Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paludisme – Épidémiologie – Afrique occidentale'
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Gay, Frédérick. ""Chimiorésistance de "Plasmodium falciparum" : études sur les populations impaludées et sur les populations plasmodiales"." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20277.
Full textRoustant, Frédérique. "Le paludisme en zone de savane africaine : étude épidémiologique en mileu rural et péri-urbain." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11077.
Full textTrape, Jean-François. "L'impact de l'urbanisation sur le paludisme en Afrique Centrale." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112181.
Full textIn order to ascertain the impact of urbanization on malaria, a research project was undertaken from 1980 to 1985 in the Brazzaville region and 16 other urban centers of the Congo. Studies investigated parasite prevalence and density, vectors bionomics, malaria morbidity and mortality, serum haptoglobin and immunoglobulins, antimalarial antibodies and antimalarial practices. In the rural area of the Brazzaville region, malaria is holoendemic: the parasite in children varies from 79% to 94% and the inoculation rate from 200 to 1,000 infective bites per person per year according to the villages. In Brazzaville, considerable differences exist between the districts of the town, in relation to the population density and the nature of the ground gained by urbanization: the parasite rate in schoolchildren is 81% in Massina, 66% in Talangai, 40% in Bacongo, 9% in Moungali and 3% in Poto-Poto. According to the districts, the inoculation rate varies from less than one to 100 infective bites per person per year. Only 37% of children aged 6 years living since birth in Poto-Poto are seropositive. In contrast, the annual rate of mortality from malaria is very low bath in the rural and urban areas and shows no significant differences between the districts of the town. It was estimated at 0. 43 per thousand in children from 0 to 4 years and 0. 08 per thousand in children from 5 to 9 years. The present-day drop in mortality is attributed to the now general use of antimalarial drugs for the treatment of all febrile episodes in infants and children. The observations made in the Congo show that urbanization has a considerable impact on entomological, parasitological and immunological aspects of malaria. However, it would appear that it is above all the antimalarial practices and possibilities of treatment which are of capital importance in preventing serious complications and decreasing mortality
Léonard, Guy. "Les infections par les virus HIV-1 et HIV-2 en Afrique de l'Ouest : Etudes épidémiologiques, sérologiques et détection génomique après amplification génique." Limoges, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIMO0169.
Full textPilkington, Hugo. "Les lieux du paludisme : approche géographique des facteurs de confusion dans une enquête d'épidémiologie du paludisme (Dienga, Gabon)." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010713.
Full textVial, Laurence. "Éco-épidémiologie de la borréliose à tiques à "Borrelia crocidurae" en Afrique de l'Ouest." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20131.
Full textCourtin, David. "Étude de la sensibilité génétique à la trypanosomose humaine africaine à "Trypanosoma brucei gambiense" en Afrique de l'Ouest et Centrale." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20080.
Full textNjiokou, Flobert. "Génétique et biologie des populations de deux hôtes intermédiaires de schistosomes à oeuf à éperon terminal "Bulinus globusus" (Morelet,1866) et "B[ulinus] truncatus" (Audouin, 1827) : conséquences épidémiologiques." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20137.
Full textTounkara, Fatoumata Korika. "Prévalence, incidence, persistance et facteurs associés aux infections à virus du papillome humain chez les travailleuses du sexe en Afrique de l’Ouest." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67968.
