Journal articles on the topic 'Palos Hills'

Tel Abu Antiq is located in an area that has borders with three governorates, which are Bebel from Altaleea Side, Alnajaf Alashraf nearby Alhurriya sub district and Alqadisiya Al mhannawiya sub district. It is around 50 km away to the south of the historic city of Babel. It is located western to the archeological city of Mard 15km away nearly. . The location is famous of agriculture like the date palms and rice in particular. The hill is penetrated by drainage 20m wide known as Al haffar or the Eastern Drainage. The Drainage located to the west of it is called Alqawsi. It was dug to dry up the marshes waters in 1994.
 
 The highest point in the hill reaches 20m above sea level. The lands surrounding the hill were plain, fertile and suitable for agriculture. Many decades ago the lands were immersed by waters of Ibn Najim Marsh; one of Alshamiya and Almishkhab marshes. This immersion led to disapearance of its features. It was forgotten by the Archeological inspectors who surveyed the agricultural lands within the farms especially those were subject to settlement of the land rights in the thirties of the last century.
 
 The state organization for archeology and heritage marked in their records and maps at that time two archeological hills connected by an old irrigation canal, they are at close distance from Abu Antiq hill. The 1st is known as (Zghaitan), it is to the south west of Abu Antiq. The second is known as (Jeghaiman) to the North West. Total area of both hills with Abu Antiq is 9 square kilometers. They all make mostly a settlement. The surface areas of Zghaitan hill indicates that it belongs to the aancient babylonic era.

Mapping plant species at the regional scale to provide information for ecologists and forest managers is a challenge for the remote sensing community. Here, we use a deep learning algorithm called U-net and very high-resolution multispectral images (0.5 m) from GeoEye satellite to identify, segment and map canopy palms over ∼3000 km 2 of Amazonian forest. The map was used to analyse the spatial distribution of canopy palm trees and its relation to human disturbance and edaphic conditions. The overall accuracy of the map was 95.5% and the F1-score was 0.7. Canopy palm trees covered 6.4% of the forest canopy and were distributed in more than two million patches that can represent one or more individuals. The density of canopy palms is affected by human disturbance. The post-disturbance density in secondary forests seems to be related to the type of disturbance, being higher in abandoned pasture areas and lower in forests that have been cut once and abandoned. Additionally, analysis of palm trees’ distribution shows that their abundance is controlled naturally by local soil water content, avoiding both flooded and waterlogged areas near rivers and dry areas on the top of the hills. They show two preferential habitats, in the low elevation above the large rivers, and in the slope directly below the hill tops. Overall, their distribution over the region indicates a relatively pristine landscape, albeit within a forest that is critically endangered because of its location between two deforestation fronts and because of illegal cutting. New tree species distribution data, such as the map of all adult canopy palms produced in this work, are urgently needed to support Amazon species inventory and to understand their distribution and diversity.

The hypothesis that forest disturbance is important for the recruitment of the large arborescent palms Attalea maripa was tested with a natural experiment in the Pinkaití site (7º 46'S; 51º 57'W), a seasonally-dry Amazonian forest. A 8,000 m long trail, that crosses, in its lower half, an open forest along the Pinkaití stream bottomlands and, on its upper half, a dense forest on a hill, was divided in 160 0.15 ha (50x30 m) sampling units. At each unit, adult palms were counted and percentage of canopy openness was measured with a concave spherical densiometer. The palms were nearly five times more abundant at the bottomlands, whose forest had a canopy 14.8% more open than that of the hill; supporting the hypothesis that disturbance is important for their recruitment.

AbstractIn a field of six hectares, the number of palms foraged by Anoplolepis custodiens (Smith) increased from January to December 1988 from 32 to 85% and the ant activity scores (0–3 system) from 0.5 to 2.0. During the same time, the population of the coconut bug, Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown (Heteroptera: Coreidae) as well as the damage it caused, decreased significantly. A significant relationship between low percentages of damaged nutlets and high ant scores of the palms could be established. The nut set of ant foraged palms was 2–3 times higher than that of comparable palms in an immediately adjacent field free of A. custodiens. Palms with high A. custodiens scores had invariably high scores of the coconut aphid, Cerataphis variabilis Hille Ris Lambers (Homoptera: Aphididae). The performance of the palms was not visibly affected by the aphids.

