Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pale fire'

Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Eagle, Chris S. "December 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on February 2, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-90). Also available in print.

This study was conducted in two locations: Pucará (2,413m above sea level) and Mojandita (2,922m above sea level), both of which are found in the province of Imbabura, Ecuador. The objectives of this study were to: characterize the morphological and agronomic traits as well as the overall quality of the ten amaranth accessions in this study; identify the accessions with the highest yield and biomass; determine the nutritional characteristics of the experimental accessions; and determine the cost of production of amaranth per hectare. The following null hypothesis was assumed: the agronomic and nutritional characteristics of the ten accessions in this study are equal in both locations. A randomized block design with ten treatments and three repetitions was employed for each location. The following tests of significance were performed: Tukey test at the 5% significance level for accessions, DMS at 5% for locations and Combined Analysis for the variety x location interaction. The following lines were used: ECU-0014, ECU-0113, ECU-2210, ECU-4737, ECU-4744, which represented pale-seeded grain types, and ECU-0069, ECU-0082, ECU-0102, ECU-0123 and ECU-0162 represented dark-seeded grain types. These accessions were analyzed for: plant height, diameter of the base of the stem, stem length, panicle length, grain/plot yield. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that no significant difference exists between the accessions on the basis of plant height and stem length in either location. For stem diameter, panicle length, and yield, however, significant differences among the accessions were detected. Between locations, the most promising results were observed in Pucará. The accession ECU-2210 gave the highest yield in Mojanda, with 1,300 kg/ha, while the accession ECU-0014 had the highest yield in Pucará, with 1,400 kg/ha. Overall, the best protein and iron content was observed in Mojanda; the accessions ECU-0162 and ECU-4744 had the highest percentage of protein, with 14.93% and 14.58% respectively. The highest observed iron content was 465.0 ppm in the accession ECU-0102. The cost of producing one hectare of cultivated amaranth grain is $1,543.95. The sale of this investment totaled $2,520, giving a cost-benefit ration of $0.63. Growing the accessions ECU-0612 and ECU-4744 is recommended if high protein content is desired, while the accession ECU-0102 is recommended in order to obtain the highest iron content. To obtain the highest yield per square meter, the accessions ECU-2210 is recommended at altitudes of 2,900m above sea level, while ECU-0014 is recommended for altitudes less than 2,600m. Based on the results of this study, it is not recommended that amaranth be planted at altitudes higher than 3,000m.

Papua New Guinea has reformed its colonial established education system and made huge investments with the help of donors to achieve equal access and quality education for all its citizens. Despite this national aspiration and these policy reforms and investments, secondary schools that enrol grade 9 students who are relatively equal in education ability show huge disparities in their grade 10 academic performances. This study examined perceptions of students, teachers and principals regarding factors affecting the disparity in academic performance in the context of a developing country. The central question for the study is: What are the perceptions of students and teachers of the factors that affect disparities in secondary schools' academic performance? This qualitative case study involved two high and three low academic performing secondary schools in Western Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. Primary data were collected through focus groups and semi-structured interviews involving 112 participants. Students and teachers are key participants in this study, as it intends to find out the realities of schools, yet they are an under-researched group. A postcolonial and sense of community conceptual framework was developed for the analysis of the participants. perceptions. In addition, scholarship on school effectiveness and equity in education informed the interpretation of the findings. Three themes were evident in participants. views. First, participants expressed their view that differences in academic performance were related to the adequacy and equitability of resources. The inequities in resource inputs led some of them to coin the metaphor of .back page and front page. schools. Second, many expressed the view that deficiencies in implementing bilingual education, given the difficulty of catering for 800 vernacular languages, contribute to poor English proficiency and subsequent poor academic performance. Finally, participants believed that, in order to have a positive school culture, it is necessary for educators to recognise and respect contemporary students. identities, communal/tribal membership and needs. This study has implications for national education policy on resource allocation to address equality and equity, bilingual education and teacher education. Moreover, as the study found that high academic performance in this context is also influenced by intra-school social relationships, these relationships need to be nurtured. When appropriately nurtured, they become an important factor in sustaining quality education for all secondary school students. This thesis has laid the foundations for further research and invites further investigations into policy and implementation of school reforms aimed at improving academic achievement.

As condições de manejo pré-abate e o transporte das aves para o abatedouro representam significantes perdas econômicas devido a injúrias que comprometem a qualidade da carne. Os problemas gerados podem ser de ordem física e influenciam na apresentação da carcaça ou de ordem fisiológica e/ou bioquímica, que resultam em carne PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) ou análogo ao DFD (Dark, Firm, Dry). O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito do transporte dos frangos da granja até o abatedouro na incidência de carnes PSE e análogo ao DFD em uma linha comercial de abate. O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas utilizando-se para cada etapa 900 filés de frango (Pectoralis major) como matéria prima. Previamente, na primeira etapa estimou-se a incidência de PSE e análogo ao DFD em filés de frangos nas distâncias médias de 4, 20 e 62 km de transporte até o abatedouro. Na segunda etapa foi avaliado o efeito do banho com água nos frangos após o carregamento na incidência de PSE e análogo ao DFD e comparado com as diferentes distâncias médias de transporte de 3, 8 e 68 km da granja até o abatedouro. Os filés de frango foram coletados 24 horas post-mortem para determinação do valor de pH e cor (L*, a* e b*), pelo sistema CIELAB e correlacionados com anomalias PSE e análogo ao DFD. Na primeira etapa, pode-se concluir que o transporte dos frangos na distância média de 20 km proporcionou maior incidência de carnes PSE e na distância média de 4 km, maior incidência de carnes a-DFD. Já a utilização do banho com água antes do transporte, resultou em menores índices de carnes PSE na distância de 68 km, sendo que nas distâncias inferiores, este se mostrou prejudicial, aumentando a incidência de carnes PSE. Finalmente, este trabalho demonstrou que em longas distâncias o banho exerceu efeito positivo na melhoria das condições do micro ambiente durante o transporte.
The preslaughtering management conditions including transportation from farm to the slaughterhouse may represent significant economical losses to poultry meat industries due to the injuries affecting their meat qualities. These injuries can be either through physical origin which influence carcass presentation or physiological and/or biochemical origin resulting on the PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) or DFD-like-meat (Dark, Firm, Dry) formation. The objective of this work was to investigate the broilers transportation from farm to slaughterhouse on the occurrence of PSE- and DFD-like-meat in a commercial plant. This experiment was conducted in two phases using 900 samples of breast fillets meat (Pectoralis major) in each phase. It was estimated at the first phase the occurrence of PSE- and DFD-like- meat of transporting distances of 4.0, 20.0 and 62.0 km. At the second phase this estimation was carried out in samples with water shower just after truck loading while in the farm at the transporting distances averaged of 3.0, 8.0 and 68.0 km. Meat samples were collected 24h post mortem and analyzed for pH and color values (L*, a* e b*) through the CIELAB system and related them to the meat abnormalities as PSE and DFD-like- meat. Results indicated that at first phase the averaged transportation distance of 20 km showed higher occurrence of PSE meat while the distance of 4 km presented higher incidence of DFD-like meat. At the second phase with the use of water shower before transportation there was lower occurrence of PSE meat at the distance of 68.0 km and at shorter transportation distances there was an increase of PSE meat. Finally, this work demonstrated that the conditions for long distances the water shower resulted in an improvement of climate micro-environment in the birds transporter lorry.

