Academic literature on the topic 'Palmoil'

Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world. In the process of its processing into Crude PalmOil (CPO), the palm oil processing industry produces various types of waste, including liquid wasteknown as Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). POME contains organic matter that is high enough so it mustbe processed before being discarded into the environment. During this time, POME is treated usinganaerobic ponds which are quite large and produce metana gas. Metanae gas has a high level ofemissions, but it potential to become an energy source if it is utilized. Therefore, BPPT in collaborationwith PT. Perkebunan Nusantara 5 built a biogas production pilot plant from POME equivalent to 700kWfor boiler fuel at PKS Sei Pagar, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. The process of converting POMEinto biogas uses Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) technology. The research aims to choosethe best roof tank design for CSTR. The method used is the Pahl and Beitz method and the House ofQuality. The result of the study are the best specification planning data, which is 1400 mm in diameterand the construction site position at a height of 15350 mm from the bottom of the reactor, with use aninternal support column, with the best variant chosen is the fixed roof type with dome shape.

Purpose This paper aims to present the development of palm oil sector and future challenge in Riau Province Indonesia, which includes sustainable plantation development. Design/methodology/approach This research was conducted through a survey with developmental research method. The research location is in the Province of Riau, which is the potential development of oil palm plantation. The land areas of Riau are Kampar, Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi, while the coastal areas are Pelalawan, Siak, Bengkalis, Indragiri Hilir, Indragiri Hulu and Rokan Hilir. The socio-economic and environmental aspects of sustainability level of palm oil plantations were analyzed using a multi-dimensional scaling approach that was modified into a Rap-Insus-Pom. Findings Development of palmoil plantations results in land conversion, posing potential erosio. In anticipating environmental damage, the Government of Indonesia imposes the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) policy. The results of ISPO policy show that Indonesian crude palm oil products are environmentally friendly. Originality/value This research is one of few studies that investigate the development of palm oil sector and future challenge in Riau Province, Indonesia. Riau Province still needs 13 units of palm oil mills with capacity of 60 tons per hour. Find strategies to regulate palm oil farming institutions and derivative products to enhance growth and economic development in the region and find production centers and development areas for palm oil local industries in potential regions.

Oil palm plantations are strategic commodities in the national economy and public welfare. Smallholder oil palm plantations as part of the palm oil commodity supply chain currently face business sustainability issues. This study aims to analyze the sustainability of community oil palm plantations based on index assessment using the Rap-Palmoil method through the Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) method. Multidimensional analysis of MDS in terms of economic, social, environmental, institutional, and technological dimensions as aspects examined in this study. This research was conducted in two regencies of oil palm plantations in a broad area of ​​land in Jambi Province, namely Muaro Jambi Regency and Merangin Regency. The data used are primary and secondary data, primary data are obtained from interviews with farmers while secondary data are obtained from the Central Statistics Agency, Plantation Service, and literature that supports this research. Respondents in this study were 99 farmers selected purposively. The results of the multidimensional sustainability analysis of the Jambi Province oil palm plantation sustainability index were 57,79 included in the quite sustainable category. While the results of the sustainability index analysis for the five dimensions are 54,11 (economy), 66,83 (social), 58,64 (environmental), 46,40 (institutional), 59,02 (technology). All dimensions are overall included in the "moderately sustainable" category except the institutional dimension in the "less sustainable" category. The sustainability of oil palm plantations in each dimension has a different sustainability index so that different policies are needed to evaluate the sustainability of community oil palm plantations in Jambi Province.