In India bud rot is quite common on the West and East Coast tracts. A random survey on bud rot disease of coconut, caused by Phytophthora palmivora But.l, carried out in Kasaragod, Kannur and Calicut districts of Kerala revealed that, there is correlation between the disease incidence and the location of the palms. The disease incidence was high in the hilly tracts when compared to that of the plains. Studies on the survival of P. palmivora propagules in nature revealed that the pathogen survives in the crown, soil and roots of healthy and diseased palms. However, the percentage of survival was high in the endemic areas-Mandapam (Kasaragod District), Josegiri (Kannur Dist.) and Kuttiadi (Kozhikode Dist.), both in the case of diseased and healthy palms compared to that of areas with lesser disease incidence. The temperature and humidity in the coconut growing tracts of hilly areas of Kasaragod, Kannur and Kozhikode districts are suitable for the survival of the pathogen in the crown during almost all months, resulting in the high frequency of disease incidence during monsoon season and continued infection up to January. Examination of the rain water collected from bud rot affected coconut gardens also indicated that the pathogen surviving in the crown debris can act as a source of inoculum, which spreads to the neighboring palms through rain splashes. Based on the weather data it is possible to predict the bud rot incidence well in advance.

The feasibility and viability of producing edible vegetative coconut pith or 'ubod' from young coconuts planted with double plants per hill under adult coconut bearing palms was studied at the Philippine Coconut Authority - Davao Research Center, Bago Oshiro Davao City. 
 
 The average weight of 'ubod' from double planting scheme was 5.9 kg/palm (range 2.8 -9.4 kg) on the first year of 'ubod' harvest. There was a very slight increase (average of 0.2 kg/palm) in 'ubod' weight on the second year of harvest. The total ubod yield for two years harvesting schedule was 8.9 t/ha.
 
 Under the Davao growing condition, cost and return analysis of 'ubod' production in double plants per hill scheme indicated a total net income of P129,030 per ha in 4 years with a return on investment (ROI) of 180%. While copra production from adult bearing palms realized a total of P 114,675 for 4 years with an average ROI of 242%. Considering copra plus 'ubod' yield from this production scheme, the cumulative net income and ROI obtained were: P 242,389.6 and 203% respectively.
 
 Based on the results of this study with modest fertilizer application of ammonium sulfate plus common salt (NaCl), underplanting of two young coconuts per hill (spaced at two feet away from each other) at 3 x 3 m distance between spaces of bearing coconut palms harvested at three years from field-planting is a profitable and viable production scheme to increase farm productivity. The farm income with this coconut-based production is increased by 200% compared to coconut monocropping.

We investigate palm species distribution, richness and abundance along the Mokoti, a seasonally-dry river of southeastern Amazon and compare it to the patterns observed at a large scale, comprising the entire Brazilian territory. A total of 694 palms belonging to 10 species were sampled at the Mokoti River basin. Although the species showed diverse distribution patterns, we found that local palm abundance, richness and tree basal area were significantly higher from the hills to the bottomlands of the study region, revealing a positive association of these measures with moisture. The analyses at the larger spatial scale also showed a strong influence of vapor pressure (a measure of moisture content of the air, in turn modulated by temperature) and seasonality in temperature: the richest regions were those where temperature and humidity were simultaneously high, and which also presented a lower degree of seasonality in temperature. These results indicate that the distribution of palms seems to be strongly associated with climatic variables, supporting the idea that, by 'putting all the eggs in one basket' (a consequence of survival depending on the preservation of a single irreplaceable bud), palms have become vulnerable to extreme environmental conditions. Hence, their distribution is concentrated in those tropical and sub-tropical regions with constant conditions of (mild to high) temperature and moisture all year round.

