonan frequen ies. As shown by he formant locus analysis, the smallest values of the second formant locus are associated with the labial and velar phonemes. Larger values are associated with the coronal phonemes. The largest ones are specific to the palatal phonemes. At the same time, the acoustic features make it possible to stably distinguish the nasal /n/ - /ɲ/, wherein the opposition of the middle and fron lingual ar i ula ions is observed only in some speakers’ re ordings for the pairs /ɫ/ - / /, /tʃ/ - /cc/.

The article covers the issues related to the development of reading skills of the students majoring/minoring in English and Chinese (as non-native languages). In the backdrop of linguistic differences between English and Chinese, this action research was conducted to investigate the components of the reading skills, which are to be developed within the Bachelor programs. The primary purpose of the article is to analyze the methodological background for teaching Ukrainian students to perceive information from authentic texts. The methods of induction and deduction enabled us to analyze and generalize the theoretical bases for the investigated topic, to systemize the results of the study (the reading tactics and strategies, classification of reading activities). The study was based on focused observation using the register as a tool for data collecting for two semesters each in three groups of third-year students at Ushynsky University. The total sample size was 54. The article presents an analysis of difficulties in reading English and Chinese texts: 1) phonological level – differences in sound pronunciation (English: /T/, /D/ /w/, /N/, /x/, etc.; Chinese: the alveolo-palatal consonants j, q, x; affricates zh, z; consonant r, etc.), the phonetic phenomena (English: nasal plosion, lateral plosion, loss of plosion, assimilation, reduction/elision, etc.; Chinese: tone, erization); 2) lexical level – conversion (in English) and transposition (in Chinese), homonymy, polysemy; 3) grammatical level – the division of lexicon into parts of speech, different word order in English and Chinese sentences, (non)segmentation of English and Chinese syntagms/clauses/compound sentences, use of tenses, etc. The article contains some recommendations for English and Chinese reading classrooms.

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Devido as suas características linguísticas, articulatórias e acústicas, as laterais são concebidas como sons complexos. Promovem curiosidades, dúvidas e controvérsias (LADEFOGED, 1986; SILVA, 1996 e ALBANO, 2001) no meio acadêmico, mas são pouco investigadas. De fato, descrições da consoante líquida lateral palatal, por exemplo, ainda são escassas no Português Brasileiro (PB), sobretudo em populações atípicas. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo a investigação da produção dessa consoante por usuários de implante coclear e por adultos falantes do português brasileiro como língua materna. As análises foram guiadas pela Fonologia Gestual, que concebe a fonologia das línguas como um sistema dinâmico. Foram analisadas as produções orais de 10 sujeitos adultos com idades entre 20 e 25 anos – 5 do gênero masculino e 5 do gênero feminino – e de uma usuária de implante coclear, de 13 anos. Os dados foram gravados por meio de um gravador digital, modelo Zoom H4N sincronizado a um ultrassom, modelo Mindray DP-6600. As coletas ocorreram em duas etapas. Na primeira, imagens foram apresentadas na tela de um computador, as quais deveriam ser nomeadas e inseridas na frase veículo Digo (palavra) bem bonito. Na segunda, o mesmo procedimento foi realizado com logatomas. A totalidade do corpus é de 3.420 itens. Os dados acústicos foram analisados por meio do software Praat, versão 5.3.77 (BOERSMA & WEENINK, 2007), e os dados articulatórios por meio do Software AAA (WRENCH, 2012). Os dados foram submetidos, ainda, à análise estatística através do software SPSS Statistics. Os resultados foram ao encontro dos obtidos por Silva (1996): Identificou-se as três fases acústico-articulatórias da consoante [?] quanto à trajetória dos formantes, bem como sua palatalização. Tais fatos acústicos demonstraram possuir correlatos com as imagens ultrassonográficas obtidas. A informante usuária de implante coclear realizou a consoante mais lentamente do que os informantes ouvintes, mas os aspectos acústicos de suas produções são semelhantes aos desses informantes. Entretanto, ao analisar os dados articulatórios, detectou-se uma variabilidade na palatalização da consoante, fato não detectado para os ouvintes.
Due to their linguistic, articulatory and acoustic characteristics, the lateral consonants are conceived as complex sounds. They promote curiosities, doubts and controversies (Ladefoged, 1986; SILVA, 1996 and ALBANO, 2001) in the academia, but it is scarcely investigated. In fact, descriptions of the palatal lateral approximant consonant, for example, are still rare in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), especially in atypical populations. This research aims to investigate the production of this consonant by people who received cochlear implant and adult speakers of Brazilian Portuguese as their mother tongue. The analysis was guided by the Gestual Phonology that conceives the phonology of the languages as a dynamic system. Ten adult subjects with ages between 20 and 25 years - 5 males and 5 females - and one female user of cochlear implant with the age 13 years had their oral production analyzed. The data were recorded by a digital recorder Zoom H4N model synchronized to an ultrasound, Mindray DP-6600 model. The samples were collected in two stages. First, images were displayed on a computer screen, whose names should be inserted in the gap of the vehicle phrase Digo (word) bem bonito – I say (…) pretty well. In the second, the same procedure was performed with logatomas. The totality of the corpus is of 3,420 items. The acoustic data were analyzed by Praat software version 3.5.77 (BOERSMA & Weenink, 2007), and for the articulatory data was used AAA Software (WRENCH, 2012). The data were also submitted to statistical analysis using SPSS software. The results agree with those obtained by Silva (1996), it means: the three acoustic-articulatory phases of the consonant [x] were identified regarding the trajectory of the formants, as well as palatalization. Such acoustic facts demonstrate correlations with the obtained ultrasound images. The informant with cochlear implant articulated the consonant more slowly than listeners, but the acoustic aspects of her productions are similar to those informants. However, when we analyze the articulatory data it was detected a variability in palatalization of the consonant, a fact that was not detected for the listeners.

This chapter is about the palatalization and assibilation of labial and nasal stops, and of labiodental fricatives. Based on several diachronic pathways, it presents the hypothesis that labial softening is achived through glide fricativization or occlusivization, depending on the language or dialect taken into consideration. A special analysis is performed of labial palatalization and assibilation in the Bantu languages, Romanian dialects, and /Cl/ onset clusters in Romance, where those changes may have taken place once the alveolar lateral shifted to a palatal approximant. In so far as two independent articulators, i.e., lips and tongue, are involved in the production of the labial and labiodental sequences of interest, their diachronic development turns out to be far more complex than the palatalization and softening of velar and dentoalveolar obstruents.