Dissertations / Theses: 'Palm products'

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Ani, Farid Nasir Hj. "The utilisation of palm oil and its solid waste products as fuel." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270338.

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Nawaz, Sadat. "Development of sampling and analytical methodology for aflotoxins in oil palm products." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314746.

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Yoshikawa, Shinichi. "Effects of adding foreign particles on crystallization and physical properties of fat-based products." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/216160.

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(1) Yoshikawa, S., Kida, H. & Sato, K. Promotional effects of new types of additives on fat crystallization. J. Oleo Sci. 63(4), 333–345, © 2014 Japan Oil Chemists’ Society, Tokyo., (2) Yoshikawa, S., Kida, H. & Sato, K. Fat crystallization with talc particles is influenced by particle size, concentration, and cooling rate. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 117(6), 858–868, © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim., (3) Yoshikawa, S., Kida, H., Matsumura, Y. & Sato, K. Adding talc particles improves physical properties of palm oil-based shortening. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500283 (in press), © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(農学)
乙第13044号
論農博第2837号
新制||農||1044(附属図書館)
学位論文||H28||N5008(農学部図書室)
33036
(主査)教授松村康生, 教授裏出令子, 教授安達修二
学位規則第4条第2項該当

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Tabee, Elham. "Lipid and phytosterol oxidation in vegetable oils and fried potato products /." Uppsala : Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200892.pdf.

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Favreto, Rodrigo. "Aspectos etnoecológicos e ecofisiológicos de Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/26311.

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A palmeira juçara – Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) – é uma espécie abundante nas florestas onde ocorre e que produz grande quantidade de flores e frutos, sendo assim de grande importância ecológica. Após décadas de desmatamento e superexploração do palmito, as populações encontram-se reduzidas a fragmentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar alguns aspectos etnoecológicos e ecofisiológicos acerca da espécie. Foram verificados cinco sistemas de manejo desenvolvidos por comunidades locais do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul: manejo em capoeiras, manejo em reflorestamentos com espécies exóticas, manejo em bananais, quintais agroflorestais e corte clandestino de palmito em florestas. Comparou-se o crescimento de palmeiras jovens em florestas secundárias e bananais, de 2003 a 2008, e verificou-se que o tamanho das palmeiras em 2008 nos bananais foi cinco vezes maior do que nas florestas, apesar da herbivoria ter sido maior nos bananais; a mortalidade foi equivalente entre os dois tratamentos, apesar da grande variabilidade, e apresentando um padrão intraespecífico dependente da densidade. Observou-se um padrão de variação dos eventos fenológicos reprodutivos associado a latitude e altitude; verificou-se também uma relação quadrática significativa entre épocas de floração e de maturação dos frutos, demonstrando que o tempo necessário desde a floração até a maturação dos frutos depende da época que ocorre a floração. Verificou-se que os sistemas de manejo são diferentes estratégias de uso da juçara, e que esta apresenta um grande potencial para manejo.
The juçara palm - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) - is an abundant species in the forests where it occurs and that produces lots of flowers and fruits, being of great ecological importance. After decades of deforestation and heart of palm exploitation, it is reduced to fragments. This work aimed to study some ethnoecological and ecophisiological aspects of this species. We observed five management systems developed by local communities of the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul: management in early secondary forest, management in reforestation with exotic species, management in banana plantations, homegardens and illegal cutting in forests. We compared the growth of young palms in secondary forests and banana plantations from 2003 to 2008, and found that the size of palms in 2008 in banana plantations was five times greater than in forests, in spite of herbivory was higher in the banana plantations; the mortality was equivalent between the two treatments, despite the great variability, and presenting an intraspecific density-dependent pattern. There was a pattern of variation in reproductive phenology related to latitude and altitude; there was also a significant quadratic relationship between timing of flowering and fruit ripening, showing that the time required from flowering to fruit maturity depends on the time the flowering occurs. It was found that the management systems are different strategies of use of the juçara palm, and that this species has high potential for management.

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Ayeleso, Ademola Olabode. "Influence of two plant products (red palm oil and rooibos) on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia and its implications on antioxidant status and other biochemical parameters in an animal model." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1517.

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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Technology: Biomedical Technology In the Faculty of Health and Wellness At the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2012
Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem not only in urban, but also in the rural areas and is diagnosed by the presence of high glucose levels in the blood. Oxidative stress is known to be actively involved in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications. Antioxidants have important roles in biological systems by scavenging free radicals which may result in oxidative damage of biological molecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA. Red palm oil, originally from the tropical area of Africa, generally consumed as cooking oil, is known to have some beneficial health effects due to the presence of lipid soluble antioxidants such as carotenoids, tocopherols and tocotrienols. It also contains almost an equal proportion of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids which makes it distinctive from other vegetable oils. Rooibos, on the other hand, is grown in the Cederberg area of the Western Cape in South Africa and it is commonly consumed as a beverage. It contains a complex profile of water soluble antioxidants (flavonoids) and its health promoting potentials have been reported extensively. Some of the flavonoids present in rooibos include aspalathin, nothofagin, quercetin, rutin and orientin. The objective of this research project was to examine the potential beneficial effects of the dietary intake of red palm oil and rooibos on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia and its influence on the antioxidant status and some biochemical parameters in male Wistar rats. The preliminary phase of this study was designed to investigate the biochemical effects of these two plant products at different dosages following consumption for a period of 7 weeks. The preliminary study did not reveal any adverse effects of the different dosages of red palm oil (1 ml, 2 ml and 4 ml) and rooibos (2%, 4% and 6%) on the experimental rats following dietary intake for 7 weeks. However, these natural products showed an improvement in the antioxidant status of the rats at the different doses. Using a single dose each of both plant products from the preliminary study, the main study was performed to investigate the influence of these two plant products singly and in combination on the blood and liver of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic male Wistar rats. In the main study, streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) through intramuscular injection was used for the induction of diabetes which was confirmed by the presence of high blood glucose after 72 hours. Red palm oil or rooibos extract alone did not have any effect on the control of blood glucose in the diabetic rats. The dietary intake of the combined treatment with red palm and rooibos had more health promoting effects on the diabetic rats which included a decrease in blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, fructosamine and increased insulin levels. There was a marked increase in liver glycogen levels in all the diabetic groups. Treatment with rooibos alone showed a decrease in glycogen levels in the diabetic rats. The presence of liver enzymes in the serum, commonly used as indicators of liver damage was increased in all the diabetic rats. However, the combined treatment of diabetic rats with red palm oil and rooibos protected the liver from injury. Red palm oil improved high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (HDL-cholesterol) in the diabetic rats. There was no effect on the activity of glucokinase, the first enzyme in the the glycolytic pathway in both the untreated and treated diabetic rats. However, the activity of pyruvate kinase, the last enzyme in the glycolytic pathway was reduced in all the diabetic groups. The combined treatment with both red palm and rooibos increased the activity of pyruvate kinase. Oxidative stress was confirmed in the diabetic rats with an increase in the plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Treatment of diabetic rats with rooibos and the combination of red palm oil and rooibos brought plasma TBARS to a level that was not significantly different from the normal control group. There was a non-significant reduction of total glutathione in the non-treated and treated diabetic groups. A non-significant increase in the activity of liver catalase was observed in all the treated diabetic groups. The activity of superoxide dismutase was significantly decreased in the liver of diabetic rats. Diabetic rats treated with red palm oil, rooibos and the combined treatment showed an increased activity of superoxide dismutase in the liver. Red palm oil and the combined treatment increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase in both the red blood cells and liver of diabetic rats. Red palm oil, rooibos and their combined treatments also improved the plasma antioxidant capacity such as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen reducing absorbance capacity (ORAC) in the diabetic rats. In conclusion, oxidative stress is actively involved in the progression of diabetes mellitus. Red palm oil and rooibos, most especially their combined treatment showed significant beneficial health promoting effects in the diabetic rats. The remarkable effects of the combined treatment of red palm oil and rooibos in the diabetic rats could be due to their antioxidant profiles. Based on the findings from this study, it can be adduced that these plant products could help in the management of diabetes and its complications and therefore, suggested the need for further research studies on antioxidant therapy in the management of diabetes mellitus.

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Tagoe, Sheila M. A. "Effect of mycotoxigenic microorganisms on palm fruits and palm oil produced at the cottage industry level." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503918.

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Oilseeds are e the group of crops that store energy in the form of oil. Tliey form a ery important component of tropical agriculture, because they are readily available and provide highly nutritious human and animal food. The oilseeds also irve as an important source of energy and act as carriers of fat-soluble vitamins. About 71 percent of edible oils and fats are derived from plant sources as oilseeds. Tecnnological advances have made it possible for one processing of non-food products using oilseeds as raw material. About forty different oilseeds are reported to have the potential for food uses but the most significant ones in the world's edible / non-edible oil supply include coconut, corn, cotton, oil palm, peanut, rapeseed, rice, safflower, sesame, soybean and sunflower. To achieve the objectives of the study, various preparatory experiments were conducted using molecular biology methods. Results obtained showed that DNA extraction from palm fruits and oil samples was successful with different methods being optimal for different materials; glass beads for pelleted microbes derived from oil palm fruit surface washes, liquid nitrogen for microbial cultures and Proteinase K for oil samples. Results on the free fatty acid and microbial contamination of the samples also showed that the good-grade oils contain microbes some of which may have the potential of producing toxin.

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Wilsey, David Scott. "Nontimber forest product certification considered the case of Chamaedorea palm fronds (xate) /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0023770.

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Månsson, Max, and Erik Lidbeck. "Implementation of Sensor and Communication Technology for PAL Products." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43003.

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DD Company AB wanted to improve their existing products the football training rebounding board PAL and their PAL Cones. Their suggested solution was to create an application which communicates with PAL and PAL Cones via Bluetooth. The goal was to have an app which can record how many times PAL has been hit during a set time span and control PAL Cones to indicate to the player to step on a specific cone. PAL's problem was solved by on it place a base unit made of an accelerometer to sense impacts, a BLE112 Bluetooth module to communicate over Bluetooth and an Arduino UNO for reading the accelerometer and signal the Bluetooth module which transmits a hit counter over Bluetooth to the mobile application. The PAL Cone uses only the BLE112, a LED, a button and a button cell battery to keep the size to a minimum. The base unit is able to filter the initial impact from the residual vibrations and sends a updating hit counter over a Bluetooth connection to the mobile application. The mobile application can control the counter by sending commands to the base unit. After a hit the mobile application can activate a cone to light up and receives feedback when a player steps on the specified cone.

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Ash, Jeremy D. "Assessment of sustainable leaf harvest from the understory palm, Chamaedorea radicalis." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1185969979.

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Whiffin, Fraeya. "A palm oil substitute and care product emulsions from a yeast cultivated on waste resources." Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.681038.

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Currently, the production of palm oil leads to the destruction of rainforest. A more sustainable source of lipids could be obtained using abundant lignocellulosic waste (e.g. wheat straw) as a source of carbon in the form of polysaccharides. Some species of oleaginous yeast, grown on sugars, can be made to accumulate between 20-80% of their biomass as oil and so offer a promising alternative to terrestrial crops. In this thesis, the yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima was selected for its resilience to contamination. Although not previously classified as oleaginous, a combination of low temperature and restricted nutrient availability prevented sporulation and consequently triggered levels of oil production in M. pulcherrima cultures of up to 47%. The potential of this yeast to produce lipids inexpensively on waste resources was investigated. This yeast was grown under non-sterile conditions at pilot scale with minimal temperature control. The possibility of growing M. pulcherrima on lignocellulose was studied on models and showed that it was tolerant to a range of sugars and inhibitors commonly found in hydrolysed lignocellulose. The yeast produced 6.04 g L-1 lipid when cultivated on a mixture of hexoses and pentoses. This was corroborated by demonstrating that the yeast could be cultured on oligomers and sugars produced by hydrolysing wheat straw. Evidence of cellulase production was observed, and this was utilised in a process involving mildly pretreated wheat straw, using a range of pretreatment processes and culture conditions to yield a maximum of 1.12 g L-1 lipid. The usefulness of the products of this cultivation in forming oil in water emulsions was evaluated, and some evidence of surface-active effects was found. Overall, M. pulcherrima was found to have phenotypes that would be highly beneficial in reducing the capital and running costs of a putative lipid production process.

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Kongyong, Kanchalika. "The impact of the ASEAN economic community (AEC) on oil palm producers in Thailand." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/28081.

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All ASEAN member states intend to establish the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015, in order to make ASEAN a single market and production-based with the alleged purpose of making ASEAN a more dynamic and competitive region. This study aims at identifying the impacts of this single market and the production base policy of the AEC on oil palm producers in Thailand. In order to study the impacts of the AEC on oil palm producers in Thailand, we shall resort to qualitative and quantitative research methods. These methods have applied in three provinces in Southern Thailand: Surat Thani, Krabi, and Chumphon. More specifically, the negative and positive impacts of the single market and production-based policy of the AEC on oil palm producers will concern economic and social aspects, the production system, the environment, and food security. Primary data were collected using 400 semi-structured questionnaires, were using purposive and snowball selection. The analytical tool was the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) containing goals, criteria, and specified impacts of the AEC on oil palm producers in Thailand. The result reveals that the economic impacts, such as an increase in investment opportunities in oil palm and employment, are the most critical positive impacts, while social impacts are the most significant negative impacts, especially prejudice in solving by the government. The preparation for entering the AEC for oil palm in Thailand should focus on increasing production and extracted oil efficiency so that that palm oil can compete with other countries. In addition, there should be cooperation with the main producing countries in ASEAN regarding the quality of standardized palm oil and palm oil-based products (ASEAN Sustainable Palm Oil: ASPO) as well as pushing the production of oil palm and palm oil in accordance with the ASPO quality standards or RSPO standards to increase trade channels outside the region; RESUMO: Todos os estados membros da ASEAN pretendem estabelecer a Comunidade Económica da ASEAN até 2015, a fim de tornar a ASEAN um mercado único e baseado na produção, com o objetivo de tornar a ASEAN uma região mais dinâmica e competitiva. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar os impactos desse mercado único e a política de base de produção da Comunidade Económica da ASEAN (AEC) sobre os produtores de dendezeiros na Tailândia. Para estudar os impactos da Comunidade Económica da ASEAN (AEC) nos produtores de dendezeiros da Tailândia, recorreremos a métodos de pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa. Esses métodos foram aplicados em três províncias do sul da Tailândia: Surat Thani, Krabi, e Chumphon. Mais especificamente, os impactos negativos e positivos do mercado único e da política de produção da Comunidade Económica da ASEAN (AEC) sobre os produtores de dendezeiros envolverão aspectos económicos e sociais, sistema de produção, meio ambiente e segurança alimentar. Os dados primários foram recolhidos usando 400 questionários semiestruturados, usando seleção proposital e de bola de neve. A ferramenta analítica foi o Processo de hierarquia analítica (AHP), contendo objetivos, critérios e impactos especificados da Comunidade Económica da ASEAN (AEC) nos produtores de dendezeiros na Tailândia. O resultado revela que os impactos económicos, como o aumento das oportunidades de investimento no dendezeiro e no emprego, são os impactos positivos mais críticos. Embora os impactos sociais sejam os impactos negativos mais significativos, especialmente os preconceitos na solução por parte do governo. A preparação para entrar na Comunidade Econômica da ASEAN (AEC) para o óleo de palma na Tailândia deve concentrar-se no aumento da produção e na eficiência do óleo extraído, para que o óleo de palma possa competir com outros países. Além disso, deve haver cooperação com os principais países produtores da ASEAN no que diz respeito à qualidade de produtos padronizados de óleo de palma e óleo de palma (ASEAN Sustainable Palm Oil: ASPO), além de impulsionar a produção de óleo de palma e óleo de palma de acordo com a os padrões de qualidade ASPO ou RSPO para aumentar os canais de comércio fora da região.

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Kilroy, Hayley A. "Enrichment planting of an understory palm: Effect of microenvironmental variables on seedling establishment, growth, and survival." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1209495979.

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Groom, Simon. "An integrated study of the magmatic products linked to the Cumbre Nueva Collapse, La Palma." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2017. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/271/.