O direcionamento da produção de suínos para um aumento na porcentagem de carne magra na carcaça, tem levado à modificações substanciais tanto na composição centesimal como nas características bioquímicas do músculo, como o PSE (Pale, Soft e Exudative), o que significa Pálida, Macia e Esxudativa, e DFD (Dark, Firm e Dry) Escura, Firme e Seca. Estas carnes apresentam propriedades funcionais comprometidas, sendo um dos maiores problemas enfrentados pela indústria processadora devido a perdas econômicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a incidência de PSE e DFD no lombo suíno (Longissimus dorsi), em uma linha comercial de abate e avaliar as características bioquímicas e da ultra-estrutura dos lombos PSE e DFD. Em um frigorífico 946 lombos foram analisados quanto ao pH e cor e classificados como PSE, DFD e Normal. Os lombos PSE, DFD e Normal foram analisados com relação ao valor de R, perda de peso por cozimento (PPC), força de cisalhamento (FC), índice de fragmentação miofibrilar (IFM), lipídios totais, oxidação lipídica, perfil de ácidos graxos e microscopia eletrônica. A incidência de lombos PSE, DFD e Normal foi de 22,83%, 1,06%, 76,11%, respectivamente. Os valores de pH e cor dos lombos suínos PSE, DFD e Normal diferiram significativamente (p£0,05) entre si. O valor de R foi significativamente maior (p£0,05) para os lombos PSE do que DFD. A FC e a PPC não diferiu significativamente entre os lombos PSE, DFD e Normal. O IFM foi significativamente maior (p£0,05) para o lombo DFD. A oxidação lipídica foi 42% maior para o lombo PSE em relação ao normal e DFD. O perfil de ácidos graxos dos lombos suínos PSE, DFD e Normal não apresentou diferença significativa entre si. Finalmente os resultados histológicos apresentaram vários eventos bioquímicos incluindo a contração do sarcômero nos lombos PSE. Ao mesmo tempo foi observada uma seqüência aparente das atividades das proteases endógenas musculares inicialmente pela despolimerização das proteínas miofibrilares próximas e no disco Z e conseqüentemente a fragmentação destes discos e por último o colapso do sarcômero e de algumas estruturas miofibrilares.
The aim of pork production in order to have an increase in non fat meat in the carcass has brought about changes not only on proximate chemical composition but also within the muscle biochemical characteristics as PSE (Pale, Soft and Exudative) meaning pale, soft and exudative meat and DFD (Dark, Firm and Dry) meaning dark, firm and dry meat. Both meat types present functional properties impaired and this phenomena represent an actual economical problems to the meat industries. The objective of this work was to investigate the occurrence of pork L. dorsi PSE- and DFD- meat at a commercial plant and to evaluate their biochemical and ultra structural characteristics. Longissimus dorsi samples in number of 946, were analyzed in relation to pH and color thus classified as PSE-, DFD- and Normal- meat. They were also analyzed in relation to R value, cooking loss (CL), tenderness measured through shear force (SF) value, miofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), total lipid concentration, lipid oxidation, fatty acids profile and ultra structural observation. The occurrence of PSE-, DFD- and normal meat was 22.83, 1.06, 76.11%, respectively. pH and color values differed significantly (p£0.05). R value was significantly higher for PSE- in relation to DFD- meat (p£0.05). Tenderness and CL did not differ significantly while MFI was significantly higher for DFD meat although this value was not sufficient to show difference in SF. Lipid oxidation was 42.0% higher in PSE- in relation to both normal and DFD- meat samples. Fatty acids profile did not show significantly differences in every samples evaluated. Lastly, histological results showed several biochemical events including sarcomere contraction in PSE meat samples. Also it was noticeable an apparent sequence of muscle endogenous proteases activities, firstly at the depolimerized myofibril proteins near and at the Z-disks consequently the fragmentation of the Z-disks and ultimately the collapse of the sarcomere and to some of the myofibril structures.

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With the objective to promote sustainable development, the fibres found in nature in abundance, which are biodegradable, of low cost in comparison to synthetic fibres are being used in the manufacture of composites. The mechanical behavior of the curau? and pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) composites in different proportions, 25% x 75% (P1), 50% x 50% (P2) e 75% x 25% (P3) were respectively studied, being initially treated with a 2% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. Mechanical analyses indicated that with respect to studies of traction, for the combination of P1 and P3, better results of 22.17 MPa and 16.98 MPa, were obtained respectively, which are higher than that of the combination P2. The results of the same pattern were obtained for analysis of bending resistance where P1 is 1.21% and P3 represents 0.96%. In the case of resistance to bending, best results were obtained for the combination P1 at 49.07 MPa. However, when Young's modulus values were calculated, the values were different to the pattern of the results of other tests, where the combination P2 with the value of 4.06 GPa is greater than the other combinations. This shows that the PALF had a greater influence in relation to curau? fibre. The analysis of the results generally shows that in combinations of two vegetable fibers of cellulosic origin, the fiber which shows higher percentage (75%) is the best option than to the composition of 50%/50%. In the meantime, according to the results obtained in this study, in the case where the application should withstand bending loads, the better composition would be 50%/50%
Com o objetivo de promover o desenvolvimento sustent?vel, as fibras encontradas em abund?ncia na natureza, que s?o biodegrad?veis e de baixo custo quando comparado com as fibras sint?ticas, vem sendo utilizadas na aplica??o de produ??o de comp?sitos. Neste trabalho foi analisado o comportamento mec?nico ? partir do ensaio de tra??o e flex?o, em um comp?sito h?brido tendo como matriz uma resina sint?tica ortoft?lica refor?ada com fibras de curau? e fibras da folha de abacaxizeiro (PALF), nas propor??es de 25% x 75% (P1), 50% x 50% (P2) e 75% x 25% (P3), respectivamente, com as fibras de curau? e as fibras da folha do abacaxizeiro sendo tratadas quimicamente por uma solu??o aquosa de hidr?xido de s?dio (NaOH) com 8% de concentra??o. As an?lises mec?nicas indicaram que com rela??o aos estudos de tra??o, para a combina??o P1 e P3, foram obtidas melhores resultados de 22,17 MPa e 16,98 MPa, respectivamente, que ? maior que da outra combina??o de P2. Os resultados do mesmo padr?o foram obtidos para an?lise de flex?o onde P1 ? 1,21% e P3 de 0,96% que s?o maiores do que o resultado obtido da combina??o P2. No caso de resist?ncia ? flex?o, melhores resultados foram obtidos para a combina??o P1 de 49,07 MPa. Mas, quando foi calculado o m?dulo de Young, os valores foram diferentes do padr?o dos resultados dos outros testes realizados, com a combina??o P2 com o valor de 4,06 GPa que ? maior que das outras combina??es. Isto mostra que as fibras PALF tiveram uma influ?ncia maior com rela??o ? fibra de curau?. A an?lise dos resultados em geral demonstra que nas combina??es de duas fibras vegetais celul?sicas, uma ou a outra fibra com porcentagem maior (75%) ? a melhor op??o do que na composi??o de 50%/50%, entretanto no caso onde a aplica??o ser? para suportar cargas de flex?o, a melhor composi??o seria 50%/50%

Millimeter wave (mm-Wave) has become increasingly popular frequency band for next-generation high-speed wireless communications. In mm-Wave, the wireless channel path loss is severe, demanding a high output power in transmitters (Tx) to meet a required SNR in receivers (Rx). Due to the intractable speed-power tradeoff ingrained in silicon processes, however, achieving a high power at mm-Wave, particularly over W-band (> 90 GHz), is challenging in silicon power amplifiers. To relieve the output power burden, phased-arrays are widely adopted in mm-Wave wireless communication systems -- namely, by leveraging a parallel power combining in the space domain, inherent in the phased arrays, the required output power per array element can be reduced significantly with increasing array size. In large arrays ( > 100's -- 1000's number of arrays), the required output power per element could be small, typically around several 10's mW or less in silicon-based phased arrays. In such small-to-medium scale output power level, the static power dissipations by transistor knee voltage and passive components could be a significant portion of the output power, decreasing power efficiency of power amplifiers drastically. This poses a significant concern on the power efficiency of the large-scale silicon-based phased arrays in mm-Wave. Another critical problem in mm-Wave wireless systems design is the increase of passive reactive components loss caused by worsening skin depth effect and increasing dielectric loss through silicon substrate. This essentially degrades the reactive components quality factor (Q) and limits frequency selectivity of the silicon-based mm-Wave systems. This thesis tackles these two major technical challenges to provide high frequency selectivity with maintaining high power efficiency for future mm-Wave wireless systems over W-band and beyond. First, various high-efficiency techniques such as impedance tuning with a reactive component at a cascoding stage in conventional stacked power amplifiers or load-pull based inter-stage matching technique, rather than conventional conjugate matching, have been applied to W-band CMOS and SiGe BiCMOS amplifiers to improve power efficiency with 5-10 dBm output power level, suitable for a large phased array applications, as detailed in Chapter 2 and 3. Second, a 4-tap finite impulse response (FIR) filter based receiver architecture is presented in Chapter 4. The FIR filtered receiver leverages a sinc-pulse type frequency nulls built-in in the transmission-line based FIR filter's frequency response to increase frequency selectivity. The proposed FIR filtered receiver achieves > 40-dB image rejection by placing an image signal at the null frequency at D-band, one of the largest image rejection performance at the highest frequency band reported so far.
Ph. D.