ABSTRACTErosion brings more fertile soil layers, rich in organic matter and nutrients causing loss of plantnutrients. The research aims to study the amount of surface runoff, erosion and nutrient loss in oilpalm plantations of different ages. This research was conducted at PT. Kalimantan Hamparan Sawit,Gunung Mas Regency, lasted for 4 months from May to August 2018. The method used wasmeasurement on an erosion plots of 15mx25m size, covering the amount of erosion, surface runoff andnutrient analysis in the laboratory. The results showed surface runoff on palm oil for 3 years, greaterthan palm oil for 5 years for each rainfall events. The surface flow in 3-year palm is 1.90mm and 5-year palm is 1.50 mm. The average erosion in 3-year palm is 0.07 tons ha-¹, whereas for 5-year palm is0.05 tons ha-¹. The total N-loss in surface runoff in 3-year palm is 0.0036 kg ha-¹ and 5-year palm is0.0017 kg ha-¹. P-available at 3-year palm at 0,0005 kg ha-¹, while 5-year palm at an average of0,0004 kg ha-¹. K loss in 3-year palm is 0.0292 kg ha-¹ and 5-year palm is 0.0108 kg ha-¹. Nutrientloss in erosion in oil palm for 3 years is greater than oil palm in 5 years. The total N-loss in 3-yearpalm is 13.53 kg ha-ha and in 5-year palm is 11.94 kg ha-¹. The 3-year palm oil P is 1.05 kg ha-¹,while the 5-year palm oil is 0.90 kg ha-¹. K loss in 3 years oil palm was 2.54 kg ha-¹ and 5 years palmoil was 2.42 kg ha-¹.Keywords: Runoff, erosion, oil palm, nutrient

W artykule omawia się dwie lakońskie glosy Hesychiosa oznaczające ‘daktylowca właściwego, czyli palmę daktylową (Phoenix dactylifera L.)’: βουάκραι· οἱ φοίνικες, ὑπὸ Λακώνων (HAL β-868) oraz σελίαρ· φοίνιξ (HAL σ-382), a także trzecią glosę o znaczeniu ‘gałąź palmy daktylowej’: σαρίρ· κλάδος φοίνικος, Λάκωνες (HAL σ-212). Lakoński wyraz βουάκρᾱ f. reprezentuje doryckie złożenie zawierające cząstkę βοῦ ‘duży, wielki, liczny’ oraz grecki apelatyw ἄκρᾱ (= joń. ἄκρη) f. ‘najwyższy punkt, szczyt, koniec’. Fitonim pierwotnie określał drzewo charakteryzujące się „wielkim szczytem”, jako że wielkie pierzaste gałęzie daktylowca tworzą imponującą koronę. Także dialektalny rzeczownik σελίαρ m. ‘palma daktylowa’ (< *σαλίαρ < lak. *σαλλίας < dor. *θαλλίας) wskazuje na obfitość gałęzi palmowych, por. gr. θαλία f. ‘obfitość’, θαλλίᾱ f. coll. ‘listowie, gałązki’, gr. θαλλός m. ‘gałązka’, coll. ‘świeże, zielone liście; młode pędy’, θαλλοί m. pl. ‘liście palmowe’. Hesychiosowy termin σαρίρ f. ‘gałąź palmowa’ powstał z późnolakońskiej formy *σαλίρ (< lak. *σαλλίς < dor. *θαλλίς) na skutek regresywnej dylacji dwóch spółgłosek płynnych.

A tilose palmo-plantar é um distúrbio autossômico dominante caracterizado por uma hiperceratose palmo-plantar. Em geral, desenvolve-se na segunda infância e se acentua em áreas de pressão. Existem duas formas familiares de tilose palmo-plantar: a não epidermolítica e a epidermolítica. Os pacientes com tilose palmo-plantar forma epidermolítica apresentam uma chance até 40% maior de desenvolver carcinoma de células escamosas do esôfago. A associação de tilose palmo-plantar com neoplasia esofágica é denominada síndrome de Howel-Evans.