Full textFemale sex workers (FWs) represent a high-risk group for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the human papillomavirus (HPV). To our knowledge, since 2009, no study has been conducted on the epidemiology of HIV/STIs among FSWs in Mali. Also, there are no available data on the epidemiology of HPV infections in this key population in Mali and Benin.The objectives of this thesis were to (1) assess the prevalence of HIV/STIs and associated factors among FSWs in Bamako, Mali; (2) estimate HPV prevalence, distribution and factors associated with high-risk (HR) HPV infections in FSWs in Bamako (Mali) and Cotonou (Benin), and (3) estimate the incidence and persistence rates of HPV infections in FSWs in the two countries as well as factors related to both incidence and persistence of HR-HPV infections. Cross sectional studies were conducted for objectives 1 and 2, where as a longitudinal study with visits at three time points (baseline, follow-up visits at 6 months and at 12 months) were carried out for objective 3. It took place in Cotonou (Benin) and Bamako (Mali). Sociodemographic, behavioral and gynecological history data were collected. Descriptive statistics were computed. Multivariate log-binomial and Poisson regression models were used to identify factors associated with study outcomes. Overall, 353 FSWs were recruited in Mali; the mean age was 26.8 years. Concerning objective 1, HIV prevalence was 20.4% and 35.1% of FSWs had at least one STI. Factors significantly associated with HIV were older age (trend test, p < 0.0001), sex work duration ≥ 6 years, uneducated status, gonococcal and chlamydial infections (p < 0.05). In addition, younger age (trend test, p = 0.018), number of clients ≥10 during the past week, and HIV infection were significantly associated with other STIs (p < 0.05). Regarding objective 2, HPV data were available for 659 FSWs (309 in Benin and 350 in Mali). The overall HPV prevalence rates were 95.5% in Benin and 81.4% in Mali. The three most common HPV types among FSWs in Benin were HPV58, HPV16, and HPV52; this order was HPV16, HPV51, and HPV52 in Mali. In Benin, the main factors associated with HR-HPV infections were vaginal douching and gonococcal infection (p < 0.05), whereas in Mali, these factors were duration of sex work < 1 year and HIV infection (p < 0.05). Concerning objective 3, the 12-month participation rate was 51.6%, but retention for at least one follow-up visit was 68.6% (51 women not attending the 6-month follow-up visit came back at 12 months). The highest incidence rates of HR-HPV over 12 months occurred with HPV59, HPV16 and HPV35 (≥ 6.3 cases per 1000 women-months). Factors associated with HR-HPV incidence were sex work duration ≤ 1 year and HIV infection (p < 0.05). The highest HR-HPV persistence rates were observed for HPV59, HPV51/HPV52 and HPV35 (≥ 28.6%). Risk factors for HR-HPV persistence were age < 20 years or ≥ 50 years (p < 0.05); HIV and chlamydial infections as well as infection with multiple HPV types at baseline (p <0.05). In conclusion, FSWs in these West African countries are characterized by high HIV/STI prevalence, and by high rates of HPV prevalence, incidence and persistence. These data suggest the need to reconsider the conceptual framework of STI/HIV (including HPV) prevention programs aimed at FSWs in order to prevent cervical cancer among them and break the transmission chain of these STIs to the general population.
Benoît-Vical, Françoise. "Evaluation de l'activité antimalarique in vitro de divers extraits végétaux bruts et purifiés sur Plasmodium falsiparum." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON13511.
Full textNgendahayo, Liboire Désiré. "Identification spécifique des Schistosomes à oeufs à éperon terminal d'Afrique occidentale et centrale." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20092.
Full textLouvet, Samuel. "MODULATIONS INTRASAISONNIÈRES DE LA MOUSSON D'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST ET IMPACTS SUR LES VECTEURS DU PALUDISME À NDIOP (SÉNÉGAL) : DIAGNOSTICS ET PRÉVISIBILITÉ." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00333234.
Full textPrual, Alain Pierre. "Mortalité maternelle en Afrique de l'Ouest : de l'épidémiologie à la santé publique." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN11302.
Full textSince the "Safe Motherhood Initiative" was launched in 1987, the epidemiology of maternal morbidity and mortality is better known. At this end of the XXtrh century, maternal mortality is at the same level in West Africa than it was in Europe in the XVIIIth century. Moreover, it does not seem to have decreased since two decades, even in major cities where are concentrated both the qualified personnel and the technical means. The study of maternal morbidity has revealed a high incidence of severe obstetrical morbidity, responsible for a high letality. Since, in cities, maternal health services are largely used by the pregnant women, this letality points to a poor quality of those services. We demonstrated a poor quality of the prenatal consultation (screening for risk factors and iron supplementation) but also a scientific error as to the potential role of prenatal care. Relationships between the midwives, many doctors and the pregnant women are bad : violence, disdain and lack of adequate care are common. Ln addition, few deliveries are effectively performed by midwives even in cities, where they are in sufficient numbers. Ethic is often poor. Although this situation is well known by govemments in West Africa, no organized action has been undertaken. This lack of political will or the incapacity to transform it into actions is analysed. Responsibility is shared by West African govemments and donor agencies. Based on this analysis, propositions are made to move towards a matemity at lesser risk
Djogbenou, Luc Salako. "Dynamique des mécanismes de résistance aux insecticides liés à la modification de cibles dans les populations naturelles d’Anopheles gambiae s. L. D’Afrique de l’Ouest." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20085.
