Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paléontologie'
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Löser, Hannes. "Paléontologie des coraux du Cénomanien de Westphalie (Allemagne)." Nancy 1, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1994_0337_LOESER.pdf.
Full textRakotovao, Andrianavah Marius. "Carte paléontologique de Madagascar : inventaire et mise en valeur du patrimoine paléontologique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30363/document.
Full textMadagascar has been isolated from Gondwana during the Mesozoic: she separated from the african continent, ca. 180 Ma, and from the indian subcontinent, ca 150 Ma. Since then,biological evolution followed its own rythm, what Philibert COMMERSON had yet foreseen in 1771, writing that Madagascar was the "laboratory of nature" and that "Madagascar was the true land of promise for naturalists". After almost two hundred years of paleontological researches, it is time for a mapped balance sheet of Madagascar : it is the subject of this thesis. The literature on Madagascar is extremely abundant, and we brought together more than 2000 publications, printed between 1829 and 2014, in relation to the paleontology of the Island. They allowed to identify nearly 3500 fossil species, 3% of Plants (104 taxa), 89% of "Invertebrates" (231 Foraminifera, 183 Cnidarians, 14 Bryozoans, 56 Brachiopods, 6 Annelids, 392 Bivalves, 206 Gasteropods, 1746 Cephalopods, 129 Crustaceans, 60 terrestrial Arthropods and 85 Echinoderms) and 8% of Vertebrates (76 "Fishes", 7 Amphibians, 29 "Reptiles", 24 non avian Archosauromorphs, 52 Birds and 82 Mammals). These taxa are distributed in over 400 paleontological sites from the upper Paleozoïc (Permian) to the Quaternary (Holocen), distributed as follows : twenty Permian sites, 24 Triassic, over 110 Jurassic, over 130 Cretaceous, 16 Tertiary et 42 Quaternary sites. Some taxonomic groups are over-represented (eg ammonites), while others should promise new discoveries (archosaurs, mammals!...). The periods themselves have a different focus (Mesozoic vs. Cenozoic) and in the same vein, the paleontological sites are unevenly distributed in the territory (the Northwest is the most explored). The research potential is still very high. Fossils and paleontological sites are placed in a map database with comments. Thus we have achieved, at least we hope, an useful basic tool for scientists, also a "global" book for teachers and naturalists, and a support to reflection and decision for Madagascar administrators and politicians at both regional and national levels
Aung, Naing Soe. "Géologie et paléontologie dans la formation de Pondaung (Myanmar)." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20019.
Full textHänni, Catherine. "Archéologie et paléontologie moléculaires : applications à l'étude des gisements." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20074.
Full textBrayard, Arnaud. "Smithian (early Triassic) ammonoids from northwestern Guangxi (south China) and biogeographic modelling of the ammonoid recovery after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10135.
Full textDuring the Permian-Triassic crisis, more than 90% of marine species disappeared. Until then, the biotic recovery was often considered as very slow. In this context, the Early Triassic ammonoids represent a phylogenetically well constrained and well adapted to the study of the impact of climatic and oceanic conditions on the macroecological post-crisis dynamics. To understand the impacts of these parameters, we have elaborated a 2D model where the temperatures and currents force the geographical dispersal of a randomly generated clade. The fossil data indicate that the ammonoids are one of the first marine organisms to quickly and fully recover. The beginning of the Early Triassic is marked by a very weak latitudinal diversity gradient. A clear latitudinal diversity gradient progressively emerges during the Early Triassic, linked to a maximal latitudinal differentiation and a high level of endemicity of faunas, which entails increased steepness of the SST gradient
Zazzo, Antoine. "Validation méthodologique de l'utilisation des compositions isotopiques (13C, 18O) des bioapatites fossiles pour la reconstitution des paléoenvironnements continentaux." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066494.
Full textCorna, Michel. "Le Lias du Jura méridional, paléontologie biostratigraphique du Sinémurien : approche paléoécologie." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO11647.
Full textPoirot, Eric. "Le Bajocien (pars. ) et le Bathonien de Lorraine centrale : Biostratigraphie, paléontologie." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10351.
Full textMerceron, Gildas. "Analyse de la micro-usure dentaire de primates et d'ongulés du miocène supérieur de Méditerranée orientale : implications paléo-biologiques et paléo-environnementales." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2341.
