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Journal articles on the topic 'PAM-Pralidoxime'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Jose, A. R., A. E. Vikraman, and K. Girish Kumar. "Photoinduced electron transfer between quantum dots and pralidoxime: an efficient sensing strategy." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 19 (2017): 10828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj00795g.

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Mercurio-Zappala, Maria, Jason B. Hack, Annabella Salvador, and Robert S. Hoffman. "Pralidoxime in carbaryl poisoning: an animal model." Human & Experimental Toxicology 26, no. 2 (2007): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107070849.

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Introduction: Poisoning from organophosphates and carbamates is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Concerns have been expressed over the safety and efficacy of the use of oximes such as pralidoxime (2-PAM) in patients with carbamate poisoning in general, and more so with carbaryl poisoning specifically. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the role of 2-PAM in a mouse model of lethal carbaryl poisoning. Methods: Female ICR Swiss Albino mice weighing 25-30 g were acclimated to the laboratory and housed in standard conditions. One hundred and ten mice received an

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3

Garber, Mark. "Carbamate Poisoning: The `Other' Insecticide." Pediatrics 79, no. 5 (1987): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.79.5.734.

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A 16-month-old child who ingested rat poison, according to her parents, was noted to have signs of cholinergic poisoning. In the emergency department, the child was intubated and given atropine via the endotracheal tube until venous access was established. Phytonadione (vitamin K) and pralidoxime (2-PAM) Were also administered. The child recovered after an uneventful hospital course. The toxic agent was determined to be a carbamate insecticide, for which treatment with pralidoxime is considered controversial. Treatment of cholinergic poisoning due to unknown or mixed agents and poisoning cause

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4

Sakurada, Koichi, Hiroshi Ikegaya, Hikoto Ohta, Tomoko Akutsu, and Takehiko Takatori. "Hydrolysis of an acetylthiocholine by pralidoxime iodide (2-PAM)." Toxicology Letters 166, no. 3 (2006): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.07.339.

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5

Nagase, Sumika, Katsunori Kohguchi, Kaoru Tohyama, Mikio Watanabe, and Yoshinori Iwatani. "Interference by Pralidoxime (PAM) salts in clinical laboratory tests." Clinica Chimica Acta 416 (February 2013): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.017.

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Lima, Joselia A., Laura P. A. N. Cavalcanti, Alcino P. Aguiar, Claudia M. Rezende, Keila S. C. Lima, and Antonio L. S. Lima. "In vitro evaluation of neutral oximes as reactivators of parathion-inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase." Defence Life Science Journal 2, no. 3 (2017): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.2.10723.

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<p>Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) commonly used as pesticides and, unfortunately, as nerve agents in terrorist attacks. These compounds are highly soluble easily crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Clinically, oximes such as pralidoxime and obidoxime are used for the reactivation of AChE. These oximes are not sufficiently effective to reactivate AChE inhibited by different OPs besides the fact that they are permanently charged and do not readily cross the BBB. This work evaluated the ability of ten neutral oximes to reactiva

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Hoffman, Robert S., Maria Mercurio-Zappala, Nicole Bouchard, Padinjarekuttu Ravikumar, and Lewis Goldfrank. "Preparing for Chemical Terrorism: A Study of the Stability of Expired Pralidoxime (2-PAM)." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 6, no. 1 (2011): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2011.86.

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ABSTRACTObjectives: Oximes such as pralidoxime (2-PAM) are essential antidotes for life-threatening organophosphate poisoning. Unfortunately, oximes are expensive, have limited use, and have short shelf lives. As such, maintaining large stockpiles in preparation for terrorist activity is not always possible. We have demonstrated that atropine is stable well beyond its labeled shelf life and that recently expired 2-PAM was clinically efficacious in a series of poisoned patients. Because 2-PAM is often dosed empirically, clinical improvement does not guarantee pharmacological stability. We there