In Brazil, the Pampa Biome is restricted to the far south in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, where it occupies an area of 176,496 km², which corresponds to 63% of the territory state and 2.07% of the Brazilian territory. The biome is characterized by the predominance of native fields with the presence of riparian forests, hillside forests, dwarf-palms fields, xerophyte bushes, wetlands, rocky outcrops, etc. Geomorphologically the landscape of the biome is very varied due to the lithological and structural conditions that interacted in the performance of surface processes. The landscapes consists of plains areas associated with Quaternary deposits; undulating reliefs associated with the sedimentary Basins, which consists of a volcano-sedimentary sequence by rocks formed in different depositional environments of the Paraná Basin and by rocks that represent a Plateau Volcanism and; a dissected plateau relief associated with the Precambrian crystalline basement. This paper describes quantitatively the relief through equations using Geographic Information Systems and the representation of the earth surface in the form of numerical digital models. Digital processing as well as the database were organized and managed by GIS, ArcGIS 10.3®, with spatial analysis and three-dimensional analysis tools. For each of the large geomorphological compartments that make up the Biome, a description of the landforms, and landforms elements were established and mapped. Relief shapes are described by the amplitude and slope of the terrain defined in flat areas, slightly undulations hills, undulating hills and large hills and buttes. For the determination of the relief elements the difference of topographic height, distance and the direction angle of the neighboring points in relation to the central cell (zenith and nadir angles) was used, through online application, available in the website << http://sil.uc.edu/geom/app >>. The relief elements determined are the flat, peak, ridge, shouder, spur, slope, hollow, footslope, valley, pit. The grouping of landforms and landform elements allowed the distinction of predominant morphological patterns for each geomorphological compartment in the Pampa Biome.

Bentinckia condapanna a vulnerable palm distributed along the southern Western Ghats has a sparse distribution in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. A viable population of this palm is found in Arundel-Priya Estate, an abandoned tea plantation in Kollam District, Kerala. This population comprises 76 mature palms and is on the verge of being affected with the proposed widening of Kazhuthurutty-Arundel-Achankoil road and may wipe out the whole population.

Palynofloras from the middle Early to early Middle Eocene Okanagan Highlands (northern Washington State and southern British Columbia) are used to reconstruct vegetation across a broad upland Eocene landscape. In this preliminary report, forest floristic composition is reconstructed using palynological analysis of sediments from Republic, Washington; localities of the Allenby Formation in the Princeton region (Hospital Hill, One Mile Creek and Summers Creek Road), Hat Creek, McAbee, Falkland, Horsefly, and Driftwood Canyon, British Columbia. Wind-dispersed taxa were dominant in all samples, consistent with floras preserved in lacustrine and paludal depositional environments. Pseudolarix was dominant in five of the floras, but Abies (Falkland) or Ulmus (Republic Corner Lot site) were dominant in individual samples for some floras. Betulaceae were dominant for McAbee (Alnus) and Allenby Formation (Betula), matching megafloral data for these sites. Some taxa common to most sites suggest cool conditions (e.g., Abies, other Pinaceae; Alnus, other Betulaceae). However, all floras contained a substantive broad-leaved deciduous element (e.g., Fagaceae, Juglandaceae) and conifers (e.g., Metasequoia) indicative of mesothermal conditions. Palms were only abundant in the Hat Creek coal flora, with very low counts recorded for the Falkland, McAbee, and Allenby Formation sites, suggesting that they were rare in much of the landscape and likely restricted to specialized habitats. Thermophilic (principally mesothermal) taxa, including palms (five sites) and "taxodiaceous" conifers, may have occurred at their climatic limits. The limiting factor controlling the regional distribution of thermophilic flora, which include primarily wetlands taxa, may be either climatic or edaphic.

