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1
Strauss, Alan E. "Narragansett Basin Argillite: Lithology, Chronology, and Prehistoric Tool Manufacture." North American Archaeologist 10, no. 1 (July 1989): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/beba-n4up-c1r6-pvkg.
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This article examines the use of one low-grade raw material, Narragansett Basin argillite, by prehistoric peoples in southeastern New England. Petrographic sections analyzed by Dr. Dan Murray (Geologist, University of Rhode Island) have provided a detailed account of the lithology of this material. Rock formation processes and lithic sources are also discussed. Artifact analysis has provided data pertaining to the prehistoric periods when Narragansett Basin argillite was most often used by prehistoric populations in Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts. An examination of tool manufacturing techniques has brought to light striking similarities between argillite and quartz Small Stemmed points further supporting the hypothesis of an in situ development of the Small Stemmed Point tradition in New England.
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Junker-Andersen, C. "The Eel Fisheries of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians." North American Archaeologist 9, no. 2 (October 1988): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pt2v-3f1u-9kgg-klr7.
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Recent zooarchaeological analyses of faunal materials recovered from the Steward (BfFt-2), Beckstead (BfFt-1), and Driver's (BeFu-2) archaeological sites in Eastern Ontario have demonstrated that the late prehistoric Iroquoian peoples who inhabited the upper St. Lawrence River valley depended to a great degree upon the exploitation of freshwater fish resources. Among the fish species found to be of primary importance to these peoples was the American Eel ( Anguilla rostrata [Lesueur]). The author examines both the ethnographic evidence and the available archaeological data concerning the native exploitation of this species to reconstruct the methods used in its capture and preparation, as well as its role in the St. Lawrence Iroquoians' seasonal cycle of faunal resource exploitation activities.
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White, John R. "The Kern Effigy: Evidence for a Prehistoric fort Ancient Summer Solstice Marker." North American Archaeologist 7, no. 2 (October 1986): 137–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wlf7-5drf-nu10-dqll.
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Recent excavations in Warren County, Ohio, within the shadow of monumental Fort Ancient have brought to light a large prehistoric alignment of limestone flagstones forming an effigy of a serpent. Radiocarbon dates indicate that this effigy was constructed in 1200 A.D. presumably by local peoples archaeologically designated as being of the Anderson focus (or phase) of the Fort Ancient aspect. Strong evidence indicates that this large “artifact” may have seen use as an astronomical ground marker for determining the summer solstice and important dates related thereto. A set of general and site specific hypotheses is presented to support this contention and to briefly discuss its cultural setting.
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Broughton, Jack M. "Widening diet breadth, declining foraging efficiency, and prehistoric harvest pressure: ichthyofaunal evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound, California." Antiquity 71, no. 274 (December 1997): 845–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0008577x.
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The Emeryville Shellmound is a famous but now destroyed midden once located on the east shore of San Francisco Bay. Analyses of the fish remains from the stratified late Holocene deposits indicate that prehistoric peoples had substantial impacts on the sturgeon populations of the Bay. This calls into question the commonly held belief that native peoples lived in harmony with nature and has important implications for the management of modern vertebrate populations.
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Bin 'Aqil, Abdalaziz Ja'afar, and Joy McCorriston. "Prehistoric small scale monument types in Hadramawt (southern Arabia): convergences in ethnography, linguistics and archaeology." Antiquity 83, no. 321 (September 1, 2009): 602–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00098860.
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The authors report new understanding of the prehistoric monuments of Hadramawt (Yemen) using archaeological fieldwork, linguistic terminology and ethnography. The stone tombs, platforms and alignments are shown to have experienced particularly interesting life histories. Passing travellers add stones and bury camels, shrines are reconditioned and dismantled to construct goat pens. It is clear that only this kind of multi-disciplinary expertise can hope to define the prehistoric sequence in an arid and rocky mountain landscape in which non-literate pastoral peoples have left few other traces. An online photo essay accompanies the article at http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/mccorriston/index.html
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GOODRUM, MATTHEW R. "The meaning of ceraunia: archaeology, natural history and the interpretation of prehistoric stone artefacts in the eighteenth century." British Journal for the History of Science 35, no. 3 (September 2002): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087402004776.
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Historians of archaeology have noted that prehistoric stone artefacts were first identified as such during the seventeenth century, and a great deal has been written about the formulation of the idea of a Stone Age in the nineteenth century. Much less attention has been devoted to the study of prehistoric artefacts during the eighteenth century. Yet it was during this time that researchers first began systematically to collect, classify and interpret the cultural and historical meaning of these objects as archaeological specimens rather than geological specimens. These investigations were conducted within the broader context of eighteenth-century antiquarianism and natural history. As a result, they offer an opportunity to trace the interrelationships that existed between the natural sciences and the science of prehistoric archaeology, which demonstrates that geological theories of the history of the earth, ethnographic observations of ‘savage peoples’ and natural history museums all played important roles in the interpretation of prehistoric stone implements during the eighteenth century.
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Steadman, David W., and Sharyn Jones. "Long-Term Trends in Prehistoric Fishing and Hunting on Tobago, West Indies." Latin American Antiquity 17, no. 3 (September 2006): 316–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25063055.
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AbstractWe compare the bone assemblages of Milford 1 (TOB-3) and Golden Grove (TOB-13) in Tobago, West Indies. Milford 1 is a small preceramic occupation (ca. 3000-2800 cal B.P.), whereas Golden Grove is a large ceramic-period village (ca. 1700-900 cal B.P.). Species richness at TOB-13 is greater than at TOB-3, both in marine (67 vs. 39 fishes) and terrestrial (32 vs. 9) taxa. Major shifts in marine exploitation from the preceramic to ceramic periods can be seen in relative abundance of tuna, toadfishes, and in fishes inhabiting mangrove and brackish water environments, and decreases in relative abundance of parrotfish, carnivorous reef fishes, and sea turtles. The abundance of tuna bones at TOB-13 is uniquely high among West Indian archaeological sites. For terrestrial taxa, the difference in species richness exceeds the expected, including decreased specialization on big game (peccaries) at TOB-13, with a greater tendency to hunt reptiles, birds, and mammals of all sizes at TOB-3. Factors underlying the shifts in fishing and hunting may include different collection methods and food preferences of non-Arawakan (preceramic) vs. Arawakan (ceramic) peoples, as well as human-induced declines in populations of peccaries, sea turtles, and selected fish species. Another possible factor is site setting, with the inhabitants of TOB-13 having enhanced access to mangrove habitats.
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Watson, Aaron, and David Keating. "Architecture and sound: an acoustic analysis of megalithic monuments in prehistoric Britain." Antiquity 73, no. 280 (June 1999): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088281.
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Prehistoric monuments in Britain are often dominant features in the landscape, and archaeological theory has tended to consider the visual and spatial influences of their architecture upon peoples' movement and perception. The articulation of sound within these structures has not been widely discussed, despite evidence which suggests that many monuments provided settings for gatherings of people. This possibility was explored at two contrasting sites in Scotland, a recumbent stone circle and a passage-grave, revealing that the elemental acoustic properties inherent in each may have literally orchestrated encounters with the stones.
