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Journal articles on the topic 'Palm oil fatty acid ester (PFAE)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Mohamad, Mohd Safwan, Hidayat Zainuddin, Sharin Ab Ghani, and Imran Sutan Chairul. "Comparative Study on the AC Brekadown Voltage of Palm Fatty Acid Ester Insulation Oils Mixed With Iron Oxide Nanoparticles." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 4 (2016): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i4.11072.

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Mineral oils are are derived from petroleum which is a non-renewable and non-sustainable source, and therefore there is a critical need to develop alternative insulation oils for use in transformers. Ester oils offer a number of benefits over mineral oils such as good biodegradability, high cooling stability, good oxidation stability and excellent insulation performance. Nowadays, nanotechnology has become one of the most important research fields in both the academia and industry and it has been shown in previous studies that nanoscale materials are beneficial for transformers. In this regard

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2

Mohamad, Mohd Safwan, Hidayat Zainuddin, Sharin Ab Ghani, and Imran Sutan Chairul. "Comparative Study on the AC Brekadown Voltage of Palm Fatty Acid Ester Insulation Oils Mixed With Iron Oxide Nanoparticles." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 4 (2016): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i4.pp1481-1488.

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Mineral oils are are derived from petroleum which is a non-renewable and non-sustainable source, and therefore there is a critical need to develop alternative insulation oils for use in transformers. Ester oils offer a number of benefits over mineral oils such as good biodegradability, high cooling stability, good oxidation stability and excellent insulation performance. Nowadays, nanotechnology has become one of the most important research fields in both the academia and industry and it has been shown in previous studies that nanoscale materials are beneficial for transformers. In this regard

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3

Suzuki, Takashi, Takaaki Kanoh, Hidenobu Koide, and Tomoyuki Hikosaka. "Characteristics of Palm Fatty Acid Ester (PFAE), a New Vegetable Based Insulating Oil for Transformers." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 129, no. 8 (2009): 975–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.129.975.

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4

Kato, Katsumi, Tsutomu Nara, Hitoshi Okubo, et al. "Space charge behavior in palm oil fatty acid ester (PFAE) by electro-optic field measurement." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 16, no. 6 (2009): 1566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2009.5361576.

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5

Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim, Umer Rashid, Imededdine Arbi Nehdi, Thomas Shean Yaw Choong, Hassen Mohamed Sbihi, and Mohamed Mossad Gewik. "Optimization and blends study of heterogeneous acid catalyst-assisted esterification of palm oil industry by-product for biodiesel production." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 1 (2020): 191592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191592.

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The optimum conditions to produce palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)-derived-methyl esters via esterification have been demonstrated with the aid of the response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite rotatable design in the presence of heterogeneous acid catalyst. The effect of four reaction variables, reaction time (30–110 min), reaction temperature (30–70°C), catalyst concentration (1–3 wt.%) and methanol : PFAD molar ratio (3 : 1–11 : 1), were investigated. The reaction time had the most influence on the yield response, while the interaction between the reaction time and the catal

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6

Ab Ghani, Siti Soleha, and Nor Asiah Muhamad. "Review on Dissolved Fault Gases in Monitoring Bio-Oil Filled Transformer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 818 (January 2016): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.818.69.

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The combination of solid insulation (usually cellulose paper) and liquid insulation (usually mineral oil) yield good dielectric properties at fair cost. However, arising concerns on environmental effect of mineral oil when leakage and its risk of fire has force researches for alternative fluids. One of the suitable options for replacement of mineral oil is biodegradable oil that is plant-based, high biodegradability, non-toxicity and high fire point. Some refining and modification to crude vegetable oils resulting to suitable transformer dielectric fluid such as BIOTEMP®, ENVIROTEMP® FR3 and P

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7

Hikosaka, Tomoyuki, Akina Yamazaki, Yasunori Hatta, et al. "Development of a New Environment-conscious Transformer Impregnated with Palm Fatty Acid Ester (PFAE)." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 129, no. 11 (2009): 1397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.129.1397.

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8

Herawan, Tjahjono, and Meta Rivani. "Synthesis of Biodegradable Plastic Films from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Cellulose." Advanced Materials Research 1123 (August 2015): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1123.173.