Aim of study: We evaluate palm and tree species diversity in a floodplain forest and the changes affecting the plots subjected to different intensities of selective logging.Area of study: The western alluvial plains of Venezuela.Materials and Methods: A randomized complete blocks design was established 25 years ago with three felling treatments (trees with diameter greater than 20 cm, 40 cm and 60 cm). Each treatment had three replications, using 1 ha permanent plots. We have measured all trees and palms bigger than over 10 cm in diameter. The data set was used to calculate the Importance Value Index of each species, the Shannon-Wiener index, the Hill Numbers and the Chao-Sørensen index.Main results: Disturbance increases the importance value index of pioneer species like Cecropia peltata, Ochroma pyramidale and Triplaris americana. All treatments produce changes on the floristic diversity but most of them are not significant. Only the high impact treatment causes a decrease in the species richness, but after 5 year of recovery this parameter is close to its previous levels (N0= 43.5). In logged forests, species loss (9.2%) is lower than in the control plots (11.7%) and is also lower than the rate of occurrence of species input (14.6%).Research highlights: In these logged forests restoration of diversity is acceptable because is higher than 91% (Chao-Sørensen index). Selective logging, with low and medium intensity, is a disturbance that works in a similar way to natural disturbances. All the diversity indexes recovered the pre-harvest level values.Keywords: Caparo - Venezuela; ecological restoration; forest dynamics; forest management; forest succession; Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis; permanent plots.

The cultural association of Queensland with a condition of imagination or unreality has a strong history. Queensland has always ‘retained much of its quality as an abstraction, an idea’, asserts Thea Astley in her famous essay on the state's identity (Astley 1976: 263). In one of the most quoted descriptions of Queensland's literary representation, Pat Buckridge draws attention to its ‘othering’, suggesting that Queensland possesses ‘a different sense of distance, different architecture, a different apprehension of time, a distinctive preoccupation with personal eccentricity, and . . . a strong sense of cultural antitheses’ (1976: 30). Rosie Scott comes closest to the concerns of this present article when she asserts that this so-called difference ‘is definitely partly to do with the landscape. In Brisbane, for instance, the rickety old wooden Queenslanders drenched in bougainvillea, the palms, the astounding number of birds even in Red Hill where I lived, the jacarandas, are all unique in Australia’ (quoted in Sheahan-Bright and Glover 2002: xv). For Vivienne Muller, Buckridge's ‘cultural antitheses’ are most clearly expressed in precisely this interpretation of Queensland as a place somewhere between imagined wilderness and paradise (2001: 72). Thus, as Gillian Whitlock suggests, such differences are primarily fictional constructs that feed ‘an image making process founded more on nationalist debates about city and bush, centre and periphery, the Southern states versus the Deep North than on any “real” sense of regionalism’ (quoted in Muller 2001: 80). Queensland, in this reading, is subject to the Orientalist discourse of an Australian national identity in which the so-called civilisation of the south-eastern urban capitals necessitates a dark ‘other’. I want to draw out this understanding of the landscape as it is imagined in Queensland women's writing. Gail Reekie (1994: 8) suggests that, ‘Women's sense of place, of region, is powerfully constructed by their marginality to History.’ These narratives do assert Queensland's ‘difference’, but as part of an articulation of psychological extremity experienced by those living on the edges of a simultaneously ideological and geographically limited space. The Queensland landscape, I argue, is thus used as both setting for and symbol of traumatic experience.