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Claassen, Cheryl. "Shellfishing Seasons in the Prehistoric Southeastern United States." American Antiquity 51, no. 1 (January 1986): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280391.
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Shellfish seasonality studies are summarized in this article, which presents the results of analysis at 94 sites in nine southeastern states. All but six of the sites are middens or shell lenses composed of marine or brackish water species (M. mercenaria, R. cuneata, D. variabilis). Shells in those sites along the Atlantic coast were collected from fall to early spring, while shells in sites on the Gulf coast were collected during early spring to summer. Freshwater shellfish middens in four states have been investigated and consistently indicated collection during warm weather. The uniformity of the results indicates that the variation in species used, techniques used, sample sizes, or geography have no noticeable negative impact on the usefulness of the results. It is argued that shellfish were a staple in the diet of many prehistoric horticultural peoples in spite of the fact that they are a dietary supplement for modern hunters and collectors.
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Solometo, Julie, and Joshua Moss. "Picturing the Past: Gender inNational GeographicReconstructions of Prehistoric Life." American Antiquity 78, no. 1 (January 2013): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.78.1.123.
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AbstractArtistic reconstructions of ancient life are powerful blends of archaeological interpretation and imagination. Like other narratives about the past, they can project contemporary gender roles and relations on ancient peoples, and can reinforce or transform ideas about gender in the present. This article examines the construction of gender ideologies inNational Geographicillustrations of prehistoric life. Our analysis of 204 pictorial reconstructions from 1936 to 2007 reveals that women and women’s work are significantly underrepresented and undervalued, while exhibiting evidence of temporal change in response to societal factors and editorial influences. A vigorous archaeology of gender has had little impact on the magazine’s imagined past; in some respects, the ancient women depicted in the last twenty years are just as scarce, passive, and subordinate as they were in the postwar “backlash” of the 1950s.
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Mytum, Harold. "Materiality and memory: an archaeological perspective on the popular adoption of linear time in Britain." Antiquity 81, no. 312 (June 1, 2007): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00095259.
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Archaeologists increasingly realise that prehistoric peoples had their own ideas about time. The concept of linear, measurable time emerged in learned Europe largely in the first millennium. Here the author tracks how, with the broadening of literacy in sixteenth-century Britain, dates start appearing on numerous items of popular culture. The dated objects in turn feed back into the way that people of all social levels began to see themselves and their place in history.
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Smith, Craig S., and Lance M. McNees. "Facilities and Hunter-Gatherer Long-Term Land Use Patterns: An Example from Southwest Wyoming." American Antiquity 64, no. 1 (January 1999): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694349.
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To fully understand prehistoric land use patterns, we must define how prehistoric peoples used particular places on the landscape over longer periods of time. Factors influencing the multi-year use of particular places include human modifications to the landscape as a result of previous occupations. The construction of relatively elaborate and costly facilities for anticipated reuse is one type of modification associated with the repeated occupation of specific locations. Slab-lined cylindrical basins of southwest Wyoming are an example of that type of facility. The archaeological evidence indicates that prehistoric hunter-gatherers repeatedly reused some of these basins on a periodic basis over periods as long as 500 years and reoccupied some locales containing such facilities over a period of more than 2,000 years. The construction of such facilities and the repeated occupation of those locales were apparently related to the procurement and processing of a stable, predictable resource. Biscuitroot was the most likely target resource procured and processed at these locales.
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Lillios, Katina T. "Mobility and Alterity in Iberian Late Prehistoric Archaeology: Current Research on the Neolithic–Early Bronze Age (6000–1500 BCE)." Annual Review of Anthropology 49, no. 1 (October 21, 2020): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-010220-042345.
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Archaeological investigations of late prehistoric Iberia between the Neolithic and Bronze Age (6000–1500 BCE) have long been a battleground between indigenist and exogenous models, and understandings of mobility and alterity have played an important role in these debates. Prior to the development of radiocarbon dating, key cultural transformations, such as megaliths, copper metallurgy, fortified hilltop settlements, and Beakers, were generally associated with nonlocal peoples, migrants, or colonizers. With the incorporation of radiocarbon dating to Iberian archaeological contexts in the 1980s and the determination of the antiquity of many of these cultural changes, the pendulum swung in the other direction, with a marked shift toward viewing autochthonous origins for these watershed transitions. In recent years, developments in strontium isotope analyses, genetics, and raw material characterization studies have provided new evidence for the mobility of peoples and things, and diffusionist models, sometimes without critical theorization, have once again reemerged.
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Douglas, John E., and César A. Quijada. "Di Peso’s Concept of the Northern Sierra: Evidence from the Upper Bavispe Valley, Sonora, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 16, no. 3 (September 2005): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30042494.
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AbstractOften the late prehistoric period of northeast Sonora is portrayed as the product of a migration from, or closely associated with, the peoples of Casas Grandes Valley in northwest Chihuahua. That migration is believed to have occurred around A.D. 1300–1500, either at the zenith or during the decline of the Casas Grandes culture. However, recent excavations along the Río Bavispe in northeast Sonora show that developments in polychrome pottery, domestic architecture, and possibly community architecture parallel the pattern found in northwest Chihuahua during the A.D. 1000–1200 period, before the type site of the Casas Grandes culture, Paquimé, was founded. This surprising result demonstrates that the role of long-term regional interaction needs to be considered in shaping both areas. To conceptualize this process, we suggest revitalizing Di Peso’s 1966 concept of the “Northern Sierra” as an important step in the foundational shifts required to build more cogent explanations.
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Bahar, Hasan. "The Konya region in the Iron Age and its relations with Cilicia." Anatolian Studies 49 (December 1999): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643058.
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Located in the central region of the Anatolian mainland, Konya has played an important role in east-west and north-south cultural interactions since prehistoric times. In order to investigate the cultural geography of this region from prehistoric times to the Classical period surveys and museum work have been carried out since 1987 (Bahar 1991; Bahar et al 1996). In the course of this work some observations have been made on the Iron Age, which is a problematic subject for the central Anatolian region as well as for Anatolia as a whole. During the Iron Age the grey pottery known as Phrygian ware occurs over a wide region from the basin of the Meander in the west into central Anatolia (Mellaart 1955: 117; Dupré 1983: 82; Summers 1994: 241-52). We have previously suggested that this ware should be renamed ‘inner-west Anatolian ware’ or ‘Luwian ware’ (Bahar et al 1996: 65-7). It is significant that this pottery is encountered especially around Sarayönü and Kadınhanı where Luwian peoples were intensively settled in the second millennium BC.
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Romanyuk, Taras. "Lubor Niederle and the development of Сzech Slavic studies and archaeology in the context of Ukrainian national progress." Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 21 (November 16, 2017): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2017-21-41-58.