AbstractThe efficacy of two entomopathogenic biocontrol agents, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) and Verticillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Viégas (reclassified now as Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & Gams), against Thrips palmi Karny was investigated. Assessments of the effect of temperature on the efficacy of S. feltiae indicated that higher mortality of T. palmi was recorded at 20°C compared to either 15 or 25°C, whereas significantly higher T. palmi mortality followed application of L. muscarium at 25°C. Testing the control agents efficacy on three host plants; chrysanthemum, sweet pepper and cucumber, under constant temperature and high humidity conditions produced no significant difference in the level of T. palmi larval mortality on each host plant. Incorporating the chemical insecticide imidacloprid with both biological agents in a combined control strategy increased T. palmi juvenile mortality. The potential role of S. feltiae and L. muscarium within integrated pest management programmes for the control of T. palmi is discussed.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Diacylglycerol rich oils have its organoleptic characteristics very similar to those of conventional edible oils, but these oils do not tend to accumulate in the body, even when consumed in high quantities, making them a great resource in the fight against obesity. Palm oil ranks first the world production of edible oils mainly due to its low cost. This work aimed to propose a new technology for enzyme production using diacylglycerol lipase Lipozyme RM IM and ultrasound to promote water in oil emulsions, which increases the interfacial area of the system leading to higher reaction rates compared to conventional enzymatic processes. . The reactions were carried out at 55 °C with two different methods. First, the reaction system was exposed to ultrasonic waves for the whole reaction time, which led to enzymatic inactivation and water evaporation. Ultrasound was then used to promote emulsification of the water/oil system before the hydrolysis reaction, avoiding contact between the probe and the enzymes. Achieved conversions were superior to the conventional method further hydrolysis rate when the ultrasound is employed for emulsion formation was significantly greater. For 12 hours of reaction the conversion was 85% higher than the conventional method and 15% higher for a period of 24 hours of reaction. . An experimental design was used to optimize the ultrasound-related parameters and maximize the hydrolysis rate, and in these conditions, with a change in equilibrium, DAG production was evaluated.Better reaction conditions were achieved for the second method: 11.20 wt% (water+oil mass) water content, 1.36 wt% (water+oil mass) enzyme load, 12 h of reaction time, 1.2 min and 200 W of exposure to ultrasound. In these conditions diacylglycerol yield was 37.69 wt%.
Óleos enriquecidos com diacilglicerol possuem características organolépticas muito semelhantes às dos óleos comestíveis convencionais, porém, estes óleos não tendem a se acumular no organismo, mesmo quando consumidos em altas quantidades, tornando-os um grande recurso no combate à obesidade. O óleo de palma está no topo da produção mundial de óleos comestíveis principalmente devido ao seu baixo custo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo propor uma nova tecnologia para a produção enzimática de diacilglicerol empregando a lipase Lipozyme RM IM e utilizando ultrassom como gerador de emulsões de água em óleo, o que aumenta a área interfacial do sistema conduzindo a maiores taxas de reação em relação aos processos enzimáticos convencionais. A hidrólise parcial do óleo de palma foi realizada em meio livre de solventes a 55 °C em duas etapas distintas e comparadas com reações em condições semelhantes sem o uso do ultrassom. Primeiramente o sistema reacional foi exposto às ondas ultrassônicas, o que levou a taxas iniciais de reação elevadas, porém, as conversões obtidas foram baixas, em função da desativação enzimática e da evaporação de água, pelo longo período de exposição ao ultrassom. Posteriormente, utilizou-se o ultrassom para gerar emulsões antes a etapa reacional, não permitindo seu contato com o sistema contendo a enzima. As conversões obtidas foram superiores ao método convencional, além disso, taxa de hidrólise quando se empregou o ultrassom para a formação de emulsões foi significativamente maior. Para 12 horas de reação a conversão foi 85% superior ao método convencional e de 15% superior para um período de 24 horas de reação. Foi desenvolvido um planejamento fatorial, o delineamento central composto rotacional para avaliar os efeitos das variáveis tempo de exposição ao ultrassom, potência do ultrassom e razão água/óleo na conversão em ácidos graxos livres da reação, sendo que a razão água/óleo e o produto tempo x potência apresentaram os maiores efeitos. Nas melhores condições, foi produzido um óleo concentrado com 37,69% de DAG em de 12h de reação, exposto ao ultrassom por 1,2min à 200W.