King sago palm or sago cycas are the other name of Kangi palm (Cycas revoluta) sago palm has been used as an indoor and outdoor landscape plant for centuries. The present study was conducted to estimate the effect of different priming treatments on seed germination of sago palm (Cycas revoluta L.) in the research area of Department of Horticulture PMAS, University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The Experiment consisted of ten treatments; the seeds without pulp were soaked in solution of 500, 750 and 1000 ppm GA3 and 2%, 3% and 4% solution of KNO3 for 24 hr at room temperature. In case of hot water treatment, seeds were primed at 80oC, 90oC and 100oC for 30, 20 and 10 minutes respectively. The effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) and hot water on various parameters like germination rate, germination percentage, germination value, decayed seed percentage, time of germination, number of leaves and seedling height were studied. Significant results of germination rate (55.56 days), germination value (192.19) were achieved from 500 ppm GA3. Maximum germination percentage (73.33%) and number of leaves (2) were observed in KNO3 at 2% followed by 500 ppm GA3. Similarly lowest decayed seed percentage (26.66%) and time of germination (59.41 days) were noted in 2% KNO3. The seedling height was optimum (19.33 cm) in 3% KNO3 followed by 2% KNO3. Best germination results were obtained due to permeability of hard seed coat made by low concentrations of priming treatments (KNO3 @ 3%).Key wordCycas revoluta, gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate, germination parametersINTRODUCTIONThe sago palm (Cycas revoluta L.) is one of the important cycad commonly known as Kanghi palm or Japanese sago or simply sago palm. The cold hardy sago palm has been used as an indoor and outdoor landscape plant for centuries. It is used as a significant or focal point in any landscape design. Despite its importance in ornamental industry, it is facing certain problems regarding its germination due to its hard seed coat. It has been estimated that over 25% of all palm species require over 100 days for germination and they have less than 20% total germination (Tomlinson, 1990). So, there is a serious need of consideration to sort out this major issue. The reasons for this remain obscure, as little research work has been accomplished on seed dormancy in palms. Certain mechanical and chemical scarification, pretreatments were proved to be effective in germination of the hard-seeded species of Cycas and some other species (Frett, 1987; Chauhan et al., 2009; Rouhi et al., 2010). Cycad seeds respond to various pretreatment, including scarification, depulping and exposure to some chemical materials like gibberellic acid (GA3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) and soaking in hot water for specific period of time.The overall development of plant is regulated by the growth hormones, nutrient and environmental factors. They also vary in their germination requirement (Chauhan et al., 2009). KNO3 is most widely used chemical for promoting germination. Solutions of 0.1 to 0.2% KNO3 are common in routine germination testing and are recommended by the Association of Official Seed Analysts and the International Seed Testing Association for germination tests of many species (Copeland and McDonald, 1995).OBJECTIVESThe objectives of the present research was to minimize the time period of seed germination and to enhance percentage of germination by breaking the external dormancy through different levels of chemicals including GA3, KNO3 and hot water.MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study was conducted in the research field of Department of Horticulture PMAS, Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi. An experiment was conducted by using Completely Randomized Design (CRD).The seeds of sago palm were collected from 10-15 years old female stocks growing at a commercial garden located in suburb of Islamabad city. Uniform, equal and the same weight and healthy seeds were selected. The seeds had diameter 2.54 to 5.08 cm. Seeds were soaked in fresh water for two weeks to remove pulp from the upper surface of hard seed coat. Seeds without pulp were soaked in solution of 500, 750 and 1000 ppm GA3 and 2%, 3% and 4% solution of KNO3 for 24 hr at room temperature. In case of hot water treatment, seeds were primed at 80oC, 90oC and 100oC for 30, 20 and 10 minutes respectively (Table 1). Then seeds were washed with few drops of tween twenty in order to remove surface tension. Seeds were dried at 24oC room temperature. After sterilization, 10 seeds of sago palm were planted in each pot of 14 inch diameter containing sterilized soil media ( Sand, soil, FYM 1:1:1) at 4-8 cm depth and incubated in a greenhouse at daytime temperature of 25±2°C and relative humidity of 60-80% and watered weekly depending on weather conditions. Germination was evaluated at the end of 10 months. Seed emergence was recorded as germination index. The data for germination rate (days), germination percentage (%), germination value, seed decayed percentage (%) and time of germination (days) were recorded during the course of study. After seed germination, observations were recorded for number of leaves an d seedling height. The data collected was compiled and analysed statistically by using computer software germination; observations were recorded for number of leaves (Steel and Torrie, 1980).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAnalysis of data showed that parameters related to germination significantly affected by hydro and chemical priming treatments (Table 2). Seeds treated with 500 ppm GA3 showed maximum germination rate (55.56 days) which was statistically significant with control. Hot water treatments observed average germination rate. Minimum germination rate (159.88 days) was recorded in unprimed seeds. Gibberellin encourage germination by inducing hydrolytic enzymes that weaken the hurdle tissues such as the endosperm or seed coat, inducing mobilization of food reserves in seed and stimulating expansion of the embryo (Bewley and Black, 1994; Dhoran and Gudadhe, 2012).Germination rate (days) and germination percentage (%): The data regarding germination percentage indicated that difference between primed and non-primed seeds was statistically significant. Lower concentrations of potassium nitrate (KNO3) @ 2% and gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 500 ppm treatments significantly affected the germination percentage 73.33% and 70% respectively as compared to control (33.33%). Significant improvement in seed germination might be due to enhanced breakdown of reserve metabolites present in seed. The lower concentration of KNO3 has promoting effect on seed germination as compared to its higher concentration. This leads to supposition that higher concentrations exercise decreasing effects on seed germination by causing death of cells and ultimately result in loss of seed viability (Nascimento, 2003; Ramzan et al., 2010).Germination value: Analysis of variance revealed that germination value was affected by various priming treatments (Table 2). Result regarding germination value (192.19) was highest in T1 (500 ppm GA3) followed by 186.42 in T4 (3% KNO3) and 184.12 in T2 (750 ppm GA3). Minimum germination (74.43) was