Full textThe miocene is characterized by the disappearance of hominoids from the Greek Iranian Afghan province. In order to reconstruct paleoenvironments, paleodiet of primates and ungulates is characterized by dental microwear. First, the analysis was applied on 7 extant primates and 20 ungulates, which constitute two databases PRIMATES and ONGULÉS (216 and 471 specimens). During the Vallesian in Greece, Ouranopithecus fed on roots and graminoids. The dental microwear on ruminants indicates that they grazed, and then that the hominoid inhabited grassy landscapes. The dental microwear analysis on ruminants from the Early Turolian reveals a closer environment and a marked seasonality. This environmental change is the probable cause of disappearance of hominoids. The analysis on ungulates from the Turolian localities of Greece, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and France enabled to reveal variations within the Greek Iranian Afghan province and to point out differences between Western and Eastern Europe
Tölderer-Farmer, Martine. "Causalité des variations morphologiques de la carapace chez les Ostracodes : essai d'interprétation sur des populations actuelles et fossiles." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10539.
Full textWonganan, Nutthawut. "Radiolaires et radiolarites de Thai͏̈lande du nord : paléontologie; implications tectoniques et paléogéographiques." Lille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL10001.
Full textGoularas, Dionysis. "Reconstruction 3D à partir d'images tomodensitométriques appliquée en paléontologie et en orthodontie." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112166.
Full text3D reconstruction is a new field in the domain of orthodontics and palaeontology. In orthodontics, it is about generating digital dental plasters of patients doing measures (dental arcades, teeth) and experimenting object displacements, in order to make dental corrections (virtual set up). A digital dental plaster allows generating a corrected model by posing dental fastenings produced by stereolithography. In palaeontology the problem of the reconstitution is posed differently because the objects are often fragmented or present missing or not enough reliable parts. Besides, every object faces a particular problem because of the variability of its shape and the state of its conservation. The goal is double, first reconstruct an object then access hidden surfaces of the object from the existing anatomical elements. Work achieved in this thesis concerns first the survey and the choice of the adequate methods of 3D data acquisition, allowing thus fast and robust digitalization, in order to permit a 3D object reconstruction. Then the development of a 3D reconstruction method aiming to reconstruct two australopithecus pelvis (in palaeontology) and dental plasters (in orthodontics). We developed also the adequate tools permitting a 3D treatment for data exploitation. These tools offer in each application information management, specific treatments and a reliable exploitation of results
Randon, Carine. "Conodontes du Dévonien supérieur - Carbonifère inférieur (Thaïlande, Europe) - paléontologie et implications géologiques." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_180.pdf.
Full textOlive, Florence. "Evolution des grands Carnivores pliocènes et pléistocènes : Contribution à l'Eurasie et à l'Afrique : Systématique, Biochronologie, Paléobiogéographie et Paléoécologie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0004.
Full textConstraints influencing morphological evolution are investigated through a biometrical analysis of the skull and teeth of modern carnivores. This study shows that phyletic constraints influences morphological adaptation to functionnal demands and that constraints can be evidenced by biometrical variability. Mechanisms of developmental and phyletic constraints and their possible implications in phylogenetic reconstructions are discussed. The biometrical approach can also be successfully used in a systematic point of view and is the basis of a comprehensive systematic revision of Plio Pleistocene larger carnivores of Europe with reference to Africa and Asia. Paleobiogeographical implications merges from this study and Plio Pleistocene dispersal events of larger carnivores are then discussed. Dispersal events mainly concerns Europe and Asia with sporadic immigration of african taxa into Europe. These dispersal from Asia are shown to be progressive and more continuous when biochronological resolution is achieved and this analysis emphasizes the stability and the homogeneity of the palearctic domain in Plio Pleistocene times. The evolution of communities is studied in the context of dispersal events. No clear links between evolution of communities and dispersal events of carnivores appears but community structure is influenced by climate changes. These changes are less marked in Africa
Lihoreau, Fabrice. "Systématique et paléoécologie des Anthracotheriidae [Artiodactyla ; Suiformes] du mio-pliocène de l'ancien monde : implications paléobiogéographiques." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2337.
Full textThe family Anthracotheriidae was very diversified and largely distributed in the Old World during the Neogene. A confused systematic and the ignorance of their ecology limited their use for paleogeographical reconstructions. The systematic revision of the Mio-Pliocene Anthracotheriidae is supported by the anatomical study of new specimens discovered in Chad (Toros-Menalla) by the M. P. F. T. And in Pakistan (Potwar plateau and Zinda Pir dome) by the H-GSP. Three new species are described and most of the Neogene genera are redefined. Intra-relationships among the family are specified by the most complete cladistic analysis ever done on this group. A phylogenetical systematic is proposed and a new sub-familial taxon is established. The original study of paleodiet and of way of life is backed up by several independent methods (compared anatomy, microwear and mesowear analyses, isotopical biogeochemistry). The ecology of the Anthracotheriidae varies, with terrestrial species in close environments and amphibious species in open environments. The adaptation to an amphibious way of life is discussed. The ecological evolution of the family during the Miocene in Asia is correlated to major climatic shifts. The phylogenetical and ecological results enable to reconstruct the paleobiogeographical history of the Anthracotheriidae, particularly the age and the direction of the Neogene dispersions between Asia and Africa. The existence of connexion period between hydrographical paleobasins in Africa and in Asia during the Miocene is emphasized. The tribute of the Anthracotheriidae to the characterization of Neogene aquatic environments and to the understanding of the connexions between hydrographical paleobasins is of main importance
Nazarian, Serge. "Contribution à l'étude morphométrique du rachis des hominidés." Aix-Marseille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX21901.