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Kalkan, S., B. U. Ergur, A. Akgun, Y. C. Kaplan, A. O. Kinay, and Y. Tuncok. "Efficacy of an adenosine A1 receptor agonist compared with atropine and pralidoxime in a rat model of organophosphate poisoning." Human & Experimental Toxicology 24, no. 7 (2005): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327105ht540oa.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an adenosine A1 agonist, phenylisopropyl adenosine (PIA), on metamidophos poisoning compared to specific antidotes. Rats were poisoned with metamidophos (30 mg/kg, oral) and observed for 24 hours. One group received sodium chloride (1 mL/kg) and four experimental groups received atropine (5 mg/kg), pralidoxime (PAM, 20 mg/kg), atropine/PAM (5/20 mg/kg) or PIA (1 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Atropine reduced salivation and prevented respiratory distress when compared to sodium chloride-treated rats. Treatment with PAM did not cause any sup

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9

Moghe, Manish, Sang-Soo Kim, Miaoyin Guan, et al. "scL-2PAM: A Novel Countermeasure That Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Losses in Mice Exposed to an Anticholinesterase Organophosphate." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 14 (2024): 7539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147539.

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Due to their inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, organophosphates are among the most toxic of chemicals. Pralidoxime (a.k.a 2-PAM) is the only acetylcholinesterase reactivator approved in the U.S., but 2-PAM only poorly traverses the blood–brain barrier. Previously, we have demonstrated that scL-2PAM, a nanoformulation designed to enter the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis, is superior to unencapsulated 2-PAM for reactivating brain acetylcholinesterase, ameliorating cholinergic crisis, and improving survival rates for paraoxon-exposed mice. Here, we employ histology and transcriptome a

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Gennings, C., R. A. Carchman, W. H. Carter, et al. "Assessing Physostigmine Efficacy by Response Surface Modeling: A Comparison to Pyridostigmine Efficacy." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 7, no. 7 (1988): 1013–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818809014530.

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The therapeutic efficacy of atropine sulfate/pralidoxime chloride (ATR/2-PAM) treatment therapy and physostigmine (PHY) pretreatment therapy was evaluated in soman-challenged guinea pigs. Response surface analysis (RSM) of treatment efficacy indicated that the optimal ATR/2-PAM dose combination varied as a function of both the soman (GD) challenge level and the PHY pretreatment dose. Efficacy was, therefore, evaluated for varying PHY pretreatment doses in combination with the appropriate optimal ATR/2-PAM treatment (as determined by RSM for each soman challenge dose and PHY dose evaluated). Th

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da Silva, Jorge Alberto Valle, Ander Francisco Pereira, Steven R. LaPlante, Kamil Kuca, Teodorico Castro Ramalho, and Tanos Celmar Costa França. "Reactivation of VX-Inhibited Human Acetylcholinesterase by Deprotonated Pralidoxime. A Complementary Quantum Mechanical Study." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (2020): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020192.

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In the present work, we performed a complementary quantum mechanical (QM) study to describe the mechanism by which deprotonated pralidoxime (2-PAM) could reactivate human (Homo sapiens sapiens) acetylcholinesterase (HssAChE) inhibited by the nerve agent VX. Such a reaction is proposed to occur in subsequent addition–elimination steps, starting with a nucleophile bimolecular substitution (SN2) mechanism through the formation of a trigonal bipyramidal transition state (TS). A near attack conformation (NAC), obtained in a former study using molecular mechanics (MM) calculations, was taken as a st

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Nurulain, Syed M., Shreesh Ojha, Kornelia Tekes, Mohammad Shafiullah, Huba Kalasz, and Abdu Adem. "Efficacy of N-Acetylcysteine, Glutathione, and Ascorbic Acid in Acute Toxicity of Paraoxon to Wistar Rats: Survival Study." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/329306.

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There are a great number of reports with assertions that oxidative stress is produced by organophosphorus compound (OPC) poisoning and is a cofactor of mortality and morbidity in OPC toxicity. In addition, antioxidants have been suggested as adjuncts to standard therapy. However, there is no substantial evidence for the benefit of the use of antioxidants in survival after acute intoxication of OPCs. The present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of three non-enzymatic antioxidants (NEAOs), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), glutathione (GSH), and ascorbic acid (AA), in acute intoxication of

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Kuznetsova, Darya A., Gulnara A. Gaynanova, Elmira A. Vasilieva, et al. "Oxime Therapy for Brain AChE Reactivation and Neuroprotection after Organophosphate Poisoning." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 9 (2022): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091950.