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Activities of Czech scientists of the late XVIII-XIX centuries. concerning the study of the Slavic peoples, continued by the prominent Czech Slavic scholar, archaeologist, historian, ethnographer, philologist Lubor Niederle (1865–1944) are discussed in the article. The scientist had a good European education on anthropology and archaeology, studying in Germany and France and during his scientific trips to Great Britain, Italy, Germany, Russia, and the Balkan countries. Collected material formed the basis of his first comprehensive monograph about humanity during the prehistoric era, in particular on the lands inhabited by the Slavs. Among a large number of published researches, most important was the multivolume monograph “Slovanské starožitnosti”, in which scientist analyzed the history of the Slavs from the prehistoric period till the early Middle Ages. Publications of L. Niederle were of great interest to Ukrainian scholars (M. Hrushevskyi, F. Vovk, M. Bilyashivskyi, V. Hnatyuk, etc.). They criticized his Russophile position and defending of the dubious claims of Russian researchers about Ukrainian history. Key words: Czech Slavic studies, Lubor Niederle, Slavic antiquities, Ukrainians.
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BOWEN, THOMAS. "Archaeology, biology and conservation on islands in the Gulf of California." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 3 (September 2004): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001419.
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Urgent threats to the Gulf of California ecosystem from modern human activity obscure the fact that humans have interacted with native plants and animals for millennia. Archaeological and historical evidence suggests that indigenous peoples occupied both sides of the Gulf some 13 000 calendar years ago and that they eventually inhabited six major islands and visited most smaller ones. Biologists have increasingly realized that these peoples probably played a role in shaping island biotic communities extant today. How much of a role is unknown, but the best places to find evidence may be archaeological sites, which often contain remains of plants and animals directly used by prehistoric peoples. The opportunity to investigate the interaction between early humans and island biota may be lost because modern island visitors endanger sites. Many people, whether boaters, ecotourists, government officials, scientists or artefact collectors, enjoy picking up artefacts. Small surface sites, with exposed remains, can be completely denuded in minutes. Visitors to small islands can obliterate entire archaeological records, thereby creating the illusion of pristine islands. This problem is bound to worsen as Mexico implements Escalera Náutica, a chain of marinas specifically intended to multiply manyfold the boating population. The Mexican government's management plan for Gulf islands, published in 2000, recognizes only a general need to manage cultural resources. Specific mechanisms for protecting sites should be developed. These should educate visitors about the importance of the archaeological record and the destructiveness of collecting. They should also provide adequate enforcement of Mexico's existing antiquities laws. Conserving the archaeological resources may be the best way of preserving biological data essential to island biogeographers and ecologists.
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Erdoǧu, Burçin. "The Late Chalcolithic Pottery from the Sites of Kavaklı and Yumurta Tepe in the Province of Edirne, Eastern Thrace." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65 (1999): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002097.
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Eastern Thrace acts as a land bridge between Southeast Europe and Anatolia. Along this land bridge, it might be expected that there has been movement of objects and materials, transference of ideas, trade, and migrations of peoples between two continents.In 1995 a prehistoric survey was carried out in the province of Edirne, Eastern Thrace, by the University of Thrace, Department of Archaeology. The Late Chalcolithic pottery from Yumurta Tepe und Kavaklı presented here was collected during this survey. This group supplies a missing link in the pottery sequence of Eastern Thrace.
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Dark, Petra. "Hadrian’s Wall in Context: A Multi-Proxy Palaeoenvironmental Perspective from Lakes." Late Antique Archaeology 11, no. 1 (October 3, 2015): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340056.
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AbstractThe Hadrian’s Wall area has more pollen sequences spanning Late Antiquity than any other part of the British Isles, but most are from peat bogs, posing problems of distinguishing between changes in the local wetland vegetation and events in the wider landscape. Here, an alternative perspective is offered by multi-proxy analyses of sediments from two lakes—Crag Lough and Grindon Lough—adjacent to the central sector of Hadrian’s Wall and the Stanegate, respectively. These demonstrate that at least the central sector of the Hadrianic frontier was constructed in a landscape already shaped by two millennia of woodland clearance, burning, farming and soil erosion. Roman military presence led to changes in agricultural and settlement patterns, but the overall impact, from an environmental perspective, was minor compared to that of prehistoric peoples. Roman withdrawal led to a relaxation in land use intensity, resulting in woodland regeneration on areas least favourable to agriculture, probably encouraged by climatic deterioration. The landscape, overall, remained predominantly open and agricultural, however, resembling that of the Late Iron Age. A multi-proxy multi-site approach offers the greatest prospect of understanding environmental and landscape changes connected with Roman military presence and withdrawal, and the varied spatial and temporal scales on which they occurred.
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Delcourt, Paul A., Hazel R. Delcourt, Cecil R. Ison, William E. Sharp, and Kristen J. Gremillion. "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky." American Antiquity 63, no. 2 (April 1998): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694697.
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Fossil pollen assemblages from Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky, characterize changes in forest composition through the past 9,500 years of the Holocene. Early-Holocene spruce and northern white cedar stands were replaced by mixed mesophytic forests after 7300 B.P. Hemlock declined around 4800 B.P., and eastern red cedar became locally important. After 3000 B.P, mixed oak-chestnut and pine forests were dominant. The fossil charcoal record from Cliff Palace Pond demonstrates that Late Archaic and Woodland peoples cleared forest gaps to cultivate native plants in the Eastern Agricultural Complex and that anthropogenic fires served to increase populations of fire-tolerant oaks, chestnut, and pines in upland forests of the northern Cumberland Plateau.
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Porcasi, Judith F., and Harumi Fujita. "The Dolphin Hunters: A Specialized Prehistoric Maritime Adaptation in the Southern California Channel Islands and Baja California." American Antiquity 65, no. 3 (July 2000): 543–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694535.
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Synthesis of faunal collections from several archaeological sites on the three southernmost California Channel Islands and one in the Cape Region of Baja California reveals a distinctive maritime adaptation more heavily reliant on the capture of pelagic dolphins than on near-shore pinnipeds. Previous reports from other Southern California coastal sites suggest that dolphin hunting may have occurred there but to a lesser extent. While these findings may represent localized adaptations to special conditions on these islands and the Cape Region, they call for reassessment of the conventionally held concept that pinnipeds were invariably the primary mammalian food resource for coastal peoples. Evidence of the intensive use of small cetaceans is antithetical to the accepted models of maritime optimal foraging which assume that shore-based or near-shore marine mammals (i.e., pinnipeds) would be the highest-ranked prey because they were readily encountered and captured. While methods of dolphin hunting remain archaeologically invisible, several island cultures in which dolphin were intensively exploited by people using primitive watercraft and little or no weaponry are presented as possible analogs to a prehistoric Southern California dolphin-hunting technique. These findings also indicate that dolphin hunting was probably a cooperative endeavor among various members of the prehistoric community.
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Xie, Liye, Steven L. Kuhn, Guoping Sun, John W. Olsen, Yunfei Zheng, Pin Ding, and Ye Zhao. "Labor Costs for Prehistoric Earthwork Construction: Experimental and Archaeological Insights from the Lower Yangzi Basin, China." American Antiquity 80, no. 1 (January 2015): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.4.67.