Full textBraun, Marc. "Applications de la scanographie a rx et de l'imagerie virtuelle en paléontologie humaine." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MNHN0018.
Full textLena, Alex. "Le fossile, précepteur de l'épistémologie de la paléontologie : pour une historiographie du vivant." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1182/document.
Full textThe fossil is the essential seat of the knowledge of the past living beings and consequently of that of the present. It is epistemologically a-phenomenal, non-experimental, incomplete and historical. This epistemological nature causes important constraints in the way of making the history of the living beings for the paleontologist: the historiography of the living. How does the fossil as a natural object and its epistemological nature constrain the epistemological process of paleontology and ultimately the historiography of life?
Gautherot, Campa Marie France. "Les naufragés de l'espèce : éléments de paléontologie pour la compréhension du processus autistique." Université Pierre Mendès France (Grenoble ; 1990-2015), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE29041.
Full textThe evolution of human species has made it possible for man to translate into symbols the information of the senses. Homo sapiens sapiens is the only creature with a capacity to reflect the real world in a figurative one, then lodging his memory in a space where representation are symbolical. This connecting process has made it possible for a thing to become an object in a metaphorical universe which is the setting of the life and the survival of the species. The family is the locus where the child gets "humanized". This is where the actual experiences of the infant take on a meaning and are given a metaphorical representation, where the zoologic child builds his own psyche. The autistic child breaks his bond with the metaphorical universe by making it impossible for meaningful representations to be developed both in himself and in his family. By questioning the primary identification to the species, the child will regressively divert the process of humanisation from the figurative bond toward an experienced one, bringing his family back to the space before the metaphoric stage. By giving to the family a space in which its actual experiences can be contained, psychoanalytic family therapy makes it possible to give meaning to family actual experiences. And the family recovers the way of its history
Brocard, Christian François. "La plate-forme provençale au Trias moyen : un modèle de rampe carbonatée en milieu restreint : dynamique des paléoenvironnements, évolution diagénétique." Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX11324.
Full textGuadelli, Jean-Luc. "Contribution à l'étude des zoocénoses préhistoriques en Aquitaine (Würm ancien et interstade würmiem." Bordeaux 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR10632.
Full textDesclaux, Emmanuel. "Les petits vertébrés de la Caune de L'Arago (Tautavel, Pyrennées-Orientales). Paléontologie, paléoécologie, taphonomie." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 1992. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00507423.
Full textRobert, Emmanuel. "La Transgression albienne dans le bassin andin (Pérou) : biostratjgraphie, paléontologie (ammonites) et stratigraphie séquentielle." Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30159.
Full textDesclaux, Emmanuel. "Les petits vertébrés de la Caune de l'Arago (Tautavel, Pyrénées-orientales) : paléontologie, paléoécologie, taphonomie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MNHN0006.
Full textAsatryan, Gayané. "Radiolaires jurassiques et crétacés de la couverture sédimentaire des ophiolites d'Arménie : Paléontologie et biostratigraphie." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066682.
Full textCoiffant-Martin, Brigitte. "Contribution des rongeurs du néogène d'Algérie à la biochronologie mammalienne d'Afrique nord-occidentale." Nancy 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN10165.
Full textGrimaud-Hervé, Dominique. "L'évolution de l'encéphale chez l'Homo erectus et l'Homo sapiens." Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX11327.
Full textBerthet, Didier. "Le genre Cainotherium (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) : étude morphométrique, révision systématique, implications évolutives et paléobiogéographiques, extinction." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10067.
Full textLacombat, Frédéric. "Étude des rhinocéros du Pléistocène de l'Europe méditerranéenne et du Massif Central : Paléontologie, phylogénie et biostratigraphie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MNHN0016.
Full textThis work consists of a palaeontological study of Pleistocene rhinoceros, especially of the genus Stephanorhinus, in Mediterranean Europe and Massif Central. It is based on three important sites, which are the Vallonnet cave ((Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Alpes-Maritimes, France), Isernia La Pineta (Molise, Italy) and the Caune de l'Arago (Tautavel, Pyrénées-Orientales, France), and on seventeen sites have also been taken into account. These sites cover the whole Pleistocene. Stephanorhinus etruscus, Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus and Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis present disctinct morphological and biometrical characteristics, which allow to define for each species its evolutionary trends. Cladistic analysis, based on skull and teeth morphological characters, shows the existence of two monophyletic groups. The biochronological interest of rhinoceros' evolutionary trends is a powerful biostratigraphical tool when the whole faunistic spectrum is considered
Enault, Sébastien. "Évolution et diversité des structures minéralisées chez les sélaciens : approche paléo-développementale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS234/document.