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One of the main problems in the treatment of poisoning with organophosphorus (OPs) inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is low ability of existing reactivators of AChE that are used as antidotes to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this work, modified cationic liposomes were developed that can penetrate through the BBB and deliver the reactivator of AChE pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) into the brain. Liposomes were obtained on the basis of phosphatidylcholine and imidazolium surfactants. To obtain the composition optimized in terms of charge, stability, and toxicity, the molar ratio o

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Baruah, Sreemanta M., John K. Das, Imdadul Hossain, and Nongmaithem B. Singh. "A comparative study of atropine and atropine plus pralidoxime in the management of organo-phosphorous poisoning." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 10, no. 10 (2023): 723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20232919.

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Background: Poisoning with organophosphorus compounds (OP) is a common problem throughout the world particularly in developing countries. Standard treatment involves resuscitation, administration of the anti-muscarinic agent atropine, an acetylcholinesterase reactivator (pralidoxime) and assisted ventilation if necessary. In this study we compared the efficacy of add-on pralidoxime therapy over therapy with atropine alone in OP poisoning. Methods: The study included 103 patients, out of 103 OP poisoning cases, 54 patients received both atropine and PAM (group A) and 49 received only atropine (

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15

Broach, MD, MPH, MBA, FACEP, John, Robert Krupa, BS, Steven B. Bird, MD, FACEP, FACMT, and Mary-Elise Manuell, MA, MD, FACEP. "Regional preparedness for mass acetylcholinesterase inhibitor poisoning through plans for stockpiling and interhospital sharing of pralidoxime." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 9, no. 4 (2014): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2014.0176.

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Background: Regional preparedness efforts related to the stockpiling and interhospital sharing of critical antidotal medications is an important topic in the age of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. Little attention has been paid to how well regional preparedness efforts specifically affect availability of pralidoxime (2-PAM) if it were needed to treat a mass poisoning with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (organophosphorus pesticides or nerve agents).Objectives: The authors sought to assess whether hospitals in one region of Massachusetts (Department of Public Health Region 2, Central

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Kumar, P., D. Swami, DP Nagar, et al. "In vivo protection studies of bis-quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)-N-(pyridin-3-yl) acetamide derivatives (HNK oximes) against tabun and soman poisoning in Swiss albino mice." Human & Experimental Toxicology 36, no. 12 (2017): 1270–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327116685888.

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The study reports antidotal efficacy of three HNK [ bis quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)-N-(pyridin-3yl) acetamide derivatives] and pralidoxime (2-PAM), against soman and tabun poisoning in Swiss albino mice. Protection index (PI) was determined (treatment doses: HNK oximes, ×0.20 of their median lethal dose (LD50) and 2-PAM, 30 mg/kg, intramuscularly (im)) together with atropine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Probit log doses with difference of 0.301 log of LD50 of the nerve agents administered and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by 50% (IC50) was calculated at optimized time in

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MASSON, Patrick, Marie-Thérèse FROMENT, Cynthia F. BARTELS, and Oksana LOCKRIDGE. "Importance of aspartate-70 in organophosphate inhibition, oxime re-activation and aging of human butyrylcholinesterase." Biochemical Journal 325, no. 1 (1997): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3250053.

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Asp-70 is the defining amino acid in the peripheral anionic site of human butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), whereas acetylcholinesterase has several additional amino acids, the most important one being Trp-277 (Trp-279 in TorpedoAChE). We studied mutants D70G, D70K and A277W to evaluate the role of Asp-70 and Trp-277 in reactions with organophosphates. We found that Asp-70 was important for binding positively charged echothiophate, but not neutral paraoxon and iso-OMPA. Asp-70 was also important for binding of positively charged pralidoxime (2-PAM) and for activation of re-activation by excess 2-

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Wang, W., Q.-F. Chen, H.-L. Ruan, K. Chen, B. Chen, and J.-M. Wen. "Can anisodamine be a potential substitute for high-dose atropine in cases of organophosphate poisoning?" Human & Experimental Toxicology 33, no. 11 (2014): 1186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327114532382.