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Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) has a possibility to be converted into biodegradable plastic cellulose ester due to its huge availability. Cellulose ester has thermoplastic properties and is widely used in many polymer applications. This paper describes about esterification OPEFB cellulose with long chain fatty acid chloride in homogeneous system. Some different molar ratios of anhydroglucose unit (AGU) to fatty acid chloride were applied to observe cellulose ester with regards to weight increase percentage (%WIP), recovery yield (%RY) and degree of substitution (DS). Others

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9

Saadon, Norkamruzita, Nor Ashikin Mohd Yusof, Noraini Razali, Marshahida Mat Yashim, and Amira Khairin Roslan. "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Production from Waste Cooking Oil." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.322.

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Biodiesel is clear liquid with a light to dark yellow color. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels that are attractive because of its favorable characteristics such as being non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable, carbon neutral and low emission. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is a type of biodiesel. In this study, it was produced by using transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) which was reacted with methanol and heterogeneous catalyst. The two heterogeneous catalysts that were used in this study were sodium (Na) metal hydroxide supported on oil palm frond (OPF) and Na metal supported

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10

NAKAMURA, Masayoshi. "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Its Relative Products from Palm Oil." Journal of Oleo Science 50, no. 5 (2001): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.50.445.

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11

Jamshaid, M., H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, N. W. M. Zulkifli, A. Arslan, and Z. M. Zulfattah. "Effect of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester on Fuel-Injector Wear Characteristics." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 14, no. 3 (2020): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2020.1974.

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This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) obtained from cotton-seed oil and palm oil on fuel-injector wear characteristics. The cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) and palm oil methyl ester (POME) were produced in the laboratory using alkaline transesterification. Gas chromatography based on 'BS EN 14103:2011' standard was used to analyze the percentage of fatty acids in COME and POME. The physicochemical properties of the two methyl esters were measured based on ASTM and EN standards. Various unique blends using cottonseed–palm oil

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12

Cai, Ling Ling, Yin Nan Yuan, Xiu Chen, Yong Bin Lai, Xing Qiao, and Lei Chen. "Crystallization Status of Palm Oil Biodiesel under Low Temperature Environment." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.116.

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The composition of palm methyl ester (PME) was determined and quantified by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Cold flow properties of PME was studied by means of cold filter plugging point tester and kinematic viscosity tester and the solution crystallization theory, at the same time to observe the crystalline mechanism with low temperature phase contrast microscope. Experimental results showed that PME was mainly composed of saturated fatty acid methyl ester (SFAME) and unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (UFAME), PME has a poor cold flow properties because of its more SFAME conte

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13

Paichid, Nisa, Tewan Yunu, Sappasith Klomklao, Poonsuk Prasertsan, and Kanokphorn Sangkharak. "Enhanced Synthesis of Fatty-Acid Methyl Ester using Oil from Palm Oil Mill Effluents and Immobilized Palm Lipase." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 95, no. 11 (2018): 1373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12141.

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14

Wan Ab Rashid, Wan Norita, Yoshimitsu Uemura, Katsuki Kusakabe, Noridah Binti Osman, and Bawadi Abdullah. "Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil in a Millichannel Reactor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.232.

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Transesterification of palm oil with methanol using a potassium hydroxide (KOH) catalyst to form fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) commercially known as biodiesel was performed in a millichannel reactor. In this study, a transparent Teflon tubular reactor with the inner diameter of 1.59 mm at 60 °C was carried out to produce FAME. Residence time was changed by changing the tube length and flow rate. The residence time of 69 s is required to achieve more than 88% of ester content. The relationship between ester content and flow pattern was also investigated.

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15

Chen, Xiu, Lei Chen, Yin Nan Yuan, Yong Bin Lai, Xing Qiao, and Ling Ling Cai. "Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel Derived from Palm and Rapeseed Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1633.

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The chemical composition of palm and rapeseed biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Combustion characteristics of biodiesel were studied by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry and collision theory. Combustion characteristic index C was put forward for describing biodiesel combustion characteristic. The reactive atom combustion mechanism was put forward. Biodiesel combustion process comprised three steps, viz., volatilizing, dissociating and combining. First, biodiesel volatilizes, viz., FAME (liquid) volatilize and became

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16

Omojola, Awogbemi, Inambao Freddie, and Onuh Emmanuel Idoko. "Effect of usage on the fatty acid composition and properties of neat palm oil, waste palm oil, and waste palm oil methyl ester." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 9, no. 1 (2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i1.29557.