noted in control. The gibberellic acid has positive effect on germination value due to its hormonal regulation capability and retarding effect against abscisic acid present in dormant seeds (Var et al., 2010; Zarchini et al., 2013; Pipinis et al., 2015).Decayed seed percentage (%): Data regarding decayed seed percentage have displayed in Table 2. The difference between primed and non-primed seed was significant and primed seed have minimum decayed seed percentage as compared to non-primed seeds. Lowest decayed seed percentage (26.66%) was recorded when 2% KNO3 was applied followed by 30% when 500 ppm GA3) was applied. Whereas maximum decayed (66.66%) of seeds was occurred in untreated seeds. It is reported that scarified treatments have improved germination as compared to non-scarified seeds. Decayed seed percentage might be highest in control due to impermeability of hard seed coat (Fallahabadi et al., 2012).Time of germination (days): Potassium nitrate showed a statistically significant effect on reducing the germination time (Table 2). Minimum time of germination (59.41 days) was recorded in seeds treated with 2% KNO3 followed by 3% and 4% KNO 3 levelswhich took 63.81 days and 72.15 days respectively while maximum time duration was taken by control (204.58 days). Reduction in seed germination time was occurred when seeds of Descurainia sophia and Plantago ovate were primed with 0.3% KNO3 (Ali et al., 2010; Gashi et al., 2012). Stimulating effect of nitrate for seed germination might be due to dormancy breakage (Hilhorst, 1990). It stimulates oxygen uptake (Hilton and Thomas, 1986) and KNO3 act as co-factor for phytochrome (Mavi et al., 2006).Number of leaves: Analysis of data showed that number of leaves influenced by different treatments. Hormonal priming with 2% KNO3 gave maximum number of leaves per seedling followed by priming with 3% KNO3, 4% KNO3 and in 500 ppm GA3, 750 ppm GA3 and 1000 ppm GA3 in improving number of leaves per seedling as compared to other physical priming treatments, while results of minimum number of leaves were achieved in non-primed seeds. It was suggested that potassium is an important macronutrient that plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism and photosynthesis (Marschner, 2011; Kazemi, 2013).Seedling height (cm): Analysis of variance exposed that there was a significant difference between primed and non-primed seed for seedling height (Table. 2). It was found that maximum seedling height was 19.33 cm influenced by 3% KNO3 while minimum 11.33 cm observed in 90oC hot water. It is reported that foliar application of K, improved the chlorophyll and fruits-NK content (Sarrwy et al., 2010; Marschner, 2011; Kazemi, 2013).CONCLUSIONThe present study was undertaken to assess the effect of different priming treatments on seed germination of Cycas revoluta L. The results of the study clearly indicated that germination rate and germination value were maximum at lower concentration of gibberellic acid (500 ppm GA3). While, germination percentage, maximum number of leaves, maximum seedling height , decayed seed percentage and time required for seed germination were observed minimum at lower concentration of potassium nitrate (2% and 3% KNO3). Hot water treatments had least effect on seed germination. CONFLICT OF INTERESTAuthors have no conflict of interest.REFERENCES Ali, T., P. Hossein, F. Asghar, Z. Salman and Z. C. M. Ali, 2010. The effect of different treatments on improving seed germination characteristics in medicinal species of Descurainia sophia and Plantago ovata. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(39): 6588-6593.Bewley, J. and M. Black, 1994. Seeds: Physiology of development and germination plenum. Plenum Press New York, USA.Chauhan, J., Y. Tomar, N. I. Singh and S. Ali, 2009. Effect of growth hormones on seed germination and seedling growth of black gram and horse gram. Journal of American Science, 5(5): 79-84.Copeland, L. and M. McDonald, 1995. Seed science and technology (3rd eds.). Chapman and Hall.Dhoran, V. and S. Gudadhe, 2012. Effect of plant growth regulators on seed germination and seedling vigour in Asparagus Sprengeri regelin. Research Journal of Biologicalical Sciences 1(7): 6-10.Fallahabadi, P., D. Hashemabadi, R. Onsinejad, M. Zarchini and B. R. Kaviani, 2012. Improving germination rate of Cycas revoluta L. By using different cultivation media and scarification. Annals of Biological Research, 3(7): 3187-3191.Frett, J. J., 1987. Seed germination of Cyeas revoluta. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 5(3): 105-106.Gashi, B., K. Abdullai, V. Mata and E. Kongjika, 2012. Effect of gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate on seed germination of the resurrection plants Ramonda serbica and Ramonda nathaliae. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(20): 4537-4542.Hilhorst, H. W., 1990. Dose-response analysis of factors involved in germination and secondary dormancy of seeds of Sisymbrium officinale: Ii. Nitrate. Plant Physiology, 94(3): 1096-1102.Hilton, J. R. and J. A. Thomas, 1986. Regulation of pregerminative rates of respiration in seeds of various weed species by potassium nitrate. Journal of Experimental Botany, 37(10): 1516-1524.Kazemi, M., 2013. Effect of foliar application of humic acid and potassium nitrate on cucumber growth bull. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 2(11): 03-06.Marschner, H., 2011. Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press.Mavi, K., S. Ermis and I. Demir, 2006. The effect of priming on tomato rootstock seeds in relation to seedling growth. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 5(6): 940-947.Nascimento, W. M., 2003. Muskmelon seed germination and seedling development in response to seed priming. Scientia Agricola, 60(1): 71-75.Pipinis, E., E. Milios, M. Georgiou and P. J. F. I. Smiris, 2015. Effects of gibberellic acid and cold stratification on seed germination of two sorbus species. 21(1): 107-114.Ramzan, A., I. Hafiz, T. Ahmad and N. Abbasi, 2010. Effect of priming with potassium nitrate and dehusking on seed germination of gladiolus (Gladiolus alatus). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(1): 247-258.Rouhi, H., K. Shakarami and R. Afshari, 2010. Seed treatments to overcome dormancy of waterlily tulip (Tulipa kaufmanniana regel). Australian Journal of Crop Science, 4(9): 718.Sarrwy, S., E. A. Mohamed and H. Hassan, 2010. Effect of foliar sprays with potassium nitrate and mono-potassium phosphate on leaf mineral contents, fruit set, yield and fruit quality of picual olive trees grown under sandy soil conditions. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Environmental Science, 8(4): 420-430.Steel, R. G. and J. H. Torrie, 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics, a biometrical approach. McGraw-Hill Kogakusha, Ltd.Tomlinson, P. B., 1990. The structural biology of palms. Oxford University Press.Var, M., B. Bekci and D. Dinçer, 2010. Effect of stratification treatments on germination of Sorbus torminalis L. Crantz (wild service tree) seeds with different origins. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(34): 5535-5541.Zarchini, M., D. Hashemabadi, N. Negahdar and S. Zarchini, 2013. Improvement seed germination of wild service tree (Sorbus aucoparia L.) by gibberellic acid. Annals of Biological Research, 4(1): 72-74.