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A case of organophosphate (OP) poisoning was admitted to the emergency room. The patient accepted treatment with pralidoxime (PAM), atropine, and supporting therapy. It was observed that even after 22 h after treatment, 960 mg of atropine was not enough for the patient to be atropinized. However, a 160-mg follow-up treatment of anisodamine was quite enough for atropinization after 4 h. As a case report, more studies are required before any definite conclusion can be reached regarding the use of anisodamine as a potential substitute for high-dose atropine in cases of OP poisoning.

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Vasilieva, Elmira A., Darya A. Kuznetsova, Farida G. Valeeva, et al. "Therapy of Organophosphate Poisoning via Intranasal Administration of 2-PAM-Loaded Chitosomes." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 12 (2022): 2846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122846.

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Chitosan-decorated liposomes were proposed for the first time for the intranasal delivery of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) to the brain as a therapy for organophosphorus compounds (OPs) poisoning. Firstly, the chitosome composition based on phospholipids, cholesterol, chitosans (Cs) of different molecular weights, and its arginine derivative was developed and optimized. The use of the polymer modification led to an increase in the encapsulation efficiency toward rhodamine B (RhB; ~85%) and 2-PAM (~60%) by 20% compared to conventional liposomes. The format

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Zhang, Wenna, Qiu Sun, Xuelin Zhang, Weijian Yuan, and Jianfeng Wu. "A Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Sensor Modified with CeO2 for Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides with Improved Performance." Sensors 23, no. 23 (2023): 9605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23239605.

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In this work, a flexible electrochemical sensor was developed for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). To fabricate the sensor, graphene was generated in situ by laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology on a flexible substrate of polyimide (PI) film to form a three-electrode array, and pralidoxime (PAM) chloride was used as the probe molecule. CeO2 was used to modify the working electrode to improve the sensitivity of the sensor because of its electrocatalytic effect on the oxidation of PAM, and the Ag/AgCl reference electrode was prepared by the drop coating method. The effects

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Swami, Devyani, Hitendra N. Karade, Jyotiranjan Acharya, and Pravin Kumar. "In vivo protection studies of bis-quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)-N-(pyridin-3-yl) acetamide derivatives against sarin poisoning in mice." Human & Experimental Toxicology 36, no. 1 (2016): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327116637109.

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In vivo antidotal efficacy of new bis- quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)- N-(pyridin-3yl) acetamide derivatives (HNK series), to counter multiples of lethal doses of nerve agent sarin (GB) and reactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was evaluated in Swiss albino mice. [Protection index PI; median lethal dose (LD50) of sarin with treatment/LD50 of sarin] was estimated, using 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 LD50 as treatment doses of all the oximes with atropine against sarin poisoning. Dose-dependent time course study was conducted at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 LD50 dose of sarin for estimating maximum AChE inhibiti

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Brittain, Matthew K., Kevin G. McGarry, Robert A. Moyer, et al. "Efficacy of Recommended Prehospital Human Equivalent Doses of Atropine and Pralidoxime Against the Toxic Effects of Carbamate Poisoning in the Hartley Guinea Pig." International Journal of Toxicology 35, no. 3 (2016): 344–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581816638086.

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Purpose: Aldicarb and methomyl are carbamate pesticides commonly implicated in human poisonings. The primary toxic mechanism of action for carbamate poisoning is cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition. As such, it is logical to assume that the currently accepted therapies for organophosphate poisoning (muscarinic antagonist atropine and the oxime acetylcholinesterase reactivator pralidoxime chloride [2-PAM Cl]) could afford therapeutic protection. However, oximes have been shown to be contraindicated for poisoning by some carbamates. Methods: A protective ratio study was conducted in guinea pigs to e

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Singh, S., D. Chaudhry, D. Behera, D. Gupta, and S. K. Jindal. "Aggressive atropinisation and continuous pralidoxime (2-PAM) infusion in patients with severe organophosphate poisoning: experience of a northwest Indian hospital." Human & Experimental Toxicology 20, no. 1 (2001): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032701671437581.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to find whether continuous pralidoxime (2-PAM) infusion along with aggressive atropinisation improves the outcome in patients with severe organophosphate poisoning who require assisted ventilation. METHODS: Sixteen patients admitted to the respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) with severe organophosphate poisoning and requiring assisted ventilation were included in the study. The compounds involved were phorate (six), dichlorvos (four), oxydimeton methyl (one), monocrotophos (one), methyl parathion (one) and in three it was unknown. After decontamination, t

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Naito, Yoshiyuki, Masahiro Ide, Naoko Kanzaki, et al. "Pharmacokinetics and clearance of pralidoxime (2-PAM) in a patient undergoing continuous venovenous hemodialysis." Nihon Shuchu Chiryo Igakukai zasshi 7, no. 1 (2000): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3918/jsicm.7.45.

