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1

Mollett, Sharlene. "Swiss human geographies lecture 2019 tourism troubles: feminist political ecologies of land and body in Panama." Geographica Helvetica 77, no. 3 (2022): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-77-327-2022.

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Abstract. On the Panamanian Caribbean coast and the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, foreign direct investment via residential tourism development drives land displacement. As land insecurities grow, particularly for local Indigenous and Afro-Panamanian peoples, ongoing dispossession is not simply about land, but rather simultaneously about land, people and their bodies. In Bocas, foreign land enclosures are infused with imaginaries, which take for granted Black female servitude and Black landlessness. Such imaginaries seemingly lock economically “poor” Afro-Panamanian women into particular kinds of work. To illustrate, I entangle feminist political ecological assertions that struggles over nature are embodied struggles, with intersectional and relational understandings of land and body. To do so, I draw insights from postcolonial, decolonial and Black feminist critiques of coloniality and settler colonialism. Building from this literature, I seek to show how a logic of elimination operates within the legal geographies of residential tourism development. In doing so, I highlight the historical and contemporary ways in which Afro-Panamanian women are naturalized as criadas (maids), a process that accompanies land enclosure. Blending ethnographic and historical data collection, I seek to illuminate how Afro-Panamanian women's livelihood struggles reflect both their acquiescence to residential tourism development, and their resilience in the face of Bocas' anti-black patriarchal coloniality. Thus, I argue that Afro-Panamanian women's desires for inclusion and belonging in Bocas' tourism enclave – a project that seeks to eliminate Indigenous and Black relations to coastal lands and foster their embodied subjection to foreign nationals – simultaneously reflects their struggles for the right to remain on the coast.
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2

Ward, Christopher, and Richard J. Junkins. "Panamanian Historical Sources." Latin American Research Review 21, no. 3 (1986): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100016216.

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Considered a part of neither Central America nor the Gran Colombian area, and too small to claim a loyal following among scholars, Panama remains virtually unstudied by contemporary historians. Consequently, sources for the study of Panamanian history have been neglected, a situation this research note seeks to correct in part by identifying the principal holdings in Panamanian archives and libraries.
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3

REEVES, WILL K., and JANET W. REID. "New records and a checklist of continental free-living Copepoda (Crustacea) from Panama." Zootaxa 62, no. 1 (2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.62.1.1.

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We report new national records of Thermocyclops decipiens and Mesocyclops pseudomeridianus and two apparently undescribed species of Diacyclops and Halicyclops from Panama. We provide a complete bibliography of all literature on Panamanian copepods, and a table of historic copepod collection sites is presented.
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4

OMELKO, MIKHAIL M. "Two new species of Kiekie Polotow & Brescovit, 2018 (Araneae: Ctenidae) from the highlands of Panama." Zootaxa 5323, no. 2 (2023): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5323.2.7.

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Two new species, Kiekie almae sp. n. and K. dietrichi sp. n. are described based on both sexes collected in highlands of Central America (Panama). Live males and females of both species were photographed in situ. A distribution map of all Panamanian Kiekie species is given based on new and literature-derived records.
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5

Pato, Enrique. "Principales rasgos gramaticales del español de Panamá." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 135, no. 4 (2019): 1042–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2019-0060.

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Abstract This work offers an in-depth description of the main morphosyntactic features found in present Panamanian Spanish, a lesser known Central American variety. Text corpora and linguistic surveys help us to provide an updated grammatical overview, which takes into account most categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions and locutions, illustrates with examples taken from both formal and informal settings. By comparing these features with previous grammatical descriptions, this study helps in identifying some common American features ―such as the use of medio as an agreeing adjective instead of an adverb― as well as some specific patterns ―such as the prominence of -azón and -azo suffixes― in present-day Panamanian Spanish, some of which forms remain to be incorporated in the Academy dictionary.
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6

Fuentes Magallón, Rogemif, Melquiades Castillo, Edmundo Belton, Eduardo Zambrano, Helio Quintero-Arrieta, and Abel Batista. "Dead snake! A strategy for survival: Thanatosis in some Panamanian snakes with a review of death-feigning in American snakes." Reptiles & Amphibians 28, no. 3 (2021): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v28i3.15753.