L’aérodynamique de l’hélicoptère est fortement impactée par les tourbillons générés aux extrémités de pales. La complexité des phénomènes en jeux et l’insuffisance de données expérimentales locales font du design d’extrémité un véritable défi. Cette étude propose une nouvelle approche dédiée à l’étude des extrémités en vol stationnaire. Une méthode numérique rapide et précise est mise au point afin d’étudier une extrémité de pale en rotation comme une extrémité d’aile fixe. Chaque étape de la construction de la méthode est validée par des comparaisons détaillées avec des données expérimentales publiées. Le code CFD elsA est dans un premier temps utilisé pour mettre en place une méthode de calcul basée sur la résolution des équations Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes en stationnaire. La convergence de la solution et l’indépendance au maillage et aux paramètres numériques sont étudiées en détail en deux, puis en trois dimensions. La précision importante de la solution numérique permet d’analyser finement la physique de l’enroulement tourbillonnaire en extrémité. Des géométries tronquée et arrondie sont étudiées en détail, et révèlent la présence de systèmes tourbillonnaires complexes. Puis la nouvelle méthode d’adaptation pale en rotation / aile fixe est présentée. Une méthode de calcul hybride est mise au point entre le code de mécanique du vol HOST et le code elsA. En repère fixe, l’aérodynamique globale sur la pale et locale en extrémité est calculée fidèlement pour toutes les configurations étudiées. Comparée aux méthodes d’adaptation précédemment publiées, cette nouvelle stratégie offre une amélioration considérable concernant la simulation de l’aérodynamique de pale
Helicopter aerodynamics is strongly influenced by the vortices generated from the rotor-blade tips. The design of efficient tip shapes is a challenging task because of the complexity of the aerodynamic phenomena involved and the lack of local blade-tip flow measurements. This work provides a contribution to the design of helicopter tips in hover. An efficient, relatively simple and quick numerical method is set up to study rotating blade tips in fixed-wing configurations. The accuracy of the method is shown at each step of the construction by comprehensive comparisons with reliable experimental data from the literature. First, an efficient steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes method is constructed using ONERA's elsA code. Comprehensive studies of convergence, grid dependence and sensitivity to the numerical method are performed in two and three dimensions. The very good agreement of the solution with measurements and the accuracy of the numerical method allow a physical analysis with unprecedented detail of the vortex generation and roll-up near square and rounded wing tips. The new methodology of framework adaptation is then presented. An uncoupled hybrid strategy is set up using AIRBUS HELICOPTERS' Comprehensive Analysis code HOST and the Computational Fluid Dynamics solver elsA. Global and local performance calculations are validated for all investigated test cases. Comparison with previously published adaptation methods indicates considerable improvement in the prediction of the blade aerodynamics

O microambiente térmico que se forma no caminhão de transporte de frangos da granja ao abatedouro pode ser a causa primária que compromete o bem estar das aves e a qualidade final da carne com o desenvolvimento de PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) e a-DFD (Dark, Firm, Dry) em filés de peito. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar no inverno e verão a ocorrência de PSE e a-DFD em filés de peito de frango em um abatedouro comercial. Além de caracterizar o microambiente térmico no caminhão de transporte em diferentes distâncias no inverno e verão, investigouse o efeito do banho de água aplicado sobre os frangos no verão. No inverno, as distâncias de transporte de frangos foram 15 e 57 km e no verão foram 15, 35 e 55 km. Para caracterização do microambiente térmico no caminhão (frente, meio e fundo) foram utilizados termohigrômetros para registrar a temperatura e umidade relativa nas duas estações e termoanemômetros para registrar a velocidade do vento no verão. Para classificação dos filés de peito em PSE e a-DFD, o pH e a cor (L*, a* e b*) foram medidos nos filés de peito de frango 24h post mortem. A análise de regressão logística foi utilizada para verificar no inverno e verão, o efeito das distâncias de transporte de frangos, da região das caixas no caminhão (frente, meio e fundo) e da aplicação do banho de água sobre os frangos após o carregamento na ocorrência de PSE em filés de peito. O Teste de Tukey a 5% de significância foi utilizado para comparação de médias. A ocorrência de PSE em filés de peito de frango no verão (n= 540) foi de 55,5% e no inverno (n= 650) foi de 27,2%. A ocorrência de a-DFD foi de 0,9% apenas no inverno. Pela análise de regressão logística foi observado que no inverno a distância de transporte de frangos não apresentou efeito significativo (p= 0,7705) na ocorrência de PSE, sendo verificado cerca de 27% (n=270) de PSE nas duas distâncias. No inverno foi observado que a região do fundo do caminhão devido as temperaturas elevadas apresentou maior ocorrência de PSE, sendo 59% (n= 180). No verão, a distância de 55 km apresentou efeito significativo (p= 0,0002) na ocorrência de PSE, sendo verificado 57,8% (n=360) de PSE. No verão, as regiões do meio e fundo do caminhão apresentaram maior ocorrência de PSE, 51,8% (n= 360) e 54,6% (n= 360), respectivamente, devido a temperatura elevada e ventilação reduzida no microambiente destas regiões. A aplicação do banho de água sobre os frangos após o carregamento no caminhão reduziu a ocorrência de PSE em filés de peito no verão em cerca de 7,0% devido a redução de temperatura no microambiente do caminhão.
The thermal microenvironment produced during transportation from farm to the commercial slaughterhouse might be the primary cause to influence the broilers welfare consequently the final meat quality with development of breast fillet PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) and DFD-like (Dark, Firm, Dry) meat. The objective of this work was to investigate in the 2008 winter season (n=540) and summer season (n=650) the occurrence of PSE and DFD-like meat in an commercial abbatoir. Furthermore in both seasons the lorry thermal microenvironment was characterized in relation to temperature, relative moisture by thermologs and ventilation by thermoanemometer only in the summer. Also, the effect of watering application just before starting the transportation journey was evaluated in the summer on the meat color abnormalities. The distance run by the lorry was 15 and 57 km in the winter season and 15, 35 and 55 km in the summer season. Samples classification in PSE and DFD-like was carried ou by determining pH and color (L*, a* e b*) values on breast fillet taken 24h postmortem. The logistic regression analysis was used in order to verify in both seasons the effect of transport distance, location of birds boxes within the lorry areas (front, middle and rear) and birds? watering just before transportation. Tukey test 5.0% significance was applied for average comparison. Results showed PSE occurrence was 55.5% and 27.2% in the summer (n=650) and in the winter (n=540), respectively. DFD-like was not observed in the summer whilst in the winter season its occurrence was 0.9%. The distance of 15 and 57 km did not show any significant effect (p=0,7705) on the PSE occurrence during winter season. Also the highest PSE occurrence was observed at the lorry rear location because of highest locally temperature value. The distance of 55 km presented significatively (p=0,0002) the highest PSE occurrence of 57.0% during summer season. Also the lorry middle and rear locations promoted higher PSE occurrence because of locally higher temperature and lower ventilation. Finally, the watering application whilst in the farm was an important factor since there were approximately 7.0% less PSE occurrence in treated birds? samples.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
In 1998 the first decorticator was developed in the Textile Engineering Laboratory and patented for the purpose of extracting fibres from pineapple leaves, with the financial help from CNPq and BNB. The objective of the present work was to develop an automatic decorticator different from the first one with a semiautomatic system of decortication with automatic feeding of the leaves and collection of the extracted fibres. The system is started through a command system that passes information to two engines, one for starting the beater cylinder and the other for the feeding of the leaves as well as the extraction of the decorticated fibres automatically. This in turn introduces the leaves between a knife and a beater cylinder with twenty blades (the previous one had only 8 blades). These blades are supported by equidistant flanges with a central transmission axis that would help in increasing the number of beatings of the leaves. In the present system the operator has to place the leaves on the rotating endless feeding belt and collect the extracted leaves that are being carried out through another endless belt. The pulp resulted form the extraction is collected in a tray through a collector. The feeding of the leaves as well as the extraction of the fibres is controlled automatically by varying the velocity of the cylinders. The semi-automatic decorticator basically composed of a chassis made out of iron bars (profile L) with 200cm length, 91 cm of height 68 cm of width. The decorticator weighs around 300Kg. It was observed that the increase in the number of blades from 8 to twenty in the beater cylinder reduced the turbulence inside the decorticator, which helped to improve the removal of the fibres without any problems as well as the quality of the fibres. From the studies carried out, from each leaf 2,8 to 4,5% of fibres can be extracted. This gives around 4 to 5 tons of fibres per hectare, which is more than that of cotton production per hectare. This quantity with no doubt could generate jobs to the people not only on the production of the fibres but also on their application in different areas
No ano de 1998 foi patenteada uma desfibradeira que foi desenvolvida no laborat?rio de Engenharia T?xtil da UFRN, com objetivo de desfibrar a folha do abacaxi, com apoio do CNPq e BNB. O presente trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma desfibradeira automatizada com a mesma finalidade e se buscou a fabrica??o de uma nova desfibradeira com sistema semi-autom?tico. A desfibradeira ? acionada atrav?s de um quadro de comando, que passa informa??es para dois motores, um para acionamento do cilindro batedor e outro para os movimentos de alimenta??o das folhas e sa?da das fibras. A desfibradeira ? composta de um sistema de alimenta??o autom?tico, atrav?s de uma esteira sem fim, que desloca as folhas at? os cilindros alimentadores, que introduz as mesmas, entre uma espera (faca) e um batedor rotativo de vinte palhetas (desfibradeira anterior s? tinha 8 palhetas). Estas palhetas s?o apoiadas em tr?s flanges eq?idistantes com um eixo central de transmiss?o possibilitando um maior numero de batidas na folha. Portanto o operador tem a fun??o de colocar as folhas na esteira de alimenta??o e retirar as fibras que foram desfibradas, que est?o na esteira de sa?da. A qualidade das fibras extra?das pode ser melhorada atrav?s do controle da velocidade de entrada das folhas bem como a velocidade de cilindro batedor. Al?m disso, h? sistema de remo??o de polpa numa bandeja separadamente. A desfibradeira foi confeccionada com um chassi em cantoneiras (perfis L ) tendo com dimens?es b?sicas de comprimento de 200 cm, a altura de 91 cm e a largura de 68 cm. O peso total da desfibradeira ? de 250 kg. A caracter?stica mais importante da m?quina ? um maior numero de batida e uma menor turbul?ncia de ar dentro da m?quina. Isso facilitou a melhoria da qualidade das fibras. Os estudos mostram que de cada folha pode ser extra?do cerca de 2,8 a 4,5 % de fibras Assim sendo pode ser retirada cerca de 4 a 5 toneladas de fibras por hectare. Esta quantidade ? bem maior do que a produ??o de algod?o por hectare. Quando as fibras sendo empregadas no mercado podem gerar postos de trabalho e renda para popula??o do campo bem como das suas aplica??es