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Gulalp, Betul, Yuksel Gokel, Derya Gumurdulu, et al. "The Effect of Parathion-methyl and Antidotes on Parotid and Pancreatic Glands: A Pilot Experimental Study." International Journal of Toxicology 26, no. 5 (2007): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810701582780.

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The objective of this study is to investigate the functions of parotid and pancreatic glands in response to intoxication with parathion-methyl (PM) and the effects of treatment in rats. Seventy-five male Wistar rats were divided equally into five groups: Group I, control; group II, received atropine and pralidoxime (2-PAM) for 24 h, but no PM; group III, oral PM but no atropine and 2-PAM; group IV, PM and atropine for 24 h and 2-PAM; group V, PM and atropine for 96 h and 2-PAM. After the administration of the chemicals, blood samples were drawn to test for amylase, lipase, acetylcholinesterase

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Roy, Sawrab, Saiful Islam, Shahrul Alam, Juned Ahmed, and Q. M. Monzur Kader Chowdhury. "Successful management of a kitten with chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin toxicosis with pralidoxime and atropine." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 7, no. 2 (2021): 205511692110456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20551169211045647.

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Case summary Organophosphates and pyrethroids have been widely used as agricultural and domestic insecticides. This case report describes a 3-month-old free-roaming female kitten, weighing 930 g, that developed hypersalivation, hypothermia, dyspnoea due to increased bronchial secretion, bradycardia, miosis and neurological signs, including restlessness, ataxia, disorientation, apparent hallucination, muscle twitching and seizures within 6 h of accidental ingestion of an insecticide containing chlorpyrifos (500 g/l) and cypermethrin (50 g/l). The kitten was treated empirically with intramuscula

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T.V., Sowmya, Sridhar D., Srujan P., and Naveen Reddy D. "A Study on Association of Serum Amylase Levels in Assessing Clinical Severity and Outcome of Organophosphorous Poisoning at Osmania General Hospital, Telangana State." International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research 12, no. 8 (2022): 129–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11580884.

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<strong>Introduction</strong><strong>: </strong>Poisoning by organophosphosphorous Pesticides has reached epidemic proportions in most parts of the India. There is increased incidence of elevated serum amylase levels after consumption of organophosphorus compounds. Many deaths can be prevented if we assess the severity of poison initially. <strong>Aims and Objectives:</strong> To estimate serum Amylase levels in acute organophosphorus compound poisoning, to find out its relationship with clinical severity and outcome. <strong>Material and Methods:</strong> A prospectiv

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Weinberg, Josette, Fanica Cimpoesu, Mihaela Olteanu, and Dan A. Lerner. "Computational study of the molecular complexes between cholesterol and two isomers of the pralidoxime (PAM)." Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 813, no. 1-3 (2007): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theochem.2007.02.014.

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Tuovinen, Kai, Eila Kaliste-Korhonen, Frank M. Raushel, and Osmo Hänninen. "Phosphotriesterase, Pralidoxime-2-Chloride (2-PAM) and Eptastigmine Treatments and Their Combinations in DFP Intoxication." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 141, no. 2 (1996): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/taap.1996.0322.

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Reid, Ted W., and Douglas Gregory. "Irwin B. Wilson (1921-2013): The story of the first rational design of a drug." Bulletin for the History of Chemistry, no. 2 (2022): 222–30. https://doi.org/10.70359/bhc2022v047p222.

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This article is based upon a lecture that Irwin Wilson (Figure 1) gave for his 75th birthday on September 18, 1996. (His actual date of birth was May 8, 1921.) The lecture covered his early work on how acetylcholinesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine. This led to his demonstration of the formation of a covalent acetyl-enzyme intermediate in the reaction. It should be noted that this was in the days before it was understood that an enzyme could catalyze a chemical reaction by forming a covalent intermediate. Further studies on the mechanism of acetylcholinesterase in his laborator

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de Paula, Reuel, Joyce de Almeida, Samir Cavalcante, et al. "Molecular Modeling and In Vitro Studies of a Neutral Oxime as a Potential Reactivator for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Paraoxon." Molecules 23, no. 11 (2018): 2954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112954.