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AbstractThis paper examines choices of earth-working tools made by Neolithic Chinese populations. In the Hemudu Culture (7000–5000 B.P.), bone (scapula) digging tools were used from the earliest times, whereas peoples in surrounding areas used stone spades. A range of experiments on manufacturing costs, durability, and use efficiency under realistic conditions show that bone and stone spades are functionally equivalent when soils are soft, but that stone implements provide significant and easily perceived advantages when working harder soils. The persistence of scapular spades in the Hemudu Culture would have constrained decisions about undertaking large construction projects under normal soil conditions. Our results show that, in addition to generalized labor for construction, labor demands for producing earth-working implements for large-scale prehistoric earthworks could have also been substantial. These findings not only help explain the processes of intensifying rice-agriculture and sedentary settlements in the Lower Yangzi Basin, but also create a solid foundation for further investigation of how the recruitment of both generalized and specialized laborers, the organization of craft production, and the relevant logistics for large-scale earthworks may have paralleled concentrations of political power in prehistory.
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Keene, Deborah A. "Reevaluating Late Prehistoric Coastal Subsistence and Settlement Strategies: New Data from Grove's Creek Site, Skidaway Island, Georgia." American Antiquity 69, no. 4 (October 2004): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4128443.
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This paper tests existing models of coastal subsistence strategies and settlement patterns of the late prehistoric inhabitants of the Southeastern U.S. Atlantic coastal plain. Excavations at Grove's Creek Site (09CH71), Skidaway Island, Georgia were conducted to determine the season of occupation of the site. Paleoethnobotanical and zooarchaeological data were used to determine the subsistence strategies of the inhabitants. Stable isotope analysis of oyster shells is combined with the faunal and botanical data to determine the seasons of occupation of the site. The most notable discovery was the diversity of agricultural plants. Paleoethnobotanical data indicate a spring through autumn occupation, and the stable isotope data indicate winter through summer. Faunal data suggest occupation from spring through early winter. Therefore, the site was occupied year-round. This information, coupled with other data from the Southeastern U.S. Atlantic Coast, suggests a revision to existing subsistence and settlement pattern models. Coastal peoples lived in permanent villages and relied on a mix of agriculture, hunting, fishing, and gathering. Short trips were likely made to procure some resources, but there was not an extensive seasonal round.
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Klein, A. Norman. "Toward a new understanding of Akan origins." Africa 66, no. 2 (April 1996): 248–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161318.
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AbstractRecent evidence from archaeology and human population biology indicates two major demographic periods in the prehistoric and early historical settlement of the forest of southern Ghana. The earlier period began during the early part of the Common Era. The greatest material problem confronting early forest populations in West Africa was the need to counteract extraordinarily high rates of infant and childhood mortality and adult morbidity. This demographic drain resulted from the new disease ecologies—the relationship between the pathogens, notably malaria, their hosts and their mutual environment—that had confronted prehistoric and early historical peoples in the forest. The heavy price they paid in lives and productivity led these new forest communities to value the reproductivity of foreign women (slaves). The second period of demographic adjustment came between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries CE as West Africans responded to slaving, wars and Eurasian viral, bacterial and spirochetal diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis, by developing a defensive clustering pattern of settlement. It was during this period, when refugees were being incorporated into forest communities in large numbers, including slave women brought in as reproducers, that the tradition of outsiders falsifying Akan genealogies probably became widespread and thus helped ensure the social reproduction of Akan lineages.
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Barlow, K. Renee. "Predicting Maize Agriculture among the Fremont: An Economic Comparison of Farming and Foraging in the American Southwest." American Antiquity 67, no. 1 (January 2002): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694877.
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Variation in the costs and benefits of maize agriculture relative to local foraging opportunities structured variation in the relative intensity of agricultural strategies pursued by prehistoric peoples in the American Southwest. The material remains of Fremont farmers and horticulturists, long identified as the "northern periphery" of Southwestern archaeological traditions, are examined as a case representing extreme intersite variation in the economic importance of farming. New data quantifying the energetic gains associated with maize agriculture in Latin America are compared to caloric return rates for hunting and collecting indigenous foods. These data suggest that prehistoric maize farming was economically comparable to many local wild plants, but that intensive farming practices were most similar to very low-ranked seeds. The model predicts a continuum of pre-historic strategies that included horticulture within a system of indigenous resource collection and high residential mobility at one end, and at the other sedentary farmers heavily invested in agricultural activities with residences maintained near fields during a significant portion of the growing season. Differences in agricultural strategies should have been strongly influenced by the effects of local ecology on the marginal gains for time spent in maize fields and the abundance of key, high-ranked wild foods, not harvest yields per se. Increasing agricultural investments are expected with decreasing opportunities to collect higher-ranked foods, while decreases in time spent farming are expected only with increases in alternative economic opportunities.
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Kozuch, Laura. "Olivella Beads from Spiro and the Plains." American Antiquity 67, no. 4 (October 2002): 697–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1593799.
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Beads made from Gulf of California dwarf olive shells (Olivella dama) have recently been identified from the Spiro site in eastern Oklahoma. This is the first evidence from Spiro of culture contact to the west. The beads, previously identified as Olivella nivea, are important because O. dama originates in the Gulf of California while O. nivea is from the Gulf of Mexico. An overview of Olivella beads from Plains sites reveals a mixture of shell beads originating from the Gulf of Mexico, the Pacific Ocean, and the Gulf of California. The presence of western Olivella beads at Spiro and other Plains sites supports an intensification of trade between Puebloan and Plains peoples during Late Prehistoric times at about A.D. 1400 or slightly earlier, but there is no evidence for strong cultural ties to the west. Olivella beads occur at sites east of the Mississippi River, and these need to be identified to determine coast of origin.
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Sandes, Caroline A. "Remembering Beirut: Lessons for Archaeology and (Post-) Conflict Urban Redevelopment in Aleppo." Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 2 (December 31, 2017): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo.v2i0.387.
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The reconstruction of central Beirut after the Lebanese civil war by Solidere is not gen-erally considered a success. It has resulted in a soulless, expensive and exclusive area aimed at tourists and wealthy overseas business people who have generally failed to ma-terialise; local people tend to go elsewhere, except when protesting (Ilyés 2015). Despite the fact that Beirut was known to be an ancient city with occupation stretching back to prehistoric times, the initial post-war plans were for a modern city centre built on a tabu-la rasa. Little thought was given to any cultural heritage. Subsequent protest at this planned destruction ensured changes to the original redevelopment plans to incorporate historic building conservation and some archaeological investigation but it was far from ideal, and often became tangled in the ongoing politico-religious conflicts (Sandes 2010). Aleppo is another such city; occupation can be traced back to the 10th century BCE, and its old city has World Heritage status. The ongoing Syrian war has caused dreadful de-struction of the city and its peoples, but in the rebuilding how important will this cultur-al heritage be considered? This paper examines the role of the built heritage, particularly archaeology, in the (post-) conflict urban reconstruction process and with reference to Beirut, examines what ar-chaeology has the potential to offer to the rebuilding and rehabilitation of Aleppo and its communities.