The African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a highly valued oil producing perennial crop with a productive lifespan of about 25 years. Although benefiting from a long productivity period, oil palm genetic improvement is a slow and tedious process which requires between 10 to 12 years to complete one selection cycle. As such, marker-assisted selection (MAS) is an invaluable tool for yield improvement in oil palm. In particular, MAS could be used to facilitate efforts to increase the unsaturated fatty acid content of palm oil by introgression of desired alleles from the American species, E. oleifera which produces highly unsaturated oil. In order to help achieve this, high density genetic linkage maps were constructed for a commercial Deli dura (maternal) x Yangambi pisifera (paternal) breeding population (P2) and a Colombian E. oleifera (maternal) x Nigerian E. guineensis (paternal) interspecific hybrid population (OxG). The P2 and OxG mapping populations were screened with approximately 700 oil palm SSR primer-pairs and genotyped with a 4.5K customized oil palm SNP array to identify informative markers. The P2 and OxG populations consisted of 87 and 108 palms, respectively. Genetic linkage maps were first constructed for the individual parental palms of the mapping populations and followed by integration of the two parental maps. A P2 integrated map with 1,331 markers spanning 1,867 cM over the 16 linkage groups was constructed, representing the 16 chromosome pairs in oil palm. This study for the first time reports the genetic map for the Colombian E. oleifera, although the map only comprises of ten linkage groups with 65 markers spanning 471 cM. The Colombian E. oleifera map was also successfully integrated with the Nigerian E. guineensis parental map, resulting in a partial integrated map for OxG. The genetic maps and the available phenotypic data were successfully used to identify 22 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with various yield components (YC) in the P2 population and 12 QTLs for fatty acid composition (FAC) in the OxG population. The QTLs identified for FAC include the total unsaturation levels via iodine value (IV), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids. On the P2 integrated map, QTLs for YC were associated with mean bunch number (MBN), mean fruit weight (MFW), oil/bunch ratio (OTB), oil/wet mesocarp ratio (OTWP), oil/dry mesocarp ratio (OTDP), mean mesocarp weight (MPW), wet mesocarp weight (WPWT), kernel yield (KY), mean kernel weight (MKW), mean shell weight (MSW), shell to fruit (STF), total oil (TOT), oil yield (OY) and dry mesocarp weight (DPWT). The closely linked markers demonstrated significant allelic effects associated with the YC and FAC phenotypes analysed. The genetic effects (estimated by G Model) for the identified QTLs can be ranked from high for C16:0, C18:1 and IV (ranging from 2.16 – 2.46) to medium for OTWP, DPWT, MPW, WPWT, OTB, MFW, OTDP, MBN and STF (0.50 – 2.14) and low (< 0.5) for KY, MKW, MSW, C18:2, C18:0, C16:1 and C14:0. The three major QTLs for C16:0, C18:1 and IV were also successfully cross-mapped on two interspecific BC2 populations, which adds confidence on the association of the markers with the traits concerned and reflecting their potential utility in a MAS programme. This study also identified candidate regulatory genes and transcription factors (TFs) within the QTL confidence intervals by aligning to the oil palm (EG5) genome build. A set of five candidate genes (HIBCH, PATE/FATB, BASS2, LACS4 and DGAT1) and a TF (WRI1) were identified within the QTL confidence interval associated with genetic effects for C16:0, C18:1, C14:0, C18:0 and IV in LGOT1, which was supported by the significant differential expression patterns observed for the candidate genes and TF in RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments. The RNA-seq and qRT-PCR experiments included palms from OxG and two independent interspecific backcross populations. Clear differential expression patterns were observed for some of the genes and their putative isoforms, which requires further validation in future studies. The high-density SNP and SSR-based genetic maps developed in this study have greatly improved marker density and genome coverage in comparison with the first reference map based on AFLP, RFLP and SSR markers. The improved maps with reduced gap between markers were aligned to the EG5 genome build, which proved useful for mining of candidate genes associated with the QTLs from the targeted regions. The closely linked markers and candidate genes associated with FAC and YC provide a good starting point for other genetic improvement studies in oil palm including whole genome association mapping studies. The candidate gene approach as used in the present study is useful for identifying the potential causal genes linked to QTLs. Finally, the markers closely linked to specific traits, specially IV, C16:0 and C18:1, MFW, MPW and OTDP have great potential and should be prioritized for further validation in the effort towards their adoption for MAS to introduce greater unsaturation and improve oil yield in commercial oil palm.