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O presente trabalho discute algumas questões que acompanham minha produção artística desde 2013, como a recorrência de procedimentos tradicionais construtivos e a proximidade com as medidas do corpo, assim como os métodos vernaculares de medição empregados na estruturação de projetos. Este pensamento construtivo desenvolvido através da prática em artes visuais resultou em algumas impressões acerca da espacialidade nas pinturas de Almeida Júnior, principalmente nos quadros da fase regionalista, onde o pintor retrata cenas do interior paulista. Assim, foi feita uma leitura das imagens a partir dos elementos compositivos da paisagem, dos objetos e dos gestos dos personagens, ilustrando os argumentos por meio de dados e características recorrentes no cotidiano rural de comunidades caipiras e caiçaras. Desse modo, o estudo descreve a organização espacial dessas populações e as relações do homem com o seu território: físico, geográfico e subjetivo, imaterial.
This dissertation discusses some issues that accompany my artistic production since 2013, such as the recurrence of traditional constructive procedures and the proximity to body measurements, as well as vernacular measurement methods used in project design. This constructive thinking developed through in the visual arts practice has resulted in some impressions about the spatiality in Almeida Júnior’s paintings, mainly in the the regionalist phase works, where the painter depicts scenes from the interior of São Paulo. Thus, a reading of the images was made from the compositional elements of the landscape, the objects and the gestures of the characters, illustrating the arguments through data and recurrent characteristics in the rural daily life of caipiras and caiçaras communities. Thus, the study describes the spatial organization of these populations and the relations of man with his territory: physical, geographical and subjective, immaterial.
CAPES: 1588052

Orientador(a): José Paiani Spaniol
Banca: Maria Cecília França Lourenço
Banca: Fernanda Mendonça Pitta
Resumo: O presente trabalho discute algumas questões que acompanham minha produção artística desde 2013, como a recorrência de procedimentos tradicionais construtivos e a proximidade com as medidas do corpo, assim como os métodos vernaculares de medição empregados na estruturação de projetos. Este pensamento construtivo desenvolvido através da prática em artes visuais resultou em algumas impressões acerca da espacialidade nas pinturas de Almeida Júnior, principalmente nos quadros da fase regionalista, onde o pintor retrata cenas do interior paulista. Assim, foi feita uma leitura das imagens a partir dos elementos compositivos da paisagem, dos objetos e dos gestos dos personagens, ilustrando os argumentos por meio de dados e características recorrentes no cotidiano rural de comunidades caipiras e caiçaras. Desse modo, o estudo descreve a organização espacial dessas populações e as relações do homem com o seu território: físico, geográfico e subjetivo, imaterial
Abstract: This dissertation discusses some issues that accompany my artistic production since 2013, such as the recurrence of traditional constructive procedures and the proximity to body measurements, as well as vernacular measurement methods used in project design. This constructive thinking developed through in the visual arts practice has resulted in some impressions about the spatiality in Almeida Júnior's paintings, mainly in the the regionalist phase works, where the painter depicts scenes from the interior of São Paulo. Thus, a reading of the images was made from the compositional elements of the landscape, the objects and the gestures of the characters, illustrating the arguments through data and recurrent characteristics in the rural daily life of caipiras and caiçaras communities. Thus, the study describes the spatial organization of these populations and the relations of man with his territory: physical, geographical and subjective, immaterial
Mestre