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The eruptive sequences linked to the Cumbre Nueva Collapse of La Palma’s Taburiente volcano provide ideal material for a study that integrates field volcanology, geochronology, lava petrology and whole rock magmatic geochemistry. Lavas exposed in Taburiente’s El Time region and on the post-collapse Bejenado volcano bracket the collapse and record this period’s magmatic processes. Their integrated study allows us to reconstruct how a collapse interacted with the magma supply system. By studying the same lava flows using multiple techniques that address successively deeper parts of the magma supply we present an unusually well-constrained interpretation of the processes at depth. Results of field and 40Ar/39Ar geochronological study indicate that the collapse (≈530 ka) ended a typical period of volcanic re-surfacing at Taburiente’s Paleo-Cumbre Nueva Rift. It was followed by focused volcanism within the collapse structure producing the Bejenado volcano. This was a major, rapid, volcanic episode that included explosive phreatomagmatic activity as well as of voluminous, effusive lava emplacement. Its physical volcanology was in part controlled by magmatic evolution, with products ranging from basanites to tephri-phonolites. Petrological study indicates that dynamic collapse-related processes took place within the magma reservoir system throughout this period, in reservoirs located in the lithospheric mantle. Reservoir processes included the disruption of cumulates, super-saturated crystallisation of feldspar and clinopyroxene, mixing between primitive and evolved magmas, and assimilation of amphibole-bearing lithologies. Whole rock elemental and isotope (Sr, Nd, Pb) geochemistry results indicate that most of Bejenado’s eruptive products were hybrids between two magma batches with contrasting source signatures in a major ongoing reservoir process. The more primitive of these batches had an unusually depleted isotope signature for La Palma lavas, while the more evolved, HIMU-dominated, magma had high incompatible element contents. The unusual depleted signature indicates that the collapse affected the deepest part of the magma-supply system.

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Combet-Blanc, Yannick. "Caractérisation et étude physiologique d'une nouvelle bactérie lactique thermophile, Bacillus thermoamylovorans, isolée du vin de palme." Aix-Marseille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX11065.

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La recherche de bacteries thermophiles dans le vin de palme a permis d'isoler une nouvelle bacterie moderement thermophile (croissance optimale a 52c). Cette bacterie, en forme de batonnets gram-positifs et asporules, possede une flagellation peritriche. Elle est anaerobie facultative bien que sa croissance soit inhibee par l'oxygene lorsque sa pression partielle est elevee. Par ailleurs, elle ne reduit pas le nitrate, le nitrite, le sulfate, le thiosulfate, le soufre et le fumarate et ne produit pas d'indole, de sulfure ou d'hydrogene. Chimioorganotrophe: la biotrypcase ou l'extrait de levure stimulent sa croissance. Parmi les nombreux sucres fermentes, le saccharose, le lactose et l'amidon sont les plus interessants sur le plan industriel. Les produits de fermentation sont l'acide l(+) lactique, l'acide acetique, l'acide formique et l'ethanol, le co#2 n'etant produit que sous certaines conditions de culture. La stoechiometrie de la fermentation depend fortement des conditions de culture (ph et composition du milieu). Bien que le phenotype de cette bacterie a faible gc % (38%) rappelle fortement celui des bacteries lactiques heterofermentaires, son etude phylogenetique (arnr-16s) a revele son affiliation avec les especes du genre bacillus. Cette souche a donc ete classee, malgre son caractere asporule, comme la souche type d'une nouvelle espece, bacillus thermoamylovorans. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons montre que lorsque les conditions de culture de b. Thermoamylovorans sont optimales (milieu riche en facteurs de croissance et ph neutre), le glucose est principalement fermente en acide acetique, acide formique et ethanol, l'acide lactique etant alors minoritaire. De meme, a partir de cultures continues limitees par le glucose, ce dernier est fermente essentiellement en acide acetique, acide formique et ethanol et ce, quel que soit le taux de dilution. En revanche, lorsque les conditions de croissance de b. Thermoamylovorans ne sont pas optimales (milieu de culture acide, alcalin ou carence en facteurs de croissance), le glucose est fermente principalement en acide lactique. Ce changement de metabolisme entraine egalement un decouplage energetique entre synthese cellulaire et production d'energie

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César, Aldara da Silva. "A competitividade da produção de biodiesel no Brasil: uma análise comparativa de mamona, dendê e soja." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3397.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4326.pdf: 2748871 bytes, checksum: 8985c0d573f48e4f93944fffd2c6e922 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-20
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
The possibility of broadening raw material sources for biodiesel production benefits the Brazilian competitiveness. However, the present costs of biofuel production worldwide are not competitive enough if compared to mineral energy. Nowadays, to consider only issues related to the economic aspect, in order to justify the operation of a system, is a practice that has been questioned. The changes in the costumer s actions, production s standard and assessment of social and environmental aspects, by means of the society and the market, have led to an expansion of the dimensions of companies performance analysis and its production connected spaces. Therefore, this thesis proposes to analyze the competitiveness and the main governance structures in productive chains present in the biodiesel sector in Brazil, from three raw materials sources: castor, palm oil and soy. The present work reports the outcomes of a multi-case study, employing techniques of exploratory research literature and documents, and interviews with agents associated in the biodiesel sector. Three main governance structures are highlighted in this analysis: partial vertical integration with small farmers (for all raw materials concerned); the possibility of complete vertical integration of palm oil plantations to the mills; and finally, the purchase of soybeans via spot market. This research illustrates that the biodiesel production of castor bean is impracticable in Brazil in the short term, and it seems to be a future possibility of difficult viability. On the other hand, the palm oil seems to be a viable possibility in the medium-term. It could be possible to develop a chain based on palm oil, and consequently, encourage productive inclusion of small farmers in the North of the country. In contrast to the other resources exposed here, the soybeans revealed significant competitive advantages that have made it possible to fulfill - in quantity - not only the national demand, but also the requirements imposed by the legislation of the Social Fuel Seal and the legislation of the biofuel addition to diesel. The findings of the National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB), related to the productive inclusion of small farms, are still insubstantial, and the institutional environment becomes crucial to the inclusion of family farmers in the biodiesel sector.
A possibilidade de diversificação na produção de matérias-primas utilizadas para fabricar biodiesel favorece a competitividade brasileira. Contudo, os custos atuais de produção de biocombustíveis, em todo mundo, são pouco competitivos em relação aos dos derivados de matérias-primas fósseis. Considerar somente aspectos relacionados às questões econômicas para justificar o funcionamento de um sistema é uma prática que tem sido questionada. As alterações nos atos de consumo, no padrão produtivo e na valoração de aspectos sociais e ambientais pela sociedade e pelo mercado têm conduzido a uma ampliação de dimensões de análise de desempenho de empresas e de espaços agregados de produção. Diante disso, este trabalho propõe analisar a competitividade e as principais estruturas de governanças vigentes nas cadeias produtivas de produção de biodiesel no Brasil a partir da mamona, do dendê e da soja. Esta pesquisa pode ser classificada como multicasos, pois utiliza técnicas de pesquisa exploratória bibliográfica e documental, bem como entrevistas aos agentes inseridos na pesquisa. Três estruturas de governança se destacaram nesta análise: a integração vertical parcial com agricultores familiares (para todas as matérias-primas focadas), possibilidade de verticalização completa das atividades agrícolas do dendê às usinas e por fim, a compra direta via mercado spot do grão de soja. O trabalho aponta que a utilização da mamona para a produção de biodiesel é impraticável no curto prazo, parecendo ser uma promessa futura ainda de difícil viabilização. Por outro lado, o dendê parece ser uma possibilidade viável de médio prazo que permitiria desenvolver uma cadeia baseada nessa matéria-prima com a possibilidade de inclusão produtiva de produtores familiares e ribeirinhos da região Norte. Em contrapartida, a soja possui vantagens competitivas importantes frente às demais oleaginosas aqui abordadas, o que tem contribuído para que a oleaginosa atenda em quantidade - não somente à demanda obrigatória imposta pela legislação de adição de biodiesel ao diesel, como também, às requisições impostas pelo selo combustível social. Os resultados do Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso de Biodiesel em relação a inclusão produtiva de pequenos agricultores ainda são tímidos e o ambiente institucional passa a ser determinante para a inclusão de agricultores familiares nas cadeias desse setor.

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LINS, Stephany Emyle Barbosa. "Palma em substituição ao farelo de trigo na dieta de ovinos." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2014. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6128.

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he objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacement of wheat bran by cactus pear ( 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% ) in diets based on sugar cane, to evaluate the intake and digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen balance, fiber ruminal dynamics, microbial protein synthesis and ruminal parameters – pH, N-NH3 concentration and production of short chain fatty acid in sheep. Five Santa Ines sheep, canulated in rumen, with average initial live weight 34.02 ± 3.6 kg, designed in a 5 × 5 latin square. The dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total digestible nutrients and fiber fixed neutral detergent intake showed quadratic effect (P<0,05) with replacement of wheat bran by cactus pear. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein showed a linear increase (P<0,05). This trial showed a quadratic effect (P<0,05) for the passage rate of neutral detergent fiber. The intake and nitrogen absorption showed (P<0,05) similar behaviour to dry matter intake. The replacement of wheat bran by cactus pear favoured the linear increased (P<0,05) of values observed for the nitrogen balance. The N-NH3 concentration did not limit the microbial protein synthesis, showed linear increase (P<0,05) for replacement of wheat bran by cactus pear and showed a quadratic effect (P <0,05) for collection schedules, before feeding, two, four and six hours after the food ingestion. There was a quadratic effect (P<0,05) for the production of microbial crude protein and nitrogen, and ruminal microbial production of short chain fatty acids. The ruminal pH was within the optimum range (6,7±0,5) for adequate fermentation in the rumen, increased linearly (P<0.05) with replacement and showed a quadratic effect (P<0.05) for collection schedules. Recommended the development of performance test, to verify the extent to which the cactus pear can replace wheat bran in diets based on sugarcane, without loss to animal production
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do farelo de trigo por palma (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) em dietas a base de cana-de-açúcar, sobre o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, balanço de nitrogênio, dinâmica ruminal da fibra, síntese de proteína microbiana e parâmetros ruminais - pH, concentração de N-NH3 e produção ácidos graxos de cadeia curta em ovinos. Foram utilizados cinco ovinos da raça Santa Inês, fistulados no rúmen, com peso médio inicial de 34,02 ± 3,6 kg, distribuídos em quadrado latino 5 × 5. Os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, nutrientes digestíveis totais e fibra em detergente neutro corrigido para cinzas e proteína, apresentaram comportamento quadrático (P<0,05) com a substituição do farelo de trigo pela palma. A digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, matéria orgânica e proteína bruta aumentou linearmente (P<0,05). A substituição proporcionou efeito quadrático (P<0,05) para a taxa de passagem da fibra em detergente neutro. A ingestão e absorção de nitrogênio apresentaram comportamento (P<0,05) semelhante ao consumo de matéria seca. A substituição do farelo de trigo por palma favoreceu o aumento linear (P<0,05) dos valores observados para o balanço de nitrogênio. As concentrações N-NH3 observadas não limitaram a síntese de proteína microbiana, aumentaram linearmente (P<0,05) com os níveis de substituição do farelo de trigo pela palma e apresentaram efeito quadrático (P<0,05) para os horários de coleta, logo antes da alimentação, duas, quatro e seis horas após a ingestão de alimento. Houve efeito quadrático (P<0,05) para as produções de proteína bruta e nitrogênio de origem microbiana e produções ruminais dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. O pH ruminal apresentou-se dentro da faixa ótima (6,7±0,5) para fermentação adequada no ambiente ruminal, aumentou linearmente (P<0,05) com os níveis de substituição do farelo de trigo por palma e apresentou efeito quadrático (P<0,05) para os horários de coleta. Recomenda-se o desenvolvimento de ensaio de desempenho, afim de verificar até que ponto a palma pode substituir o farelo de trigo em dietas à base de cana corrigida sem causar prejuízos a produção animal.

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MONTEIRO, Carolina Corrêa de Figueiredo. "Substituição do farelo de trigo por palma com ureia em dietas para novilhas." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2012. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6119.

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Were evaluated the replacement of wheat bran (0, 33, 66 e 100%) by spineless cacti with urea plus ammonium sulfate (9:1) to dairy heifers fed diets based on sugar cane correct with urea. Were used 24 crossbred heifers Hosltein/Zebu in a randomized design, in which the initial weight of the animals was taken as covariate, Willians test was used as a tool to assist in recommending safe level when linear effect. The dry matter intake (kg/day and %BW), organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients showed a quadratic effect (P<0.05). To degradable rumen protein the effect was linear (P<0.05). In the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and non-fiber carbohydrates was quadratic effect (P <0.05), and the digestibility of crude protein were increasing and linearly. For variables of plasma urea nitrogen concentration, urine urea excretion, nitrogen balance, microbial nitrogen synthesis and efficiency of microbial protein had no effect (P>0,05). Decreased linear effect (P <0.05) for animals' performance, in the Williams test indicated that the decrease in performance occurred at the level of higher replacement. The cactus with urea can replace up to 66% wheat bran diet based on sugar cane for growing heifers.
Avaliou-se a substituição do farelo de trigo (0, 33, 66 e 100%) por palma forrageira com ureia/sulfato de amônio (9:1) para novilhas leiteiras alimentadas com dieta à base de cana-de-açúcar corrigida com ureia. Foram utilizadas 24 novilhas mestiças holandês/Zebu em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em que o peso inicial dos animais foi tomado como covariável. O teste de Willian foi utilizado como ferramenta para auxiliar a recomendação de nível seguro quando o efeito foi linear decrescente. Os consumos de matéria seca (kg/dia e %PC), matéria orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro (kg/dia e %PC), carboidratos totais e nutrientes digestíveis totais apresentaram efeito quadrático (P<0,05). Houve efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) para o consumo de proteína degradada no rúmen. Nos coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, matéria orgânica e carboidratos não fibrosos houve efeito quadrático (P<0,05), coeficiente de digestibilidade da proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro houve efeito linear crescente e decrescente, respectivamente. Para as variáveis de concentração de nitrogênio ureico plasmático, excreção de ureia urina, balanço de nitrogênio, síntese de nitrogênio microbiano e eficiência de proteína microbiana não apresentaram efeito. Houve efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) para desempenho dos animais, em que o teste de Willian indicou que a queda do desempenho ocorreu no nível de maior substituição. A palma forrageira com ureia pode substituir até 66% do farelo de trigo em dietas à base de cana de açúcar para novilhas leiteiras.

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OLIVEIRA, Felipe Douglas Barbosa Pedrosa de. "Desempenho de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com palma forrageira em substituição ao fubá de milho." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2014. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6421.

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This study aimed to evaluate the use of cactus pear instead of corn meal in diets based on sugar cane for lactating cows. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of São Bento do Una, belonging to the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco - IPA. 10 cows were used in lactation Holstein, Black and White variety (HPB), with average daily milk production of 20 kg. The experimental period lasted 85 days, divided into five sub-periods of 17 days, in which the first 10 days were used for adaptation and the last seven for sampling and data. Before starting the experiment, the animals were subjected to a pre-adaptation to experimental management and facilities, lasting 15 days. The animals were divided into an experimental design in 5x5 Latin square, double, in which treatments consisted of increasing levels of substitution of corn meal by spineless cactus. The samples were processed and submitted to bromatological chemical analyzes, and the results used to estimate the performance. The dry matter intake decreased linearly (P <0.05) in grams / day g / kg metabolic body weight and percentage of body weight. The remaining consumption also followed the same trend of dry matter intake decreases linearly (P <0.05) except for the consumption of neutral detergent fiber. No differences (P> 0.05) were observed in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and estimates of total digestible nutrients. However, the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was influenced (P <0.05). Milk production did not differ (P> 0.05) when fat was corrected to 3.5%, with the substitution of corn meal by spineless cactus. The substitution of corn meal by spineless cactus decreases nutrient intake and milk production without affecting the apparent digestibility of nutrients and the production of fat-corrected milk production of dairy cows with up to 18 kg of milk per day.
Objetivou-se avaliar o uso da palma forrageira em substituição ao fubá de milho em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar para vacas em lactação. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de São Bento do Una, pertencente ao Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco – IPA. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas em lactação, da raça Holandesa, variedade Preta e Branca (HPB), com produção média diária de leite de 20 kg. O período experimental teve duração de 85 dias, sendo dividido em cinco subperíodos de 17 dias, em que os 10 primeiros dias foram utilizados para adaptação e os sete últimos para coletas de amostras e dados. Antes do início do experimento, os animais foram submetidos a um período de pré-adaptação ao manejo experimental e às instalações, com duração de 15 dias. Os animais foram alocados em um delineamento experimental em Quadrado Latino 5x5, duplo, em que os tratamentos consistiram de níveis crescentes de substituição do fubá de milho por palma forrageira. As amostras coletadas foram processadas e submetidas a análises químico bromatológicas, e os resultados obtidos utilizados na estimativa do desempenho. O consumo de matéria seca diminuiu linearmente (P<0,05), em gramas/dia, gramas/kg de peso metabólico e em percentagem de peso corporal. Os demais consumos também seguiram a mesma tendência do consumo de matéria seca diminuindo linearmente (P<0,05) com exceção do consumo de fibra em detergente neutro. Não foram verificadas diferenças (P>0,05) nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, carboidratos não fibrosos, e nas estimativas dos nutrientes digestíveis totais. Entretanto, o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da fibra em detergente neutro foi influenciado (P<0,05). A produção de leite não apresentou diferença (P>0,05) quando a gordura foi corrigida para 3,5%, com a substituição do fubá de milho pela palma forrageira. A substituição do fubá de milho por palma forrageira diminui o consumo de nutrientes e a produção de leite, sem afetar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e a produção de leite corrigida para gordura em vacas leiteiras com produção de até 18 kg de leite por dia.