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Thanatosis (pretending to be dead), sometimes called letisimulation, is widely used as an anti-predator strategy by snakes. Herein we report six cases of death-feigning in six species of Panamanian snakes (Dark-headed Red Falseboa, Pseudoboa neuwiedii; Double-banded False Coralsnake, Erythrolamprus bizona; Forest Flamesnake, Oxyrhopus petolarius; Rufous-headed Snake, Amastridium veliferum; Colombian Long-tailed Snake, Enuliophis sclateri; and Pacific Banded Coffee Snake, Ninia maculata). We also present a literature review of thanatosis in American snakes and discuss the terminology associated with this behavior.
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7

Watson, Sonja Stephenson. "Poetic Negrism and the National Sentiment of Anti-West Indianism and Anti-Imperialism in Panamanian Literature." Callaloo 35, no. 2 (2012): 459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2012.0067.

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8

Adams, Melissa A., and Glenmore Shearer. "Cysteine Dioxygenase Enzyme Activity and Gene Expression in the Dimorphic Pathogenic Fungus Histoplasma capsulatum Is in both the Mold and Yeast Morphotypes and Exhibits Substantial Strain Variation." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 1 (2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6010024.

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In the dimorphism (mold/yeast) Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) literature are reports that yeast (the so-called pathogenic form) uniquely expresses a cysteine dioxygenase (CDO, approx. 10,500 dal) activity which the mold morphotype (the so-called saprophytic soil form) does not express (C.F., Kumar et al., Biochem 22, 762, 1983). This yeast-specific CDO activity is postulated to play a critical role in the mold-to-yeast shift. A number of years ago, our lab isolated the gene encoding the Hc cysteine dioxygenase (CDO1, Genbank accession AY804144) and noted significant expression in the mold morphotype of several Histoplasma strains and also determined that the predicted protein would be over double the 10,500 dal reported by Kumar et al. Our report demonstrates (in the class 1 Downs strain, the class 2 G271B strain and two Panamanian strains, 184AS and 186AS) that the CDO1 gene is expressed in both the mold and yeast morphotypes and both morphotypes show significant CDO activity. Furthermore, we show via a FLAG-tag analysis that the expressed protein is approximately 24.7 ± 2.4 kd, in agreement with the putative protein sequence (determined from cDNA sequence) which yields 23.8 kd and is consistent with most other eukaryotic CDO enzymes. Additionally, we demonstrate that intracellular cysteine levels are actually significantly higher in the mold form of the two Panamanian strains, 184AS and 186AS, equal in both mold and yeast in the class 1 Downs strain and significantly higher in yeast of the more pathogenic class 2 G217B strain.
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9

DE AZEVEDO FERREIRA, LUCIANE AUGUSTO, and ARTHUR ANKER. "An annotated and illustrated checklist of the porcelain crabs of Panama (Decapoda: Anomura)." Zootaxa 5045, no. 1 (2021): 1–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5045.1.1.

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The present study is the first exhaustive checklist of porcelain crabs (Porcellanidae) distributed on the Pacific and Atlantic (Caribbean) coasts of Panama, based on literature records and material collected between 2006 and 2019. The Panamanian porcellanid fauna is currently composed of a total of 76 species, with 26 species reported from the Caribbean coast, 45 species reported from the Pacific coast, and five species reported from both sides of the Central American Isthmus (Isthmus of Panama). In other words, the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Panama each harbour, respectively, 31 and 50 species of porcellanid crabs. However, this total includes two problematic porcellanid records from Panama, viz. Clastotoechus nodosus (Streets, 1872) and Petrolisthes brachycarpus Sivertsen, 1933, as well as a putatively undecribed taxon reported as Pachycheles sp. The following four species are recorded for the first time from Panama, viz. Euceramus panatelus Glassell, 1938, Pachycheles riisei (Stimpson, 1859) [also being new for Mexico], Petrolisthes dissimulatus Gore, 1983 and P. tonsorius Haig, 1960. In addition, Minyocerus kirki Glassell, 1938 is newly recorded from Colombia, extending its previously known distributional range significantly southwards. Most species are illustrated in colour, several for the first time, based on material from Panama or other localities. At least 20 further species (16 in the Atlantic, 5 in the Pacific, and 1 in both oceans) are suspected to occur in Panamanian waters, based on their records from the neighbouring Costa Rica and/or Colombia, or their wide distribution in the Caribbean Sea or the tropical eastern Pacific. The presence of several cryptic or pseudocryptic species (at least some of them presumably undescribed), especially in the taxonomically challenging Petrolisthes galathinus (Bosc, 1802) species complex, or the eventual species splitting within some taxa currently seen as transisthmian, will likely further increase the total number of species present in Panama. The porcellanid fauna of Panama is also ecologically remarkably diversified. Most Panamanian porcelain crabs are free-living under rocks, in crevices of rocks, dead coral heads, coralline algae, coral rubble etc., or on mud, among mangrove roots. Euceramus panatelus lives in possibly self-dug burrows in soft mud or muddy sand, whereas its congener E. transversilineatus (Lockington, 1878) may occasionally be found in association with holothuroids. At least 15 further porcellanid species occurring in Panama live in permanent or facultative associations with a variety of other marine organisms, including sponges, cnidarians (octocorals), echinoderms (sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers), polychaetes (parchment worms) and other decapod crustaceans (hermit crabs), making them one of the most attractive groups for studies of symbiosis-related behaviour and evolution.
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10