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The present work aimed to compare the small, neutral and monoaromatic oxime, isatin-3-oxime (isatin-O), to the commercial ones, pralidoxime (2-PAM) and obidoxime, in a search for a new potential reactivator for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by the pesticide paraoxon (AChE/POX) as well as a novel potential scaffold for further synthetic modifications. The multicriteria decision methods (MCDM) allowed the identification of the best docking poses of those molecules inside AChE/POX for further molecular dynamic (MD) studies, while Ellman’s modified method enabled in vitro inhibition and re

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John, Harald, and Marc-Michael Blum. "Review of UV spectroscopic, chromatographic, and electrophoretic methods for the cholinesterase reactivating antidote pralidoxime (2-PAM)." Drug Testing and Analysis 4, no. 3-4 (2011): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.327.

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Tsung-Ming, Shih, Christopher E. Whalley, and James J. Valdes. "A comparison of cholinergic effects of HI-6 and pralidoxime-2-chloride (2-PAM) in soman poisoning." Toxicology Letters 55, no. 2 (1991): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(91)90128-s.

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Rosenberry, Terrone L. "Solvent Deuterium Oxide Isotope Effects on the Reactions of Organophosphorylated Acetylcholinesterase." Molecules 25, no. 19 (2020): 4412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194412.

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Organophosphates (OPs) are esters of substituted phosphates, phosphonates or phosphoramidates that react with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by initially transferring the organophosphityl group to a serine residue in the enzyme active site, concomitant with loss of an alcohol or halide leaving group. With substituted phosphates, this transfer is followed by relatively slow hydrolysis of the organophosphoryl AChE, or dephosphorylation, that is often accompanied by an aging reaction that renders the enzyme irreversibly inactivated. Aging is a dealkylation that converts the phosphate triester to a d

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Goel, Parul, Nidhi Gupta, Surjit Singh, Ashish Bhalla, Navneet Sharma, and K. D. Gill. "Regeneration of Red Cell Cholinesterase Activity Following Pralidoxime (2-PAM) Infusion in First 24 h in Organophosphate Poisoned Patients." Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 27, no. 1 (2011): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12291-011-0152-0.

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Karljiković-Rajić, Katarina D., and Branislava S. Stanković. "Use of pralidoxime-Pd(II) complex for the spectrophotometric determination of the cholinesterase reactivator (PAM-2Cl) in the urine." Clinica Chimica Acta 193, no. 3 (1990): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(90)90243-l.

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Katagi, Manjunatha S., Jennifer Fernandes, Shivalingrao Mamledesai, Sujatha M.L., Rekha A., and Girish Bolakatti. "Schiff Base Oxime Derivatives Reactivate Chlorpyrifos-induced Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition." INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences 2, no. 1 (2019): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/itps.v2i1.499.

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Background: The biological effects of organophosphorus (OP) compounds are connected with the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an important neuromediator acetylcholine (ACh) splitting enzyme in the human body at the synaptic clefts. Due to this inhibition, AChE is unable to fulfil its physiological function resulting in the accumulation of ACh, which, in turn over stimulates the parasympathetic nerve receptors, and causes fatal cholinergic crisis. Objective: The objective of the study was to synthesize a series of Schiff base oximes and to assess their evaluating fo

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McGarry, Kevin G., Kevin E. Schill, Tyson P. Winters, et al. "Characterization of Cholinesterases From Multiple Large Animal Species for Medical Countermeasure Development Against Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents." Toxicological Sciences 174, no. 1 (2019): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz250.

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Abstract Organophosphorus (OP) compounds, which include insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) such as sarin (GB) and VX, continue to be a global threat to both civilian and military populations. It is widely accepted that cholinesterase inhibition is the primary mechanism for acute OP toxicity. Disruption of cholinergic function through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) leads to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Excess acetylcholine at the synapse results in an overstimulation of cholinergic neurons which manifests in the common signs and symp

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John, Harald, Michael Eddleston, R. Eddie Clutton, Franz Worek, and Horst Thiermann. "Quantification of pralidoxime (2-PAM) in urine by ion pair chromatography-diode array detection: application to in vivo samples from minipig." Drug Testing and Analysis 4, no. 3-4 (2011): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.340.