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Simionatto, Marcio. "Gordura protegida de óleo de palma na dieta para ovinos." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2421.

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CAPES; Fundação Araucária
Foi avaliado os efeitos da inclusão de gordura protegida na dieta em ovinos em relação ao consumo, digestibilidade, balanço de nitrogênio, pH ruminal, nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e açúcares totais (CHO). O experimento foi realizado na Unidade de Ensino e Pesquisa de Metabolismo Animal, da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, no período de julho a setembro de 2014. Teve duração de 90 dias, sendo 10 dias de adaptação ao ambiente, com 4 períodos experimentais de 20 dias, sendo 15 para adaptação a dieta e 5 dias para as coletas de fezes, sobras e urina, destes 5 dias, em 4 dias foram coletadas amostras do fluído ruminal. Foram utilizados 4 ovinos machos, sem raça definida, castrados e fistulados no rúmen com peso médio de 50±14kg, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4x4, onde os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e regressão em função da inclusão da gordura. Os animais foram alimentados com concentrado á base de farelo de soja, farelo de trigo e milho com diferentes níveis de inclusão de gordura protegida, sendo o tratamento controle (sem adição de gordura protegida), e os outros três com níveis de inclusão de gordura protegida (2,0%, 4,0% e 6,0% da matéria seca) o volumoso utilizado foi o feno de Tífton 85. Os animais ficaram mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas, com alimento fornecido duas vezes ao dia, às 08:00 e às 16:00 horas. Não houve efeito da inclusão de gordura para consumo e digestibilidade da MS e dos nutrientes, exceto para o consumo de extrato etéreo com efeito linear positivo para (CEE = 22,80 +11,98x) e efeito linear positivo para o coeficiente de digestibilidade no extrato etéreo, sendo representado pela equação CDEE = 87,45+ 0,61x. Em relação ao pH ruminal, não houve efeito do tratamento em relação a adição de gordura, com valor médio de 6,03, porém houve em relação ao tempo, com efeito cúbico (P<0,05), no tratamento com adição de 2,0% de gordura protegida (pH= 6,07-0,02X- 0,01X²- 0,01X³). Sobre a concentração de N-NH3 observou-se efeito cúbico (P<0,05) dos níveis de inclusão de gordura (N- H3=10,50+0,79X + 0,11X² -0,02X³), e efeito cúbico em função do tempo, para o tratamento controle, com a equação N-NH3=9,07-0,08X-0,01X²- 0,01X³. Em relação à concentração de açúcares totais, observou-se efeito cúbico (P<0,05), em função do aumento dos níveis de gordura (CHO= 63,67-2,40X-0,43X²-0,07X³) e efeito quadrático (P<0,05) em função do tempo após a alimentação para o tratamento com adição de 2,0% de gordura protegida (CHO = 61,74 + 1,18X + 0,05X²). Recomenda-se inclusão de gordura protegida em até 6,0% nas dietas com alto teor de concentrado, pois mesmo com os efeitos observados, os valores finais das variáveis ficaram dentro do esperado, sem afetar o desenvolvimento dos animais .
It assessed the effects of inclusion of protected fat in the diet of sheep in relation to consumption, digestibility, nitrogen balance ruminal pH, ammonia (N-NH3) and total sugars (CHO). The experiment was conducted at the Unidade de Ensino e Pesquisa de Metabolismo Animal, da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, from July to September 2014. It lasted 90 days, with 10 days of adaptation to the environment, with four experimental periods of 20 days, 15 for adaptation to diet and 5 days for the collection of feces, urine and leftovers, these 5 days, 4 days of ruminal fluid samples were collected. 4 male sheep were used, mixed breed, neutered and rumen with an average weight of 50 ± 14 kg, distributed in a Latin square design 4x4, where the data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression due to the inclusion of fat. The animals were fed with concentrate based soybean meal, wheat bran and corn with different levels of inclusion of protected fat, with the control treatment (no addition of protected fat), and the other three with inclusion levels protected fat (2,0%, 4,0% and 6,0% of dry matter) the roughage used was Tifton 85 hay the animals were kept in metabolic cages, with food provided twice a day, at 08:00 and 16:00. No effect of the inclusion of fat intake and digestibility of MS and nutrients, except for the consumption of ether extract positive linear effect (CEE = 22,80 + 11,98x) and positive linear effect for the digestibility in ether extract, being represented by the equation CDEE = 87,45 + 0,61x. Regarding the ruminal pH, there was no effect of treatment with added fat, with an average value of 6,03, but was over time with a cubic effect (P<0,05) in treatment with addition of 2,0% protected fat (pH = 6,07-0,02X-0,01X² - 0,01X³). On the concentration of NNH3 cubic effect was observed (P<0,05) levels of inclusion of fat (N - NH3 = 10,50 + 0,79X + 0,11X² - 0,02X³) and cubic effect versus time for the control treatment with NNH3 = 9,07 - 0,08X - 0,01X² - 0,01X³ equation. Regarding the concentration of total sugars, there was a cubic effect (P<0,05), due to increased levels of fat (CHO = 63,67-2,40X-0,43X²- 0,07X³) and effect a quadratic (P<0,05) as a function of time after feeding for treatment with addition of 2,0% fat protected (CHO= 61,74+ 1,18X+ 0,05X²). It is recommended inclusion of fat protected by up to 6,0% in diets with high concentrate, because even with the observed effects, the final values of the variables were within the expected range, without affecting the development of animals.

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Dongo, Valdivia Jesús Hernando. "Proceso de extracción, purificación y refinación del aceite crudo de palma aceitera y obtención de productos derivados." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/13922.

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La planta de Industrias del Espino ubicada en la región San Martin, recibe racimos de fruto fresco de la palma de aceite y lo procesa para obtener principalmente aceite refinado. A partir de la obtención del aceite refinado y mediante la utilización de métodos físicos se obtiene los productos terminados como el aceite propiamente dicho y las mantecas de diferentes calidades; los cuales son comercializados y distribuidos a nivel regional y nacional, en algunos casos son comercializados internacionalmente. El propósito de la presente tesina, surgió a partir de la inquietud por desarrollar cada uno de los procesos a detalle con la finalidad de conocer la capacidad de planta de Industrias del Espino e identificar los cuellos de botella. Actualmente no se conoce la capacidad de planta y solo se tiene información estadística de cuando es la producción diaria y anual. A partir de estos datos es que se calcula la capacidad de planta pero no se ha hecho de manera detallada por cada uno de los procesos. Como consecuencia de lo anteriormente mencionado, no se conoce cuál o cuáles son los cuellos de botella en el proceso. Como parte inicial del trabajo lo que se realizo fue una investigación a detalle de cada uno de los procesos de producción del aceite de Palma y sus derivados. La investigación se realiza con la finalidad de conocer cada uno de los parámetros de calidad y técnicos con los que se tiene que cumplir en cada una de las áreas para así cumplir con la calidad de los productos intermedios y los finales. Es importante contar con la información a detalle de cada uno de los procesos para poder realizar un análisis profundo de las restricciones con las que cuenta el sistema. Partiendo de la información estadística de planta con la que se cuenta actualmente se tiene que la capacidad de planta es de 50TM de procesamiento de RFF por hora, con lo cual la capacidad anual de procesamiento es de 360000TM aproximadamente, el valor se obtiene calculando la capacidad por hora considerando que se trabaja 24horas por día, 300 días al año ya que el resto de días están asignados al mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo que se le realiza a la planta. El poder conocer la capacidad de planta va a permitir realizar una mejor planificación de la producción a mediano y largo plazo. Así como también poder ahorrar costos de producción reduciendo los cuellos de botellas o haciendo que la planta trabaje al ritmo de estos.
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

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Laborbe, Jean-Marie. "Valorisation microbiologique de sous-produits et d'excédents de l'industrie des corps gras : pâtes de neutralisation, huile de palme." Montpellier 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON13512.

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LIMA, Rodrigo da Silva. "Fontes de nitrogênio em dietas à base de palma forrageira para novilhos Girolando." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2011. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6127.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This work aimed to check the consumption, digestibility apparent of dry matter and nutrients, feed conversion and weight gain of steers girolando used for meat production. This demand becomes necessary due to the development of national dairy cattle that has been marked in recent years. As a result, grows increasingly offering calves with high genetic composition of dairy breeds, and until then, a challenge to an appropriate destination for these animals in order to generate profits for the strengthening of activity. Thus, this review will discuss factors that influence animal performance, but also the results of several studies already carried out that focused on the use of animals in the beef cattle in different production systems.
Este trabalho teve o objetivo de verificar o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, a conversão alimentar e o ganho em peso de novilhos girolando utilizados para produção de carne. Essa demanda torna-se necessária devido ao desenvolvimento da bovinocultura leiteira nacional que tem sido acentuado nos últimos anos. Com isso, cresce cada vez mais a oferta de bezerros com elevada composição genética de raças leiteiras, sendo até então, um desafio dar um destino adequado a esses animais de forma que gere lucros para o fortalecimento da atividade. Assim, nesta revisão serão discutidos fatores que influenciam o desempenho animal, como também os resultados de vários trabalhos já realizados que objetivaram a utilização desses animais na pecuária de corte em vários sistemas de produção.

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Rethwisch, M. D., M. Reay, G. Chaffin, R. Perez, J. Grudovich, J. Wellman, and E. Hawpe. "Late Planted DPL451BR Cotton Responses to Plant Growth Enhancement Products Applied at Three Crop Development Stages in Palo Verde Valley, 2003." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198128.

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An experiment to investigate the effects of several plant growth enhancement products (AuxiGro7 WP, FirstChoice7 Bollster, CalMax, FoliGro7 BollSet) on DPL 451BR was conducted in the Palo Verde Valley. The cotton field chosen for this project was planted in April 2003, and flowering and boll/lint production was highly affected by summer heat, therefore product effectiveness was tested under the extreme high temperatures conditions that existed in 2003. Products were applied July 11 (shortly after first bloom), August 1st and/or August 15. Three rates (1, 2, 4 oz./acre) of AuxiGro7 WP were applied at each date, although just a single rate of other products was evaluated. Data collected included plant mapping following the first two application dates as well as lint yield and quality at harvest on October 20-23. Data indicated rate effects for treatments containing AuxiGro7 WP as noted in response to applications on August 1 (retention rates) and August 15 (cotton quality factors). These responses were signficantly different than the untreated check, and were often signficantly different than the Bollster fertilizer treatment itself as though Bollster was also included with AuxiGro7 WP treatments. Although yields for any treatment and the untreated check were not significantly different, previously noted differences for retention for the AuxiGro7 WP treatments may not have been realized due to the high temperatures and extended periods of not only Level 1 but Level 2 stress during the course of the experiment. Cotton values per acre were highest ($609.85/acre) in the 4 oz/acre of AuxiGro7 applied on August 15, due to highest valued lint as a result of micronaire of 5.2 combined with increased fiber strength and fiber length. Application of CalMax resulted in a significant increase in fiber strength following two applications of 4 oz./acre of AuxiGro7 + Bollster, but CalMax following two applications of Bollster did not affect fiber strength when compared with each of the two application treatments. A third application of FoliGro7 BollSet was detrimental for cotton yields and strength compared with only two applications of this product, although both treatment regimens resulted in shorter fibers that were not quite as strong as the untreated check.

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ALMEIDA, Gleidiana Amélia Pontes de. "Palma (Opuntia Ficus Indica Mill) Cv. Gigante em suplementos para fêmeas leiteiras em crescimento a pasto." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2014. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6121.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing corn in the palm supplements for dairy females in pasture growth at levels of 0, 33, 66 and 100% replacement. The mixture urea / ammonia (9:1) (urea) sulfate was used to adjust the crude protein supplements because of the differences in crude protein from corn and palm, and the variation in the level of urea between supplements was maximum 20 g / kg. Intake and apparent nutrient digestibility, animal performance, intake of nitrogenous compounds, nitrogen balance, synthesis and microbial efficiency and bioeconomy system were evaluated. The study was conducted at Farm Roçadinho, Capoeiras municipality, located in the Wasteland of Pernambuco region for the period 30/09/2012 to 19/01/2013, the corresponding region in the dry season, in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications , using 24 dairy females growing with an initial weight of 180 pounds. The experiment consisted of 28 days of diet adaptation and three experimental periods of 28 days each, to collect data and evaluate the performance of the animals. The intake of dry matter (DM), of pasture dry matter, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDF) did not differ with levels of substitution of corn by the palm. The intake of indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFi) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) increased linearly, since the non-fibrous carbohydrate corrected for ash and protein (NFC), ether extract (EE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN ) linearly decreased (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, CNF, EE and showed a linear decrease TDN and CP increased (P <0.05), with the substitution of corn by palm. The final weight gains, total average daily metabolic weight and observed decreased linearly, since feed conversion increased (P <0.05). No effect was observed on N intake and N excreted in urine. On the other hand there was a reduction in the nitrogen excreted in the faeces nitrogen balance and percentage of ingested nitrogen, although the N-urea excreted in urine increased (P <0.05). The levels of plasma urea-N (PUN) did not vary with the replacement. The replacement of corn by palm reduces performance of dairy females in pasture growth, thus the total or partial replacement is conditioned to the projection of age at first calving on the production system and economy of use.
bjetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho pela palma em suplementos para fêmeas leiteiras em crescimento a pasto nos níveis de 0, 33, 66 e 100% de substituição. A mistura ureia/sulfato de amônio (9:1) (ureia) foi utilizada para ajustar o teor de proteína bruta dos suplementos em razão das diferenças nos teores de proteína bruta entre o milho e a palma, sendo que a variação no teor de ureia entre os suplementos foi de no máximo 20 g/kg. Foram avaliados o consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, o desempenho dos animais, ingestão de compostos nitrogenados, balanço de nitrogênio, síntese e eficiência microbiana e a bioeconomicidade do sistema. O trabalho foi realizado na Fazenda Roçadinho, município de Capoeiras, situada na região Agreste de Pernambuco no período de 30/09/2012 a 19/01/2013, correspondente na região a período seco, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, utilizando-se 24 fêmeas leiteiras em crescimento com peso inicial de 180 quilos. O experimento constou de 28 dias de adaptação às dietas e três períodos experimentais de 28 dias cada, para a coleta de dados e avaliação do desempenho dos animais. O consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria seca do pasto, matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp) não diferiram com os níveis de substituição do milho pela palma. O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) aumentou linearmente, já o de carboidrato não-fibroso corrigido para cinzas e proteínas (CNFcp), extrato etéreo (EE), e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) decresceram linearmente (P<0,05). Os níveis de N-ureico no plasma (NUP) não variaram com a substituição. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, FDNcp, FDA, CNFcp, EE e os NDT apresentaram um decréscimo linear e os de PB aumentaram (P<0,05), com a substituição do milho pela palma. Os ganhos de peso final, total, médio diário e peso metabólico observados decresceram linearmente, já a conversão alimentar aumentou (P<0,05). Não foi observado efeito na ingestão de N e no N excretado na urina. Por outro lado houve redução no nitrogênio excretado nas fezes, no balanço de nitrogênio e na porcentagem de nitrogênio ingerido, já o N-ureico excretado na urina aumentou (P<0,05). A substituição do milho pela palma reduz o desempenho de fêmeas leiteiras em crescimento a pasto, assim a substituição total ou parcial fica condicionada à projeção da idade ao primeiro parto no sistema de produção e à economicidade de uso.