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A manutenção da qualidade dos solos tem sido um desafio para cientistas, técnicos e agricultores. Dados da FAO apontam que 25% dos solos agrícolas do mundo estão degradados, o que fez com que a ONU decretasse 2015 o Ano Internacional dos Solos, buscando sensibilizar a sociedade mundial para este problema, que compromete a sustentabilidade do planeta. A avaliação dos solos se faz com o uso de indicadores, atributos do solo que permitem avaliar e concluir sobre a sua qualidade. Esses indicadores são desenvolvidos por cientistas e por agricultores. O desafio posto é promover um diálogo entre os indicadores acadêmicos e os etnoindicadores, para orientar o manejo do solo de forma a potencializar suas funções e a sustentabilidade da agricultura. O objetivo geral desta tese foi identificar e sistematizar, de forma dialogada com os/as agricultores/as familiares, etnoindicadores de qualidade do solo e, a partir deles, constuir uma base de avaliação sobre a qualidade do solo e estratégias de manejo sustentável dos agroecossistemas. O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado foi a pesquisa participante, com a utilização de técnicas participativas para o reconhecimento e valorização do saber dos agricultores, com base nos princípios da Etnopedologia e da Agroecologia. Os etnoindicadores de qualidade do solo utilizados pelos agricultores de duas comunidades rurais dos municípios de Araponga (Sítio Oito de Março) e Muriaé (Associação Bonsucesso) foram identificados e sistematizados. Tais comunidades se localizam na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Realizou-se em conjunto com os agricultores a estratificação ambiental e a espacialização dos ambientes, utilizando etnoindicadores de qualidade do solo, e avaliou-se também com os agricultores a qualidade dos diferentes ambientes estratificados. A análise química foi o ponto de partida para uma discussão sobre formação de solo e manejo integrado da fertilidade com ênfase nas práticas agroecológicas de manejo do solo, que compreendem a fertilidade do solo de forma holística e não apenas como um balanço de nutrientes presentes no solo. Levantaram-se vinte e dois indicadores, sete deles referentes a aspectos biológicos do solo, dois a atributos químicos, sete referentes aos aspectos físicos e seis indicadores visuais. Os resultados demonstraram a riqueza de conhecimentos dos agricultores/as sobre o solo e as diversas interações que ocorrem em seus agroecossistemas. Os agricultores de Araponga estratificaram a área do Assentamento Sítio Oito de Março em treze ambientes diferentes e os agricultores de Muriaé estratificaram a área da Associação Bonsucesso em quinze ambientes distintos. A partir das informações dos agricultores foi construída uma chave de identificação de ambientes para cada assentamento, sendo a pedoforma o principal atributo de estratificação. A estratificação realizada pelos/as agricultores/as foi similar às classificações científicas no que se refere à pedoforma, mas incorporou outros atributos do solo, como a estrutura e a exposição do terreno ao sol, o que permitiu maior detalhamento, possível nesta escala de trabalho. Com o uso de uma metodologia participativa e de campo, os agricultores aprenderam a avaliar os diferentes ambientes dos assentamentos, atribuindo-lhes notas. Com isto, os agricultores podem, com suas adaptações, aperfeiçoar ainda mais sua capacidade de observação, monitoramento e avaliação de seus ambientes e melhorar o manejo de seus agroecossistemas. A riqueza de informação sobre os etnoindicadores de qualidade do solo aliada à estratificação ambiental demonstrou o enorme conhecimento dos agricultores sobre o solo e as diversas interações que ocorrem em seus agroecossistemas. Este conhecimento não é estático, pelo contrário, está em constante transformação, pois eles aprendem na medida em que manejam e observam suas áreas, assim como quando interagem com outras pessoas. Muitos indicadores apontados pelos agricultores são encontrados na literatura científica internacional, demonstrando assim que o conhecimento dos agricultores é mais cosmopolita do que sugere algumas literaturas. Em muitos casos os indicadores apontados pelos agricultores coincidiram com os indicadores técnicos de qualidade do solo, mas em alguns casos suas avaliações são mais detalhadas porque utlizam indicadores mais sensíveis. Por exemplo, os solos de diversas áreas não apresentaram diferenças quando utilizada a análise química de rotina como indicadora, mas com base nas plantas espontâneas, tais áreas diferenciadas e estratificadas em mais detalhes. Considerou-se que o uso de indicadores técnicos e etnoindicadores foram complementares e ambos foram importantes para avaliar a qualidade do solo com mais precisão. O processo de troca de conhecimentos entre técnicos e agricultores foi imensamente rico, com todos aprendendo e ensinando e contribuiu para ressignificar a avaliação da qualidade do solo, muitas vezes feita com base exclusivamente na análise química de rotina dos solos. Esta também foi ressignificada durante os estudos, onde os agricultores tiveram a oportunidade de aprender como interpretar seus resultados. Uma metodologia denominada “Feira de Solos” foi utilizada para devolver os resultados da pesquisa sobre etnoindicadores de qualidade do solo. Durante a feira foi possível trocar outras experiências e aprofundar ainda mais o conhecimento sobre manejo agroecológico do solo com agricultores e agricultoras participantes da pesquisa. A devolução dos resultados das pesquisas foi entendida como um compromisso social e ético assumido pelo pesquisador, e parte da pesquisa participante. O seminário de defesa da tese foi entendido também como parte do processo de intercâmbio entre o saber local e o conhecimento científico e por isto foi acompanhado pelos agricultores participantes da pesquisa.