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Urquizu, Edurne, Selma Paratusic, Júlia Goyenechea, et al. "Acute Paraoxon-Induced Neurotoxicity in a Mouse Survival Model: Oxidative Stress, Dopaminergic System Alterations and Memory Deficits." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 22 (2024): 12248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212248.

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The secondary neurotoxicity induced by severe organophosphorus (OP) poisoning, including paraoxon (POX), is associated with cognitive impairments in survivors, who, despite receiving appropriate emergency treatments, may still experience lasting neurological deficits. Thus, the present study provides a survival mouse model of acute and severe POX poisoning to examine secondary neurotoxicity. Swiss CD-1 male mice were injected with POX (4 mg/kg, s.c.) followed by atropine (4 mg/kg, i.p.), pralidoxime (2-PAM; Pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride) (25 mg/kg, i.p., twice, 1 h apart) and diazepam (5 m

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Hong, S. Peter, Seth T. Gibbs, Dean J. Kobs, Merrill R. Osheroff, Jerry D. Johnson, and Brian L. Burback. "Pharmacokinetics of MMB4 DMS in Rats, Rabbits, and Dogs Following a Single IV Administration." International Journal of Toxicology 32, no. 4_suppl (2013): 30S—37S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581813488954.

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Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents pose tremendous threats to both military and civilian populations. The substance 1,1′-methylenebis[4-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-pyridinium] (MMB4) is being developed as a replacement for the currently fielded 2-pyridine aldoxime, or pralidoxime (2-PAM) as a treatment for OP nerve agent–induced toxicity. The present study characterized pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of MMB4 in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, New Zealand White rabbits, and beagle dogs given a single intravenous (IV) administration of MMB4 dimethanesulfonate (DMS) at 55, 25, and 15 mg/kg dose, r

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Agrawaal, Krishna Kumar, and Prahalad Karki. "Clinico-Epidemiological Study on Pesticide Poisoning in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern Nepal." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 52, no. 196 (2014): 972–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.2796.

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Introduction: Pesticide poisoning is a major health problem worldwide. In Nepal the most common cause is suicidal and pesticides account for more than fifty percent of cases. The objective of the study was to look in detail regarding the pesticide poisoning cases admitted at BPKIHS; their epidemiological profile, presentation, treatment and their outcome during the hospital stay. Drug therapy included specific antidotal drugs; atropine and pralidoxime (PAM) and some nonspecificdrugs: antimicrobials and sedatives. Methods: It was a retrospective study which included 2621 patients with poi

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Petroianu, G. A., M. Y. Hasan, S. M. Nurulain, N. Nagelkerke, J. Kassa, and K. Kuča. "New K-Oximes (K-27 and K-48) in Comparison with Obidoxime (LuH-6), HI-6, Trimedoxime (TMB-4), and Pralidoxime (2-PAM): Survival in Rats Exposed IP to the Organophosphate Paraoxon." Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 17, no. 7 (2007): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376510601131362.

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Kongkaew, Nalinee, Kowit Hengphasatporn, Yuwanda Injongkol, et al. "Design of electron-donating group substituted 2-PAM analogs as antidotes for organophosphate insecticide poisoning." RSC Advances 13, no. 46 (2023): 32266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra03087c.

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Design of novel 2-pralidoxime analogs by incorporating electron-donating groups onto its pyridinium core to enhance blood–brain barrier permeability and binding susceptibility toward acetylcholinesterase with paraoxon bound.

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Gomez, Mauro R. B. P., Vinicius C. V. da Rocha, Letícia S. Chaves, et al. "Continuous Flow Synthesis of the Nerve Agent Antidote Pralidoxime (2‐PAM) Iodide." ChemistrySelect 9, no. 36 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.202402498.