Full textVector control is one of the most effective methods of malaria prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides (kdr mutation) has appeared in vectors of malaria, especially in An. Gambiae s. L. The effectiveness of pyrethroid-treated nets seems to be threatened by this resistance and the search for alternative insecticides is a priority. In the laboratory, as in field studies, the presence of an acetylcholinesterase mutation (ace-1R), which confers resistance to carbamates and organophosphates (insecticides proposed as alternatives to pyrethroids), provides an advantage to An. Gambiae s. S. In contact with the insecticide. This advantage is shown in heterozygotes by measuring the partial dominance of the gene. In the absence of insecticides, a genetic cost affects some life history traits of resistant mosquitoes, reducing their chances of reproduction. This genetic cost is probably due to the important reduction of enzymes activity coded by ace-1R. The ace-1R mutation is already present in high frequencies in natural populations of West Africa. This distribution results from a single mutation event that has been spread across our study sites by migration. Its presence in M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae s. S. Is due to a introgression phenomenon. The mutation is present in the two alleles : one ace-1R resistant allele made of a copy of the ace-1 gene carrying the G119S mutation, and one duplicated allele, Ag-ace-1D, that carries one susceptible and one resistant G119S copy linked on the same chromosome. This duplication might reduce the cost associated with the resistance and impair vector control strategies based on alternating insecticides. These alleles are in competition in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae, the primary vector of malaria in West Africa. In Benin, two species of the An. Gambiae complex (An. Gambiae s. S. And An. Arabiensis) were found either alone or in sympatry. In An. Gambiae s. S. , the S molecular form is present in almost all localities, whereas the M form was found in high proportions only in the south and the north. The study of resistance mechanisms due to target site modification in Anopheles gambiae s. L. And Culex quinquefasciatus reveal that many populations are resistant to DDT and permethrin. In Anopheles gambiae, the comparison of mortality with DDT and permethrin indicates that the resistance is due in large part to the kdr mutation. However, the distribution of this mutation is variable between sites. Our study showed a strong link between the frequency of the kdr mutation and agricultural use of insecticide against cotton pests. In all cases, very few samples of the two species (An. Gambiae and Cx. Quinquefasciatus) were found to be resistant to the carbamates and organophosphates used. The frequency of the ace-1R mutation was also small. This indicates that the use of carbamates and organophosphates might still be used in a resistance management strategy. These studies offer interesting perspectives on the possibilities of vector control for prevention of malaria. In fact, they allow improving our understanding of the biology and ecology of the vector and on the resistance mechanisms. In the pursuit of a better vector control strategy, it would be interesting for scientists in developed countries studying genomic to work in collaboration with scientists in areas where malaria is present and with local institutions
Michel, Philippe. "Éléments d'épidémiologie et de physiopathologie de deux rétrovirus humains endémiques en Afrique de l'Ouest : VIH-2 et HTLV-I." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE19010.
Full textEhounoud, Hervé Cyrille Bile. "Maladies bactériennes, y compris vectorisées, en Afrique de l'Ouest (Côte d'Ivoire et Guinée-Conakry)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5051.