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SILVA, Evannielly Thuanny dos Santos. "Diferentes períodos de armazenamento da palma orelha de elefante mexicana (Opuntia stricta Haw)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2016. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6316.

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The dairy livestock in the Northeast it is an alternative and source economic, mainly, social, to maintain man in the field. Thus, growers they have the use of alternative foods adapted to the region. The spineless cactus is an important food source for the semiarid regions, adapted to local conditions, has anatomical and morphological characteristics for good development in this region, with shallow roots and opening the stomata at night, providing a further loss of water. It is an excellent source of water for the animals, especially during the dry season, rich in energy, excellent source of non fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients. Thus, the management in spineless cactus Mexican Elephant Ear (MEE) in storage form for use longs periods not change its nutritional value which could reduce production costs, increasing the efficiency of the production system work. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of storage period in spineless cactus Mexican Elephant Ear. Were used five heifers Girolando (5/8 HZ), with average initial body weight of 284 kg, distributed in a 5x5 square design. The treatments consisted of four storage periods spineless cactus MEE (0, 7, 14 e 21 days), and a control treatment consisting of spineless cactus Miuda. The palms do not differ in chemical composition for organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash an protein, non fibrous carbohydrates, total carbohydrates, lipids and mineral matter. Differing only dry matter and fiber in neutral detergent indigestible MEE palm compared to Miuda. With too, there was no difference for MEE storage periods, so as a result there is possibility of economy in its harvest, making the concentration of the cutting and transport in one day, and store it for longer. Both spineless cactus they can be used in animal feed. There was no difference between the palms, as there was no effect of storage periods on the nutrient intake, digestibility and feeding behavior. The diet allowed a 1.35 kg weight change with little participation concentrate (20%), probably due to large proportion of spineless cactus in diets (50%). The spineless cactus Mexican Elephant Ear can be stored for up to 21 days, keeping constant chemical composition, nutrient intake, digestibility and feeding behavior of dairy heifers.
A pecuária leiteira no Nordeste é uma das alternativas e fonte econômica, sobretudo, social, de manter o homem no campo. Desta forma, os produtores têm buscado a utilização de alimentos alternativos adaptados à região. A palma forrageira é uma importante fonte alimentar para as regiões semiáridas, adaptada as condições locais, possui características anatômicas e morfológicas para bom desenvolvimento nessa região, com raízes superficiais e abertura dos estômatos no período noturno, proporcionando uma menor perda de água. É uma excelente fonte de água para os animais, principalmente durante o período seco, rica em energia, excelente fonte de carboidratos não fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Assim, o manejo da palma Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (OEM) na forma de armazenamento para utilização em longos períodos não alteraria seu valor nutritivo e que poderia reduzir os custos de produção, aumentando a eficiência de mão de obra do sistema de produção. Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes períodos de armazenamento da palma Orelha de Elefante Mexicana. Foram utilizadas cinco novilhas da raça Girolando (5/8 HZ), com peso corporal inicial médio de 284 kg, distribuídas em um quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro períodos de armazenamento da palma OEM (0, 7, 14 e 21 dias) e um tratamento controle constituído por palma Miúda. As palmas não diferiram na composição química para matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína, carboidratos não fibrosos, carboidratos totais, extrato etéreo e matéria mineral. Diferindo apenas a matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro indigestível da palma OEM comparada a Miúda. Como também, não houve diferença para os períodos de armazenamento da OEM, assim, há a possibilidade de economia na sua colheita, fazendo a concentração do corte e transporte em apenas um dia, e armazená-la por mais tempo. Não houve diferença entre as palmas, como não houve efeito dos períodos de armazenamento no consumo dos nutrientes, digestibilidade aparente e comportamento ingestivo. A dieta possibilitou uma variação de peso de 1,35 kg com pouca participação de concentrado (20%), provavelmente devido a grande proporção de palma nas dietas (50%). A palma Orelha de Elefante Mexicana pode ser armazenada por até 21 dias, mantendo constante a composição química, consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade e comportamento ingestivo de novilhas leiteiras.

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Medeiros, Mariana Campelo. "Caracter?sticas da carca?a de ovinos confinados alimentados com palma forrageira e fenos de leguminosas." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM PRODU??O ANIMAL, 2014. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/22822.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
O confinamento ? um sistema sustent?vel quando utilizado associado a alternativas alimentares que supram as necessidades nutricionais dos animais e torne-se vi?vel economicamente para o produtor. Alimentos que apresentem caracter?sticas de resist?ncia aos per?odos de estiagem no semi?rido nordestino, como a palma forrageira e as leguminosas, devem ser utilizados e avaliados nos animais. Assim, objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar as caracter?sticas de carca?a e composi??o tecidual da carne de ovinos em confinamento. Foi utilizada a palma forrageira associada a fenos de quatro diferentes tipos de leguminosas: Catanduva, sabi?, catingueira e gliric?dia. Utilizou-se 24 ovinos 1/2 SPRD (sem padr?o racial definido) x 1/2 Soinga, machos n?o castrados, com peso vivo m?dio de 21,4 kg. Ao atingirem 60 dias de experimento os animais foram submetidos ao abate. A utiliza??o de palma associada aos fenos de leguminosas proporcionou altera??es (P<0,05) para as vari?veis per?metro da coxa (43,50 cm), peso do corpo vazio (24,45 cm), conte?do do TGI (6,65 kg), per?metro do t?rax (68,50 cm), pesos e rendimentos da paleta (17,30 kg e 1,22%) e lombo (18,67 kg e 1,39 %) e peso da perna (31,10 kg), porcentagem de osso (18,98 %), rela??o m?sculo:osso (4,17 % ) e para gordura omental (0,97 kg). Palma forrageira associada a fenos de leguminosas pode ser indicada na alimenta??o de ovinos em confinamento por manter caracter?sticas de carca?a desej?veis nos animais.
Containment is a sustainable system when used in combination with alternative foods that meet the nutritional needs of animals and become economically viable for the producer. Foods that have the characteristics of resistance to periods of drought in the semiarid northeast, as cactus pear and legumes are used and evaluated in animals. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate carcass characteristics and tissue composition of sheep meat in confinement. Was used cactus pear with four different types of legumes hay: Catanduva, sabi?, catingueira and gliric?dia. We used 24 sheep half SPRD (without defined breed) x 1/2 Soinga intact male, with an average body weight of 21.4 kg. When they reach 60 days of the experiment the animals were submitted to the slaughter. The use of palm associated with legume hays provided changes (P <0.05) for the variables thigh circumference (43.50 cm), empty body weight (24.45 cm), TGI content (6.65 kg ), chest circumference (68.50 cm), weight and yield of the palette (17.30 kg and 1.22%) and loin (18.67 kg and 1.39%) and leg weight (31.10 kg ), bone percentage (18.98%), muscle: bone (4.17 %) and omental fat (0.97 kg). Cactus pear associated with hay forage legumes can be noted in sheep feeding in confinement for maintaining desirable carcass characteristics of animals.

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Silva, Maria Gabriela da Trindade. "Uso da palma forrageira e fenos de leguminosas na alimenta??o de ovinos em confinamento." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM PRODU??O ANIMAL, 2014. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/22821.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o uso da palma forrageira gigante (Opuntia ficus-indica) associada a fenos de leguminosas na alimenta??o de ovinos em sistema de confinamento. Foram utilizados 24 ovinos ?Soinga X ? SRPD (sem padr?o racial definido) com peso m?dio inicial de 21,38 ? 2,53 kg, distribu?dos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repeti??es. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais para acompanhamento de ganho de peso, medi??o de consumo alimentar, determina??o do consumo e da digestibilidade aparente da mat?ria seca e dos nutrientes. Os quatro tratamentos foram compostos pelos diferentes tipos de fenos de leguminosas associados ? palma, sendo eles: PAFC: palma forrageira + feno de catanduva; PAFS: palma forrageira + feno de sabi?; PAFT: palma forrageira + feno de catingueira; PAFG: palma forrageira + feno de gliric?dia. Observou efeito do tratamento (P<0,05) sobre o consumo de mat?ria seca (CMS) expresso em kg/dia, %PV e PV0,75 com as seguintes m?dias: 1,21 kg/dia; 3,64%PV; 87,42PV0,75 respectivamente, como tamb?m para o consumo de mat?ria org?nica (CMO) 1,09kg/dia, consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN) 0,463kg/dia e consumo dos carboidratos totais (CCHOT) 0,867 kg/dia, com maiores m?dias para o tratamento PAFC. N?o foi observada influ?ncia dos tratamentos sobre o peso vivo final 33,18 kg, ganho de peso total 11,80 kg, ganho de peso m?dio di?rio 0,196 kg/dia, convers?o alimentar 6,48, efici?ncia alimentar 16,04%, consumo de prote?na bruta (CPB) 0,216 kg/dia, consumo de extrato et?reo (CEE) 0,015 kg/dia, consumo de carboidratos n?o fibrosos (CCNF) 0,414 kg/dia e digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB e FDN com m?dias de 66,97%, 70,92%, 74,58% e 52,60% respectivamente. Conclui-se que a palma forrageira gigante (Opuntia ficus-indica) associada a fenos de leguminosas pode ser uma boa estrat?gia para a alimenta??o de ovinos em confinamento.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) associated with legume hays in sheep feeding in feedlot. Were utilized 24 sheep ? Soinga X ? SRPD (without defined breed) with an average weight initial of 21,38kg ? 2,53, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications. The animals were housed in individual stalls for monitoring weight gain (with weekly weighings), measuring food consumption, prediction of dry matter intake and nutrients, and nutrients apparent digestibility. Diets were composed of four treatments, which were represented by different types of legume hays associated with palm: PAFC: cactus pear + hay ?catanduva?; PAFS: cactus pear + hay ?sabi??; PAFT: cactus pear + hay ?catingueira?; PAFG: cactus pear + hay ?gliric?dia?. Was observed treatment effect (P <0,05) on dry matter intake (DMI) expressed as kg/day, % BW and BW0,75 with the following averages: 1,21kg/day; 3,64 %BW; 87,42 BW0,75 respectively, as well as the consumption of organic matter (OMI) 1,09 kg/day intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) 0,463 kg/day and intake of total carbohydrates (CCHOTI) 0,867 kg/day with higher averages for the treatment PAFC. No was observed influence of treatment on final live weight 33,18 kg, live weight gain full 11,80 kg, gain live weight average daily 0,196 kg/day, feed conversion 6,48, feed efficiency 16,04%, crude protein intake (CPI) 0,216 kg/day, intake of extract ether (EEI) 0,015 kg/day, intake of non-fiber carbohydrates (CCNF) 0,414 kg/day and apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF with averages of 66,97%, 70,92%, 74,58% and 52,60% respectively. We conclude that the giant cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) associated with legume hays can be a good strategy for feeding sheep in confinement.

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Salman, Abir. "Étude de l'expression de la PAL, de la PPO et de l'HSP90 en réponse au choc thermique chez l'endive (Cichorium intybus L. ) en quatrième gamme." Avignon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AVIG0616.

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La commercialisation de l’endive en 4ème gamme est limitée par le rougissement rapide des feuilles après la découpe. Ce travail propose une approche alternative pour prolonger la durée de conservation de l’endive en 4ème gamme inhibant ou tardant le rougissement des coupes : l’application d’un choc thermique à 46°C pendant 120 sec. L’effet du choc thermique sur l’activité des enzymes impliqués dans le processus du brunissement enzymatique et sur l’accumulation des composés phénoliques a été analysé. L’expression des gènes impliqués PAL1, PAL2, PPO et Hsp90 a été réalisée en suivant de l’accumulation des ARNm par PCR quantitative en temps réel. Ces travaux ont montré que le choc thermique induit une surexpression des Hsp90 et inhibe l’activité de la PAL, de la PPO, l’accumulation des composés phénoliques et l’expression des gènes de la PAL1 ce qui a par conséquence l’inhibition du rougissement pendant 8 jours à 4°C. L’atmosphère contrôlée (4%O2 + 5% CO2) n’est pas suffisante pour inhiber le rougissement. L’application d’inhibiteurs de la synthèse (AVG) et de l’action de l’éthylène (1-MCP) a montré que l’éthylène n’est pas impliqué dans l’inhibition de la synthèse de la PAL en réponse au choc thermique
Marketing possibilities for fresh-cut endive are limited by the rapid red discoloration of the leaves after cutting. This work proposes an alternative approach to prolong the shelf life of fresh-cut endive by inhibiting or delaying the red discoloration of pieces: the application of a heat shock at 46°C for 120 sec. The effect of heat shock on the activity of enzymes involved in the process of enzymatic browning and the accumulation of phenolic compounds were analyzed. The expression of genes involved PAL1, PAL2, PPO and Hsp90 was performed by following the accumulation of mRNA by real-time quantitative PCR. This work has shown that heat shock induces overexpression of Hsp90 and inhibits the activity of PAL, PPO, the accumulation of phenolic compounds and gene expression of PAL1 which consequently inhibition of discoloration for 8 days at 4°C. The controlled atmosphere (4%O2 + 5%CO2) is not sufficient to inhibit the red discoloration. The application of inhibitors of synthesis (AVG) and action of ethylene (1-MCP) has shown that ethylene is not involved in the inhibition of the synthesis of PAL in response to heat shock

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Koutou, Anatole. "Recherche de marqueurs enzymatiques liés à la teneur en huile de la pulpe du fruit chez le palmier à huile (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20184.

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L'une des composantes preponderantes du rendement en huile chez elaeis guineensis, est la teneur en huile du fruit dont l'heritabilite au sens strict est faible. La recherche de marqueurs biochimiques de cette composante, presente de nombreux interets, en vue d'effectuer un choix precoce des genotypes les plus performants au stade juvenile. Dans cet esprit, on a etudie a la fois dans les fruits, les feuilles et les racines, les quatre deshydrogenases: g-6-pdh, 6-pgdh, em, icdh, qui assurent la regeneration du nadph utilise dans les etapes reductrices de l'anabolisme lipidique. L'etude comparative des activites potentielles des deshydrogenases, a mis en evidence une similarite remarquable entre les fruits murs et les racines des arbres adultes et des plants au stade juvenile. L'integration des donnees spectrophotometriques (variables brutes ou transformees sous forme de rapports) a permis d'identifier les parametres biochimiques lies a la variabilite genetique du pourcentage d'huile sur pulpe du fruit. A partir des resultats obtenus, on a pu etablir un modele predicteur du pourcentage d'huile sur pulpe du fruit. Il integre la teneur en proteines solubles, les activites specifiques de la g-6-pdh et de la 6-pgdh. Ce modele devra etre verifie par une etude complementaire portant sur un nombre important de genotypes

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Forslund, Ted. "Assessing environmental impacts of a packaging product when transitioning towards Circular Economy." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232963.