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AbstractPralidoxime salts are important medical countermeasures towards different organophosphorus compounds, either nerve agents or pesticides, as they act as acetylcholinesterase reactivators, avoiding health issues and even death that can result from intoxication with such chemicals. In this work, we present an expeditious study focuses on the optimization of a two‐step continuous‐flow synthesis of 2‐PAM. Initial attempts to replace the solvent composition in the oxime formation reaction with acetonitrile resulted in lower yields, highlighting the significance of a polar protic solvent. Sub

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S Katagi, Manjunatha, Shivalingrao Mamledesai, A. Rekha, Girish Bolakatti, Jennifer Fernandes, and M. Suchitra. "Synthesis of Oxazoloquinolone Derivatives and Evaluation of their Potency to Reactivate Rat Brain Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Chlorpyrifos." Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 6, no. 2 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.26463/rjps.6_2_2.

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Poisoning with organophosphorus OP compounds is frequent because OP compounds are widely used as insecticides or pesticides. The OP compounds exert inhibition on acetylcholinesterase AChE activity by irreversibly binding to the catalytic site of an enzyme. The inhibition of AChE leads to hyperstimulation of muscarnic and nicotinic receptors due to excess of acetylcholine ACh. Despite continued efforts to discover improved reactivators there has been little success towards innovation of AChE reactivators. In the present study the titled compounds were obtained by refluxing the 3a-3h with hydrox

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Delgado, Pedro, Javier D. Martin-Romera, Cristina Perona, et al. "Zirconium Metal–Organic Polyhedra with Dual Behavior for Organophosphate Poisoning Treatment." June 2, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c06025.

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Organophosphate nerve agents and pesticides are extremely toxic compounds because they result in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and concomitant nerve system damage. Herein, we report the synthesis, structural characterization, and proof-of-concept utility of zirconium metal–organic polyhedra (Zr-MOPs) for organophosphate poisoning treatment. The results show the formation of robust tetrahedral cages [((<em>n</em>-butylCpZr)<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>3</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>L<sub>6</sub>]Cl<sub>6</sub> (<strong>Zr-MOP-1</strong>; L = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate, <em>n</em>-butylCp

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"A Comparison between Neuromuscular Effects of Parathion and Paraoxon on Chick Biventer Cervicis Nerve-Muscle and the Reversal of their Effects by Pralidoxime." Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, January 4, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32592/ircmj.2021.23.2.28.

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Background: It is generally believed that the anticholinesterase effect is induced by the organophosphate insecticide parathion only through its bioactive metabolite (i.e., paraoxon) that is created in the liver. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the intrinsic anticholinesterase effect of parathion, compared to its main metabolite. Methods: This study has been conducted to prepare the isolated chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle using the twitch tension recording method. Results: According to the results, paraoxon (0.1 µM) induced a highly significant increase (more than 100%) in the t

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Jamshidi, Nasim, Ali Tarighatnia, Mona Fazel Ghaziyani, Fakhrossadat Sajadian, Maryam Olad-Ghaffari, and Nader D. Nader. "Folic Acid-Conjugated Fe-Au-Based Nanoparticles for Dual Detection of Breast Cancer Cells by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, December 26, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v11i1.14519.

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Purpose: We synthesized folic acid-conjugated Fe3O4/Au-pralidoxime chloride Nanoparticles (Fe2O3/Au@PAM NPs) for use as dual-modal contrast agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Fe2O3/Au@PAM NPs labeled or not to folic acid were synthesized and analyzed by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The ability of these NPs to create image contrast was also investigated in silico and in vitro (in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and A549 lung cancer cel

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Xiang, Runan, Shihan Wang, Peisen Liao, et al. "Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Pyridine Oximes using in Situ Generated NH2OH from NO species on Nanofiber Membranes Derived from NH2‐MIL‐53(Al)." Angewandte Chemie International Edition, September 20, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202312239.

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Pyridine oximes producing from aldehyde or ketone with hydroxylamine (NH2OH) have been widely applied in pharmaceutics, enzymatic and sterilization. However, the important raw material NH2OH, exhibits corrosive and unstable properties, leading to substantial energy consumption during storage and transportation. Herein, this work presents a novel method for directly synthesizing highly valuable pyridine oximes using in situ generated NH2OH from electrocatalytic NO reduction with well‐design nanofiber membranes (Al‐NFM) derived from NH2‐MIL‐53(Al). Particularly, 2‐pyridinealdoxime, the precursor

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