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Nenakhova, Yuliya N. "Siberian Scientific School of Prehistoric Art Founded by Academician A. P. Okladnikov." Archaeology and Ethnography 18, no. 7 (2019): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-19-41.
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Purpose. One of the most important research areas studied by A. P. Okladnikov was prehistoric art, in particular its origin and correlation with the concept of “aesthetic beginning”, as well as issues of ancient art development and a number of other related aspects. Siberian scientific school of prehistoric art founded by academician A. P. Okladnikov has already made a significant contribution to the study of prehistoric art on a worldwide scale. Results. A. P. Okladnilov’s scientific interest in prehistoric art issues formed at the beginning of the 1960s, when he moved to Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk. The scientific school was formed on the basis of the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of SB RAS. A group of scientists from the institute organized a team which started to develop projects in several aspects: a) studied specific issues of the research program based on the leader’s ideas; b) provided training for specialists; c) organized and coordinated efforts of different research groups studying prehistoric art issues. Conclusion. Academician A. P. Okladnikov is an outstanding Soviet archaeologist, historian and anthropologist, an initiator and the first Director of the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the AS in the USSR (currently the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of SB RAS), which was founded in 1966. Ancient history aspects under investigation at those times included the study of initial human settlements and the spread of Paleolithic traditions on the Asian continent, old cultural ties between Asia and America, ethnogenesis and early history of indigenous Siberian and Far Eastern peoples and their inclusion into the Russian state, the formation of Russian culture in Siberia and many others. A. P. Okladnikov organized a series of archaeological expeditions, and the geography of his Siberian expeditions covered a vast region from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east, from the Arctic Ocean in the north to Central Asia in the south. Dozens of talented researchers followed A. P. Okladnikov and made important archaeological discoveries. Their research areas cover a wide range of topical issues. Today it is the students of this researcher who largely determine the vector of archaeological development.
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Mansrud, Anja, and Inger Marie Berg-Hansen. "Animist Ontologies in the Third Millennium BCE? Hunter-Gatherer Persistency and Human–Animal Relations in Southern Norway: The Alveberget Case." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 868–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0176.
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Abstract This article aims to contribute novel data and perspectives into the long-standing debate about economic strategies in the fourth and third millennium in South Norway, by introducing novel results from a Pitted Ware coastal site in Agder County, southern Norway. The analysis of artifactual and faunal assemblages as well as lipid analysis from ceramics indicate a varied subsistence economy with terrestrial hunting, gathering, and specialized marine fishing strategies, targeting Atlantic bluefin tuna and seals. These procurement strategies were maintained throughout the middle and into the late Neolithic period (c. 3300–2200 BCE). No unequivocal evidence of cultivation was documented before the early Bronze Age, around 1700 BCE. This article maintains that exploring and explaining long-time continuity, and the environmental, cultural, and social mechanisms, which underwrite enduring traditions, remains a pertinent issue in Neolithic archeology. To broaden our understanding of the causes underlying cultural persistence, we need to move beyond a view of foraging peoples as either ecologically adapted or as economically optimized and employ a perspective that acknowledges the fundamental importance of human–animal relations in prehistoric lives and worldviews. Drawing on insights from relational anthropology and multi-species archaeology, we maintain that an animist ontology endured among the Pitted Ware groups and endorsed the foraging persistency characterizing the third millennium in Southern Norway.
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Chatters, James C. "The Recovery and First Analysis of an Early Holocene Human Skeleton from Kennewick, Washington." American Antiquity 65, no. 2 (April 2000): 291–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694060.
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AbstractThe nearly-complete, well-preserved skeleton of a Paleoamerican male was found by chance near Kennewick, Washington, in 1996. Although analysis was quickly suspended by the U.S. government, initial osteological, archaeological, and geological studies provide a glimpse into the age and life of this individual. A radiocarbon age of 8410 ± 60 B.P., stratigraphic position in a widely-dated alluvial terrace, and an early-Cascade style projectile point healed into the pelvis date the find to the late Early Holocene. Initial osteological analysis describes the man as middle-aged, standing 173.1 ± 3.6 cm tall and weighing approximately 70-75 kg. Healthy as a child, he later suffered repeatedly from injuries to his skull, left arm, chest, and hip, in addition to minor osteoarthritis and periodontal disease. His physical features, teeth, and skeletal measurements show him to be an outlier relative to modern human populations, but place him closer to Pacific Islanders and Ainu than to Late Prehistoric Amerinds or any other modern group. Despite his uniqueness relative to modern peoples, he is not significantly different from other Paleoamerican males in most characteristics.
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Lech, Jacek, and Danuta Piotrowska. "From the history of research into the Slavic lands and peoples in Polish archaeology to the early 1940's." Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 23 (November 26, 2019): 301–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2019-23-301-324.
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The article presents the interest of Polish archaeology before 1945 in the prehistory and early history of the Slavs. The pioneers were Count Jan Potocki towards the end of the 18th century a representative of the Enlightenment period, and then Zorian Dołęga Chodakowski. Chodakowski’s work from 1818 about the Slavs before Christianity opened the Romantic period in Polish antiquarianism. At this time the greatest Polish poets were writing important works relating to the pre-Christian past of Poland, and a statue of the pagan god Światowid (Światowit) was found in the river Zbrucz. Studies of the earliest Slavs were continued by the positivists. At the beginning of the 20th century, one of them was E.Majewski from Warsaw, a promotor of the works of L. Niederle devoted to Slavic antiquities. In the period when the cultural-historical school dominated, prehistoric archaeology was becoming ever more closely associated with nationalism and politics (G. Kossinna). Majewski was one of the first critics of Kossinna’s method and works. In the years 1919–1944 Majewski’s pupil, L. Kozłowski, and J. Czekanowski studied the origin of the Slavs. Both were professors of the University in Lviv. Together with J. Kostrzewski, a prehistorian from Poznań, they regarded the Lusatian culture from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age as ancient Slavic. This view was important as propaganda in the political and scholarly dispute with prehistorians of the Third Reich. Its significance increased after the discovery and start of excavations of a fortified settlement of the Lusatian culture in Biskupin, in northwestern Poland. During the Second World War, Biskupin was excavated by H. Schleif from the SS-Ahnenerbe. The intention was to refute Kostrzewski’s views. At the same time, Kostrzewski and Kozłowski were writing works intended to confirm the ancient Slavic character of the Lusatian culture. Today their views constitute an interesting chapter in the history of science. Key words: early history of the Slavs, Światowid, Biskupin, Romantic period, Lusatian culture.
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Szilágyi, Gábor, Pál Sümegi, Sándor Gulyás, and Dávid Molnár. "Revision of the Age of Construction Phases of a Mound Dated to the Late Copper–Early Bronze Age in Eastern Hungary Relying on14C-Based Chronologies." Radiocarbon 60, no. 5 (October 2018): 1403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.107.