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Packaging is a fundamental part of the life cycle of products and today´s life. Its purpose is to protect and maintain the function of the goods during different stages of the life cycle. Hence, the packaging needs to fulfil the functional demands to contribute to a sustainable life cycle of the specific product (Muthu, 2016). Circular Economy (CE) is a methodology which aims to decouple the economic growth and the consumption of finite resources (Hughes, 2017). The idea is to close product and material flow through reuse, repair or recycling methods. The possibilities for circularity is mainly created in the product development and design phase (European-Commission, 2017). The thesis aim is to assess the potential environmental impact of an existing packaging product and investigate how a circular business model affects the environmental performance. The objectives to answer the aim was to map the wooden material flows of the packaging product and to assess the potential environmental impacts throughout the Lifecycle of a wooden pallet, i.e. the NONS pallet. The results pointed out that the pallet stands for the largest share of packaging products at the pallet production site at Jularbo. However, it only constitutes for under 1 % of the total outtake of logs (volume) in the supply chain of AB Karl Hedin. The MFA also displayed that the supply chain is utilising the bio-material in the best possible way with little or no possible improvements. Instead, the circularity possibilities were within the distribution phase of the lifecycle. The Cumulative Energy Demand of the NONS pallet was 376.4 MJ, with the main contribution from the production of the NONS pallet, including the supply chain. The outcome of the characterised results was that the production including the supply chain and the disposal stage contributed the most in all categories except for one, terrestrial ecotoxicity. The results of the EcoDesign improvements according to CE, show a reduction in 11 of the ReCiPe categories. For example, the global warming was reduced by 58 %. The CED was decreased in all categories, renewable and non-renewable. However, the EcoDesign improvements lead to an increase in five ReCiPe categories. The increase is related to the additional distance because of reverse logistics. Following recommendations are made based on the results. An implementation of a circular business model is recommended. The model is in line with the recommendations from the European Union and has the potential to decrease environmental impacts throughout the lifecycle. The implementation will require changes in the design of the NONS pallet and collaboration between stakeholders in the value chain to assess the trade-offs between impact categories. The plastic sheet has a high contribution to environmental impact categories and is recommended to be redesign in collaboration with stakeholders within the value chain. Temporarily, the plastic sheet should be placed on top of the pallet to improve the possibilities for reuse and recycling. The combination of a quantitative tool (LCA) and the qualitative (EcoDesign) provides valuable information on how the potential environmental impacts are affected when implementing a more circular business model. Although, there is difficultness of implementing the tools on an existing design and system. The tools should be implemented early in the product development phase to increase the CE options. The action towards circularity should be a proactive measure to ensure competitive advantages for the future.
Förpackningar är en fundamental del av det globala samhället. Förpackningens uppgift är att skydda och bibehålla innehållet under dess livscykel. För att det ska vara möjligt så krävs det resurser i form av energi och material. Cirkulär ekonomi är en metod för att frånkoppla den ekonomiska tillväxten med resursutnyttjande genom att stänga materialflöden. Det kan göras genom återanvändning, lagning, samt återvinning. Tidigare forskning har visat att det krävs metoder i produktutvecklingsfasen för att kunna nå målen inom cirkulär ekonomi. Syftet är att undersöka miljöpåverkan för en befintlig förpackningsprodukt ur ett holistiskt perspektiv för att sedan utvärdera och undersöka hur en cirkulär affärsmodell för produkten påverkar miljön. För att nå målsättningen utformades delmål utifrån en specialutformad träpall, en förpackningsprodukt av AB Karl Hedin. Sedan genomfördes en materialflödesanalys på användningen av träprodukter hos leverantörskedjan, samt en livscykelanalys och EcoDesign analys på den specifika träpallen. Resultaten visar att produktionen av NONS pallen står för den största andelen (volym) i produktionsanläggningen i Jularbo (produkttyp). Men användningen av sågat virke i produkten utgör under 1 % av det totala volymuttaget per år. Materialflödesanalysen visade även att leverantörskedjan utnyttjar de olika delarna från trädet på bästa möjliga vis. Istället fanns det större potential för att återcirkulera material i distributionfasen samt i slutskedet för träpallen. Resultatet av livscykelanalysen visar att produktionen av NONS pallen (inklusive leverantörer) har störst miljöpåverkan sett ur ett holistiskt perspektiv. Resultatet av EcoDesign förbättringarna, baserade på cirkulär ekonomi, visar en minskning inom 11 av 17 ReCiPe kategorierna. Den globala uppvärmningen (CO2 eq) minskade med 58 %. Det kumulativa energibehovet minskade inom alla kategorier, förnybara samt icke-förnybara. Resultatet visar även att miljöpåverkan ökade inom 5 kategorier vilket kan härledas till det ökade logistikbehovet för cirkulära flöden. Rekommendationerna utifrån resultatet är följande, Implementera en cirkulär affärsmodell vilket är i linje med rekommendationer från EU och den har potential att minska den totala miljöpåverkan. Det kommer krävas ombearbetning av pallens design samt ett ökat samarbete i AB Karl Hedins värdekedja. Plastskyddet har en hög bidragande faktor till miljöpåverkan för NONS pallens livscykel. Därför rekommenderas att ett samarbete mellan olika parter etableras för att omarbeta designen för just plastskyddet. Tillsvidare bör plasten placeras ovanpå pallen för att underlätta återvinning av plasten sam återanvändning av pallen i den cirkulära affärsmodellen. Slutligen, kombinationen av ett kvantitativt verktyg (LCA) tillsammans med ett kvalitativt (EcoDesign) ger goda möjligheter för att utvärdera affärsmodeller mot cirkulär ekonomi. Den cirkulära affärsmodellen har potential att minska den totala miljöpåverkan. Men det kan vara problematiskt och kostsamt att genomföra en cirkulär ekonomi affärsplan på linjära affärsmodeller. Därför ska metoderna implementeras i ett tidigt skede i produktutvecklingsfasen för att uppnå bäst effekt. Implementeringen av cirkulär ekonomi bör ses som ett proaktivt beslut för att vara konkurrenskraftig i framtiden.

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Guerreiro, Ana Luiza. "Palma mi?da e orelha de elefante mexicana em dietas para cordeiros de dois grupamentos gen?ticos." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM PRODU??O ANIMAL, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24289.

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Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo e digestibilidade aparente da mat?ria seca e nutrientes, o comportamento ingestivo e o desempenho de ovinos de dois grupamentos gen?ticos (Soinga e ? Santa In?s x ? Soinga) alimentados com gen?tipos de palma forrageira resistentes ? cochonilla do carmim (Mi?da e Orelha de Elefante Mexicana). Foram utilizados 28 ovinos, sendo 14 Soingas e 14 ? Santa In?s x ? Soinga com peso m?dio inicial de 17,4 ? 1,58 kg, distribu?dos aleatoriamente em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2. Os animais permaneceram confinados por 102 dias, sendo os 30 primeiros para adapta??o dos animais ?s instala??es e manejo experimental, os 72 dias restantes destinados ? coleta de dados e amostras. N?o houve intera??o significativa entre esp?cies de palma e grupamentos gen?ticos para o consumo de mat?ria seca e nutrientes. A ingest?o de MS, MO, MOD, PB, FDN, CNF e NDT em kg/dia n?o foi afetada pelas dietas experimentais (1,009; 0,910; 0,686; 0,139; 0,298; 0,557 e 0,732, respectivamente). O consumo de mat?ria seca e nutrientes e a convers?o alimentar n?o foram diferentes entre os grupamentos gen?ticos. Os coeficientes da digestibilidade da MS, MO, PB e CNF foram maiores quando os animais consumiam a palma Orelha de Elefante Mexicana, n?o houve intera??o entre as esp?cies de palma e os grupamentos gen?ticos estudados para a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes. N?o houve intera??o entre as esp?cies de palma e os grupamentos gen?ticos para as vari?veis comportamentais estudadas. N?o foram verificados efeitos das palmas, grupamentos gen?ticos e intera??o entre ambos para o ganho de peso m?dio di?rio, que apresentou m?dia de 0,133 kg/dia. A digestibilidade da palma Orelha de Elefante Mexicana apresentou superioridade ? palma mi?da. Os grupamentos gen?ticos Soinga e ? Santa In?s x ? Soinga apresentaram desempenho semelhantes quando alimentados com as diferentes esp?cies de palma, podendo a palma Mi?da e Orelha de Elefante Mexicana ser utilizadas na dieta para cordeiros em confinamento.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake and apparent digestibility of the dry matter and nutrients, the ingestive behavior and the performance of sheep of two genetic groups (Soinga and ? Santa In?s x ? Soinga) fed with forage palm genotypes resistant to Cochineal carmine (Mi?da and Mexican Elephant Ear). Twenty - eight sheep were used, 14 Soingas and 14 ? Santa In?s x ? Soinga with initial mean weight of 17.4 ? 1.58 kg, randomly distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2x2 factorial design. The study lasted 102 days, with the first 30 days for adaptation of the animals to the facilities, diet and routine management, and 72 days of observation and collection for performance evaluation. There was no significant interaction between cactus species and genetic groups for the consumption of dry matter and nutrients. Ingestion of DM, OM, OMD, CP, NDF, CNF and TDN by dietary components in kg/day was not affected by experimental diets (1.009, 0.910, 0.666, 0.139, 0.298, 0.557 and 0.732, respectively). The intake of dry matter and nutrients and feed conversion were not different between the genetic groups. The total digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NFC was higher when the animals consumed the Mexican Elephant Ear cactus, there was no interaction for nutrients digestibility between the cactus species and the genetic groups. There was no interaction between the cactus species and the genetic groups for the behavioral variables studied. There was no interaction between the studied cactus species and the genetic groups for the average daily weight gain, 0.133 kg/day. The digestibility of the Mexican Elephant Ear was higher than Mi?da. The genetic groups Soinga and ? Santa In?s x ? Soinga had similar performance when fed with the different cactus species, and the Nopalea cochenillifera and the Opuntia stricta can be used in the diet for lambs in confinement.

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Cesco, Gabriela de Oliveira. "Desempenho e características de carcaça de cordeiros Laucane alimentados com níveis de gordura protegida de óleo de palma." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2441.

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O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar o desempenho, características de carcaça e morfometria e composição tecidual do lombo de cordeiros Lacaune, alimentados com níveis de gordura protegida de óleo de palma, na terminação em confinamento. Foram utilizados 28 cordeiros desmamados, pertencente ao grupo genético Lacaune, com peso inicial de 21 kg, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos, 0,0%, 2,0%, 4,0% e 6,0% de gordura protegida de óleo de palma incluso no concentrado. As dietas foram elaboradas para uma estimativa de ganho de 250 g/dia, sendo isoenergética e isoproteíca, na proporção de 80% de concentrado e 20% de volumoso. Ao atingirem o peso vivo pré estabelecido de 37 kg, os animais foram pesados e submetidos a uma dieta hídrica de 18 horas, findado este período foi realizada a avaliação de escore corporal e pesagem para obtenção do peso vivo ao abate. Os cordeiros foram abatidos seguindo o método de insensibilização por eletronarcose e sangria por secção das artérias carótidas e veias jugulares. Após evisceração, as carcaças foram pesadas e acondicionadas em câmara frigorífica por 24 horas à temperatura de 2°C, posterior a este período seccionou-se a carcaça ao meio, tomando na metade esquerda os seguintes cortes comerciais: pernil, lombo, paleta, costelas, costelas descobertas, baixos e pescoço. Em seguida, realizadas as mensurações de profundidade máxima do músculo, largura máxima do músculo, espessura mínima de gordura e espessura máxima de gordura no músculo Longissimus lumborum. Os lombos foram identificados e congelados, a dissecação ocorreu após o descongelamento em geladeira, a fim de determinar a composição tecidual através da separação de tecido muscular, tecido ósseo e tecido adiposo. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) para período de confinamento (48 dias), ganho médio diário (330 g/dia),condição corporal (3,55), peso de carcaça quente (17,08 kg), peso de carcaça fria (16,58 kg), rendimento comercial de carcaça (46,33%), perda por resfriamento (2,93%), índice de compacidade da carcaça (0,22 kg/cm²) e índice de compacidade da perna (0,51). Os níveis de gordura protegida de óleo de palma proporcionaram efeito (P<0,05) cúbico para percentagem de pernil. O peso de ½ carcaça (8,29 kg),percentagem de paleta (18,20%), lombo (10,86%), costela (10,79%), costela descoberta (6,49%), baixos (11,54%) e pescoço (9,06%) não foram afetados pelo acréscimo de gordura protegida na dieta. As variáveis de peso de lombo (745 g), área de olho de lombo (12,19 cm²) e espessura de gordura menor (1,40 mm), também não foram alteradas (P>0,05) pelos níveis de gordura protegida. A dieta ofertada modificou (P<0,05) os parâmetros de percentagem de tecido muscular, adiposo e ósseo, proporção de músculo/osso, proporção de porção comestível/osso e espessura de gordura maior. A inclusão de níveis de gordura protegida de óleo de palma na dieta não apresenta interferência no desempenho e características de carcaça de cordeiros Lacaune, desta forma não recomenda-se a utilização deste produto na terminação de cordeiros em confinamento.
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate performance, characteristics of carcasses and morphometry and loin tissue composition of Lacaune lambs fed with protected fat from palm oil at feedlot. Twenty eight males lambs were used, belonging to the genetic group Lacaune, after weaning and initial 21 kg weight, distributed in 4 treatments based on the inclusion of 0.0%, 2.0%, 4.0% and 6.0% of protected fat from palm oil supplied in the concentrate given to the animals. The diets were formulated to estimate gain of 250 g/day, isocaloric and isoproteic in proportion of 80% concentrate and 20% hay. When the animals reached 37 kg weight, were weighed and subjected to a water diet 18 hours after this period was performed to evaluate body condition and weight to obtain the live weight at slaughter. The lambs were slaughtered following the stunning method for electro and bleeding by sectioning the carotid arteries and jugular veins. After slaughter, complete carcass were stored in cold chamber at 2°C during 24 hours and then cut in half. The left side was divided in order to obtain commercial cuts: leg, loin, chuck, ribs, undercover ribs, breast and neck. Then, was measurements maximum muscle depth, maximum muscle width, minimum thickness of fat and maximum thickness of fat in the Longissimus lumborum. The loins was identified and frozen for later dissection. After the thawing in the refrigerator, there was the weighing of same and dissection, the tissue to determine the composition through the separation of muscle tissue, bone tissue and adipose tissue. There were no differences observed (P> 0.05) between feedlot periods (48 days), daily weight gains (330 g/day), body condition score (3.55), carcass weights hot (17.08 kg), weight of cold carcass (16.58 kg), yield commercial carcass (46.33%), losses in the cooling (2.93%), compactness index of the carcass (0.22 kg/cm²) and compactness index of the leg (0.51). The inclusion of different percents of protected fat from palm oil provided effect (P<0.05) cubic difference to yield of leg. There were no differences observed (P> 0.05) between weight of ½ carcass (8.29 kg), yield of chuck (18.20%), loin (10.86%), ribs (10.79%), undercover ribs (6.49%), breast (11.54%) and neck (9.06%). The variables of loin weight (745 g), loin eye area (12.19 cm²) and lower fat fat thickness (1.40 mm) were not modified (P>0.05) by levels of protected fat. The diet offered containing levels of protected fat altered (P<0.05) percentage of muscle tissue, fat, and skeletal, muscle tissue/bone, proportion of edible portion/bone and greater thickness greater fat. The inclusion of different percents of protected fat from palm oil no promote differences in performance and characteristics of carcasses of Lacaune lambs. Therefore not recommended the use of this product in the finishing feedlot lambs.

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Santos, Guilherme Batista dos. "Utilização de gordura protegida de óleo de palma na alimentação de ovelhas em gestação e lactação." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2501.