<p>The main objective of integrated pest and disease management is to intervene efficiently to reduce crop damage at minimum cost<br />and inflicting minimum damage to the environment. The basic requirement for such programmes is the availability of a costeffective<br />sampling method for assessing the status of incidence and intensity of the disease/pest attack wherein, accurate estimates<br />is achieved through minimum efforts. In the present study, a sampling strategy and measures of severity and crop loss for<br />simultaneous assessment of incidence of major pests and diseases of coconut were formulated and implemented in Kasaragod<br />district of Kerala. The sampling methodology involved a cluster approach in which four clusters of at least 500 bearing palms<br />from a minimum of ten coconut gardens, representing the geographical strata of the panchayath, were scored visually for the<br />incidence of major pests and diseases. District level estimates were derived incorporating area under coconut in each panchayath<br />as the weight. Information on geographic coordinates was recorded and utilized for preparation of thematic maps using Arc-GIS.<br />Further, crop loss due to the major pests and diseases were also estimated under certain scenarios. The study revealed that diseases<br />like stem bleeding and Thanjavur wilt were more prevalent in areas experiencing high temperature and low rainfall whereas,<br />incidence of bud rot disease was significantly higher in hilly regions where low temperature and high humidity prevailed. Incidence<br />of pests like eriophyid mite and coreid bug was higher in coastal areas of the district. The study could serve as a model for similar<br />studies in future and the information emerging out of this study would help in formulating integrated pest and disease management<br />programmes at grass root level.</p>