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The need to find an environmentally friendly, renewable, and biodegradable fuel to reduce the growing dependence on fossil fuels and its attendant performance and emission inadequacies has increased research in biodiesel. Due to its low cost, availability, and a veritable means of waste disposal, waste vegetable oil from restaurants, waste fats from slaughterhouses, grease from wastewater treatment plants has gained prominence as biodiesel feedstock. This present effort compares the properties and fatty acid (FA) composition of neat palm oil (NPO), waste palm oil (WPO), and waste palm oil meth

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17

Chen, Xiu, Xin Jin, Yong Bin Lai, et al. "Nucleation Mechanism of Biodiesel Derived from Palm Oil at Low Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.183.

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The compositions and crystallization process at low temperature of palm-based biodiesel (PME) are investigated. In this work, we show that PME is mainly composed of fatty acid methyl esters of 14-24 even-numbered C atoms: C14:0-C24:0, C16:1-C22:1, C18:2, and C18:3. Palm-based biodiesel crystallization comprises three steps, viz., forming supersaturated solution, nucleation and ester crystal growth; the driving force for saturated fatty acid methyl esters nucleation is the degree of supersaturation. The rate equation of nucleation is put forward. The objective of this research is to provide the

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18

Amani, H., M. Asif, and B. H. Hameed. "Transesterification of waste cooking palm oil and palm oil to fatty acid methyl ester using cesium-modified silica catalyst." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 58 (January 2016): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.07.009.

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19

Lim, Sun-Young, and Hiramitsu Suzuki. "Dose-Response Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester on Maze Behavior and Brain Fatty Acid Composition in Adult Mice." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 2 (2002): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.2.77.

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The dose-response effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) ethyl ester (EE) on maze-learning ability in mice was studied. Male Crj:CD-1 mice aged three months were fed a) a diet containing 5 g palm oil/100 g diet (control group); b) a diet containing 0.5 g DHA ethyl ester/100 g diet plus 4.5 g palm oil/100g diet (DHA-EE 0.5% group); c) a diet containing 1g DHA ethyl ester/100 g diet plus 4g palm oil/100 g diet (DHA-EE 1% group); d) a diet containing 2 g DHA ethyl ester/100 g diet plus 3 g palm oil/100 g diet (DHA-EE 2% group) for four months. Maze-learning ability was assessed th

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20

Timyamprasert, Athitan, Vittaya Punsuvon, Kasem Chunkao, Juan L. Silva, and Tae Jo Kim. "Esterification of Waste Palm Oil in Wastewater Pond for Community Biodiesel Production." Applied Mechanics and Materials 692 (November 2014): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.692.133.

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The aim of this research was to develop a two-step technique to prepare biodiesel from waste palm oil (WPO) with high free fatty acid content. The developed process consists of esterification and transesterification steps. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for investigating the experimental design for esterification step. Design of experiment was performed by application of 5-levels-3-factors central composite design in order to study the optimum condition for decreasing FFA in WPO. The WPO with low FFA was further experimented in transesterification step to obtain fatty acid meth

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21

Nizam, Ainul Farhani Ahmad, and Mohd Sabri Mahmud. "Food quality assurance of crude palm oil: a review on toxic ester feedstock." OCL 28 (2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2021011.

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Palm oil, the commodity produced mainly in Indonesia and Malaysia, is widely used for deep-frying of fast food and food derivatives. European and American markets of palm oil are affected by the concern of the toxicity potential from monochloropropanediol esters (MCPDE) and glycidyl ester (GE) that are undesirably produced from monoacylglycerol (MAG), diacylglycerol (DAG) and chlorine in refineries. Improvement of oil palm plantation, fruit harvest and oil extraction process in palm oil mills is necessary before the refinery process so that hydrolysis reactions that produce MAG and DAG and chl

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22

Yahaya, Muhammad, Irmawati Ramli, Ernee Noryana Muhamad, Nor Shafizah Ishak, Usman Idris Nda-Umar, and Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap. "K2O Doped Dolomite as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Palm Oil." Catalysts 10, no. 7 (2020): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10070791.