Full textChondrichthyans exhibit a number of interesting features which make them valuable organisms to investigate from an evo-devo perspective. However, due to their cartilaginous skeleton, isolated teeth are usually the only available fossil material to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Their teeth are covered by enameloid, a hypermineralized tissue whose microstructure has proven a useful taxonomic tool to differentiate between modern forms (neoselachians) and their extinct relatives. However it is poorly known in several groups, thus casting doubts on the validity of such characters.In this work, I first describe the enameloid microstructure of batoids based on an extensive sampling of both their extant and extinct diversity. I highlight unexpected diversity in the microstructural organization of enameloid which was thought to be very stable in neoselachians. The developmental basis for this diversity was then investigated in two extant chondrichthyan models through classic histological techniques and in situ hybridization. The results highlight differences in their enameloid organic matrix, as well as important differences with enameloid formation in osteichthyans, casting doubts on the homology of the two tissues. Finally I investigate skeletogenesis in the lesser spotted catshark from both a morphological and molecular perspective. Using X-Ray microtomography and in situ hybridization, I highlight both the mineralization sequence of the cartilaginous skeleton and the molecular context in which it calcifies over the course of embryonic development. I find that skeletal calcification in chondrichthyans appears to be much more versatile than in osteichthyans
Crépin-Obert, Patricia. "Construction de problèmes et obstacles épistémologiques à propos du concept de fossile : étude épistémologique comparative entre des situations de débat à l'école primaire et au collège et des controverses historiques du XVIIe au XIXe siècle." Phd thesis, Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT3002.
Full textCrépin-Obert, Patricia. "Construction de problèmes et obstacles épistémologiques à propos du concept de fossile : étude épistémologique comparative entre des situations de débat à l'école primaire et au collège et des controverses historiques du XVIIe au XIXe siècle." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00493027.
Full textHaddad, Embarek. "Approche ontogénique et dynamique des rapports biométriques cranio-faciaux chez Homo Sapiens : application à la paléontologie humaine." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MNHNA001.
Full textMourgues, Francisco Amaro. "Paléontologie stratigraphique (Ammonites) et évolution tectono-sédimentaire du bassin d'arrière arc de Chanarcillo ( Berriasien-Albien, Nord du Chili)." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30079.
Full textBessais, Hédia. "La Plate-forme carbonatée du Vraconien-Cénomanien des Djebels Selloum et Zaouia (Tunisie centrale) : stratigraphie, paléontologie, paléoenvironnements, diagénèse." Aix-Marseille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX11206.
Full textOuahhabi, Bénali. "Le Lias moyen et supérieur des Beni Znassen orientaux et des Zekkara (Maroc nord-oriental) : biostratigraphie, paléontologie des Hildoceras." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO11721.
Full textLebedel, Vanessa. "Enregistrement de l'évènement anoxique cénomanien supérieur-turonien inférieur à l'ouest de la plateforme saharienne : sédimentologie, paléontologie, géochimie et minéralogie." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU30074.
Full textThe global oceanic anoxic event (also known as OAE2) recorded at the Cenomanian–Turonian transition is widely recognized by a positive δ13C excursion. Its causes and mechanisms are still widely debated. In the North Atlantic and Tethyan oceans, the onset of poorly oxygenated conditions associated with the global event during the late Cenomanian seems to be mainly due to: 1/ the global palaeogeography, with a configuration of almost closed ocean basins, and 2/an enhanced palaeoproductivity, which could be linked to intense chemical weathering of continental land masses under hot and humid climates, and/or the influence of Caribbean Large Igneous Provinces as well as increased volcanic and hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges. The major goal of this thesis is to characterize the Cenomanian-Turonian event, based on multidisciplinary studies of the West Saharan platform. For this purpose, sedimentological, palaeontological, stratigraphical, geochemical and mineralogical studies are carried out on the carbonate platform of the Preafrican Trough, Morocco. This platform is located on the western part of the Saharan platform, where sedimentation is subject to Tethyan and Atlantic marine influences. The anoxic/dysoxic is also investigated in other regions (Agadir cross section, along the Moroccan Atlantic margin, and Northern Tunisia, along the Tethyan margin) to bring new light to bear on our understanding of this event. During the late Cenomanian, the Preafrican Trough carbonate platform shows an East-West polarity. Shallow inner ramp/peritidal environments dominate in the eastern part, associated with an abundant and diverse fauna, while deeper environments of the mid/outer ramp are more prevalent in the western part, with rare and poorly diversified fauna, mainly composed of opportunist benthic and planktonic foraminifera. The combination of geochemical analyses (major, minor and trace elements) and palaeontological