Journal articles: 'PAM-CRASH'

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NIIZEKI, Hiroshi. "Second Generation Crash Analysis Software PAM-CRASH '2G' V2002." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2002.5 (2002): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2002.5.0_199.

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Clinckemaillie, Jan, Birgit Elsner, Guy Lonsdale, Serge Meliciani, Stefanos Vlachoutsis, Frank de Bruyne, and Michael Holzner. "Performance Issues of the Parallel Pam-Crash Code." International Journal of Supercomputer Applications and High Performance Computing 11, no. 1 (March 1997): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109434209701100101.

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Angeleri, P., D. F. Lozupone, F. Piccolo, and J. Clinckemaillie. "PAM-CRASH on the IBM 3090/VF: An integrated environment for crash analysis." IBM Systems Journal 27, no. 4 (1988): 541–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/sj.274.0541.

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Wu, Xiu Chun, Guo Hong Tian, and Jie Liu. "Research on Crashworthiness of Car Bumper System." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1274.

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The computer simulation method is used to study the crashworthiness of car bumper system. Firstly, the CAD model of the car and bumper system is established in CATIA. The pre-processing for the model is finished in Hyper-Mesh and the finite element model is established. Then the process of crash simulation is calculated in Pam-Crash. The simulation results are compared with the test results to verify the accuracy of the finite element model. Finally, the low-speed crash simulation of the bumper system is conducted. The crash displacement and deformation of the bumper system are forecast through the process of simulation, which can provide a reference for the next design and improvement.

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MATSUOKA, Yasuhiro. "F01-5 Current Status of Biomechanical model using PAM-CRASH." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2001.14 (2001): 681–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2001.14.681.

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KIM, HEON YOUNG, JONG GIL CHOI, MIN GUN KIM, KANG WOOK LEE, DAE YUL HA, and TAE JUNG YEO. "CUMULATIVE IMPACT DAMAGE EVALUATION OF AUTOMOTIVE ALUMINUM BUMPER BEAM." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 09n11 (April 30, 2008): 1584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208047110.

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We performed numerical analyses using an explicit code to evaluate the cumulative impact damage of an automotive aluminum front-end bumper back beam during low-speed crash events, as described by CMVSS215. we used a coupled numerical analysis scheme and considered the several fracture criterion such as EWK rupture model and plastic strain limit in the PAM-CRASH code to improve our damage and fracture estimates. Tensile test experiments for the notched and un-notched specimens were conducted to tune the performance of the EWK rupture model; The resulting material properties and fracture criterion were incorporated into the numerical analyses of the low-speed crash events. The simulation results were compared with the impact test.

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Mortazavi Moghaddam, Alireza, Atefeh Kheradpisheh, and Masoud Asgari. "A basic design for automotive crash boxes using an efficient corrugated conical tube." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 7 (February 5, 2021): 1835–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407021990921.

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Frontal vehicle structure is of high importance through crash energy managements and crash boxes are the fundamental structural component for vehicle safety as well as after sales issues. Similar to many other vehicle components, the detail design of crash box is usually part of manufacture knowhow. However, some guide lines are always available. In this article a general procedure is introduced for designing of crash box with the aid of novel thin walled structures and according to conventional crash scenarios. The problem is followed through some basic steps. Firstly, the crash box idea is selected through a wide range of previous investigated elements and is packaged in a real bench vehicle. Then thanks to the protection provided by the new crash box on the other more expensive components (e.g. headlamp, cooling pack, etc.), the effectiveness of this element are acknowledged through the low speed offset crash. Further on the robustness of new proposed crash box is approved by high speed crash simulations. The quasi-static simulations implemented during the analyses are carried out by finite element explicit code (Abaqus) and the FE modeling and dynamic simulation through the next steps are also performed in ANSA and PAM CRASH respectively. Finally in addition to the general crash box design proposed procedure, the achieved results demonstrated that the corrugated conical thin walled tubes deforms in regular and rather stable shape under both axial and oblique loadings. They also produced a reasonable reaction force versus deformations which leads to stiff and crashworthy energy absorber in comparison to traditional rectangular and even some special models like as origami shapes, and so they could be a valuable selection for crash box implementations in passenger cars.