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ABSTRACTEcse Mound is a burial mound in the Hortobágy region of eastern Hungary. Built by prehistoric nomadic peoples from the east, it now stands on the border between two modern settlements. The construction of the mound was assumed to be related to representatives of the Pit Grave Culture populating the area between the Late Copper and Bronze Ages. This theory considered similarities in shape, orientation, and stratigraphy of this mound with other absolute-dated ones in the Hortobágy region alone. The mound comprises two construction layers as indicated by magnetic susceptibility and on-site stratigraphic observations. According to detailed sedimentological, geochemical analyses of samples taken from the bedrock, artificial stratigraphic horizons, and the overlying topsoil, there is a marked similarity between the soil forming the body of the mound in both artificial horizons and the underlying bedrock soil. In contrast the pedological, geological character of the modern topsoil is utterly different. According to our dating results, the uppermost stratigraphic horizon is coeval with the absolute-dated mounds in the region, assigning it to the period of the Pit Grave Culture. However, the lower anthropological horizon is older and dates to between the Early and Late Copper Ages.
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Lovvorn, Marjorie Brooks, George W. Gill, Gayle F. Carlson, John R. Bozell, and Terry L. Steinacher. "Microevolution and the Skeletal Traits of a Middle Archaic Burial: Metric and Multivariate Comparison to Paleoindians and Modern Amerindians." American Antiquity 64, no. 3 (July 1999): 527–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694150.
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Skeletal remains recovered and analyzed from Archaic and Paleoindian periods demonstrate less pronounced Asiatic/Sinodont features that distinguish them from present day Amerindians. This paper describes the metric and nonmetric traits that link a Middle Plains Archaic male (radiocarbon dated to 2220-2500 B. C.), found near Sidney, Nebraska, to Sinodonts, Sundadonts, and Paleoindians. Metrically, the Sidney male differs from Late Prehistoric and Historic Mandan and Arikara males (1500 to 1830 A.D.) from the same region in cranial vault height (auricular height p ≤ .02 basion-porion height p ≤ .07). His cranium is longer and higher (acrocranic Cranial Breadth-Height Index) than that of the more highly derived Mandan and Arikara males. Several of the Sidney male’s cranial and femoral traits show a blend of Amerindian and earlier protomongoloid traits, distinguishable from recent Amerindian populations. These traits suggest affiliation to a common Eurasian progenitor for Sinodonts, Sundadonts, and Paleoindians, and support the hypothesis that Plains Amerindians descended from the earliest wave of Paleoindians who crossed the Bering Straits. Tracing microevolutionary changes across time is a challenging, incremental process, not yet resolved by the limited Paleoindian and Archaic skeletal remains discovered to date. However, the intermediate skeletal characteristics of the Sidney male indicate gradual adaptation and suggest that natural selection most strongly influenced the adaptation of Plains peoples. Information presented here increases the database needed for future investigations of microevolution, gene flow patterns and the cultural history that may someday link early Archaic populations and Paleoindians to specific tribes among the modern Plains Amerindians.
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Зайберт, Виктор Федорович, and Алан Оутрам. "АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ БОТАЙСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ." Kazakhstan Archeology, no. 1-2 (December 27, 2018): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52967/akz2018.1-2.1-2.59.68.
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В статье кратко изложены основные результаты и перспективные направления изучения ботайской культуры коллективом Международной комплексной казахстанско-британской археологической экспедиции. Особое внимание в статье уделено освещению большой работы, проведенной западными учеными под руководством Алана Оутрама на поселении Ботай по анализу археозоологических, химико-физических и биологических источников из культурного слоя памятника.
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19. Stear N.A. Changing patterns of animal exploitation in the prehistoric Eurasian steppe: an integrated molecular, stable isotope and archaeological approach. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Bristol, 2008.
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Dean, Patricia. "Archaeological Pottery of Colorado: Ceramic Clues to the Prehistoric and Protohistoric Lives of the State's Native Peoples. Robert H. Brunswig, Bruce Bradley and Susan M. Chandler. Occasional Papers No. 2, Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, Denver, 1995. viii + 207 pp., tables, figures, references cited, bibliographies, appendixes. $20.00 (paper)." American Antiquity 62, no. 2 (April 1997): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282535.
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Hummler, Madeleine. "British round-up - Joshua Pollard (ed.). Prehistoric Britain. xvi+368 pages, 61 illustrations, 3 tables. 2008. Malden (MA) & Oxford: Blackwell; 978-1-4051-2545-1 hardback; 978-1-4051-2546-8 paperback £19.99. - Christopher A. Snyder (ed.). Early peoples of Britain and Ireland: an encyclopedia. Volume I: A–G. xxvi+288 pages, 19 illustrations; Volume II: H–Z. xxvi+306 pages, 25 illustrations. 2008. Oxford & Westport (CT): Greenwood; 978-1-84645-028-0 & 978-1-84645-029-7 hardback, £90 (both volumes together). - David Barrowclough. Prehistoric Lancashire. 256 pages, 166 b&w & colour illustrations. 2008. Stroud:History Press; 978-0-7524-4708-7 paperback £19.99. - Andrew Dunwell & Ian Ralston. Archaeology and early history of Angus. 192 pages, 62 figures, 26 colour plates. 2008. Stroud: Tempus; 978-0-7524-4114-6 paperback £17.99. - Richard Tabor. Cadbury Castle: the hillfort and landscapes. 192 pages, 100 illustrations, 32 colour plates. 2008. Stroud: History Press; 978-0-7524-4715-5 paperback £17.99. - Angus Konstam, illustrated by Peter Dennis. British forts in the age of Arthur. 64 pages, 60 colour & b&w illustrations. 2008. Oxford: Osprey; 978-1-84603-362-9 paperback £11.99. - Gerald Moody. The Isle of Thanet from prehistory to the Norman Conquest. 192 pages, 103 illustrations. 2008. Stroud: Tempus; 978-0-7524-4689-9 paperback £17.99. - David M. Wilson. The Vikings in the Isle of Man. 156 pages, 60 b&w & colour illustrations. 2008. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press; 978-87-7934-367-2 hardback DKK238, €34.25, £22.95 & $48; 978-87-7934-370-2 paperback DKK158, €22.95, £15 & $30." Antiquity 83, no. 319 (March 1, 2009): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00120800.
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Perttula, TImothy K., and J. Brett Cruse. "The Caddoan Archaeology of the Sabine River Basin during the Middle Caddoan Period." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1997.1.42.
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Compared to the earlier and later parts of the prehistoric Caddoan archaeological record in Northeast Texas, archaeologists do not know much about the Middle Caddoan period (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) in the Sabine River basin. During the last few years, however, new archaeological information on settlements, subsistence, and the diverse material culture record suggest that the era was a time of significant cultural change for Caddoan peoples living in the upper and middle Sabine River basin.
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Perttula, Timothy K. "Proposal for a 2007 Caddo Archaeology Summit Meeting." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2007.1.19.