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CAPES
O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná no período de abril a junho de 2015 tendo como objetivo avaliar o efeito da gordura protegida de óleo de palma na gestação e lactação de ovelhas e comportamento materno filial. Foram utilizadas 40 ovelhas mestiças Santa Inês e Dorper acasaladas com um carneiro da raça Dorper e 42 cordeiros. Foram fornecidos dois concentrados, com e sem gordura protegida de óleo de palma, os quais as ovelhas foram suplementadas a 1,0% do peso vivo corporal com base na matéria-seca. A cada 15 dias, foram realizadas pesagem e avaliação do estado de condição corporal das ovelhas, bem como ao parto. Nos cordeiros posterior ao parto avaliou-se o comportamento de forma direta, anotando-se registros de tempo que o cordeiro levou para ficar em pé e tempo decorrente do nascimento até a primeira mamada. O peso ao nascer foi aferido após a primeira mamada e a cada 15 dias, os cordeiros foram pesados, avaliados quanto o estado de condição corporal, período este avaliado do nascimento até o desmame, ou seja, o momento que o cordeiro atingiu 17 kg de peso vivo. A duração do anestro pós-desmame das ovelhas foi obtida através da manifestação do estro, detectada por macho vasectomizado, cuja região do esterno foi impregnada com mistura de pó xadrez e óleo vegetal. Essas observações foram realizadas desde o desmame até a manifestação do 1º estro. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos, para peso vivo, escore de condição corporal e ganho médio diário. No entanto na fase de lactação observou-se diferença para ovelhas que receberam gordura protegida de óleo de palma na dieta, apresentando superioridade no aspecto de escore corporal das ovelhas comparadas as que não receberam gordura protegida. A variável que avaliou o tempo total do nascimento ao desmame demonstrou que ovelhas que receberam gordura protegida na dieta desmamaram seus cordeiros mais cedo e também tiveram um tempo menor de anestro pós desmame comparado às ovelhas que não receberam gordura protegida de óleo de palma na alimentação. A suplementação lipídica não influenciou nenhuma das variáveis relacionadas ao comportamento materno filial. Desta forma conclui-se que a utilização de gordura protegida de óleo de palma na lactação de ovelhas apresenta melhoras em parâmetros produtivos e reprodutivos.
The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, from April to June 2015, with the aim of evaluating the effect of the protected fat of palm oil on gestation and lactation of sheep and maternal filial behavior. Four hundred crossbred ewes Santa Inês and Dorper were mated with a Dorper lamb and 42 lambs. Two concentrates, with and without palm oil-protected fat were provided, and sheep were supplemented at 1.0% body weight based on dry matter. Every 15 days, weighed and evaluated the state of body condition of the sheep, as well as the delivery. In the post-partum ambs, the behavior was evaluated in a direct manner, recording the length of time the lamb took to stand and time from birth to the first feeding. The birth weight was measured after the first feeding and every 15 days, the lambs were weighed, evaluated for the body condition, which was evaluated from birth to weaning, that is, the moment the lamb reached 17 kg live weight. The duration of the anestrous post weaning of the sheep was obtained through the manifestation of estrus, detected by a vasectomized male, whose sternum region was impregnated with a mix of chess powder and vegetable oil. These observations were made from weaning to the manifestation of the 1st estrus. There was no difference between the treatments, for live weight, body condition score and average daily gain. However, in the lactation phase, a difference was observed for ewes who received protected fat from palm oil in the diet, presenting superiority in the aspect of sheep's body score compared to those who did not receive protected fat. The variable that assessed the total time of birth at weaning showed that sheep that received protected fat in the diet weaned their lambs earlier and also had a shorter time of anestrus after weaning compared to sheep that did not receive protected fat from palm oil in the diet. Lipid supplementation did not influence any of the variables related to maternal filial behavior. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of protected palm oil fat in sheep lactation presents improvements in productive and reproductive parameters.

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Cardenas, Toro Fiorella Patricia 1980. "Obtenção de extratos enriquecidos em carotenoides e produtos hidrolisados através do fracionamento da fibra de palma prensada com solventes limpos e fluidos pressurizados." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254910.

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Orientadores: Maria Angela de Almeida Meireles Petenate, Tânia Forster Carneiro
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: A fibra de palma prensada (Elaes guineensis) é um resíduo procedente da indústria de extração de óleo de palma que possui na sua composição compostos bioativos tais como alfa- e beta-caroteno, assim como os polissacarídeos (celulose e hemicelulose). Estes compostos podem ser recuperados mediante processos de extração e hidrólise com a finalidade de produzir de forma sustentável, extratos enriquecidos com carotenoides e produtos hidrolisados com aplicação na indústria química, de alimentos e farmacêutica. Entre as tecnologias que utilizam solventes limpos a altas e baixas pressões, temos a extração por Soxhlet (LPSE-SOX), extração por percolação (LPSE-PE), extração por líquido pressurizado (PLE), extração com fluído supercrítico (SFE) e hidrólise subcrítica com água (SubWH). Neste trabalho, um processo integrado utilizando SFE e SubWH foi proposto como modelo de aproveitamento integral da fibra de palma prensada. O estudo incluiu a avaliação dos efeitos dos parâmetros operacionais de extração: temperatura e pressão empregando uma razão mássica de solvente por massa de matéria-prima (S/F) de 30 na obtenção de um extrato rico em carotenoides; e dos parâmetros operacionais de hidrólise: temperatura, pressão, S/F e tempo de residência na produção de monossacarídeos e oligossacarídeos nos produtos hidrolisados. Após esse primeiro estudo, um segundo estudo dos processos de extração LPSE-SOX, LPSE-PE e PLE utilizando etanol como solvente limpo foi realizado com o objetivo de explorar as condições de operação: temperatura, pressão e vazão na razão S/F de 20, que favorecessem a produção de um extrato rico em carotenoides (alfa e beta-caroteno) incluindo a avaliação econômica de cada processo. Os resultados do primeiro estudo para o SFE utilizando dióxido de carbono como solvente indicaram que o maior rendimento de carotenoides totais no extrato foi 800 ± 200 ug beta-caroteno/g extrato na condição de 318 K (45°C) e 15 MPa. Posteriormente, os experimentos de hidrólise subcrítica da fibra de palma desengordurada obtiveram uma mistura de produtos hidrolisados e produtos de degradação de açúcares, sendo a condição de 523 K (250°C), 15 MPa, tempo de residência de 2,5 min e S/F de 120 aquela com maiores rendimentos de açúcares redutores totais (22,9 g glicose/100 g carboidrato). Este estudo mostrou a viabilidade de integração de processos para o melhor aproveitamento da fibra de palma prensada. Na segunda parte do estudo, os processos de extração com etanol à baixa e alta pressão com melhores rendimentos de carotenoides foram: 305 ± 18 ug alfa-caroteno/g extrato e 713 ± 46 ug beta-caroteno/g extrato para o processo PLE na condição de 308 K (35°C), 4 MPa, 2,4 g/min e 37 min; 142 ± 13 ug alfa-caroteno/g extrato e 317 ± 46 ug beta-caroteno/g extrato para o processo LPSE-SOX num tempo de 6 h; 79 ± 9 ug alfa-caroteno/g extrato e 195 ± 20 ug beta-caroteno/g extrato para o processo LPSE-PE na condição de 308 K (35°C), 2,4 g/min e 37 min. Os custos de manufatura (COM) na escala industrial de 0,5 m3 utilizando 2 extratores em modo contínuo foram de US$98,1/g carotenoide para o processo LPSE-SOX; US$48,9/g carotenoide para o processo LPSE-PE e US$28,7/g carotenoide para o processo PLE. Diante dos resultados obtidos no primeiro e segundo estudo, um estudo cinético dos processos de extração a altas pressões PLE e SFE foi realizado nas condições operacionais que obtiveram altos rendimentos de carotenoides no extrato. O rendimento de extração na razão S/F de 7 e 10 resultou em 90% do total do extrato obtido no final da extração para o processo PLE e SFE, respectivamente. Para o processo PLE e SFE os menores valores de COM foram encontrados para as capacidades de extratores industriais de 0,05 m3 e 0,5 m3. Para o processo PLE, na razão S/F de 8 obtiveram-se os menores valores de COM e COM* específico: US$30,4/kg extrato e US$0,02/g carotenoide para 0,5 m3. Uma tendência similar foi observada para o processo SFE com valores de COM de US$30,8/kg extrato e US$0.08/g carotenoide para 0,5 m3. Baseados nestes resultados, o processo PLE apresenta uma melhor vantagem econômica que o processo SFE e pode ser considerado como a primeira etapa do processo integrado de obtenção de extrato rico em carotenoides seguido do processo SubWH para a obtenção de produtos hidrolisados
Abstract: Pressed palm fiber (Elaes guineensis) is a residue obtained from the palm oil extraction industry that is a source of bioactive compounds such as alpha- and beta-carotene present in the residual oil and polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose), which can be recovered by extraction and hydrolysis processes in order to produce in a sustainable manner extracts enriched with carotenoid for direct application in food industry as additives and/or formation of hydrolysate products with high yields of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides with application in the chemical food and pharmaceutical industry. Technologies that use clean solvents at high and low pressures include Soxhlet extraction (LPSE-SOX), extraction by percolation (LPSE-PE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and subcritical hydrolysis (SubWH). In this work, an integrated process using SFE and SubWH was proposed as the model of completely utilization of pressed palm fiber. The study included the evaluation of the effects of operating parameters of extraction: temperature and pressure at the ratio of solvent mass to feed mass (S/F) of 30 in the obtaining of extracts rich in carotenoids and the study of operational parameters of hydrolysis: temperature, pressure, S/F and residence time on the production of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides in the hydrolyzed products. After this first study, a second study of the extraction processes LPSE-SOX, LPSE-PE and PLE using ethanol as a clean solvent was conducted in order to explore the operational conditions: temperature, pressure and flow rate at S/F ratio of 20, which promotes the production of an extract rich in carotenoids (alpha- and beta-carotene) including the economic evaluation of each process. Results of the first study for SFE using carbon dioxide as a solvent indicated that the highest yield of total carotenoids in the extract was 800 ± 200 ug alpha-carotene/g extract at the condition of 318 K (45°C) and 15 MPa. Thereafter, the experiments of subcritical hydrolysis of defatted pressed palm fiber resulted in a mixture of hydrolysate products and sugar degradation products, where the condition of 523 K (250°C), 15 MPa, residence time of 2.5 min and S/F 120 presented the highest yield of total reducing sugars (glucose 22.9 g/100 g carbohydrate). In the second part of this study, the extraction processes with ethanol at low and high pressure with highest yields of carotenoids in extracts were: 305 ± 18 ug alpha-carotene/g extract and 713 ± 46 ug beta-carotene/g extract for the PLE process at the condition of 308 K (35°C), 4 MPa, 2.4 g/min and 37 min; 142 ± 13 ug alpha-carotene/g extract and 317 ± 46 ug beta-carotene/g extract for LPSE-SOX process at 6 h; and 79 ± 9 ug alpha-carotene/g extract and 195 ± 20 ug beta-carotene/g extract for LPSE-PE process at condition of 308 K (35°C), 2.4 g/min and 37 min. The cost of manufacturing (COM) for the industrial scale of 2 extractors in continuous mode with capacity of 0.5 m3 were US$98.1/g carotenoid for the LPSE-SOX process, US$48.9/g carotenoid for the LPSE-PE process and US$28.7/g carotenoid for the PLE process. From the results obtained in the first and second study, a kinetic study of the PLE and SFE processes at the operating conditions which obtained the highest carotenoid yields from pressed palm fiber was carried out in order to find the adequate processing time and manufacturing cost. The results showed that the extraction at the S/F ratio of 7 and 10 resulted in extract yields higher than 90% for the PLE and SFE process. On the other hand, the carotenoid yield of carotenoids in the extract increased with the S/F ratio. For PLE and SFE processes, the lowest COM values were found for the industrial scale of extractors of 0.05 and 0.5 m3. For PLE process, the S/F ratio of 8 resulted in the lowest COM and specific COM* value: US$30.4/kg extract and US$0.02/g carotenoid for 0.5 m3. A similar trend was observed for the SFE process with values of US$30.8/kg extract and US$0.08/g carotenoid for capacity of 0.5 m3. Based on these results, the PLE process is economically more advantageous than the SFE process and PLE can be considered as the first step of the integrated process for obtaining of extract rich in carotenoids followed by SubWH for obtaining of hydrolysate products
Doutorado
Engenharia de Alimentos
Doutora em Engenharia de Alimentos

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Dantas, Fernanda Daniele Gon?alves. "L?minas de ?gua salina e doses de aduba??o org?nica na produ??o de palma Mi?da adensada no semi?rido." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/20506.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
A palma ? uma importante forrageira para a pecu?ria no semi?rido do Brasil, pela adapta??o ?s condi??es clim?ticas dessa regi?o, produtividade e valor nutricional. A produ??o dessa cact?cea tem respondido positivamente a t?cnicas como adensamento, aduba??o e manejos de corte, todavia, no Rio Grande do Norte, apenas certas ?reas possuem clima favor?vel ao desenvolvimento dessa cultura e a irriga??o, com pouca quantidade de ?gua, tem se revelado uma alternativa para a viabiliza??o do cultivo desse vegetal. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes l?minas de ?gua salina e doses de aduba??o org?nica com esterco bovino, sobre as caracter?sticas morfol?gicas e produ??o de mat?ria verde e seca da palma Mi?da (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dick) em plantio adensado. O experimento foi realizado na Esta??o Experimental de Terras Secas (EMPARN), Pedro Avelino, latitude 5?31?21? Sul e longitude 36?23?14? Oeste. O solo foi classificado como Cambissolo H?plico Carbon?tico T?pico e a ?gua utilizada na irriga??o, C4S1T3 (5,25 dS.m-1), com plantio em espa?amento de 2,0 x 0,25 m (20.000 plantas ha-1). Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas, onde as l?minas de ?gua salina (0; 7,5, 15,0 e 30,0 mm m?s-1) com intervalo de 10 dias, constitu?ram as parcelas principais e as aduba??es org?nicas (0, 25 e 50 Mg ha-1 ano-1) as subparcelas, com quatro repeti??es. As caracter?sticas morfol?gicas mensuradas foram n?mero de clad?dios, altura e volume da planta; comprimento, largura, per?metro, espessura, ?rea e ?ndice de ?rea de clad?dios, produ??es de mat?ria verde e seca, teor de mat?ria seca, efici?ncia do uso da ?gua e danos causados pela cochonilha de escama e podrid?o mole. N?o houve influ?ncia da aduba??o org?nica com esterco bovino sobre a maioria das vari?veis estudadas, particularmente em rela??o ?s produ??es de mat?ria verde e seca. As l?minas de irriga??o tiveram influ?ncia significativa sobre a maioria das vari?veis, promovendo altura e volume de plantas superiores, clad?dios maiores e mais espessos e eleva??es das produ??es de mat?ria verde e seca. A aus?ncia da irriga??o promoveu significativa expans?o da praga da cochonilha de escama e quando irrigada com diferentes l?minas incrementou os danos e perdas de estande, ocasionados pela podrid?o mole, com mais intensidade na maior l?mina.
Cactus pear is an important forage for livestock in semi-arid region of Brazil, due to its adaptation to climate conditions in this region, high productivity and nutritional value. The yield of this cactus has positively responded to techniques such as planting density, fertilization and cutting managements, however, in Rio Grande do Norte State, only certain areas have favorable climate conditions to the development of this crop. Drip irrigation, with a small amount of water, has proven to be an alternative to the viability of cactus pear cultivation in these areas. The research aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of saline water and manure organic fertilization on the morphological characteristics and production of fresh and dry matter of the prickly-pear cactus cv. Mi?da (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dick) in a dense planting system. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of Terras Secas (EMPARN), Pedro Avelino, latitude 5?31'21" South and longitude 36?23'14" West. The soil was classified as Typical Cambisol Haplicum Carbonate and the water used in irrigation, C4S1T3 (5,25 dS.m-1), with planting spacing of 2.0 x 0.25 m (20,000 plants ha-1). A completely randomized design in a split plot was used, where water levels (0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 mm month-1) with 10 days intervals, were the main plots and organic fertilization (0 , 25 and 50 Mg ha-1 yr-1) the subplots, with four replicates. The measured morphological characteristics were number of cladodes, height and volume of the plant; length, width, perimeter, thickness, area and cladodes area index, fresh and dry matter production, dry matter content, water use efficiency (WUE) and damage promoted by cochineal pest (Diaspis echinocacti) and soft rot (Erwinia carotovora). There was no influence (P>0.05) of organic fertilization on most variables, particularly in relation to the production of fresh and dry matter. The water levels had a significant influence (P<0.05) on most variables, promoting higher height and volume of the plants, larger and thicker cladodes, and increase on fresh and dry matter production (13.55 Mg DM ha-1 yr-1). The absence of irrigation caused a significant expansion in plant damage caused by the cochineal pest and when irrigated with different water levels there was an increase in damage and stand loss, caused by soft rot, been more intense at the higher water level.