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In the present research work, composites were prepared using pine apple leaf fibres (PALF) as reinforcement with unsaturated polyester resin as matrix, incorporating with fire retardant at different compositions. The PALF was obtained from the decortication of pine apple leaves obtained from Ramada 4 from Ielmo Marinho in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The unsaturated polyester resin and the catalyzer were bought from the local establishment. The fire retardant, aluminium tri-hydroxide - Al(OH)3 was donated by Alcoa Alum?nio S.A and was used in the proportions of 20%, 40% and 60% w/w. Initially the fibres were treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, to remove any impurities present on the fibre surface, such as wax, fat, pectin and pectate, in order to have a better adsorption of the fibres with the matrix as well as the flame retardant. The fibre mat was prepared in a mat preparator by immersion, developed in the Textile Engineering Laboratory, at the UFRN. The composites (300x300x3 mm) were prepared by compression molding and the samples (150x25x3 mm) for analysis of the properties were cut randomly using a laser cutter. Some of the cut samples were used to measure the smoke emission and fire resistance using UL94 standard. Mechanical tension-extension and flexural properties were carried in CTG?s RN and the Laborat?rio de Metais e Ensaios Mec?nicos Engenharia de Materiais UFRN , as well as SEM studies were carried out at N?cleo de Estudos em Petr?leo e G?s Natural - UFRN . From the observed results, it was noted that, there was no marked influence of the fire retardant on the mechanical properties. Also in the water absorption test, the quantity of water absorbed was less in the sample with higher concentration of fire retardant. It was also observed that the increase in the proportion of the fire retardant increased the time of burning, may be due to the compactness of the composite due to the presence of fire retardant as a filling material even though it was meant to reduce the rate of inflammability of the composite
Na presente pesquisa foram desenvolvidos comp?sitos com fibras da folha do abacaxizeiro (PALF - Pineapple Leaf Fiber), utilizando resina de poli?ster insaturado como matriz, incorporando retardante de chama em diferentes composi??es. As fibras da folha do abacaxizeiro foram obtidas na ramada 4 do munic?pio de Ielmo Marinho no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. A resina de poli?ster insaturado e o catalisador foram comprados no com?rcio. O retardante de chama de alumina trihidratada (hidr?xido de alum?nio - Al(OH)3) foi doado pela empresa Alcoa Alum?nio S.A. e foi utilizado em propor??es de 20%, 40% e 60% do peso do material utilizado na fabrica??o dos comp?sitos. As PALFs foram tratadas com 2% de hidr?xido de s?dio, por 1 hora, para eliminar as impurezas superficiais tais como ceras, gorduras, pectinas e pectatos, para que houvesse uma melhor ades?o da matriz ?s fibras, bem como do retardante de chama. As mantas de fibras foram preparadas num preparador de manta por imers?o, desenvolvido no Laborat?rio de Engenharia T?xtil da UFRN. Os comp?sitos (300x300x3 mm) foram moldados por compress?o e as amostras (150x25x3 mm) para an?lise das propriedades foram cortadas, em diferentes posi??es da placa do comp?sito com aux?lio de uma m?quina de laser. As propriedades mec?nicas de tra??o e flex?o em tr?s pontos foram realizadas no CTG?s RN e no Laborat?rio de Metais e Ensaios Mec?nicos de Engenharia de Materiais da UFRN. Os testes da emiss?o de fuma?a e resist?ncia ao fogo foram realizados no Laborat?rio de Engenharia T?xtil da UFRN, utilizando a norma UL94. As amostras resultantes das propriedades mec?nicas foram avaliadas no MEV do N?cleo de Estudos em Petr?leo e G?s Natural da UFRN. Com base nas an?lises dos resultados nos ensaios mec?nicos, observou-se que o retardante de chama n?o tem influ?ncia significativa. Tamb?m observou-se que no ensaio de abosor??o de ?gua, quanto maior a concentra??o de retardante de chama, a quantidade de ?gua absorvida ? menor. No teste de inflamabilidade, observou-se que quanto maior a concentra??o de retardante de chama, maior o tempo de queima. Pode ser conclu?do que a presen?a de retardante de chama, al?m de atuar como inibidor de chama, tamb?m atua como uma carga que influ?ncia a compacta??o do comp?sito e desta forma reduz a taxa de queima

Mise en uvre d'un procede de delignification utilisant un reacteur a lit fixe et faible temps de passage, concernant plus particulierement le traitement du bois de peuplier par les procedes a la soude, soude-anthraquinone et kraft. Dans chaque cas, l'etude cinetique fait apparaitre trois regimes distincts et confirme le role essentiel du ph. L'addition de na#2s et/ou de aq ameliore remarquablement la cinetique et la selectivite de la delignification. L'analyse des procedes montre que les reactions de recondensation de la lignine sur les fibres sont peu prononcees. Ceci permet d'obtenir plus rapidement des pates mieux delignifiees et moins degradees qu'en reacteur clos. Ce phenomene est confirme par la caracterisation chimique, spectrometrique et macromoleculaire des lignines recuperees en cours de traitement. Les resultats mettent en evidence des reactions d'hydrolyse et de degradation diverses. Ils confirment le role selectif de na#2s. Il apparait que, quel que soit le type de delignification alcaline, ces reactions de degradation sont les memes

Les structures intelligentes fondées sur des matériaux composites ont été développées pour surveiller les structures qui doivent fonctionner dans des applications industrielles exigeantes, dans des environnements difficiles comme c’est le cas de l’aéronautique, de l’aérospatiale, du génie civil, des centrales nucléaires et chimiques ...). L'étude actuelle est axée sur la suggestion d’un nouveau matériau composite intelligent qui peut être utilisé avec succès dans les pâles d’éoliennes offshore de nouvelle génération. En effet, pour accentuer leur rendement, les pales de nouvelle génération doivent dépasser une longueur de 100m, ce qui représente actuellement une cible hors d’atteinte étant donné que les matériaux composites constitutifs sont fondés sur des fibres de verre, notamment connues pour être lourdes et dépourvues de rigidité significative. Par conséquent, le passage aux fibres de carbone (plus légères et 3 fois plus rigides) devient obligatoire. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons la mise en place d'un matériau composite intelligent à base de fibres de carbone et de matrice époxy (ici appeler matériau parent). Les capteurs à fibre optique (FOS) et les capteurs à résistance quantique (QRS) seront utilisés pour la détection de déformation dans toute la structure. Ce choix devrait permettre une documentation précise et un envoi instantané d'informations critiques aux ingénieurs. Pour atteindre cet objectif de développement d'un nouveau matériau intelligent pour une application critique dans la production d’énergie éolienne offshore, nous avons choisi de proposer un document de recherche regroupant plusieurs aspects du sujet, résumés en 5 chapitres. La thèse est fondée sur des modélisations numériques et analytiques. Le document n'a pas l'ambition d'être exhaustif. Il est destiné à présenter une recherche pragmatique qui met l'accent sur la façon dont les domaines de faiblesse mécanique peuvent être diagnostiqués, quelles sont les solutions qui peuvent être suggérées et comment nous pouvons les soutenir, quelles sont les questions relatives à l'utilisation de capteurs intégrés et les résultats expérimentaux qui permettent l'évaluation du statut actuel de la performance du matériau et les moyens d’en améliorer les performances
Smart structures have been developed as to monitor structures that have to operate in demanding industrial applications with includes harsh environments (Aeronautics and aerospace, Civil engineering, nuclear and chemical power plants…), too. Current study is focused on the suggestion of new smart composite materials that can be successfully used for wind blade structures in offshore energy generation farms. Indeed, to bring expectable energy-generation performances, new generation wind blades have to exceed 100m length, which is a hardly achievable target given that actual constitutive composite materials are based on glass-fibers, that are notably known to be very heavy and lacking stiffness. Therefore, the switch to carbon fibers (lighter and stiffer) becomes mandatory. In this thesis, we propose the implementation of a smart composite material that is based on carbon fibers and epoxy matrix (here called parent material). Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS) and Quantum-Resistive Sensors (QRS) will be used for detection of over-strained areas all over the structure. This choice is expected to enable for accurate documentation and instant sending of critical information to engineers. To achieve this goal of development of a new smart material for a critical application in offshore wind generation, we have chosen to illustrate it in a research document that is grouping several aspects, summarized in 5 chapters. The thesis is conducted using numerical and analytical modelings. The document is not having the ambition to be exhaustive. It is intended to present a pragmatic research that emphasize how areas of mechanical weakness can be diagnosed, what are the solutions that can be suggested and how we can support them, what are the issues pertaining to the use of embedded sensors and some experimental results that give appraisal of current performance status and what could be future trends