data indicate low palaeoproductivity and well-oxygenated waters; bottom waters are slightly dysoxic in the western part of the platform. During a second-order transgressive cycle in the Cenomanian, the Preafrican Trough is isolated from the Atlantic Ocean by thresholds, sometimes emerging above sea level. As a result, dysoxia is probably linked to the influx of poorly-oxygenated waters from the deeper anoxic basin of the Tethyan Ocean. In post-global event times, during the transgression maximum of the early Turonian, deposits in the Preafrican Trough record major sedimentological, palaeontological and geochemical disturbances. An outer ramp environment is established on the platform, which is colonized by opportunistic benthic and surface planktonic foraminifera. Geochemical and palaeontological proxies record high palaeoproductivity, leading to the establishment of dysoxic conditions in the bottom and intermediate waters. Similar disturbances are recorded in the Agadir section, where black shales are present. These dysoxic conditions, developed after the δ13C positive excursion, are also recognized in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean and the western part of the Saharan platform. The causes and mechanisms of this dysoxic episode are poorly understood. Based on our new Turonian data and the different models available for the late Cenomanian global anoxic event, it is possible to propose some mechanisms for the onset of Turonian dysoxia. Pacific Ocean bottom waters, rich in nutrients derived from the volcanic and hydrothermal activity of the Caribbean LIPs and oceanic ridge, were advected towards the east by ocean bottom currents and reached the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Then, upwelling led to the ascent of nutrients into the surface waters, increasing their palaeoproductivity. The decay of organic matter caused dysoxia/anoxia in the bottom and intermediate waters. At the same time, the eustatic rise in sea level facilitated the connection between the Agadir region and the Preafrican Trough, via the Ouarzazate Basin, thus favoring the migration of Atlantic waters toward the Preafrican Trough platform. The enhanced contribution of Atlantic nutrients reinforced the palaeoproductivity, supplying nutrients in addition to those derived from local weathering of the Anti-Atlas, under hot and wet climate conditions
Bouteaux, Anne. "Paléontologie, paléoécologie et taphonomie des mammifères du Pléistocène moyen ancien du site à hominidés de Sangiran (Java central, Indonésie)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0037.
Full textThe island of Java is the richest place of palaeoanthropological discoveries of the Middle Pleistocene in Southeast Asia. Since the seventies, the National Indonesian Center of Archaeological Research, in collaboration with the Gajah Mada’s university, organizes a research program on the open-air site of Sangiran’s dome which leads the discovery many cranium fragments of Homo erectus and fossils mammals in localities : Tanjung, Sendang Busik, Ngrejeng Plupuh, Grogol Plupuh, Bukuran and Dayu. These localities are studied in this work. The bone assemblages of these sites mainly come from volcanic-sedimentary formation of Kabuh (lower middle Pleistocene) in fluvial context. The best-represented mammals species are big bovids like Bubalus palaeokerabau or Bibos palaesondaicus and little cervids like Axis lydekkeri. The species described in the different sites help to precise Java biostratigraphy. In the Kabuh’s formation, the palaeoenvironnement is characteristic of an open forested area close by river, which confirms the palynological and sedimentological results. The taphonomical study of these collections is one of the first carried on javanese fossils. Bones are mainly flakes bones, which suggest a high fragmentation. In most of the sites teeth and extremities prevail. Conservation and fragmentation of fossil bones change between sites. Water action, either chemical or mechanical, is predominant for the origin and the modification of all assemblages. Carnivores are almost absent in the material and traces of their action are rare. Teeth of crocodiles are found in all the sites, that suggests their possible intervention on the material. Anthropological action is not clear. The lithic tools associated with faunal bones are rare. Since numerous hominids fossils and lithic tools were found in the Sangiran’s stratigraphy, a connection between the mammals of Middle Pleistocene and Homo erectus is highly probable. This work represents a first approach of the study of the Homo erectus subsistence behaviour in insularity to middle Pleistocene
Jousse, Hélène. "Impact des variations environnementales sur la structure des communautés mammaliennes et l'anthropisation des milieux : exemple des faunes holocènes du Sahara occidental." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10080.
Full textCaillat, Bernard. "Pathologie de quelques mammifères quaternaires de France métropolitaine : aspects et implications." Bordeaux 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR10610.
Full textChirat, Régis. "Les Nautilida post-triasiques : paléobiologie, paléoécologie, paléobiogéographie et systématique à la lumière des données récemment acquises sur Nautilus." Caen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CAEN2066.
Full textKaeser, Marc-Antoine. "L'univers du préhistorien : science, foi et politique dans l'oeuvre et la vie d'Edouard Desor : 1811-1882." Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHESA125.