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The Caddo Indian peoples lived in parts of the four states of Arkansas (specifically southwest Arkansas), Louisiana (the northwestern part of the state), Oklahoma (the eastern region), and Texas (all of East Texas) from deep in prehistoric times until the early 1840s. They left behind an extensive archaeological record marked by important mound centers where the social and political elite lived and led community-wide rituals, ceremonies, and traditions; villages, hamlets, and farmsteads where the people carried out their daily lives; numerous cemeteries and burial grounds where the people were laid to rest following long-standing religious burial ceremonies; as well as salt-making sites, stone tool quarries, hunting camps, and other evidence of the Caddo people’s use of the land long before Americans settled the region.
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Agelarakis, Anagnosti. "The archaeology of human bones: prehistoric copper producing peoples in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley, central Thailand." Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 14 (January 25, 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/bippa.v14i0.11596.
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Dickson, Don R. "Obsidian Artifacts from the Ozark Area." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1998.1.30.
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In a paper presented at the Ozark Prehistory II session at the Society for American Archaeology meeting in New Orleans in 1996, the author stated that available evidence suggested two possible movements of Plains oriented peoples into the Ozark area during prehistoric times. The first of these was during the Late Archaic, and is reflected in quantities of Hanna, Duncan, and McKean bifaces being found in western Ozark sites. All of these types were named by Wheeler for examples recovered from Late Archaic sites in Wyoming. Although Perino suggests that the northeastern Oklahoma examples are only similar and should be named something else, all three types are often found on the same site in a Late Archaic context. In addition, the specimens are morphologically the same as Plains examples. The second apparent influx of Plains oriented peoples into the western Ozark area was during the Late Prehistoric when what is referred to as the Neosho phase suddenly appears in the area. Such Plains traits as Harahey knives, snub nosed scrapers, triangular arrow points, bison bone artifacts, and distinctive punctate decorated shell tempered pottery are found at both village sites and bluff shelters. Archeologists have yet to relate the Neosho phase phenomena to a specific Plains antecedent population in a convincingg way.
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Nelson, Bo, Timothy K. Perttula, and Mike Turner. "Caddoan Archaeology in the Little Cypress Creek Valley: Recent Investigation at the Griffin Mound Site (41UR142), Upshur County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1994.1.8.
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As part of the long-term study of the prehistoric archaeology of the Caddo peoples in Northeast Texas, we are currently focusing our investigations on the Little Cypress Creek valley in Upshur County. Although poorly known archaeologically, background research conducted to date, discussions with landowners, and selected survey-limited testing efforts over the last few years indicates that there are extensive Archaic and Caddoan archaeological remains preserved in the Little Cypress Creek valley. Caddoan period archaeologi cal sites (ca. A.O. 800-1600) are particularly common. The investigations of one of the more significant Caddoan sites found to date in the valley, the Griffin Mound site (41UR142), is the subject of this paper.
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Blaine, Jay C. "Problems in the Preservation and Study of Archaeological Metals in East Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1993.1.16.
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Dee Ann Story recently pointed out how little really is known about the archaeology of Texas Caddoan sites. Specifically, she notes how very few Caddoan sites have been systematically excavated and analyzed in Texas. There has been some substantial effort in this direction recently as witnessed by the renewed investigations at the Sam Kaufman (Roitsch) site by the Texas Archeological Society and the Texas Historical Commission. However, it seems evident to some of us that while investigations of the prehistoric Caddoan archaeological data base has been less than adequate, our understanding of historic Caddoan groups remains even less satisfactory. In fact, archaeologically it is not yet possible to specifically and reliably identify many eighteenth century Indian sites in Eastern Texas as being affiliated with Caddoan peoples. Nor can we identify these Caddo from the many, more or less itinerant, candidates from among other tribes who may have paused and settled within known Caddoan tribal boundaries in historic times.
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Perttula, Timothy K. "The Late Paleoindian Occupation of the Western Ouachita Mountains of Southeast Oklahoma: The Archaeology of Component V at the Quince Site (34AT134)." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2014.1.24.
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The Quince site (34AT134) is a well-preserved and relatively deeply stratified Ouachita Mountains archaeological site in Atoka County in southeastern Oklahoma. The site’s archaeological deposits are buried in Late Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial terrace deposits of McGee Creek, a tributary to Muddy Boggy Creek, itself a southern-flowing tributary to the Red River, that cuts through the western edge of the mountains. Excavated in 1982 and 1983 prior to the creation of McGee Creek Reservoir by the Bureau of Reclamation, the 3.0 m deep archaeological deposits at the Quince site contained a record of prehistoric occupations spanning most of the Holocene period (from ca. 10,500 B.P to 1000 radiocarbon years B.P., or ca. 12,590 to 927 calibrated years B.P.) Woodland (Component I), Late Archaic (Components II and III), and Middle Archaic (Component IV) period occupational deposits are present in good stratigraphic order within the upper 1 m of McGee Creek alluvium. There are also a series of buried Late Paleoindian occupations (in what is defined as Component V) with features and chipped stone lithic tools recovered in situ that are recognized beginning from about 1.10 m to 3.0 m in depth below the surface. In this article, I discuss the archaeological evidence for use of the Western Ouachita Mountains by Late Paleoindian foragers as seen principally from the micro-scale; that is, from the perspective of this one well-preserved and stratified Late Paleoindian site. Paleoindian occupations with good stratigraphic context are apparently quite rare in the Ouachita Mountains and along the edge of the Southeastern woodlands and the Great Plains in the eastern and eastcentral part of the state of Oklahoma. Much of the archaeological research dealing with Late Paleoindian peoples in this region has dealt primarily with the description and classification of isolated temporally diagnostic projectile points (and the kinds of lithic raw materials employed in projectile point manufacture) found on the surface or in mixed and relatively shallow stratigraphic contexts. The Quince site Late Paleoindian archaeological deposits provide direct and compelling evidence for the long-term and recurrent use of the western Ouachita Mountains by hunter-gatherer groups.
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Walters, Mark. "Walters Farm, Smith County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2006.1.19.
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"I had a farm in Africa," the opening line of the movie Out of Africa, always reminds me of my little farm in East Texas and what it has meant to me during the 25 years we have been associated. Owning land, particularly when you are relying on it to provide your livelihood, can be a very gratifying (and humbling) experience. Since the land and I are now enjoying a well-deserved rest, I have had time to reflect on our relationship and to wonder how people before me related to the land, especially on these upland settings. Why people choose to settle on any given landscape can be the result of a multitude of factors, environmental as well as social, political, or ideological. I know from scattered remains of tenant houses that my farm was cultivated before me at least back to the mid -19th century. While I have not conducted any formal archaeological survey of my 300 acres in Smith County, I have been observant as I have wandered around on my place. From time to time, as the surface has been exposed from farming or timber operations, I have noted artifacts indicating the presence of past occupations. I am sure as time goes on I will find other sites on my farm. As far as the archaeology on the Walters Farm, I would like to draw attention to what I believe was a substantial prehistoric occupation by peoples with a distinctive culture with a preference for upland settings on the landscape as well as a material culture represented by Williams, Palmillas, and Rice Lobed-like points, made from exotic cherts, and ground stone tools. To distinguish this unique archaeological assemblage I am calling this prehistoric occupation at sites the Browning phase. Browning phase sites are Archaic sites that occur on upland settings usually long distances from water and have a tool kit of large well-made square, expanding, and incurving (or bifurcated) base dart points including numerous examples of Williams, Palmillas, and Rice Lobed-like points. They are made predominately of exotic chert materials. Ground stone tools are found on Browning phase sites. The number of points at some of these locations certainly indicate a major occupation or a series of seasonal occupations.