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Lin, Cherng Shing, Kuo Da Chou, and Chia Chun Yu. "Numerical Simulation of Vehicle Crashes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 590 (June 2014): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.135.

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Based on the European New Car Assessment Program, which offers rigorous testing conditions, this study developed a numerical model for the computer simulation of crash analysis and analyzed two crash situations: a high-speed vehicle crashing into a wall and a high-speed test vehicle crashing into a static vehicle. The Simulation model was constructed using the superior functions of the Patran software, and the Pam-crash software was employed to perform various calculations for analysis. In crashes, the structure of vehicle bodies are greatly compressed and deformed because of high-speed impact force, which simultaneously generates high speed acceleration. Vehicle structural deformation constricts the driver and passengers, and acceleration can cause them physical harm. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the sources of harm to driver and passengers when crashes occur. The research results can be a reference for vehicle manufacturers in future vehicle development and a reference for future academic research.

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Sun, Xi Long, Deng Feng Wang, and Fang Lu. "Structure Improvement and Experiment Validation for a Car Side Impact." Applied Mechanics and Materials 224 (November 2012): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.224.133.

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A side impact simulation model for a car was built according to China New Car Assessment Programme(CNCAP) and the 120ms response of the side impact was calculated by Pam-Crash software. The side security performance of base model was evaluated with the assessment criteria for the side security which was defined base on the experience and development requirement. Because of the stiffness insufficiency of base model, the body side structure was improved by multiple optimizations to improve the side security performance of body-in-white. The optimal scheme was validated by the test results, and the side security performance satisfies the production development requirements. The reliability and accuracy of the side impact model were validated according to the comparison analysis of test and simulation.

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Nagaraj, Shanmukha, V. Mamtha, and M. S. Vinod. "Effect of ECAP on Al 6061 – FEA Approach." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.443.

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Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) is currently being widely investigated because of its potential to produce ultra-fine grained microstructures in metals and alloys. The objective of this work is to study the effect of ECAP on Al 6061 alloy. ECAP is processed using die channel angles of 90º, 120º and 140º. The stress and the deformation behavior of the ECAP processed material were investigated by hardness tests. The finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out for ECAP using PAM-CRASH software for different channel angles, which are prescribed in the experiment. The inputs such as material properties, loads, boundary conditions, contacts and controls were provided to the software and the results were visualized. The Von Mises Stress values obtained by FEA were found to be in good consistence with the experimental stress values.

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Liu, Jun, Yu Long Li, and Fei Xu. "The Numerical Simulation of a Bird-Impact on an Aircraft Windshield by Using the SPH Method." Advanced Materials Research 33-37 (March 2008): 851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.33-37.851.

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This paper is focused on the development of an effective numerical method to simulate bird-impact aircraft windshield events. A new Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has been incorporated as a solver option into the explicit finite element program PAM-CRASH was used to model the bird. The deformation between the numerical results and the experimental results is in good agreement. Simulation results of a bird-impact process indicated that the SPH bird model is more suitable to model the break-up of the bird into particles. Failure of the windshield in the experiment was simulated, and the good agreement between the numerical and experiment indicates that the failure model established in the present paper is reasonable. Finally, the energy changes of the bird and the windshield were calculated.

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Lin, Jui Chang, W. S. Lin, and King Sun Lee. "A 3D Virtual FEM and SA Method to Determining the Optimization Clearance for a Punching Die." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.277.

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This study is subject to 3D virtual simulation and experiment design method application in the optimal clearance design in the 3D shell punched processing. During the simulation stage, the PAM-CRASH and 3D-CAD (Pro/E) system are used to model the punching processing. The results of the punching maximum punched burr from the 3D virtual punching simulation were input to a neural network to establish a model corresponding to the 3D shell punched variables. Once the metal punching control parameters, such as punch/die radius, punch/die clearance, punch cutting angle and different material thickness, were given, the punching processing performance (the punching maximum burr and maximum stress) can be accurately predicted by this developed network. Therefore, in this research, a satisfactory result based on the simulation verification is established.

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Guo, Ying Nan, Qin Sun, and Ling Wu. "Study of Dynamic Impact Behaviors and Ballistic Properties of Hybrid Composites." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.213.