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Biodiesel obtained from palm oil over an environmentally friendly catalyst is highlydesirable. For that matter, dolomite, a natural material was used as a catalyst in this work, and this included potassium oxide (K2O)-doped dolomite, 5 wt% K/D, 10 wt% K/D, 15 wt% K/D, and 20 wt% K/D. X-ray diffraction analysis of dolomite revealed the CaO and MgO phases with high crystallinity, in which intensity reduced after doped with varying concentrations of K2O. When the catalysts were evaluated, the K2O-doped dolomite exhibited a better catalytic activity for palm oil transesterification. In the presenc

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23

Mohd Norhisham, S., T. I. Tuan Noor Maznee, H. Nurul Ain, et al. "Soft polyurethane elastomers with adhesion properties based on palm olein and palm oil fatty acid methyl ester polyols." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 73 (March 2017): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2016.10.012.

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24

Subramaniam, Mahendran, Shamsul Sarip, Abdul Yasser Abd Fatah, and Hazilah Mad Kaidi. "Palm Oil-based Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Biodiesel to Meet High Blending Rates in Malaysia." Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36, no. 1 (2021): 550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21078.

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Palm oil methyl ester (PME) is a form of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) which in principle is biodiesel. Malaysia could greatly leverage the abundance of PME sources given its status as a palm oil-producing country. In this paper, palm oil is evaluated for its potential as a biofuel feedstock and its derivatives’ vast use in the domestic market but limited use in other regions. In order to create a growth market of PME, Malaysia has introduced an increase of PME blend component in its nation’s biodiesel use for transport and industrial sectors. A phased increase from 5% to the latest of 20% PM

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25

Irawan, Bambang, Rusdianasari, and Abu Hasan. "Pyrolysis Process of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Conversion into Biodiesel." International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) 1, no. 2 (2021): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v1i2.21.

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Biodiesel is a biomass fuel that can replace petroleum diesel fuel. One of the advantages of biodiesel fuel as renewable energy source that it is more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels because biodiesel significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) is a derivative product of CPO (crude palm oil) that has been treated both physically and chemically. The main advantage of FAME lies in the low content of impurities, especially sulphure and metal content. FAME comes from vegetable oil raw materials, which contain high enough fatty

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26

Silva Ferreira, Bianca, Lara Pereira Faza, and Mireille Le Hyaric. "A Comparison of the Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Indaiá (Attalea dubia) and Babassu (Orbignya phalerata) Oils." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/532374.

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The physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition ofAttalea dubia (Mart.)Burret (indaiá) seed oil were investigated. The oil was extracted in a soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether and evaluated for iodine, acid, peroxide, ester, and saponification values. The oil was also analyzed using infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The fatty acid profile of the oil was determined by GC-MS. For each analysis indaiá oil was compared toOrbignya phalerata(babassu) oil. The two oils appeared to be very similar in their fatty acid composition, in which lauric acid (the most abund

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27

Gutbrod, Philipp, Sophie Reichert, Katharina Gutbrod, et al. "Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester synthesis in fruits of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)." Phytochemistry 185 (May 2021): 112684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112684.

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28

Jindapon, Wayu, Siyada Jaiyen, Anurak Winitsorn, Suchada Butnark, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Shell-Derived Heterogeneous Base Catalyst for Transesterification of Palm Oil." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1178.

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In the present work, shell, which is available in abundance, low cost and non-toxicity, was used as a source of calcium for preparation of heterogeneous base catalysts. The catalyst was prepared by dissolution-precipitation method in which a calcined shell was mixed with Zn(NO3)2and Al2O3under acidic conditions, followed by calcination at 300-700 °C. ZSA-I was referred to as the catalyst attained under the suitable synthesis conditions. Physicochemical properties of ZSA-I were studied by using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric/ differentia

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29

Irawan, Yan, Ika Juliana, and Emil Budianto. "Synthesis of palm oil based polymeric ester through cationic addition polymerisation method." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 1 (2021): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n1.1524.