Full textFrom its very establishment as a theme of research, prehistory had far-reaching, political and metaphysical consequences. Innovativingly combining the humanities and the natural sciences, it furthermore mobilized very different domains of knowledge. It is my intention to show the intricacy of the parameters which governed the beginings of prehistoric archaelogy. To that end, I have opted for a biographical approach. Viewed as a form of "microhistory", the scientific biography actually alloxs to concretely encompass the interactions between all the ideological, social, cultural, intellectual, hulan and spiritual components which are at stake in the construction of science. Thanks to the wealth of the related archival material, as well as to the nature of his career, the life of Edouard Desor offers numerous prospects. As a geologist, a palaeontologist and a prehistorian, a businessman, a politician and a religious official, Desor indeed constantly connected all these different undertakings which he understood as indissociable. A French, Swiss and German polyglot traveller, he also occupied strategical positions in the international scientific networks. Since he acted as a mediator between different, national, styles and traditions of research, he sheds new light on the presumed role of the raising, European nationalisms in the development of prehistoric archaeology. All in all, Desor's path illustrates the contigent nature of the shape of the future discipline. In a historical perspective, most of the analytical categories of modern prehistory appear to proceed from forgotten and invalided debates, as well as from sociological, interpersonal circumstances of the past. In brief, the present discipline is moving within a framework which has been shaped for a very different use, in accordance with a very different context : prehistory is prisoner of an outdated intellectual legacy
Thiery, Ghislain. "Analyse morpho-fonctionnelle de la topographie dentaire 3d chez les primates actuels et fossiles." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2294/document.
Full textMammalian teeth are a major tool in food cominution and fracture. Conversely, food mechanical properties apply a strong selective pressure on dental morphology. The aim of this manuscript is to investigate whether this adaptive signal can be detected from dental shape in extant and extinct primates.In this context, the 3D dental topography of 31 species of extant primates is analyzed with a combination of traditional and original variables. Furthermore one extinct colobine monkey, Mesopithecus pentelicus from the Late Miocene of Pikermi (Greece) is investigated. The results are interpreted using dietary categories, but also a novel categorization system that evaluates the mechanical scope of food shearing, grinding and cracking.Selected variables show significant differences between dietary categories as well as mechanical scopes across the sample. Moreover, the dental morphology of M. pentelicus is predicted to be intermediate between hard food cracking and tough food shearing taxa.In addition, the new variables show that shearing crests are significantly sharper in tough food shearers, which confirms their suggested role as a dental shearing tool. In contrast, enamel thickness distribution seems more homogenous within durophageous species, which suggests that the whole tooth per se makes the basic cracking tool of primates
Hurel, Arnaud. "L'institutionnalisation de l'archéologie préhistorique en France métropolitaine (1852-1941) et l'Institut de paléontologie humaine Fondation Prince Albert Ier de Monaco." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040193.
Full textContrary to the other human sciences, the institutionalization of the prehistoric archaeology in France, that is its conversion of a social reality in a regulated structure, evolves by stages which, in their nature and their chain, go beyond those whom we hold traditionally for the other scientific disciplines. While, from the end of the first half of the XIXth, the community of the prehistorians begins to be scientifically recognized, it does not find academic position and refuses any rule of the excavations. Nevertheless, since the Revolution, the notion of national interest was led bit by bit as regards the archaeological heritage. In 1910, the French prehistorians oppose even firmly to the first bill conceived in order to protect deposits and they claim an exclusive and own right on their activities. The same year, the creation of the Institute of human paleontology by Prince Albert of Monaco represents the first attempt of professionalization of prehistorian's activity. The Second World War is going to pass beyong these oppositions and to impose the law of September 27th, 1941 as well as an official research structure by the C. N. R. S. And the University
Aubier, Paul. "Biodiversity, Cretaceous-Palaeogene crisis survival and phylogeny of Metasuchia (Crocodyliformes, Pseudosuchia)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS619.pdf.