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This paper deals with the ballistic properties of two kinds of hybrid composites: Kevlar/Carbon laminates and S-Glass/Carbon laminates. Twelve kinds of combinations of samples were made including various fibers; various fiber orientations and various target thickness. Air-gun tests were carried out to determine the response of these combinations of hybrid laminates subject to impact loading. Compared with the test, an explicit finite element (FE) model was built with Pam-crash Code to simulate the impact process. The bullet was considered as a deformable body in contact with the composite shells. The Ladevèze model was used to describe the unidirectional properties of Carbon plies and Ladevèze fabric model was used to describe the homogeneous properties of the S-glass and Kevlar laminates. The influence of different parameters on the impact behavior of the two kinds of hybrid laminates was considered analytically. Results show very good agreement with the experimental data. Suggestions are also presented for the better hybrid mode to improve the ballistic properties.

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Pinto, André F. B. P., S. M. O. Tavares, José M. A. César de Sá, and P. M. S. T. de Castro. "Structural analysis of a cross car beam using finite element models." International Journal of Structural Integrity 6, no. 6 (December 7, 2015): 759–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-01-2015-0004.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to use PAM-CRASH, a finite element analysis solver, to assess the performance of a mass production vehicle cross car beam (CCB) under an overlap frontal crash scenario (crashworthiness). Simulation results were reviewed according to what is plausible to register regarding some critical points displacements and, moreover, to identify its stress concentrations zones. Furthermore, it was also computed the CCB modal analysis (noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) assessment) in order to examine if its natural modes are within with the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) design targets. Design/methodology/approach – The available data at the beginning of the present study consisted of the structure CAD file and performance requirements stated by the OEM for NVH. No technical information was available concerning crashworthiness. Taking into account these limitations, it was decided to adapt the requirements for other mass production cars of the same category, as regards dynamic loading. A dynamic explicit code finite element analysis was performed throughout the CCB structure simulating the 120e−3 s crash event. For the modal analysis, there were some necessary modifications to the explicit finite element model in order to perform the analysis in implicit code. In addition, the car body in white stiffness was assigned at the boundaries. These stiffness values are withdrawn from the points where the CCB is attached to the car body’s sheet metal components. Findings – Although the unavailability of published results for this particular CCB model prevents a comparison of the present results, the trends and order of magnitude of the crash simulation results are within the expectations for this type of product. Concerning modal analysis, the steering column first natural frequency has a percent deviation from the design lower bound value of 5.09 percent when local body stiffness is considered and of 1.94 percent with fixed boundary conditions. The other requirement of the NVH assessment regarding a 5 Hz minimum interval between first vehicle CCB mode and the first mode of the steering column was indeed achieved with both boundary configurations. Originality/value – This study is a further confirmation of the interest of numerical modeling as a first step before actual experimental testing, saving time and money in an automotive industry that has seen an enormous increase of the demand for new car models in the last decade.

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Chen, Bing Zhi, Zhi Dong Lv, Su Ming Xie, and Wen Zhong Zhao. "Anti-Crashing Energy-Absorbing Simulation and Optimization of Thin-Walled Components." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.347.

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Higher speed and loading capacity of trains nowadays have aroused higher ability of crashworthiness, which could be effectively improved by well-designed energy absorbing structures. The thin-walled components, the most traditional and effective energy absorbing device, have been widely used for design of energy absorbing device. As a result, the thin-walled components are used as an example to examine the process of axial compression of it. A comparison of a dynamic compressing simulation on fold-collapse tube and the experimental result of it is made, which shows the two matches very well. Based on this comparison, a further research and optimization on the thin-walled energy absorbing components is implemented. With the material modal and finite element modal of this component, a research on the simulation of PAM-CRASH, the crashing finite element Software, is implemented on such component with different shapes of cross-section, different thickness and square cross-sections with single-cell and multi-cell. What's more, suggestions on such thin-walled components energy absorbing structure is given based on the analysis of the parameters of the simulation.

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PARK, S. J., S. W. CHAE, S. H. KIM, K. M. YANG, and H. S. CHUNG. "A STUDY OF THE RECONSTRUCTION OF ACCIDENTS AND CRIME SCENES THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL EXPERIMENTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 31n32 (December 30, 2008): 5717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208051066.