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In this study, the synthesis of palm oil-based polymeric ester for application as a polymeric surfactant was carried out by a cationic addition polymerisation method through two steps. The initial step is a synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters oleate (FAMEO) through esterification reaction between oleic acid and methanol. The optimum conditions of the esterification reaction were carried out at a temperature of 70–80oC for 4 hours with the addition of 1wt% sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The molar ratio between oleic acid and methanol was 1:3. FAMEO was analysed using GCMS to determine the methy

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30

Boontawee, Hasleena, Charoen Nakason, Azizon Kaesaman, Anoma Thitithammawong, and Sopa Chewchanwuttiwong. "Application of Benzyl Ester of Modified Vegetable Oils as Rubber Processing Oils." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 1164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1164.

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Benzyl esters of fatty acids based on three types of vegetable oils (i.e., coconut, palm, and soybean oils) were in-house prepared. They were used as alternative rubber processing oil to replace conventional aromatic oil which has been banned by European community since December 2009. Fatty acids were first prepared by hydrolysis of vegetable oils and thereafter esterified with benzyl alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The reaction based on molar ratio of fatty acid:benzyl alcohol:sulfuric acid was set at 1.5:1.0:0.05 gave yield of benzyl esters higher than 80%. Rubber com

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31

Xi, Li Min, and Shu Yong Cao. "Synthesis of Biodiesel from by-Product of Plant Oil by the Catalysis of Solid Acid in Fixed Bed." Advanced Materials Research 322 (August 2011): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.322.15.

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Fatty acid methyl ester biodiesel was successfully synthesized by the esterification of the palm oil deodorizer distillate (PODD) with methanol, catalyzed by the strongly acidic cation-exchange resin as solid acid in a self-made fixed bed reactor. The reaction condition was optimized, and the product could basically reach both national standard and Germany standard.

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Ohki, Y. "Development of top-runner distribution transformers using palm fatty acid ester insulating oil [news from japan]." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 34, no. 2 (2018): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mei.2018.8300449.

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Tokunaga, Junko, Hidenobu Koide, Kenji Mogami, and Tomoyuki Hikosaka. "Comparative studies on the aging of thermally upgraded paper insulation in palm fatty acid ester, mineral oil, and natural ester." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 23, no. 1 (2016): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2015.005502.

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34

Buasri, A., B. Ksapabutr, M. Panapoy, and N. Chaiyut. "Process Optimization for Ethyl Ester Production in Fixed Bed Reactor Using Calcium Oxide Impregnated Palm Shell Activated Carbon (CaO/PSAC)." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 1, no. 3 (2012): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.1.3.81-86.

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: The continuous production of ethyl ester was studied by using a steady-state fixed bed reactor (FBR). Transesterification of palm stearin (PS) and waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) with ethanol in the presence of calcium oxide impregnated palm shell activated carbon (CaO/PSAC) solid catalyst was investigated. This work was determined the optimum conditions for the production of ethyl ester from PS and WCPO in order to obtain fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) with the highest yield. The effects of reaction variables such as residence time, ethanol/oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, catalyst bed h

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35

Kuan, Chai, Mark Neng, Yu-Bin Chan, Yoke-Leng Sim, Joel Strothers, and Lawrence Pratt. "Thermal Transformation of Palm Waste to High-Quality Hydrocarbon Fuel." Fuels 1, no. 1 (2020): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels1010002.

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Empty fruit bunches (EFB) are waste products in the palm oil industry. Upon pressing of EFB, a liquor is produced which contains low grade fats, oils, and greases (FOG). These are the least valuable products of palm oil production, and are often discarded as waste. It is shown here that the EFB pressed liquor can be thermally transformed at or below 350 °C to produce a series of hydrocarbons in the range of kerosene and diesel fuel. This is distinctly different from other studies of biofuels from palm oil, which were based entirely on biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)) and biogas produ

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36

Prakoso, Tirto, Indra B. Kurniawan, and R. Heru Nugroho. "Esterifikasi asam lemak bebas dalam minyak sawit mentah untuk produksi metilester." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 6, no. 3 (2018): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2007.6.3.7.