Hainnu, Rebecca and Anna Ziegler. A Walk on the Tundra. Iqaluit: Inhabit Media, 2011. Print. This volume is a cross between a picture book, a story and a field guide to edible plants. Inuujaq is a little girl who wants to play with her friends, but they are still asleep. Her grandmother, Silaaq, takes her out on the land to collect plants. While Inuujaq is more concerned about her friends and snacks, her grandmother patiently passes on the traditional knowledge that her grandmother had taught her. As Silaaq teaches the reader learns about the plants as well. For example, when they pick qijuktaat, we are told that “Its long green fingers and white bell blossoms flutter in the wind. Inuujaq touches the little branches. They feel prickly on her palms. And they smell fresh, like the summer wind when it comes from the hills.” Authors, Rebecca Hainnu and Anna Ziegler, have worked on several educational publications. That background is apparent in this book. There are eighteen Inuktitut words, including 6 plant names, introduced in the text. They are explained and italicized when they are first introduced, for example “Nirilikkit – eat them”. The next time the word is used, it is assumed that the reader knows what it means. Because there are several Inuktitut words on each page, I was not able to remember them as I read and had to use the glossary or look back to the first use of the word, which is distracting. However, as a tool for building vocabulary, or as a story book for students who have some familiarity with Inuktitut, this work would be excellent. The pictures that accompany the story are cartoon-like with lots of bright colours. Artist, Qin Leng, has given the land a lot of colour. The ground is covered with green grass and bright flowers, reflecting the Arctic summer. Silaaq and Inuujaq wear pinks and purples and blues with green boots and pink shoes. The plant glossary, or field guide, is illustrated with photographs for accurate identification. There are very few children’s books about Inuit plant use. The content is valuable, but because of the incorporation of Inuktitut words, it is more challenging to read. A Walk on the Tundra will find most of its readers at the upper elementary level rather than the age 6 to 8 group which is its defined audience. Recommended for elementary school and public libraries. Recommended: 3 out of 4 starsReviewer: Sandy CampbellSandy is a Health Sciences Librarian at the University of Alberta, who has written hundreds of book reviews across many disciplines. Sandy thinks that sharing books with children is one of the greatest gifts anyone can give.

Staphylococcus aureus é uma bactéria que faz parte da microbiota natural do ser humano, podendo ser encontrada em inúmeras partes do corpo, como pele, narinas, cavidade oral e intestino. Esta bactéria é capaz de causar inúmeras doenças, exigindo assim um tratamento complexo por meio de antimicrobianos, que podem ser de origem sintética ou natural. O propósito desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antibacteriana do ósseo essencial da Lavandula Híbrida Grosso associado com o antimicrobiano gentamicina contra cepas de S. aureus. O caráter antibacteriano do óleo essencial da Lavandula Híbrida Grosso foi quantificado e qualificado pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo para a obtenção da CIM (Concentração Inibitória Mínima). Em seguida, realizou-se a associação do óleo essencial com o antimicrobiano gentamicina (10 μg/mL). A CIM (Concentração Inibitória Minima) foi de 128 μg/mL para a cepa em análise. 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