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi compreender como fatores de ordem social e ambiental influenciaram o povoamento, a apropriação e o uso conjugado dos recursos naturais em uma região de transição entre os ecossistemas de várzea e de terra firme na Amazônia brasileira. Adotei uma abordagem histórica e etnográfica para examinar como relações de poder e práticas sociais mediaram a articulação da vida social ao regime de cheias e vazantes. A área eleita para a realização da pesquisa foi a região do Lago Grande, localizada no município de Santarém-PA. Questionei se seria possível, na atualidade, enxergar nas relações entre os segmentos sociais que coabitam a região do Lago Grande continuidades e rupturas com as relações de poder herdadas do período colonial e como tais relações poderiam estar intervindo na circulação humana entre os dois ecossistemas. Conclui-se que as várzeas ainda são controladas por segmentos das elites locais, formadas por proprietários de terras e gado. Estes fundaram seu poder no período colonial e lentamente comandaram o processo de ampliação dos sistemas de uso da terra para os interiores da terra firme. Desde 1950, a principal atividade econômica a impulsionar esta expansão tem sido a pecuária, por meio da prática da transumância. Entre os diversos fatores que sustentam a circulação sazonal entre a várzea e a terra firme pela população local, a transumância recebeu atenção especial da pesquisa. Três instituições comandam a atividade pecuária e logo sustentam a transumância: as ―sociedades‖, as permissões e os arrendamentos. As ―sociedades‖ entre grandes e pequenos criadores sustentam o crescimento da pecuária, atividade que muito mais do que uma simples poupança é sinônimo de prestígio e oportunidade de acesso regular a várzea. A criação de um projeto de assentamento agroextrativista em 2005, o PAE Lago Grande, anexou apenas a faixa de terra firme da região do Lago Grande, deixando as várzeas de fora. Por fim, considera-se que a circulação realizada entre as populações regionais entre os dois ecossistemas, de maneira geral, e a transumância, em particular, não vem sendo levada em consideração nas políticas de ordenamento territorial na Amazônia.
The aim of this study is to understand the role of the social and environmental order influenced the peopling, land appropriation and the seasonal use of natural resources between floodplains (várzea) and firm land (terra firme) ecosystems in the Brazilian Amazon. I follow an historical and ethnographical approach to examine how social practices and the local power relations influenced the interrelated dynamic between social life and water movements (floods and droughts). The study area is Lago Grande, located in the city of Santarem, Pará State bordering the towns of Óbidos and Juruti. The main question is to investigate if power relations among social groups established and inherited during the colonial living in Lago Grande region are still operating in current times, and how this situation affects the control of transhumance between várzea and terra firme ecosystems. I conclude that the Amazon floodplains are still controlled by local elites, represented by land and livestock owners. The local elite established their socio-political power during colonial times, dominating an increasing process of entering from várzea to terra firme areas (i.e. deforestation). Since 1950, the main economical activity responsible for the expansion of land use from várzea to terra firme was cattle raising through transhumance between both ecosystems. Transumance has received a specific attention in this study, for it is among the main factors encouraging the circulation of local population between várzea and terra firme environments. From 1970‘s, large farmers started the transhumance which was later followed by smaller farmers, and intensified through the 1990‘s. Cattle ranching builds on three local practices which promote transhumance: ―societies‖, ―permissions‖ and land rentals (arrendamentos). A joint analysis allowed me to demonstrate that ―societies‖ between large and small farmers sustain the cattle ranching growth. In 2005, an Agro-extractivist Settlement was created (PAE Lago Grande) to favor land distribution and better economical opportunities among local populations. Though, the territorial unit included terra firme but not the areas of the várzea ecosystem, vital for the local economy part of the year. Additionally, the PAE also did not alter the land tenure, keeping the same historically constructed power structures it aimed to deconstruct.
L‘objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre comment des facteurs d‘ordre social et environnemental ont influencé, en Amazonie brésilienne, le peuplement, l‘appropriation et l‘usage conjugué des ressouces naturelles, dans une région de transition entre des écosystèmes de plaines d‘inondation et de terre ferme. L‘approche adoptée est historique et ethnographique, afin d‘examiner comment les relations de pouvoir et les pratiques sociales sont articulées au régime hydraulique de crues et d‘étiages. Le lieu de l‘étude est la région du Lago Grande do Curuai, dans la commune de Santarém (État du Pará). Je me suis interrogé sur de possibles continuités et ruptures entre les relations de pouvoir actuelles et celles de l‘époque coloniale – relations qui influencent la circulation des hommes entre ces deux écosystèmes. Je conclue que les plaines d‘inondation (várzeas) sont, aujourd‘hui encore, contrôlées par des segments sociaux issus de l‘élite locale, formés de propriétaires terriens et d‘éleveurs de bovins. Ceux-ci ont construit leur pouvoir pendant la colonie portugaise et ont graditativement impulsé un mouvement vers des terres situées de plus en plus loin dans la terre ferme, avançant sur la forêt. Depuis 1950, l‘élevage est la principale activité économique à l‘origine de cette expansion, au moyen des pratiques liées à la transhumance du bétail. Parmi les facteurs qui induisent la circulation saisonnière entre la várzea et la terre ferme, la transhumance a reçu une attention particulière dans ce travail. L‘élevage transhumante repose sur trois pratiques locales qui favorisent la transumance : les « sociétés », les « permissions » et les locations de terrain (arrendamentos). Les « sociétés » entre grands et petits éleveurs sont à l‘origine de l‘expansion de l‘élevage. Lors de la création, en 2005, d‘un projet d‘établissement agro-extractiviste – le PAE Lago Grande – afin de régulariser l‘occupation foncière des populations régionales, seuls les terrains de terre ferme ont été intégrés dans la nouvelle unité territoriale. Enfin, la circulation des populations régionales entre ces deux écosystèmes ainsi que les pratiques de transhumance n‘ont pas été prises en compte lors de la mise en oeuvre des politiques de gestion territoriale en Amazonie.

Les écosystèmes forestiers boréaux représentent près de 30% de la superficie forestière mondiale. Ces régions caractérisées par une mosaïque forestière complexe sont principalement structurées par le climat (températures et précipitations) et le régime des feux. La capacité de prévision des incendies de forêt est essentielle pour atténuer leurs impacts sur la dynamique des écosystèmes forestiers, en tenant compte des aspects écologiques et socio-économiques associés. Sous l'effet du réchauffement climatique global (GIEC, 2014), des changements dans le régime des feux (fréquence et intensité) causés par le climat sont susceptibles de représenter une menace potentielle pour les écosystèmes boréaux. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire de mieux étudier les relations passées entre le feu et le climat afin d'appréhender la variabilité naturelle des processus écologiques. Mais avant de regarder les changements futurs avec l'utilisation de modèles, il est essentiel de comprendre les variations de régimes de feux dans le passé en utilisant des outils paléoécologiques. La paléoécologie se base sur des séries chronologiques, utilisant les propriétés physiques ou chimiques d'enregistrements paléontologiques, géologiques et glaciologiques, et permettant ainsi de comprendre la variabilité climatique même en l'absence d'observations météorologiques directes. Au cours de cette thèse, différentes méthodes ont été utilisées pour reconstituer l'histoire des paléo-feux (charbons lacustres et dendrochronologie) et les climats passés (chironomes subfossiles et pollens) afin d'étudier la relation feu-climat en Europe du Nord durant l'Holocène. Tout d’abord, il a été montré ici qu’il était possible de détecter les feux de surface dans les forêts boréales de Fennoscandie à partir d’enregistrements sédimentaires. Les changements climatiques en Laponie ont également été reconstitués sur les 9500 dernières années en utilisant des reconstructions de paléo-températures basées sur l'étude des chironomes et des pollens. Ces résultats ont ensuite été comparés avec l'histoire des feux locale afin d'évaluer la relation entre les dynamiques de feux et les oscillations du climat. Les données résultant de l'analyse des charbons indiquent une augmentation de la fréquence des feux depuis 3500 cal. BP. Cette dynamique semble liée aux changements du climat, en témoigne la baisse des températures observée au cours des 4000 dernières années. Les conditions climatiques et environnementales, plus froides et plus humides, ont semble-t-il engendré un changement de la composition végétale forestière (avec notamment l'arrivée de Picea) qui a pu causer ce changement de régime de feux. D'autre part, la quantité de charbons séquestrés dans les sédiments diminue durant les 4000 dernières années. Cela laisse suggérer que ces changements ont également modifié le type de feux affectant cette région boréale, passant de grands feux de cime à de fréquents feux de surface. L'augmentation de la fréquence des feux atteint finalement son maximum au cours des 2000 dernières années, suggérant qu'une augmentation des périodes de sécheresse estivale soit à l'origine de ces changements. Au final, cette étude confirme que des changements climatiques et environnementaux tendent à entraîner une augmentation des feux dans la forêt boréale nord-européenne
Boreal forest ecosystems represent almost 30% of the world forest area. These regions characterized by a complex forest mosaic are mainly structured by climate (temperature and precipitations) and fire regime. The predictive ability of forest fires is essential to mitigate their impacts on forest ecosystem dynamics, considering related ecological and social-economic aspects. Under global warming (IPCC, 2014), changes in climatically-driven fire regime (frequency and severity) are expected, which could represent a potential threat to boreal ecosystems. Consequently, it is necessary to better investigate the link between fire and climate in order to apprehend the natural variability of ecological processes. But before looking at future changes with the use of models, it is essential to understand the changes in the past with palaeoecological proxy. Paleoecological studies use time series of physical or chemical properties of paleontological, geological and glaciological records, thus allowing understanding of climatic variability even in the absence of direct meteorological observations. With this study, different methods were used to reconstruct the paleo-fires history (lacustrine charcoals and dendrochronology) and past climates (subfossil chironomids and pollens) in order to study the fire-climate link in Northern Europe during Holocene. Firstly, he was shown here that it was possible to detect surface fires in Fennoscandian boreal forests from sedimentary records. Climate change in Lapland has also been reconstructed over the last 9500 years using chironomid and pollen inferred-temperatures. These results were compared with the local fire history to study the link between fire dynamics and climate oscillations. The data resulting from the charcoal analysis indicate an increase in fire frequency since 3500 cal. BP. This dynamic seems to be linked to climate changes, as evidenced by the temperatures decrease observed during the past 4000 years. The colder and wetter climatic and environmental conditions have apparently led to a change the forest composition (including the arrival of Picea) that may have caused this change in fire regime. Furthermore, the quantity of charcoal sequestered in sediments decreases during the last 4000 years. This suggests that these changes have also changed the type of fire affecting this boreal region, from large crown fires to frequent surface fires. The increase in fire frequency has finally reached its maximum in the last 2000 years, suggesting that an increase in summer drought periods is behind these changes. In the end, this study confirms that climate and environmental changes tend to lead to a fire increase in the northern European boreal forest