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Recently, with an increase in the number of studies of the safety of both pedestrians and passengers, computer software, such as MADYMO, Pam-crash, and LS-dyna, has been providing human models for computer simulation. Although such programs have been applied to make machines beneficial for humans, studies that analyze the reconstruction of accidents or crime scenes are rare. Therefore, through computational experiments, the present study presents reconstructions of two questionable accidents. In the first case, a car fell off the road and the driver was separated from it. The accident investigator was very confused because some circumstantial evidence suggested the possibility that the driver was murdered. In the second case, a woman died in her house and the police suspected foul play with her boyfriend as a suspect. These two cases were reconstructed using the human model in MADYMO software. The first case was eventually confirmed as a traffic accident in which the driver bounced out of the car when the car fell off, and the second case was proved to be suicide rather than homicide.

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Lashlem, A. A., Dzuraidah Abd Wahab, Shahrum Abdullah, and Che Hassan Che Haron. "Impact Performance of Low Carbon Steel Safety Beams for Car Doors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.247.

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This paper presents impact behaviour and energy absorption response of car door safety beams. Low carbon steel of thickness 2.25 mm, designed into four different shapes of, tube-beam, I-beam and II-beam were used in this experiment to study the effect of impact load on the crash characteristic of the door beams in terms of load bearing and attenuation of energy. The tube-beam is the conventional beam commonly used in cars today. The reason propelling the investigation of other beams is to draw a parallel comparison with the conventional tube beam and possibly obtain an optimised design in terms of impact absorption capability. Masses of impactors used in the impact load simulations were 10 kg, 20 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg and 50 kg at an impact speed of 30 km/h. Analysis were carried out on all samples focusing on energy absorption and deformation characteristics of the beam structures using Pam CrashTM finite element analysis software. Results from this studies indicated that the II-beam design is better than the other beams in terms of the energy absorption and deformation. The proposed II-beam design may be able to prolong the useful life of passenger car door.

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Hennemann, S., V. Hohm, P. Horst, and H. Honnakkalavar. "Numerical treatment of fiber reinforced plastic crushing mechanism in virtual performance solution: Possibilities and limitations." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 11 (June 4, 2019): 2365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420719852968.

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This paper describes both experimental and numerical investigations on the crushing behavior of fiber-reinforced plastic composites (triaxial-braid) for almost rectangular crush specimens. Fiber-reinforced plastic in general is an enormously versatile material group which allows engineers to adapt it to varying tasks, but causes large challenges regarding a trustable numerical forecast in structural simulations. The virtual performance solution (Virtual PAM-CRASH) solver can manage the crushing behavior of fiber-reinforced plastic by a phenomenological implementation, the innovation PLY100. It's possibilities as well as limitations are described briefly in the present paper. These limitations are the incentive for a new approach based on shell elements, which are arranged in a stacked shell order. The delamination process is modelled by using cohesive interface contacts. General ply cards, which are derived from standard material characterization tests, are improved via the inverse method, called MCMC method with an integrated Metropolis algorithm. Besides the numerical simulations, a large experimental drop-weight-tower study was conducted, of which a small extract is presented here. In conclusion, the new numerical approach is able to predict the crushing mechanism and also the mechanical properties during crushing accurately. Small deviations between numerical and experimental results are presented and will be addressed in a future publication.

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Margossian, Alexane, François Dumont, and Uwe Beier. "Validation of Macroscopic Forming Simulations of a Unidirectional Pre-Impregnated Material through Optical Measurements." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.465.

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Presenting interesting aspects such as a high strength-to-weight ratio, Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic components are frequently used in the aerospace industry. The forming step, which conforms the reinforcement to a specific geometry, is a sensitive phase of the manufacturing process. In order to detect the occurrence of defects prior to any trial, forming methods are often simulated via finite element software. The presented work will detail the simulation validation of a double curved helicopter frame forming out of a unidirectional carbon fibre pre-impregnated material (M21E, Hexcel®). The finite element model was based on an explicit approach at a macroscopic level and developed via the commercially available software Visual-Crash PAM (ESI®) [1]. The validation was carried out on six different preforms. Measurements of the top layers were performed by an enhanced version of a 4D measuring system, originally developed for non-woven fabric [2], able to make reproducible photographic and height measurements (Fig. 1). Experimental results were then compared to simulated ones. Due to material specificities, the photo quality reached for non-crimp fabrics could not be achieved [2]. After hardware and software modifications, measurements and analyses were eventually successfully completed. The validation of the simulation reached an accuracy of 1° to 3° depending on the geometrical features of the preform (Fig. 2).