The maintenance of soil quality has been a challenge for scientists, technicians and farmers. FAO data show that 25% of agricultural soils in the world are degraded, which caused the UN decreed 2015 the International Year of Soils, seeking to sensitize the world society to this problem, which jeopardizes the sustainability of the planet. The evaluation of soil is done with the use of indicators, developed by scientists and by farmers. The challenge posed is to promote a dialogue between academic indicators and etnoindicators to guide soil management in order to enhance its functions and the sustainability of agriculture. The objective of this thesis was to identify and systematize, in a dialogue with the farmers, the etnoindicators relatives of soil quality and, from them, build a knowledge base on soil quality and sustainable management strategies of agro-ecosystems. The theoretical framework used was participatory research, with the use of participatory techniques for identifying and recognizing the knowledge of farmers, based on the principles of Ethnopedology and Agroecology. The soil quality etnoindicators used by farmers in two rural communities in the municipalities of Araponga (Sítio Oito de Março) and Muriaé (Associação Bonsucesso) were identified and systematized. These communities are located in the Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Together with farmers, using etnoindicators soil quality, an environmental stratification and map of the environments were done, as well as, the evaluation of the quality of different stratified environments. Chemical analysis was the starting point for a discussion on soil formation and integrated management of fertility with emphasis on agroecological practices of soil management, which comprise the fertility holistically and not only as a nutrient balance in the soil. The survey identified twenty-two indicators, seven of them related to soil biology, two to the chemical attributes, seven related to the physical attributes, and six to the visual indicators. The results demonstrated the richness of the knowledge of the farmers related to the soil and the various interactions that occur in their agricultural ecosystems. The farmers, in Araponga, stratified the area of the Sítio Oito de Março in thirteen different environments and the farmers, in Muriaé, stratified the area of Associação Bonsucesso in fifteen different environments. From the information of farmers, an identification key for the environments was organized for each settlement. The landform was the main attribute to stratify the environments. The stratification performed by farmers was similar to scientific stratification with respect to the landform, but incorporated other soil properties, such as structure and the exposure of the field to the sun, allowing more details, possible in this working scale. Using a participatory and field methodology, farmers have learned to evaluate the different environments of the settlements, giving them notes. As a result, farmers can, with their adaptations, further improve their capacity for observation, monitoring and evaluation of their environments and for improve the management of their agro-ecosystems. A richness of information on soil quality etnoindicators coupled with the information on environmental stratification demonstrated the amount of knowledge of farmers. This knowledge is not static, on the other way around, it is constantly changing as the farmers keep observing their areas, as well as interacting with others. Many indicators pointed by the farmers are found in the international scientific literature, demonstrating that the knowledge of farmers is more cosmopolitan than some literature suggest. In many cases the indicators mentioned by the farmers coincided with the technical indicators of soil quality, but in some cases their assessments are more detailed because they use more sensitive indicators. For example, soils from different areas showed no differences when using the routine chemical analysis as an indicator, but based on weeds, such areas were differentiated and stratified in more detail. We considered that the use of technical indicators and etnoindicators were complementary and both were important for evaluating soil quality more accurately. The process of exchange of knowledge between technicians and farmers was immensely rich, with all learning and teaching and contributed to reframe the assessment of soil quality, often made based solely on chemical routine analysis of the soil. The routine analysis also got a new meaning during the studies, when the farmers had the opportunity to learn how to interpret it. The methodology called “Soil Fair” was used to share the results of the research. During the fair it was possible to exchange other experiences and further deepen knowledge on the agro-ecological soil management with farmers participating in the research. To share the research results was a social and ethical commitment of the researcher. The thesis defense seminar was also understood as part of the exchange process between local and scientific knowledge and because of that it was accompanied by the farmers enrolled in the research.