Le processus de dénudation est un paramètre clé contrôlant la formation et l'évolution des reliefs terrestres. L'interaction entre les processus de surface (notamment la dénudation) et les variations climatiques à l'échelle des temps géologiques est une question fortement débattue, et ce à cause du manque d'enregistrements continus non affectés par la dynamique tectonique. Afin de contraindre cette interaction, cette thèse se focalise sur le bassin versant du Var (Alpes Maritimes Françaises) et sur ses enregistrements sédimentaires qui permettent un suivi des variations des taux de dénudation depuis le présent jusqu'à il y a 75 000 ans. Cette période couvre la fin du dernier cycle glaciaire (le Würm) ainsi que la transition vers la période climatique actuelle (l'Holocène). La mesure du 10Be (isotope cosmogénique) dans les sédiments permet la quantification des taux de dénudation moyennés sur l'ensemble d'un bassin versant. Cette méthode, appliquée aux sédiments actuels du Var, a permis de calculer un taux de dénudation actuel s'élevant à 0.24 ± 0.04 mm yr–1. La même méthode a ensuite été appliquée sur des échantillons provenant de deux carottes sédimentaires constituant un enregistrement continu et haute résolution des sédiments du Var. Les résultats montrent que l'avancée des glaciers pendant le Dernier Maximum Glaciaire (entre 19 000 et 26 500 ans) a entrainé une augmentation significative (~ × 2) des taux de dénudation, tandis que lors des précédentes phases glaciaires (entre 26 500 et 75 000 ans) la dénudation était constante et similaire à la valeur actuelle. Cette réponse non-linéaire de la dénudation aux changements climatiques suggère l'existence d'un seuil contrôlé par la dynamique érosive des glaciers, qui était proche de ~ 2 mm yr–1 pendant le Dernier Maximum Glaciaire et ~ × 4 plus faible entre 26 500 et 75 000 ans
Denudation is a key parameter controlling the formation and evolution of landforms across the Earth's surface. The interaction between surface processes (namely denudation) and climatic variations at the geological time scale is a highly debated issue, due to the lack of continuous sedimentary records unaffected by tectonic forcing. In order to constrain this interaction, this thesis focuses on the Var watershed (French Maritime Alps) and on its sedimentary archive which allow to track the variations of denudation rates from the present until 75 000 years ago. This period covers the end of the last glacial cycle (the Würm) as well as the transition to the current climatic period (the Holocene). The measurement of 10Be (cosmogenic isotope) in sediments allows the quantification of denudation rates integrated over the entire watershed. This method, applied to present-day sediments of the Var, constrained the current denudation rate of the Var catchment at 0.24 ± 0.04 mm yr-1. The same method was then applied to samples from two sedimentary cores constituting a continuous and high-resolution sedimentary archive of past Var sediments. The results show that the Last Glacial Maximum glaciers' advance (between 19 000 and 26 500 years) induced a significant increase on denudation (~ × 2), whereas during the previous glacial stages (between 26 500 and 75 000 years), the denudation was steady and similar to present-day value. This nonlinear response of denudation to climate change suggests the existence of a threshold controlled by the erosive dynamics of glaciers, which was close to ~ 2 mm yr-1 during the Last Glacial Maximum and ~ × 4 lower between 75 000 and 26 500 years

Phlebia radiata est un basidiomycete du groupe des champignons de la pourriture blanche, seuls microorganismes connus capables de degrader totalement la lignine du bois. A l'aide de la microscopie electronique a transmission associee a des techniques cytochimiques, nous avons pu mettre en evidence differents modes de degradation provoques par le champignon au cours de l'attaque d'echantillons de bouleau et de peuplier: il peut soit attaquer selectivement la lignine, en provoquant un amincissement progressif des parois secondaires des fibres et / ou en degradant les lamelles mitoyennes, soit degrader simultanement tous les constituants du bois, en perforant les parois et / ou en degradant specifiquement la couche s1 de la paroi. Une etude originale utilisant des anticorps diriges contre des lignines synthetiques nous a permis de visualiser la distribution heterogene des lignines au sein des differentes couches des parois cellulaires. Il apparait que la nature de la lignine a une influence sur le type de degradation. P. Radiata produit des enzymes ligninolytiques, lignine-peroxydases, manganese-peroxydases et laccases, que nous avons localisees au cours de la degradation du bois, grace a des marquages immunocytochimiques. Afin de suivre les enzymes ligninolytiques a un stade tres precoce de leur formation, une approche en biologie moleculaire utilisant des sondes arn a ete engagee pour localiser les arnm codant pour une lignine-peroxydase et pour une laccase de p. Radiata. Ce champignon, comme les autres champignons de la pourriture blanche, presente, par sa capacite a delignifier le bois, un interet potentiel pour l'industrie papetiere. Nous avons montre que la mnp isolee provoque une defibrillation de pates kraft ecrues. Par ailleurs, l'ion manganese complexe a un acide organique, agit egalement en defibrillant les pates. Il apparait que le complexe mniii-oxalate est plus efficace que le complexe mniii-pyrophosphate a blanchir la pate kraft