Full textFebrile illnesses including bacterial diseases are poorly known in Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea.In the first part of our work, we researched by molecular biology bacteria transmitted by ticks in Côte d’Ivoire. We analyzed different species of ticks collected from cattle and highlighted pathogenic bacteria responsible for many infectious diseases such as Rickettsia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and twenty potential new species. In the second part, our goal was to detect using molecular biology several microorganisms in humans in Guinea (Conakry) and Côte d'Ivoire. As regards the study of wounds and healthy skin in Guinea, most patients were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, several species of Acinetobacter.Among the febrile patients and healthy controls afebrile recruited in Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire, Plasmodium falciparum is the most common detected microorganism especially in blood samples from febrile patients although several bacteria were also identified. In Guinea, it was Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typhoidal Salmonella spp., and R. felis. These bacteria were also identified as well as Salmonella enterica Typhi, Salmonella enterica Paratyphi, Tropheryma whipplei and a potential new species of Wolbachia in Côte d’Ivoire.This work allowed establishing the repertory of bacteria transmitted by ticks in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as those involved in bacteremia in Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea (Conakry)
Dumas, Valérie. "Etude de la variabilité génétique de simulium damnosum s. L. Et d'onchocerca volvulus : intérêt dans la compréhension des phénomènes de réinvasion." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20206.
Full textTchounga, Boris Kévin. "Epidémiologie, diagnostic et prise en charge de l'infection par le VIH-2 en Afrique de l'Ouest." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0218/document.
Full textBackground : The holistic care of the one to two million HIV-2 infected individuals in West Africa remain a concern. The frequent misdiagnosis with rapid HIV tests, in addition to the intrinsic resistance of HIV-2 to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and its low susceptibility to some protease inhibitors, make the treatment of people living with HIV-2 very challenging. The lack of data on mortality and retention in care among people living with HIV-2, as well as the emergence of resistance to most ART drugs is a great concern for the West African ART program. Method : We relied on the WADA-HIV-2 cohort, its associated biobank and the ANRS 12294 FIT-2 trial, to describe challenges in diagnosis and treatment, as well as mortality and lost to follow up, among people living with HIV-2 in West Africa. Results : One quarter of HIV-2 or dually reactive individuals, according to the national algorithms for HIV diagnosis, were found infected by HIV-1 only, and the tests GenieIII® and ImmunoCombII® showed good performances for a more accurate algorithm. Considering treatment, HIV-2 patients often initiate boosted PI based regimen, with good immunologic and virologic response. A suboptimal response was obtained with either three NRTI based regimens and unboosted PI based regimen, however worse with the first one. HIV-2 infected individuals experienced early and relatively high mortality (5.2/100 person-years), that was associated with anemia and low CD4 count (<100/mm3) at ART initiation. The results of the ongoing ANRS 12294 FIT-2 trial are expected to identify the best strategy for the optimal use of available ART regimens in West African countries. Conclusion : Many questions remain unanswered regarding HIV-2. Epidemiologic, immunologic and genotypic resistances surveys will help improving the care of people living with HIV-2 the West African region
Solano, Philippe. "Implications épidémiologiques de la variabilité génétique des populations de glossines. Cas de "Glossina palpalis" en Afrique de l'ouest." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20169.
Full textPierrat, Charlotte. "Des moustiques et des hommes : les territoires du paludisme à Tori-Bossito (sud du Bénin) : thèse présentée pour l'obtention du grade de Docteur en géographie." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00591841.
Full textBenavides, Julio. "Dynamique des maladies dans les systèmes sociaux complexes : émergence des maladies infectieuses chez les primates." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20163/document.
Full textUnderstanding the emergence and spread of infectious disease in wild animal populations has become an important priority for both public health and animal conservation. Combining the collection of empirical data with the development of epidemiological models, this thesis focuses on understanding two key issues of wildlife epidemiology: (i) how heterogeneity at the individual, group, population and landscape level affects parasite spread (ii) investigating whether transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria from humans to wildlife is occurring within three protected areas of Africa (Tsaobis NP-Namibia, Lope NP-Gabon and Dzanga-Ndoki NP-Central African Republic). The main findings of this work indicated that: (1) multiple-scale factors including temperature, rainfall, home range use, sex, age and body condition influence gastro-intestinal parasite richness among wild baboons; (2) animal contacts around ‘habitat hotspots' can substantially influence the spatio-temporal dynamics of a disease; (3) antibiotic resistant enterobacteria seem to be spreading from humans/livestock to wildlife when the territory overlap between these two populations is expected to be high; (4) gradients in gorilla density created by bushmeat hunting can reverse the expected pattern of decreasing parasite prevalence with distance to human-spillover. The conclusions of this work open new possibilities for studying the mechanisms explaining the spread of emerging infectious diseases among wild animals