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FEITOSA, Erickson Marcos Santos. "Síntese de proteína microbiana e balanço de nitrogênio em vacas leiteiras alimentadas com raspa de mandioca e silagem de milho em substituição à palma forrageira." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6120.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The animals were divided into two Latin square 5x5 with the objective of evaluating the effect of substitution of increasing levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of total DM basis) of forage palm by cassava and corn silage on the nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis. For the synthesis of microbial protein were used purine derivatives, estimated their concentrations in urine and milk. There was no effect of the substitution on the total nitrogen intake (419.11 g / day) and nitrogen excretion in urine (56.40 g / day) and milk (87.82 g / day). The excretion of allantoin in the urine (297.89 mmol / day) in milk allantoin (21.22 mmol / day), uric acid (74.18 mmol / day) and purine derivatives total (393.33 mmol / day) and microbial protein synthesis (1585.25 g / day) were not affected by the replacement of forage cactus by cassava scrapings. Under the conditions of this study, both spineless cactus as cassava with maize silage did not influence the efficiency or synthesis PBmic estimated at 138,96 PBmic g / kg of total digestible nutrients, nor nitrogen balance, estimated at 155.35 g / day.
Os animais foram distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos 5x5 com o objetivo avaliar os efeitos da substituição de níveis crescentes (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% na base da MS total) de palma forrageira por raspa de mandioca e silagem de milho sobre o balanço de nitrogênio e a síntese de proteína microbiana. Para a síntese de proteína microbiana foram utilizados os derivados de purina, sendo estimadas suas concentrações na urina e no leite. Não houve efeito dos níveis de substituição sobre o consumo de nitrogênio total (419,11 g/dia) e a excreção de nitrogênio na urina (56,40 g/dia) e no leite (87,82 g/dia). As excreções de alantoína na urina (297,89 mmol/dia), alantoína no leite (21,22 mmol/ dia), ácido úrico na urina (74,18 mmol/dia) e de derivados de purinas totais (393,33 mmol/dia) e a síntese de proteína microbiana (1.585,25 g/dia) não foram influenciadas pela substituição da palma forrageira pela raspa de mandioca. Nas condições do presente estudo, tanto a palma forrageira quanto a raspa de mandioca com a silagem de milho não influenciou negativamente nem a eficiência de síntese de PBmic, estimada em 138,96 g de PBmic/kg de nutrientes digestíveis totais, nem o balanço de nitrogênio, estimado em 155,35 g/d.

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Zagre, Noël Marie. "Projet pilote d'introduction de l'huile de palme non raffinée comme source de vitamine A au Burkina Faso : évaluation de l'impact." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20066.

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Cedeño, Alvarado Ana Maria, Giove Edgar Alberto Farfán, and Calle Hialmer Saturnino Ordinola. "Propuesta de mejora del proceso de atención de unidades de transporte de carga de productos terminados en una empresa dedicada al refinado del aceite de palma aceitera." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625237.

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Nuestro trabajo de investigación desarrolló un análisis en una empresa del sector de transporte de carga terrestre dentro del territorio nacional, resaltamos que la empresa elegida tiene estrategias de diferenciación en tipos de carga especializada, y es J.P. Logística S.A.C. cuyas unidades de transporte llegan a todo el territorio nacional y con una cartera de clientes muy importantes, como Industrias del Espino S.A. que tiene su planta de productos terminados localizada en Uchiza. Se evaluó el indicador más relevante que es el tiempo de permanencia de las unidades de transporte en la atención para cargar los productos terminados en sus principales clientes. Con Industrias del Espino en su Planta de Uchiza, estos indicadores eran demasiado elevados, surgiendo como tema de investigación elaborar una propuesta de mejora del proceso de atención de las unidades de transporte de carga de productos terminados en esta planta. Las herramientas modernas de la mejora continua usadas fueron: el Diagrama de Ishikawa, los 5 ¿Por qué?, el Value Stream Map y otras que sirvieron para evaluar las diferentes acciones a poner en práctica, valorando además los costos que incurre la implementación de esta propuesta. La propuesta integral de mejora para el buen desempeño de ambas empresas, describe diferentes acciones a realizar a fin de hacer más eficiente la atención de las unidades en el punto de carga de PTER en la planta de Uchiza, consiguiendo ser rentable, eficiente y optimizando el uso de las unidades de transporte en la ruta de Uchiza -Lima.
Tesis

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Sampaio, Maurício Bonesso 1981. "Ecologia,manejo e conservação do buriti (Mauritia flexuosa; Arecaceae) nos brejos do Brasil Central." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315018.

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Orientador: Flávio Antonio Maes dos Santos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade EStadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Florestas geram subsistência e renda para comunidades rurais, por meio do extrativismo de produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNM), agricultura de coivara, criação de gado e porcos, etc. Estas atividades podem ser alternativas econômicas de menor impacto do que o corte seletivo de madeira e a conversão das florestas em monoculturas. Porém, a sustentabilidade em longo prazo depende da intensidade de uso, que é influenciada por fatores socioeconômicos dos usuários. É possível avaliar tanto os impactos ecológicos, quanto os fatores socioeconômicos que influenciam o uso das florestas. Modelos matriciais têm sido utilizados para avaliar os efeitos de perturbações na dinâmica populacional das plantas. Nestes modelos são usadas matrizes de transição, construídas a partir de dados demográficos de uma população, cujos indivíduos são classificados em estádios ontogenéticos, classes de tamanho ou idade. Os estádios ontogenéticos são definidos por características morfológicas dos indivíduos que se modificam durante o ciclo de vida. Os parâmetros demográficos podem ser influenciados por perturbações naturais ou antrópicas. As taxas de crescimento populacionais são calculadas e comparadas entre populações sujeitas a diferentes intensidades de perturbações, como o extrativismo de PFNM. Outras fontes de perturbação, como o fogo, podem interferir na avaliação dos impactos do extrativismo de PFNM e precisam ser incluídas nos modelos matriciais para aumentar o seu realismo. O buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) é uma palmeira sujeita à intenso extrativismo de frutos nos brejos do Cerrado. Os frutos são utilizados para a produção de doces e óleo. Além do extrativismo de frutos de buriti, os brejos são utilizados para a criação de gado e porcos, para o estabelecimento de roças de coivara e são sujeitos a queimadas frequentes. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (i) avaliar se as alterações ao longo do ciclo de vida nas características dos indivíduos de buriti estão relacionadas às variações nos parâmetros demográficos; (ii) estimar a intensidade sustentável de extrativismo de frutos de buriti e a frequência máxima de queimadas tolerada pelas populações de buriti; e (iii) avaliar a influência das condições socioeconômicas das comunidades do entorno no uso dos brejos. Identificamos quatro estádios ontogenéticos para o buriti utilizando duas características macro-morfológicas (presença/ausência do estipe e atividade reprodutiva) e uma medida quantitativa (altura). Cada estádio identificado tem contribuição particular para a dinâmica das populações de buriti. O extrativismo de frutos de buriti não deve reduzir mais que 70% da fecundidade das populações para ser sustentável em longo prazo. As queimadas bienais, frequentes no Brasil Central, podem causar a mortalidade de indivíduos reprodutivos e reduzir o tamanho das populações em longo prazo. Agricultura de coivara é praticada em 72% dos 75 brejos avaliados e mais da metade dos brejos são utilizados para a criação de gado. Os recursos dos brejos são igualmente importantes para todas as classes sociais avaliadas, mesmo os fazendeiros mais ricos. A alta intensidade de uso dos brejos verificada sugere que para a sua conservação, as práticas de manejo atuais terão que ser modificadas, principalmente em relação ao uso do fogo
Abstract: Forests are sources of income and subsistence to rural communities around the world by means of activities such as harvesting of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), slash-andburn agriculture, cattle and pigs raising. These economic activities may be alternatives of lower impact to selective logging or large monocultures. However, the long term sustainability of these alternatives depends on the use intensity. Socioeconomic conditions of users may influence the forest use intensity. It is possible to assess both the ecological impacts of NTFPs harvesting and the socioeconomic conditions. Matrix models have been used to evaluate the harvesting impacts on plant population dynamics. Lefkovitch matrix is frequently required to apply these models. To construct this matrix is required demographic data from a population, whose individuals are classified into ontogenetic stages or size classes. Ontogenetic stages are defined by macro-morphological characteristics of individuals that are correlated to the variation in demographic parameters along the life cycle. Population growth rates are calculated and compared by matrix models among populations with different intensities of disturbance, such as NTFP harvesting. Other human disturbance sources, such as fire, may influence the evaluation of harvesting impacts. Thus, these disturbances should be considered in the matrix models to improve their realism. Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) is a palm species subjected to high intensity fruit harvesting in the swamp forests of Cerrado. Fruits are processed to candies and oil production. In addition to fruit harvesting, swamp forests are used to cattle and pig raising, to slash-and-burn agricultural practices and are frequently subjected to fire. This study aimed to: (i) to assess the macro-morphological characteristics of individuals to define the ontogenetic stages of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa; (ii) to assess the sustainable buriti fruit harvesting intensity and the highest fire frequency tolerated by buriti populations; and (iii) to assess the influence of buriti harvesters socioeconomic conditions on the multiple resources use. We identified four ontogenetic stages to buriti using only two macromorphologic characteristics (presence/absence of aerial stem and reproductive activity) and one quantitative variable (height). Each identified stage has a single contribution to buriti population dynamics. Fruit harvesting may be sustainable only if it causes a reduction of up to 70% in the population fecundity. Biennial burning of swamp forests, common in the Central Brazil, may increase the mortality of reproductive individuals and decrease the population size at long term. Slash-and-burn agriculture occurs in 72% of the 75 evaluated swamp forests and more than a half of these forests are used to cattle raising. Swamp forests resources are equally important to all socioeconomic classes, even richer farmers. The high intensity of swamp forest uses suggests that their conservation will require change to current management practices, mainly the fire frequency
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

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Mafei, Rodolpho Antunes. "Dinâmica populacional de Euterpe edulis Martius em Floresta Ombrófila Densa no sul da Bahia." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/2059.

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Euterpe edulis is a very important palm tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest due to its ecological and economic role. However, due to the indiscriminate overexploitation its populations has been reducing greatly. This study aimed to characterize the conservation status of a E. edulis population in a fragment of Atlantic Forest at Southern Bahia. We monitored this population along 5 running years in a 0.8 hectare. Environmental variables were also collected to test which factors could affect plant development and projection matrices analysis were performed to estimate the population growth rate and sensibility. The results showed that population s density is lower if compared with others studies. We verified a decrease in the seedling s recruitment over years, which were attributed to fragmentation side-effects, such as microclimate changes and / or reproductive isolation or inbreeding depression. We also observed that the low rate of transition from stages 1 to 2, represents a bottleneck for the population growth. These results emphasize the urgency of more long-term studies on the population ecology and genetic of E. edulis and also management strategies to promote the sustainability of such natural populations.
Euterpe edulis é uma das espécies de maior importância ecológica e econômica na Mata Atlântica brasileira. Apesar de a espécie possuir características que favorecem o manejo sustentável, a exploração predatória gerou um cenário de populações naturais severamente reduzidas. Este estudo procurou caracterizar o atual estado de conservação de uma população no sul da Bahia. Para tanto foi definido um bloco amostral 0,8 hectare, onde foi monitorada uma população de E. edulis, dividida em seis estágios de desenvolvimento. Foram geradas matrizes de projeção para verificar a tendência atual de conservação da população e variáveis ambientais foram analisadas para inferir sobre como tais fatores podem afetar o desenvolvimento da espécie. Os resultados mostraram que a densidade da população encontrada nesse estudo é menor que a relatada em outros estudos já realizados com a espécie. Verificou-se também a diminuição abrupta no recrutamento de plântulas a cada ano, o que foi atribuído a algum efeito colateral da fragmentação florestal, tal como alterações microclimáticas, e/ou efeitos do isolamento reprodutivo, como a depressão endogâmica. A lenta transição do estágio jovens 1 para jovens 2 se mostrou como principal gargalo ao crescimento populacional, o que sugere a necessidade de estudos sobre a redução na fecundidade. Ambientes com maior homogeneidade de dossel propiciaram maior crescimentos em jovens 2. Propõe-se que a produção e manutenção de mudas em viveiros até a idade de um ano, seguida de plantio em áreas próximas às bordas de clareiras, possa diminuir a mortalidade dos estágios iniciais e garantir maior êxito na perpetuação das populações de Euterpe edulis no sul da Bahia.

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Adawi, Rahim. "Preventing fatal effects of overworking : Product design solution." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15473.

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“Overworking to death” is a phenomenon that has been noticeable in developing countries. The cause of death is mainly through ischemic strokes. While the victims’ occupations differed, they all shared a common characteristic, being positioned in a sedentary work, ranging from IT workers to doctors. This project’s aim was to develop a product that prevented or decreased the strokes that derived from sedentary overwork. This was mainly tackled by preventing one of the three causes of developing blood props, slowed blood flow. In order to gather rich data of the phenomenon, a qualitative study was conducted in China, during two months. By doing an extensive structured sampling, information rich data could be gathered during a short period of time. Data were derived from observations, questionnaires and an interview, which then was interpreted to customer needs and the final product specification. The final product became a trouser with an in built dynamic compression mechanic, that can compress the veins mostly during sitting activities, in order to prevent blood stasis. The compression mechanic works like the Chinese finger trap; compressing the calves while sitting and stretching the legs forward. It is made only out of polysaccharides fibres; cotton and corn.
"Guolaosi" eller död från överarbete är ett fenomen som i regel uppkommer bland utvecklingsländer. Dödsorsaken är huvudsakligen genom stroke. Offrens yrken varierar allt från professorer, IT-arbetare till läkare. De delar dock en sak gemensamt; att arbeta under långa perioder stillasittande. Projektets mål var att utveckla en produkt som minskar dödliga följderna av sedentära överarbete, genom att förebygga en av de tre orsakerna för att utveckla blodproppar; saktad blodström. Målgruppen var då kineser av de yrken som hade tidigare drabbats av fenomenet. För att samla informationsrika data om fenomenet genomfördes en kvalitativ studie i Kina under två månader. Genom att göra en omfattande strukturerad provtagning kunde informationsrika data samlas under en kort tidsperiod. Fältstudien bestod av observationer, frågeformulär och en intervju, som då tolkades till kundbehov och eventuellt produktspecifikationen. Den slutliga produkten kom att bli ett par byxor med en inbyggd dynamisk komprimeringsmekanism, som kan komprimera venerna under sittande aktiviteter, för att förhindra saktad blodström. Kompressionsmekanismen fungerar som den kinesiska fingerfällan. Den komprimerar blodkärlen medan personen sitter och sträcker benen framåt. Produkten är konstruerad på så sätt att den kan tillverkas endast av polysackariders tråd, från bomull och majs. Vilket är lämpligt för Kinas lokala resurser.

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Lange, Marcela Valles. "A mudança de estoque de carbono por transformação da terra e seu uso no inventário de ciclo de vida de produtos de origem renovável: estudo de caso da possível expansão da palma de óleo na Amazônia Legal Brasileira." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/887.