“Overworking to death” is a phenomenon that has been noticeable in developing countries. The cause of death is mainly through ischemic strokes. While the victims’ occupations differed, they all shared a common characteristic, being positioned in a sedentary work, ranging from IT workers to doctors. This project’s aim was to develop a product that prevented or decreased the strokes that derived from sedentary overwork. This was mainly tackled by preventing one of the three causes of developing blood props, slowed blood flow. In order to gather rich data of the phenomenon, a qualitative study was conducted in China, during two months. By doing an extensive structured sampling, information rich data could be gathered during a short period of time. Data were derived from observations, questionnaires and an interview, which then was interpreted to customer needs and the final product specification. The final product became a trouser with an in built dynamic compression mechanic, that can compress the veins mostly during sitting activities, in order to prevent blood stasis. The compression mechanic works like the Chinese finger trap; compressing the calves while sitting and stretching the legs forward. It is made only out of polysaccharides fibres; cotton and corn.
"Guolaosi" eller död från överarbete är ett fenomen som i regel uppkommer bland utvecklingsländer. Dödsorsaken är huvudsakligen genom stroke. Offrens yrken varierar allt från professorer, IT-arbetare till läkare. De delar dock en sak gemensamt; att arbeta under långa perioder stillasittande. Projektets mål var att utveckla en produkt som minskar dödliga följderna av sedentära överarbete, genom att förebygga en av de tre orsakerna för att utveckla blodproppar; saktad blodström. Målgruppen var då kineser av de yrken som hade tidigare drabbats av fenomenet. För att samla informationsrika data om fenomenet genomfördes en kvalitativ studie i Kina under två månader. Genom att göra en omfattande strukturerad provtagning kunde informationsrika data samlas under en kort tidsperiod. Fältstudien bestod av observationer, frågeformulär och en intervju, som då tolkades till kundbehov och eventuellt produktspecifikationen. Den slutliga produkten kom att bli ett par byxor med en inbyggd dynamisk komprimeringsmekanism, som kan komprimera venerna under sittande aktiviteter, för att förhindra saktad blodström. Kompressionsmekanismen fungerar som den kinesiska fingerfällan. Den komprimerar blodkärlen medan personen sitter och sträcker benen framåt. Produkten är konstruerad på så sätt att den kan tillverkas endast av polysackariders tråd, från bomull och majs. Vilket är lämpligt för Kinas lokala resurser.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
教育學系
82
The intention of this study is to explore the dialogic relationships in Nabokov's Pale Fire and attest to the significance of the diverse and complex communication phenomena in this work. Since Bakhtin's theories are able to treat the text of Pale Fire as dialogic activity and allow the reading of literary texts as discursive interactions with other texts, they seem to serve as appropriate tools for analyzing how Nabokov represents the interanimation of consciousnesses through the other's word. The concept of "dialogism" shows a twofold direction: one toward the referential object of speech and the other toward someone else's speech. The acute and intense interaction of another's word is present in two ways: In the first place in the character's language there is a profound and unresolved conflict with another's word. In the second place, there is always a refraction of the author's intention through the words of the narrator. More importantly, it is because of the orientation toward another's word that the novel acquires its dialogic struture.

This thesis reads Vladimir Nabokov’s (1899-1977) postmodern novel Pale Fire (1962) as a literary arabesque. The arabesque is an Islamic art form which integrates different shapes and elements to produce a symmetrical ornament containing a single continuous line. The arabesque is also an artistic representation of foliage. During the 19th century, the literary arabesque was a style adopted by the Romantic writers Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), Friedrich Schlegel (1772-1829) and Nikolai Gogol (1809-1852). Influenced by Gogol, Nabokov adopted the writing style of the arabesque. Hence, this thesis compares Pale Fire to Gogol’s literary arabesque, Arabesques (1835). Just as writer’s rendered cubism, for example, in modernism, Nabokov incorporated the arabesque’s motifs in his postmodern novel. Furthermore, the presence of ‘patterns’ in Pale Fire have been identified by Nabokov’s readers. However, these patterns are very generalised. This thesis specifically identifies the pattern as an arabesque. I therefore define Nabokov’s literary arabesque as the figurative incorporation of the arabesque’s decorative motifs. These motifs include symmetry, reflection and infinite circulation. For example, “Pale Fire” is a symmetrically structured poem that repetitively circulates back to the beginning.

碩士
國立中央大學
英美語文學系
105
My aim in this thesis is to justify Nabokov’s ambivalence towards Freud by analyzing Nabokov’s transformation of psychoanalysis in one of his classical novel Pale Fire within the concept of “uncanny”. Chapter One analyses Nabokov’s uncanny with regard to three aspects, Nabokov’s unique politics of anger, his literary views and his opinion towards parody expressed in Lectures on Don Quixote. I will give my analysis of Nabokov’s hostility towards Freud and propose that, taking into consideration the consummate strategies used in his novel, the view that Nabokov is anti-Freudian is an over-simplifying proposition. And I think the word ambivalence can shed a more exact light on the bond between Nabokov and Freud. The following two chapters will deal with the two sides of Nabokov’s ambivalence towards Freud. Chapter Two will deal with the second layer of the thesis, that is, how Nabokov returns to his heimlich with Freud by his appropriation of psychoanalysis in Pale Fire. I will talk about three aspects, that is, the Oedipal complex, narcissism and a case of paranoia, and thus complete the discussion on the first side of Nabokov’s ambivalent attitude towards Freud, that is, his affinity and intimacy with Freud. Chapter Three pays attention to the third layer of the thesis,that is, how Nabokov achieves the effect of defamiliarization and creates his own novel, changing the heimlich to unheimlich again by transforming Freud’s psychoanalysis through the modifying colors of his own imagination. From two aspects, that is, narcissistic introspection and “para-noia” reading, I will deal with the other side of Nabokov’s ambivalent attitude towards Freud, that is, his beyond and beside Freud. Finally, I will make the conclusion that Nabokov’s transformation of psychoanalysis is the product of the compromise between his repressed attraction to Freud and open hostility towards him. That is, Nabokov’s uncanny proceeds from his ambivalence towards Freud.

碩士
國立中興大學
外國語文學系所
102
Abstract A contrapuntal structure of this world and the otherworld(s) has been the main theme in Vladimir Nabokov’s works. In other words, many of Nabokov’s works are inspired from his speculation on the possibilities of the otherworld(s). The otherworld(s) or the beyond is like a counterpoint accompanying to both his scientific and literary compositions. In this thesis, I take Lolita, Speak, Memory and Pale Fire as examples to examine the inherent otherworldliness in Nabokov’s works. On this, pattern is the key which suggests not only possible anonymous creative forces but also possible invisible dimensions to this world. Therefore, in my analysis of the three works, I direct the reader’s attention to representations of Nature, Fate and the Hereafter. To Nabokov, writing is a mimetic experience to imitate the role of the anonymous creative force beyond. Writing itself reflects not only the fictional world but also the real world. It is an investigation into the mystery of the universe. The contrapuntal structure of this world and the otherworld (s) demonstrates Nabokov’s metaphysical concern on the mystery of life and the universe. More than a magician of words, Nabokov is also a ponderer on possibilities beyond this world.

碩士
高苑科技大學
化工與生化工程研究所
105
The biodegradability, mechanical properties and fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) printing filaments of composite materials made from maleic anhydride-grafted polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA-g-MA) and coupling agent-treated palm fibre (TPF) were evaluated. Composites of PHA-g-MA and TPF (PHA-g-MA/TPF) exhibited noticeably superior tensile strength and interfacial adhesion compared with those of PHA/PF because of a greater compatibility of PHA-g-MA with TPF. The dispersion of TPF in the PHA-g-MA matrix was highly homogeneous as a result of condensation reactions. The water resistance of the PHA-g-MA/TPF membranes was greater than that of the PHA/PF membranes, and a cell viability evaluation with human foreskin fibroblasts (FBs) indicated that both materials were nontoxic. Additionally, the weight loss of composites buried in soil compost indicated that the biodegradation rate can be enhanced with the increase of the PF or TPF content.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
106
Fast-booting hibernation before entering hibernation mode,the application's memory will swap out to swap space,write back to file system or directly release as more as possible,the hibernation file will be as small as possible,so that system can read the small hibernation file in a very short time and resume, optimizes the system boot time. However, because the application data is swap out to swap space, written back to the file system or directly released before hibernation, if the working set of the application executed after booting is not in the hibernation file, a large number of page faults will occur after the system resume.the system will read required page from swap space or file system, which leads to an extended application response time and affects the user experience. This paper is based on a method proposed by SBH fast boot technology. Our method is divided into two stages. The first stage is to analyze the file-backed page accessed after resume. When the system first time resume, the markup application reads the incoming file-backed page from the file system. When the second time resume, the file-backed page that have been marked are retained and expanded into the hibernation file. The second phase is the stage in which the system is actually execute. After the second time system resume, reduce the number of file-backed page read from the file system to optimize the response time of the application. Used to optimize the response time after fast booting.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
電機工程系
107
In recent years, due to the crisis of power supply in our country, considering the factors such as greenhouse gases and air pollution, the industry and academia have been making a lot of comments and research on this topic. The more common issues at present are the pro-nuclear, the conversion of power plants to gas units and the restart of the ShenAo Thermal Power Plant. However, due to the unresolved EIA, the high cost of investment and time, it is imperative for the current situation. Therefore, the thesis proposes puts forward different views for the problems. Based on the average cost computation proposed by the IEA, we use the MaiLiao Thermal Power Plant as an example. Cost-effectiveness and carbon emission cost of palm kernel shells power generation are calculated, and the combustion emissions are evaluated. Compared with burning coal (hard coal), the use of palm kernel shells as the fuel for power plants not only generates lower power generation costs, but also reduces the cost and time of thermal power plant transformation, and provides another method.