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Methyl esters are one of alkyl esters compound that used as alternative diesel fuel became popular. Methyl esters have similarities on physical and chemical properties with the diesel fuel produced from fossil oil; however it has less combustion and environmental emissions. As fossil oil become rare to be exploited, and the rapid environmental issues, the efforts to develop methyl esters as alternative diesel fuel become a prospective one. One method to produce methyl esters from free fatty acids of crude palm oil (CPO) is the two step esterification-transesterification reaction, each step pro

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Sulistyo, Joko, Yati Soedaryati Soeka, and Rini Handayani. "TRANSESTERIFIKASI ENZIMATIK ASAM LEMAK DARI SUBSTRAT MINYAK SAWIT DAN SANTAN KELAPA." Berkala Penelitian Hayati 7, no. 1 (2001): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.7.1.20012.

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We have reported he potency of microbial extracellular enzyme for coconut oil by fermentation. Further investigation was aimed to study capacity if the enzyme on bioproses of crude palm oil by transesterification saturated fatty acid to fatty acid ester which is useful for industry of cosmetics, biopharmacy and natural chemistry. We have studied some lipase from culture filtrate of Bacillus subtilis FM-9101, Pseudomonas aerogenes FM-9201, Pseudomonas fluorescens FM-9202, Pseudomonas stutzerri FM 9203, and Candida rugosa FM-9301. Those five strains showed different activities during the hydroly

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Intarat, Naruemon, Krit Somnuk, Thanansak Theppaya, and Gumpon Prateepchaikul. "Acid Value Reduction Process in Mixed Crude Palm Oil by Using Low-Grade Ethanol." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.677.

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In Thailand, the ethanol production was produced from factory fermentation of many food crops such as sugar cane, molasses, and cassava. Thus, this alcohol is not required to be imported from abroad. Moreover, the advantages of ethanol over methanol are less toxic, and the fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) has higher heat content, cetane number and lower cloud point, pour point than the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). In this study, the 95% commercial ethanol (as a low-grade ethanol) was used to reduce the acid value in the mixed crude palm oil (MCPO). The Response surface methodology (RSM), a 5-

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Damanik, Ong, Mofijur, et al. "The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Calophyllum inophyllum—Palm Biodiesel." Processes 7, no. 9 (2019): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090597.

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Nowadays, increased interest among the scientific community to explore the Calophyllum inophyllum as alternative fuels for diesel engines is observed. This research is about using mixed Calophyllum inophyllum-palm oil biodiesel production and evaluation that biodiesel in a diesel engine. The Calophyllum inophyllum–palm oil methyl ester (CPME) is processed using the following procedure: (1) the crude Calophyllum inophyllum and palm oils are mixed at the same ratio of 50:50 volume %, (2) degumming, (3) acid-catalysed esterification, (4) purification, and (5) alkaline-catalysed transesterificatio

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Bakar, Suliana Abu, Suzana Yusup, Murni Melati Ahmad, et al. "Comparative Study on Two-Step Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Production from High FFA Crude Palm Oil Using Microwave Technique and Conventional Technique." Advanced Materials Research 917 (June 2014): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.917.87.

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The production of biodiesel from crude palm oil (CPO) using microwave technique is investigated and has been compared with conventional heating. Two-step biodiesel production process is applied to maximize the highest biodiesel yield in short reaction time using microwave method. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as acid catalysts is used in pre-treatment of feedstock by esterification process followed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) as base catalyst for transesterification process with low methanol to oil ratio. The main purpose of the pre-treatment process is to reduce the free fatty acids (FFA) content of

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Olutoye, M. A., S. C. Lee, and B. H. Hameed. "Synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester from palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) with Ky(MgCa)2xO3 as heterogeneous catalyst." Bioresource Technology 102, no. 23 (2011): 10777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.033.

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Rashid, Shahidah N., Adeeb Hayyan, and Mohd Ali Hashim. "Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester from Low Grade Palm Oil Using Eutectic Solvent Based on Benzyltrimethylammonium Chloride." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 210 (June 2017): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/210/1/012012.

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Zainoddin, Muhamad Hafiy Syazwan, Hidayat Zainuddin, and Aminudin Aman. "Dielectrophoresis Effect of Dielectric Liquids with Suspended Cellulose Impurities under DC Electric Field." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (2017): 3254. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3254-3261.