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Oleksik, Josef, Thomas Vietor, and Srivatsaa Natarajan. "Methodological approach to investigate the behavior of the structure under dynamic loading using multiple criteria decision-making method." Technologies for Lightweight Structures (TLS) 1, no. 2 (January 16, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.21935/tls.v1i2.77.

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The main objective of this article is to develop a support approach for designers in the concept phase of the design process. In this paper, two different structures are investigated with metal, composite and hybrid material under dynamic loading with multiple strain rates. The optimum choice of material and structural combination is found by a methodological approach using a Multi Criteria Decision Making Method (MCDM). It uses a stepwise procedure in evaluating the significance of each criterion and ranks the different alternatives. This method is applied to solve various problems in the field of economics, engineering, management. In this article, COPRAS is used to rank different material and structural combination.Cylindrical and rectangular structures are investigated under axial and 3-point bending load. Moreover, three different constellations of material widen the comparison; they are steel and aluminum, composite material with carbon fiber and thermoplastic matrix and hybrid material, with a combination of composite and metal. The output parameters from the simulation such as energy absorption and force, are further mathematically converted to specific energy absorption (SEA), crash-force-efficiency (CFE) and load non-uniformity (LU). PAM-Crash is used as a solver for simulation.

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Dionisius, Felix, Jos Istiyanto, Suliono Suliono, and Yusup Nur Rohmat. "Pengembangan Pengujian Crashworthiness dengan Simulasi Numerik Menggunakan Model Impact Transferability." JTT (Jurnal Teknologi Terapan) 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.31884/jtt.v3i1.4.

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Collision test is needed in transportation area in order to anticipate injuries of passangers when the accident occurred. Therefore, this test must be done for achieving standar requirements which is known by crashworthiness. This paper discussed about development of crasworthiness test by using modelling impact transferability by numerical simulation. The goal is to know the error of maximum deformation when given axial dynamic loading between numerical simulation and real experiment. Furthermore, analitic was used to validate duration of stress wave propagation from result of numerical simulation. This simulation used explicit finite element method by using PAM-Crash. The component of this research was impactor and impact of transferability with 80 and 27 kg of mass. The square tube-thin walled structure with holes as crush initator 3 mm of diameter was used as specimen. The result shows maximum deformation and duration of stress propagation error which are 3.90 % and 14.89 %.

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Soares, Sónia, António Lobo, Sara Ferreira, Liliana Cunha, and António Couto. "Takeover performance evaluation using driving simulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis." European Transport Research Review 13, no. 1 (September 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12544-021-00505-2.

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Abstract Introduction In a context of increasing automation of road transport, many researchers have been dedicated to analyse the risks and safety implications of resuming the manual control of a vehicle after a period of automated driving. This paper performs a systematic review about drivers’ performance during takeover manoeuvres in driving simulator, a tool that is widely used in the evaluation of automated systems to reproduce risky situations that would not be possible to test in real roads. Objectives The main objectives are to provide a framework for the main strategies, experimental conditions and results obtained by takeover research using driving simulation, as well as to find whether different approaches may lead to different outcomes. Methodology First, a literature search following the PRISMA statement guidelines and checklist resulted in 36 relevant papers, which were described in detail according to the type of scenarios and takeover events, drivers’ engagement in secondary tasks and the assessed takeover performance measures. Then, those papers were included in a meta-analysis combining PAM clustering and ANOVA techniques to find patterns among the experimental conditions and to determine if those patterns have influence on the observed takeover performance. Conclusions Less complex experiments without secondary task engagement and conducted in low-fidelity simulators are associated with lower takeover times and crash rates. The takeover time increases with the time budget of the first alert, which reduces the pressure for a driver’s quick intervention.

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Journal articles on the topic 'PAM-CRASH'

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