Full textThe Metasuchia appeared during the Jurassic. At the Cretaceous, its diversity included semi-aquatic (e.g. Eusuchia) as well as marine (Tethysuchia) and terrestrial (Notosuchia) organisms. During its evolutionary history, it crossed two major crisis event, the OAE2 and the K/Pg boundary. The response of the Metasuchia to each was different as the first one produced a global decrease in diversity, contrary to the second one. Large scale studies, both temporally and phylogenetically speaking, yielded contrasted results regarding the main drivers of Metasuchian diversification, pleading for more refined studies. The second chapter of this manuscript was focused on the differential survival of the Notosuchia at the K/Pg crisis. This group radiated during the Upper Cretaceous but was strongly affected by this crisis and the Sebecidae is the sole clade to have survived it. Investigating the reasons explaining this survival, we showed that the extinction/survival that occurred in this clade during this event was not randomly distributed with respect to the phylogeny, therefore suggesting that there were specific factors, with a strong phylogenetic signal, that may explain it. Using PLR analysis, we showed that large notosuchians were significantly less prone to become extinct than smaller ones. Using PGLS, we were able to show that body size was associated diet in this group, with larger species being carnivorous and smaller species being omnivorous. This led us to hypothesize that the survival of the Sebecidae is explained by their hypercarnivorous diet. According to our analyses, palaeotemperature did not played a significant role in the differential survival of the Notosuchia at the K/Pg crisis. This is explained by the small time scale of our study. Indeed, this variable was probably a major driver of notosuchian diversity as the radiations of this group seems to correlate with palaeoclimatic variations. The work presented in this chapter corroborates the value of smaller-scaled evolutionary studies. Furthermore, it highlights the importance and usefulness of the PCMs in such sutdies. However, such methods require a strong phylogenetic framework. Multiple controversies exist regarding the phylogeny of the Metasuchia. Regarding the Crocodylia, the conflict between the Longirostres and Brevirostres hypotheses not only concerns the topology, but also the dating of the nodes which could strongly affect PCM analyses. Thus, treating this phylogenetic controversy the same way we treated that of the Notosuchia would probably yield strongly contradicting results depending on the phylogenetic hypothesis, therefore impairing their discussion. The third chapter of this manuscript investigates this Longirostres/Brevirostres conflict. We used the 3ta to develop a new method of phylogenetic support assessment. Because of character optimization in parsimony, the link between the characters as hypothesized in the matrix and as optimized on the optimal tree is lost. Because this is not the case in 3ta, phylogenetic support measured directly from the matrix can provide explanation regarding the yielded topology of the optimal tree. We present the Contradictory Index, a metric that computes the support of a relationship hypothesis relative to a second, contradicting one. We analysed the most recently published morphological matrix. We showed that despite the Longirostres hypothesis being the most supported, it is highly contradicted in the matrix. We were able to quantitatively target the Tomistominae as the main providers of support to the Longirostres hypothesis. Furthermore, we showed that characters considered by previous study to be correlated to longirostry were not those that support the most the Longirostres hypothesis. Finally, our results suggests that resolving conflict between characters describing the skull will be more helpful in the resolution of the Longirostres/Brevirostres conflict than the description of new postcranial ones
Vasseur, Raphaël. "Extinctions et recouvrements de coraux au cours de la crise Pliensbachien - Toarcien." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0204/document.
Full textThe transition from the Pliensbachian to the Toarcian geological stages in Lower Jurassic is followed by a global oceanic anoxic event during the lower Toarcian (TOAE for Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event). This moment corresponds to a massive fossilization time for organic matter in the worldwide geological record that produced here and there source rocks of petroleum interest. Concerning the eustatic fluctuations, these events are associated to a second-order maximal flooding zone. They are also interpreted as the remains of a global carbon-cycle perturbation case associated with oceanic acidification and correlated with the setup of Karoo-Ferrar igneous provinces in the southern Pangea territories corresponding to present-day Southern Africa and Southern America. It corresponds to a period of global warming that directly follow a global cooling at the Pliensbachian. This worldwide ecological perturbation probably disturbed the biosphere in a degree that is still poorly quantified. For example, studies about ammonites and bivalvs are known but the stratigraphic definition generally do not allow to distinguish the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary itself to the TOAE effect on these fauna. One single available study about corals is purely bibliographic (Lathuiliere and Marchal 2009) and suggests a significant extinction event for this group at the same period. Corals are generally precious indicators for major ecological disruptions as it is testified in the case of the big-five major crisis and the current sixth one. The Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction has been considered up-to-now as a second-order crisis event and require to be studied as such. In the context of this thesis, fossilized corals have been collected in the field in Morocco and Italy in a well-defined sedimentological context before and after the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary. Sampling has been in view to quantify the diversity and as far as possible, the intraspecific variability. The statistical treatment of the data has been realized in view to provide a satisfying quantification of the variability in order to supply a strong taxonomy and be able to compare comparable populations in analyses of diversity, extinctions and apparitions of taxons. In total, 107 species have been describes (including at least 19 new species) as part of 60 genera (including 5 new ones) among 22 families (including a new one). According to this study, the cold and highly concentrated in organic matter oceanic waters of the Pliensbachian contained corals faunas with an important affinity with Triassic faunas (in terms of genera and families). They shared the ecological niches of the western tethysian inner platforms with the lithiotids, a group of aberrants reefal bivalvs that demonstrated a stupendous evolutive success during the same period. Collected data attest of conditions that constrained corals to adapt and diversify in view to maintain during these unfavourable times, for the benefit of the solitary and phaceloid form but at the expense of the highly integrated forms. During the Lower Toarcian, global warming of oceanic waters associated with the almost total disparition of the competitors premised an explosion of diversity that is determinant for the future of the corals, with the apparition of faunal assemblages very similar to the typical Middle and Upper Jurassic ones (in terms of genera, families and colonial morphologies). It is a two-folded extinction event with a first phase during the Pliensbachian –Toarcian transition and a second phase at the onset of the TOAE. In the end, this pulsed event led to the extinction of approximately 97% of the Pliensbachian coral species
Legendre, Lucas. "Les crocodiles sont-ils devenus secondairement ectothermes ? : étude paléohistologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066307.pdf.