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Reduzir a limitação inerente ao uso de reservas geológicas como matéria-prima é fundamental para a manutenção da viabilidade da produção industrial mundial. Esse novo contexto depende de uma transição para o uso de reservas biológicas, renováveis, que podem ser convertidas em biocombustíveis e biopolímeros. Em contraste, essa produção demanda, por vezes, ocupações e transformações da terra, resultando em diversos impactos na natureza. Desta forma, considera-se essencial a inclusão do uso da terra no Inventário de Ciclo de Vida dos Produtos e a avaliação de seus impactos. A localização, clima e disponibilidade de terras do Brasil, juntamente com a política nacional de independência energética e a tendência mundial para o uso de combustíveis renováveis, favorecem a produção de biocombustíveis no país, como o biodiesel produzido a partir de óleo de palma. Por outro lado, alguns estudos mostram que o desempenho ambiental do biodiesel não é sempre melhor que o do petrodiesel, principalmente quando há substancial transformação da terra, gerando, entre outros impactos, redução nos estoques de carbono no solo e na biomassa. Considerando a prevista expansão do cultivo de palma na região amazônica, este estudo visa avaliar o impacto gerado pelas mudanças de estoque de carbono nas emissões de gases de efeito estufa inerentes ao ciclo de vida do biodiesel de palma. Estas mudanças foram obtidas a partir da diferença entre o estoque de carbono no uso atual da terra e num uso previsto para a expansão do cultivo, por associação de dados de estoque de carbono a dados espaciais de solo, vegetação e uso da terra na Amazônia brasileira, usando para isso um sistema de informações geográficas (SIG). Em seguida, para as áreas com variação negativa, calculou-se o tempo de compensação dessas emissões oriundas da transformação da terra, em função do ganho ambiental nas fases de produção e consumo do biodiesel. Adicionalmente, foi calculada a emissão de carbono no ciclo de vida do biodiesel de palma e a potencial redução dessa emissão na substituição do diesel convencional. Os resultados sugerem que as variações no estoque de carbono são fatores determinantes na definição da magnitude da emissão de carbono no ciclo de vida do biodiesel de palma e é fundamental sua inclusão no estudo, para a qual o SIG mostrou ser uma ferramenta potencial e elucidativa.
Shifting society„s dependence away from petroleum is essential for the maintenance of the viability of world industrial activity. This new context depends on a transition to the use of biological reserves, renewable energy, which can be converted into biofuels and biopolymers. In contrast, the production demands sometimes cause changes in land use, resulting in different impacts in nature. Thus, it is essential to include land use in Life Cycle Inventory of products and to evaluate its impacts. Brazil‟s location, climate and land availability, along with its energy independence policy and the global trend towards the use of renewable fuels, are favorable factors for the production of biofuels such as biodiesel from palm oil. On the other hand, some studies have shown that the environmental performance of biodiesel is not always better than that of petrodiesel, especially when there is substantial land transformation, generating, among other impacts, reduction in carbon stocks in soil and biomass. Considering the expansion of cultivation in the Amazon region, the study aims to evaluate the impact generated by the resulting changes in carbon stock in the life cycle emissions of palm biodiesel. These changes were obtained from the difference between the carbon stock in the current land use and in the intended use of the cultivation expansion, by linking carbon stock data to spatial data of soil, vegetation and land use in the Brazilian Amazon, using for it a geographic information system (GIS). Then, for the areas with negative variation, it was calculated the carbon payback time necessary for compensating these emissions from the land transformation, due to the environmental gain in the biodiesel production and consumption phases. Additionally, the carbon emission in palm oil biodiesel life cycle and the potential reduction of emissions in the substitution of conventional diesel were calculated. The results suggest that changes in carbon stocks are determining factors in defining the magnitude of carbon emissions in biodiesel life cycle and its inclusion is essential in the study, for which the GIS is a potential and meaningful tool.
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Hudiyono, Pws Sumi. "Analyse de matières grasses hydrogénées et influence de l'oxydation sur les compositions et propriétés physiques du beurre de cacao." Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD452.

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Il a été montré que la combinaison des techniques de séparation par CCM imprégnée de AgNO3, CLHP, CPG et ozonolyse permet de mieux appréhender la composition très complexe des graisses hydrogénées, à cause de la présence des nombreux isomères (cis/trans) et des multiples positions de la double liaison. Grâce à l'apport de ces techniques une grande partie de cette complexité peut être élucidée. Dans une première partie de ce travail, il a été étudié l'influence des différentes conditions d'oxydation sur les propriétés physicochimiques du beurre de cacao, comme la variation du rapport des acides gras insaturés/saturés et les variations de la composition de la fraction insaponifiable (tocophérols et stérols), l'augmentation des produits volatils (notamment les aldéhydes), des produits absorbant à 234 et 268 nm présents dans la fraction insaponifiable et les changements des propriétés physiques observées par ATD et RMN pulsée. Il a été montré que l'oxydation à température ambiante en présence de lumière est plus intense que l'oxydation à 45 et 60°C à l'obscurité mais moins intense que lorsque la température est de 90°C à l'obscurité. L'oxydation est accélérée en présence de Cu(II) et de Fe(III). A la lumière et à température ambiante, le cuivre est plus actif que le fer et à l'obscurité, à 90°C, c'est l'inverse que l'on observe. Il a été montré également que l'action protectrice de l'α-Tocophérol dépend de sa concentration et peut diminuer lorsque sa concentration est élevée. Les travaux permettent de mieux appréhender le problème de l'analyse triglycéridique complexe, matières grasses hydrogénées et de contribuer à la connaissance des phénomènes d'oxydation

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MARTINS, Maria Lúcia. "Fenologia, Produção e Pós-colheita de frutos de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.f) em três veredas do cerrado no estado de Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/497.

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This study aimed to characterize the phenology, production and post-harvest fruit of the buriti palm tree in the Savannah as well as factors impacting on production. The study was conducted in three palm swamp with three distinct forms of occupation of the borders. The buriti palm tree were characterized as height, diameter at breast height, number of inflorescences and leaves. The number of leaves was correlated with climatic data from July 2006 to September 2009. To characterize the production were collected from three clusters per area, and determined the average weight of fruit bunches and these extrapolated data for each area. In three clusters of each palm swamp included: length of the bunch, bunch weight, fruit weight, number of rachilles, and fruit number, length rachilles, total number of loci, number of loci with fruit, no fruit locule number , and the reason the number of loci with fruits / total number of loci. Characterization were carried out fifty fruits of each of the three clusters collected in each area. The characterization of fruits were evaluated: fruit weight, diameter longitudinal, transverse diameter, transverse diameter ratio / longitudinal diameter, the pulp mass, mass of bark, seed mass, and mass of endocarp. The pulp included: pH, total titratable acidity as citric acid, moisture and minerals. In a second phase were collected in five months, 250 fruits per area, per collection, where in addition to the analysis in the fruit pulp and cited, were analyzed for crude fiber, protein, lipid and fatty acid profile in the pulp the fruits of the first and last collection. Finally, was evaluate different treatments of artificial ripening of buriti. To check on what treatment get more uniform ripening counted the number of mature fruits, hard and dirty. The pulp was found: pH, total acidity and citric acid, moisture, minerals and starch. The results of this study support the conclusion: In relation to phenology, the average number of leaves of buriti palm tree do not differ between plants and sex, however, have differ for maximum temperature. The palm swamp have average income calculated in pulp yield 651.54 kg ha-1. Fruits buriti have high nutritional content and is suitable for fresh consumption and processing purposes. Fruits buriti present average mass of 54.19 g of which 17.79% is pulp, seed 34.69%, 20.88% bark and 26.64% endocarp. The mineral elements examined during the five seasons had different values. The pulps of buriti show high content of fiber, reduced levels of lipids, being the predominant fatty acid, palmitic. The storage for seven days followed by immersion of fruits in water at 55 °C for thirty minutes is the treatment that has a higher yield in the process of maturation (95.5%).
Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar a fenologia, a produção e pós-colheita de frutos da palmeira buriti no Cerrado, bem como fatores impactantes sobre sua produção. O estudo foi desenvolvido em três veredas com três formas distintas de ocupação das bordas. Os buritizeiros foram caracterizados quanto a altura, diâmetro a altura do peito, número de inflorescência e de folhas. A folhação foi correlacionada com dados climáticos de julho de 2006 a setembro de 2009. Para caracterização da produção foram realizadas coletas de três cachos por área, sendo determinado o peso médio dos frutos dos cachos e estes dados extrapolados para cada área. Em três cachos de cada vereda verificou-se: comprimento do cacho, massa do cacho, massa dos frutos, número de ráquilas, e número de frutos, comprimento de ráquila, número total de lóculos, número de lóculos com frutos, número lóculos sem frutos, e a razão número de lóculos com frutos/número total de lóculos. Foi realizada a caracterização de cinqüenta frutos de cada um dos três cachos coletados em cada vereda. Na caracterização dos frutos foram avaliados: massa do fruto, diâmetro longitudinal, diâmetro transversal, relação diâmetro transversal/diâmetro longitudinal, massa da polpa, massa da casca, massa da semente, e massa do endocarpo. Na polpa destes frutos verificou-se: pH, acidez titulável total acidez titulável em ácido cítrico, umidade e minerais. Em um segundo momento foram realizadas coletas, em cinco meses, de 250 frutos por área, por coleta, nos quais além das análises no fruto e polpa citadas, foram realizadas análises de fibra bruta, proteína, extrato etéreo e perfil de ácidos graxos na polpa dos frutos da primeira e da última coleta. Finalmente, se avaliou diferentes tratamentos de amadurecimento artificial dos frutos de buriti. Para verificar em qual tratamento se obtém amadurecimento mais uniforme contou-se o número de frutos maduros, duros e podres. Na polpa destes frutos verificou-se: pH, acidez titulável total e em ácido cítrico, umidade, minerais e amido. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo permitem concluir: Em relação à fenologia, o número médio de folhas dos frutos de buritizeiros não difere entre veredas ou sexo das plantas, no entanto, apresentam diferença em relação à temperatura máxima. As veredas apresentam rendimento médio calculado de polpa de 651,54 kg ha-1. Os frutos de buriti apresentam teores nutricionais apropriados para o consumo in natura e para industrialização. Os frutos de buriti apresentam massa média de 54,19 g, dos quais 17,79% é polpa, 34,69% semente, 20,88% casca e 26,64% endocarpo. Os elementos minerais analisados durante as cinco épocas apresentaram valores diferenciados. As polpas dos frutos de buriti apresentaram elevado teor de fibra bruta, teores reduzidos de extrato etéreo, sendo o ácido graxo predominante, o palmítico. O armazenamento por sete dias seguido da imersão dos frutos em água à 55°C por trinta minutos é o tratamento que apresenta maior rendimento no processo de amadurecimento (95,5%).

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Krishnankutty, Satyavati. "Studies on some processing aspects of coconut and other palm products." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/2499.

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Chang, Ya Shuan, and 張雅瑄. "A Study on the Co-opetition Structure of Operating Systems for PDA Products: Palm OS versus Pocket PC." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16703328033091066767.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
國際企業學研究所
92
Due to the likelihood of “winner takes all”, standard competition has a profound implication to the results of business competition, which attracts a great research interest in both academic and business fileds. Cases of standard competition are many, from consumer electronics products (e.g., VHS/Beta) to PC operating systems (e.g., DOS/OS2), WLAN, to memory cards. This thesis research will take Personal Data Assistant (PDA) product as a case example and focus on the existing competition between two incompatible operating systems, Palm OS and Pocket PC. By analyzing their co-opetition structure, our goal is to suggest potential competitive strategies for both camps in their pursuit of dominant design. As PDA product represents a bridge of product transition between the PC and mobile, our research on the PDA OS standard competition may provide implications for our understanding of the future development of IA industry. Riding on the analystical framework of value net and suggestions for co-opetition, proposed by Adam Brandenburger and Berry Nalebuff, we first lay out several value nets for Palm OS and Pocket PC, upon which our subsequent analyses will be based. Our analyses and suggestions are made from five angles: players, added value, rules, tactics and scope, and attempt to postulate feasible co-opetition strategies for both camps. The present research found that the alliance composed of Palm OS, Symbian and Sun Java, will be the most competitive contender to the Microsoft camp, who has dominated in the operating system of PC-related products. We think the Palm OS capm could sustain its leadership as long as it could maintain a mutually beneficial value net among key players. Moreover, in the post-PC era, which is characterized by networking, the concept of co-opetition will substitute pure competition and becomes a way of thinking strategty. While co-opetition highlights the need of creating value through collaboration, maintaining a balanced structure of value appropriation is equally important. Strategic implications and practical suggestions are discussed.

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Montefusco, Immacolata. "Sfogliatella Riccia Napoletana: realization of a lard- and palm oil- free "ready to eat" product." Tesi di dottorato, 2017. http://www.fedoa.unina.it/11697/1/Montefusco_Immacolata_29.pdf.

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In the last years, demand for “ready to eat” (RTE) products has exponentially increased because of lifestyle changing and new technologies introducing, such as microwave. This reflects a trend by consumers towards less time and effort in the preparation of food. One of the most important sectors of the RTE product market is the baked confectionery segment. Sfogliatella Riccia Napoletana (SRN), recognized as Traditional Agri-food Product (Prodotti Agroalimentari Tradizionali - PAT) of Campania Region, is worldwide known and appreciated for its goodness. But its production is limited to local markets. In order to extend market area on an international basis, PhD research was divided into two steps focused on - Production of lard- and palm oil- free RTE-SRN Lard is traditionally used in SRN production for its technological properties and low cost, but there is a growing negative perception regarding the implication of animal fats on human health. Palm oil is widely used as a cheaper vegetable alternative to lard, because of the high thermal stability and oil yield, however, it is nowadays under discussion, mostly related to sustainability of its cultivation. So, the replacement of lard (traditionally used) in the formulation of SRN with palm oil- free vegetable blends was studied. Besides, alternative baking methods -microwave and/or infrared- as substitute to traditional one for the production of RTE-SRN were assessed. According to data, a combined baking based on electric-infrared-microwave allowed baking time halving, with the advantage of combining time and energy saving properties of microwave baking with browning and crisping properties of infrared and electric heating. The substitution of lard with palm oil-free vegetable blend, composed of shea butter, coconut oil and sunflower oil at different percentages, led to a reduction of oxidized compounds during cooking. - Storage evaluation SRN is characterized by high moisture and aw content, so its shelf life is limited by microbial spoilage, mostly due to moulds and staling. In order to achieve longer shelf life of RTE-SRN, frozen and refrigerated preservation combined with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) were employed. Results revealed that it is possible to obtain a RTE-SRN with a stable oxidative and moisture behaviour during prolonged frozen storage. Also substituting lard with palm oil-free fat, it is possible to obtain a product with sensory and textural qualities close to freshly baked SRN made with lard. Indeed, modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (CO2/N2 50/50) combined with refrigerated storage revealed an energy saving alternative preservation method, ensuring acceptable sensory, physical and chemical stability to RTE-SRN stored at 5 °C for 49 days, extending to three times the shelf life compared to air packaging. Palm oil-free RTE-SRN preserved a better oxidative stability for the whole storage time. The above findings can be applicable by baking industry to a large variety of confectionery bakery products.

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Tsai, Ching-Hsuan, and 蔡靜萱. "Production of mannan oligosaccharide using β-mannanase produced by Aspergillus niger on palm kernel cake in solid state fermentation." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cmwjgq.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
食品科學系所
106
Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries are the main production areas of palm oil. Palm kernel cake (PKC), a waste product of the palm kernel oil extraction process contains more than 70% mannan of non-starch polysaccharides and therefore can serve as an excellent low-cost substrate for mannan oligosaccharide production. Mannan oligosaccharide can be used by probiotics in animal intestine to improve the composition of flora, and can stimulate the secretion of cytokines and chemokines from macrophages to enhance the immune response. In Southeast Asia, PKC is usually added into feed to increase the quality and nutritional value, but there is no reference demonstrated the application of enzyme on PKC for mannan oligosaccharide production. The objective of this study is to produce mannan oligosaccharide using β-mannanase produced by Aspergillus niger on PKC in solid state fermentation. The proximate analysis of PKC showed it contained 68.69±0.08% of carbohydrate, 15.43±0.18% of crude protein, 10.03±0.05% of moisture, 4.54±0.11% of crude ash and 1.31±0.24% effect of enzyme content by adding guar gum and locust bean gum as co-factor. The highest enzyme activity was shown when adding 1.5% of both carbon source co-factors. After PKC was hydrolyzed by crude enzyme solution for 30 minutes, 53.38±3.24 mg/g of total sugar, 34.58±0.17 mg/g of reducing sugar and 26.51±0.18 mg/g of mannan oligosaccharide were obtained. Mannobiose and mannotriose were the main contents of mannan oligosaccharides in the hydrolyzed product. The utilization of PKC could be enhanced by production of mannan oligosaccharide using β-mannanase.

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Chang, Shiun-Hau, and 張軒豪. "The Globalization of Local Cultural Industry：A Examination of The Palm drama (puppet show) produced by Pili International Media in Taiwan." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97476870122685000317.

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碩士
國立交通大學
傳播研究所
93
The purpose of this study was to investigate the issue that how a local cultural industry in Taiwan globalizes under the era of globalization.Focusing on the practices of Pili International Media in Taiwan, this study examined the content of its puppet shows, the new technologies it used, and its marketing strategies to understand the difficulties and potentials for a local cultural industry to globalize. Three methods, content analysis, secondary data analysis, and intensive interviews, were adopted to collect data for this study. The findings indicate that Pili International Media encountered different problems when trying to export its palm drama to the Japanese market, Hong Kong market, Mainland China market, and the markets in America, Europe, and Africa. Furthermore, this study also found that new technologies did a great help for a local cultural industry to globalize its products. More findings were discussed in the paper.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Palm products'

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