In this thesis a new signal processing technique is presented. This technique exploits the use of pulses as the signalling mechanism. This Palmo signalling method applied to signal processing is novel, combining the advantages of both digital and analogue techniques. Pulsed signals are robust, inherently low-power, easily regenerated, and easily distributed across and between chips. The Palmo cells used to perform analogue operations on the pulsed signals are compact, fast, simple and programmable. To demonstrate the inherent suitability of the technique to programmable analogue implementations, two chips were fabricated and tested on boards containing a standard FPGA for doing the routing. Results from elementary filter implementations and A/D converters are presented to prove the validity of the approach. Finally a current-mode log-domain BiCMOS Palmo circuit is analysed, which enables much higher sample frequencies than the voltage domain Palmo counterparts.

The article studies pre-revolutionary translations of "The Raven" by S. A. Andreevsky, L. I. Palmin, Dm. Merezhkovsky, K. Balmont and V. Bryusov. Only the last three of these translators were able to convey to the reader the main idea of "The Raven" by E. A. Poe, set out by the American poet in the" Philosophy of Composition" (1846).

The Tower of San Francesco in Palmi in the views of Edward Cheney of 1823: images of a disappeared bulwark of the viceregal defensive system of Calabria UltraTo oppose the phenomenon of waves of Turks threatening the most exposed areas of the Kingdom of Naples, the viceregal government ordered from 1535 the construction of a continuous and articulated chain of defensive coastal towers. In Calabria, on behalf of the Viceroy Pedro di Toledo, the Marquis Francesco Pignatelli developed a project to identify the most suitable and strategic sites where to build the towers along the Tyrrhenian and Ionian coasts. This network included 69 towers in Calabria Ultra and 33 in Calabria Citra, clearly visible from each other at a maximum distance of six thousand steps. Most of these towers have lost their original function over time, and after the taking of Algiers in 1830, some were used as customs posts or torri semaforiche, and then be permanently abandoned. Today almost all of them are ruins. The cartographic sources and above all the iconographic ones, testify the importance of this defensive system of towers suspended between the land and the sea and arranged one after the other, real sentinels of the Mediterranean. On this occasion, the focus is on the Tower of San Francesco, was probably built in 1565, in Capo Barbi in Palmi, along the Tyrrhenian side between Reggio Calabria and Capo Vaticano. The bulwark was destroyed in 1956. The Tower of San Francesco, as evidenced by historical cartography and the views of Antonio Minasi in 1779 and Richard Keppel Craven in 1821, was portrayed in three drawings made by Edward Cheney during his travel to Calabria in May 1823. These views identify the characteristics of the architectural typology of the tower and the relationships with the town of Palmi; to relate it to the coastal towers of Pietre Nere (Taureana) and Capo Rocchi (Bagnara); and finally to the landscape of the Costa Viola up to the Strait of Messina.

Development of mathematical models for built-up structures, particularly those with many interfaces, is still primitive. This limitation is particularly evident when complex loads and load histories are considered, an example of which is random vibration. Two steps in simplifying this problem are explored here. First, the system response is approximated as that of the superposition of numerous decoupled modes, the coordinates of which evolve according to a constitutive model designed to capture the nonlinearity of the structure. Second, because among the categories of load for which dynamic analysis on nonlinear structures is particularly difficult is that of random loads and the resulting random vibration, and given the previous approximation, it is natural to apply the method of stochastic equivalent linearization to the governing equation of each mode. Both of these approximations are explored for the case where the nonlinear behavior of the interfaces is represented by a Masing-Prandtl-Ishlinskii-Iwan model employing a Palmov kernel.