Full textArchosaurs are a clade of vertebrates that includes birds, crocodiles, and numerous fossil groups. This clade has been a matter of debate among paleontologists for decades concerning the evolution of thermometabolism in its different lineages. The classical hypothesis considers that only modern birds are true endotherms, whereas all other archosaurs are ectotherms. Bone histology allows to study several traits linked to bone growth rate and thermometabolism, otherwise impossible to estimate on fossil specimens; for this reason, we used characters measured on long bone histological sections.In the first section, we extensively reviewed the measure of phylogenetic signal for osteohistological features in two clades of vertebrates, which was then used to define the methodology for building our predictive models.After a preliminary study during which we built a predictive model for bone growth rate, we built a global model to predict the metabolic rate of our fossil specimens, using both histological features and phylogenetic information for each specimen. Our results show that a majority of archosaurs in our sample were endotherms. This implies that the last common ancestor of archosaurs was likely an endotherm, and that modern crocodiles became secondarily ectothermic, probably in response to their aquatic environment. More specific studies on pseudosuchians should allow to precisely identify the level of the phylogenetic tree at which the ectothermic state was acquired, as well as adaptive constraints behind this acquisition
Arellano, Alonso Almudena. "Etude paléontologique des Eléphantidés, Equidés, grands bovidés et cervidés des niveaux du Pléistocène supérieur des grottes de Grimaldi (Vintimille, Italie) : comparaison avec d'autres sites de Ligurie, d'Europe et du Caucase : données archéozoologiques." Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0504.
Full textA paleontological revision of the elephants, equids, large bovids and cervids of the Upper Pleistocene of Grimaldi caves (Vintimiglia, Italia) is expose. The confirmation of the determination of Equus stenonis can be explicate by a confusion between a possible unknow level from Lower pleistocene and the more recent levels during the excavation. The presence of Mammuthus primigenius is show for the isitopic stage 2. The cervid megaloceros giganteus its newly determinate. A lot of Rangifer tarandus fossiles is determinate for the isotopic stage 2. The presence of Alces alces is demonstrate for the cold second half of the isotopic stage 3. The presence of Dama dama is demonstrate for the warm end of the isotopic stage 3. For species as Elephas antiquus, Equus caballus, Bos primigenius, Bison priscus, Cervus elaphus, the tendency go to a homogenity and to the absence of significative differences with fossiles from sites wich are far in chronology and geography. A stratigraphic and biostratigraphic syntheses is expose with new data. The archeozoological data show an important anthropic activity in Grimaldi caves. A comparaison between the Caucase, and ligurien sites is realised
Bulot, Luc. "Les formations à ammonites du crétacé inférieur du Sud-Est de la France (berriasien à hauterivien) : biostratigraphie, paléontologie et cycles sédimentaires." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MNHN0025.
Full textLegendre, Lucas. "Les crocodiles sont-ils devenus secondairement ectothermes ? : étude paléohistologique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066307/document.
Full textArchosaurs are a clade of vertebrates that includes birds, crocodiles, and numerous fossil groups. This clade has been a matter of debate among paleontologists for decades concerning the evolution of thermometabolism in its different lineages. The classical hypothesis considers that only modern birds are true endotherms, whereas all other archosaurs are ectotherms. Bone histology allows to study several traits linked to bone growth rate and thermometabolism, otherwise impossible to estimate on fossil specimens; for this reason, we used characters measured on long bone histological sections.In the first section, we extensively reviewed the measure of phylogenetic signal for osteohistological features in two clades of vertebrates, which was then used to define the methodology for building our predictive models.After a preliminary study during which we built a predictive model for bone growth rate, we built a global model to predict the metabolic rate of our fossil specimens, using both histological features and phylogenetic information for each specimen. Our results show that a majority of archosaurs in our sample were endotherms. This implies that the last common ancestor of archosaurs was likely an endotherm, and that modern crocodiles became secondarily ectothermic, probably in response to their aquatic environment. More specific studies on pseudosuchians should allow to precisely identify the level of the phylogenetic tree at which the ectothermic state was acquired, as well as adaptive constraints behind this acquisition