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Williams, Thomas. "J.T.A.H. Special Publication #3 Appendix to Cover Art, The Journal of Texas Archeology and History Volume 4 (2017/2018): A Visual Guide to the Archaic Points Found at the Gault Site (41BL323) with Clovis Points for Comparison; including Projectile Point Fact Sheets." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2018.1.29.
Full textAbstract:
Archaeological excavations at the Gault Archaeological Site (41BL323) have revealed an almost complete stratigraphic record of the prehistoric occupation of Central Texas (Collins 2002, 2004). Furthermore, ages obtained from Area 15 of the site confirms good stratigraphic agreement between the diagnostic artifacts, cultural horizons, and stratigraphic units (Rodrigues, et al. 2016; Williams, et al. 2018). This includes some of the earliest evidence for a projectile point technology in North America (Williams, et al. 2018). Like many areas in Central Texas, the combination of water, raw materials, and its position along the Balcones Escarpment provided abundant resources essential to survival. The Gault Archaeological Site has a long history. The site takes its name from a previous landowner, Henry Gault, and the first scientific excavations were conducted there in 1929 under the supervision of J. E. Pearce. In 1990, David Olmstead reported a unique find; an Alibates Clovis point sandwiched between two limestone plaques with engraved geometric designs. This led to a site visit by Dr. Tom Hester and Dr. Michael Collins. This finding was followed in 1997 by the discovery of an extremely fragile mandible of a juvenile mammoth by the Lindsey family. These discoveries prompted the recent archaeological excavations at the site, which began in 1999 and lasted until 2002. As many archaeologists will attest, the most interesting findings came at the very end of the 2002 field season, when archaeologist Sam Gardner exposed cultural material stratigraphically below Clovis in a small test unit. This led to negotiations between Michael Collins and the Lindsey family that resulted in the purchase of the property by Dr. Collins and its donation to the Archaeological Conservancy. Between 2007-2014, Area 15 was excavated to expose the cultural materials below. With the cessation of excavations in 2014, research focuses on reporting these findings and how this early archaeological assemblage in Central Texas is redefining the search for the earliest human occupants of the Americas. The front cover of this issue of the Journal of Texas Archeology and History highlights two specific chronological periods in Texas. Firstly, in each corner you will find interactive 3D scans of four Clovis points that have been recovered from the site (Seldon et al. 2018). In between these, you will find and array of Archaic projectile points that have been recovered from the various excavations conducted between 1999-2002 and 2007-2014. This includes Early Archaic points such as the Hoxie and Martindale; Middle Archaic points including, Kinney and Nolan; and Late Archaic points including Pedernales, Marshall, and Bulverde. Clovis artifacts including, projectile points, blade cores, and diagnostic debitage have been recovered from a total of 9 excavation areas. We will expand on these covers in the future to cover specific research projects currently being undertaken by the Gault School of Archaeological Research staff. The Gault School of Archaeological Research is a non-profit, 501(C)3 charitable organization dedicated to innovative, interdisciplinary research archaeology and education focusing on the earliest peoples in the western hemisphere and their cultural antecedents. The reader is encouraged to “click” around on the various cover images comprising the front and back cover border artwork to find and explore the additional rich content hidden there. Click here to open or download an informative “Appendix to the Cover Art containing this article, descriptive attribute data and a larger image of all projectile points shown on the front and back covers.
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Williams, Thomas. "Appendix to Cover Art, The Journal of Texas Archeology and History Volume 4 (2017/2018): A Visual Guide to the Archaic Points Found at the Gault Site (41BL323) with Clovis Points for Comparison." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2018.1.33.
Full textAbstract:
Archaeological excavations at the Gault Archaeological Site (41BL323) have revealed an almost complete stratigraphic record of the prehistoric occupation of Central Texas (Collins 2002, 2004). Furthermore, ages obtained from Area 15 of the site confirms good stratigraphic agreement between the diagnostic artifacts, cultural horizons, and stratigraphic units (Rodrigues, et al. 2016; Williams, et al. 2018). This includes some of the earliest evidence for a projectile point technology in North America (Williams, et al. 2018). Like many areas in Central Texas, the combination of water, raw materials, and its position along the Balcones Escarpment provided abundant resources essential to survival. The Gault Archaeological Site has a long history. The site takes its name from a previous landowner, Henry Gault, and the first scientific excavations were conducted there in 1929 under the supervision of J. E. Pearce. In 1990, David Olmstead reported a unique find; an Alibates Clovis point sandwiched between two limestone plaques with engraved geometric designs. This led to a site visit by Dr. Tom Hester and Dr. Michael Collins. This finding was followed in 1997 by the discovery of an extremely fragile mandible of a juvenile mammoth by the Lindsey family. These discoveries prompted the recent archaeological excavations at the site, which began in 1999 and lasted until 2002. As many archaeologists will attest, the most interesting findings came at the very end of the 2002 field season, when archaeologist Sam Gardner exposed cultural material stratigraphically below Clovis in a small test unit. This led to negotiations between Michael Collins and the Lindsey family that resulted in the purchase of the property by Dr. Collins and its donation to the Archaeological Conservancy. Between 2007-2014, Area 15 was excavated to expose the cultural materials below. With the cessation of excavations in 2014, research focuses on reporting these findings and how this early archaeological assemblage in Central Texas is redefining the search for the earliest human occupants of the Americas. The front cover of this issue of the Journal of Texas Archeology and History highlights two specific chronological periods in Texas. Firstly, in each corner you will find interactive 3D scans of four Clovis points that have been recovered from the site (Seldon et al. 2018). In between these, you will find and array of Archaic projectile points that have been recovered from the various excavations conducted between 1999-2002 and 2007-2014. This includes Early Archaic points such as the Hoxie and Martindale; Middle Archaic points including, Kinney and Nolan; and Late Archaic points including Pedernales, Marshall, and Bulverde. Clovis artifacts including, projectile points, blade cores, and diagnostic debitage have been recovered from a total of 9 excavation areas. We will expand on these covers in the future to cover specific research projects currently being undertaken by the Gault School of Archaeological Research staff. The Gault School of Archaeological Research is a non-profit, 501(C)3 charitable organization dedicated to innovative, interdisciplinary research archaeology and education focusing on the earliest peoples in the western hemisphere and their cultural antecedents. The reader is encouraged to “click” around on the various cover images comprising the front and back cover border artwork to find and explore the additional rich content hidden there. Click here to open or download an informative “Appendix to the Cover Art containing this article, descriptive attribute data and a larger image of all projectile points shown on the front and back covers.