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For decades, petroleum-based mineral oils are the insulating media conventionally used in the industry, particularly for high voltage (HV) applications. However, due to the disadvantages of mineral oils, there is growing interest in replacing these oils with environmentally friendly alternatives in order to fulfill the demanding requirements of dielectric liquids. One of the promising substitutes for mineral oils is ester oils. Nevertheless, the implementation of ester oils is not widespread compared with mineral oils due to the lack of understanding on the performance of ester oils in HV appl

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Permpool, Napapat, Hafiz Usman Ghani, and Shabbir H. Gheewala. "An In-Depth Environmental Sustainability Analysis of Conventional and Advanced Bio-Based Diesels in Thailand." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (2020): 9415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229415.

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Thailand has been implementing its Alternative Energy Development Plan aiming to replace 20–25% of fossil fuels with locally produced biofuels by 2036. The partial substitution of fossil diesel with fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derived from palm oil is one of the major options but blending beyond 20% of FAME is a concern for use in conventional diesel engines. This problem has led to the consideration of other bio-based diesels also derived from palm oil; namely, partially hydrogenated fatty acid methyl ester (H-FAME) and bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD). This study performed a comparative life

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Muhammad Tarmidzi, Andre Y. Putra, Renita Manurung, and Tjahjono Herawan. "PENGARUH KONSENTRASI Li YANG DI-DOPING KE DALAM KATALIS CaO TERHADAP REAKSI TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK SAWIT." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 2, no. 3 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v2i3.1438.

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The development of biodiesel which is derived from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) shows a risingtrend forpetroleum-based energy reserves are running low.Oil palm is the largestplantation commodity in Indonesia, so, it has high potential as raw material of biodiesel.Transesterification is a reaction of producingbiodiesel (methyl ester). Nevertheless, CPO is easy to be degraded byhydrolysis, so, it couldincrease the amount of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content which hampers transesterification process. As a consequence, there is formation of soaps as side product. Tomaximize the production of biodiesel which i

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Utomo, Drajat Bangun, R. R. Dirgarini Julia Nurlianti Subagyono, and Rahmat GUnawan. "UTILIZATION OF CORN FLOW AMERICA (Zea Mays) AS A SOURCE OF SILICA ON THE MAKING OF Na / SBA-15 CATALYSTES FOR TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION OF OIL JELANTAH." JURNAL KIMIA MULAWARMAN 16, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/jkm.v16i1.621.

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Preparation of Na / SBA-15 from corn leaves ash (Zea mays) as a substitute for TEOS (Tetraethyl Orthosilicate) applied as a heterogeneous catalyst in the transesterification reaction of used palm oil and methanol has been performed. The preparation of SBA-15 was conducted by surfactant template method and modification with Na was conducted by impregnation method. SBA-15 from corn leaves ash has a pore size ranging from 4.9 nm to 9.3 nm, a surface area of 595 m2/ g, a pore diameter of 3.95 nm and a pore volume of 0.99 cm3/ g. The yeild obtained from the first transesterification process was 9

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Andikos, Adi Fitra, and Helly Andri. "Pengujian Association Clasification Dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Minyak Sawit Sebagai Bahan Dasar Biodisel." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 3, no. 4 (2019): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v3i4.1383.

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The role of oil and gas business in Indonesia has always influenced the source of revenue from the country and energy sources for the national economy. In the 1970 's to the 1990 's and mid-1990 's, it was characterized by the high dependence of the national economy on oil and gas revenues, triggering massive oil and gas-producing. Currently, Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer and exporter in the world. Palm oil is one of the roads to overcome the problem of petroleum in Indonesia. To commercialize plants is still constrained because the availability of low raw material costs very hard

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Desnelli, D. Mujahidin, Y. Permana, and C. L. Radiman. "The Olefin Reaction between Crude Palm Oil Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (CPO FAME) and Ethylene Using Grubbs II Catalyst." Procedia Chemistry 17 (2015): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2015.12.127.

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Wang, Xiaoda, Xin Xu, Qinglian Wang, Zhixian Huang, Jianyang He, and Ting Qiu. "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Synthesis through Transesterification of Palm Oil with Methanol in Microchannels: Flow Pattern and Reaction Kinetics." Energy & Fuels 34, no. 3 (2020): 3628–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b03365.

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Olutoye, M. A., and B. H. Hameed. "A highly active clay-based catalyst for the synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester from waste cooking palm oil." Applied Catalysis A: General 450 (January 2013): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.09.049.

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