Ibáñez Castejón, Francisco Javier. "El héroe en “Luna verde” como espacio de las contradicciones que constituyen el proceso de la nacionalidad." Epos : Revista de filología, no. 33 (August 23, 2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/epos.33.2017.17661.

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Luna verde, narración muy influyente dentro de la literatura panameña contemporánea, ha establecido y desarrollado los tópicos de lo que se conoce como novela canalera. Este subgénero se circunscribe a la denuncia de los hechos ocurridos en la Zona del Canal de Panamá, donde la ocupación norteamericana se constituye en un régimen despótico. El relato se basa en la construcción de un héroe que va de la soledad existencial al reconocimiento de sí mismo y de su pueblo. En función de ello, plantea diferentes dicotomías de índole político, racial, ideológico, de género e histórico, que se analizarán considerando su objetivo realista y testimonial, y su fuerte impronta relacionada con el nacionalismo romántico. El personaje, Ramón de Roquebert, en el contexto del fracaso de la nación liberal, que provocó la concesión a una potencia extranjera de parte del territorio panameño, narra su propio desencanto y su búsqueda de una respuesta individual y colectiva, primero como trabajador y luego como estudiante. En la unión de ambos roles yace la iniciativa que la nacionalidad espera para afirmarse a sí misma.Luna verde is a very influential narration within contemporary Panamanian literature. It has endowed and developed the topics of what is known as the «novela canalera». This subgenre denounces the events that occurred in the Panama Canal Zone, where the North Americans established a despotic regime. The story is based on the formation of a hero who goes from existential loneliness to the identification of his people and himself. Subsequently, the novel exposes various dichotomies of a political, racial, ideological, historical and gender character, which will be analyzed in the light of its realistic and testimonial purpose and its strong imprint related to romantic nationalism. The main character, Ramon de Roquebert, narrates his own disenchantment and his search for an individual and collective response, first as a worker and then as student. In the union of both roles lies the initiative that nationality hopes to assert itself. This should be analyzed from a specific point of view which takes into consideration the context of the failure of the liberal nation, that ultimately leads to the concession of part of the Panamanian territory to a foreign power.
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11

SANBORN, ALLEN F. "The cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Panama including the description of six new species, three new combinations, one new synonymy, and nine new records." Zootaxa 4493, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4493.1.1.

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The known cicada fauna of Panama is identified. Procollina quadrimaculata n. sp., P. stigmosa n. sp., Guyalna woldai n. sp., Herrera nigratorquata n. sp., H. sigillata n. sp. and Conibosa megalopercula n. sp. are described as new. Proarna germari Distant, 1905 n. syn. is shown to be a junior synonym of Proarna invaria (Walker, 1850). Pacarina championi (Distant, 1881) is returned to Proarna Stål, 1864 to become Proarna championi Distant, 1881 n. comb. again. The first records of Proarna invaria (Walker, 1850), Guyalna bogotana (Distant, 1892), Dorisiana cachla (Distant, 1899), Ollanta modesta (Distant, 1881), Pacarina schumanni Distant, 1905, Majeorona truncata Goding, 1925, Herrera lugubrina lugubrina (Stål, 1864), Calyria cuna (Walker, 1850), and Calyria telifera (Walker, 1858) are provided. The records for Ollanta modesta (Distant, 1881) are the first records of the genus Ollanta Distant, 1905 for Panama. The records for Calyria cuna (Walker, 1850), and Calyria telifera (Walker, 1858) are the first record of the genus Calyria Stål, 1862 and the Tribe Parnisini Distant, 1905 in Panama. Previous records of Dorisiana metcalfi Sanborn & Heath, 2014 (= Cicada viridis Olivier, 1790), Carineta fasciculata (Germar, 1830), and Selymbria stigmatica (Germar, 1834) are considered to be misidentifications of G. bogotana, C. maculosa (Torres, 1948), and S. pluvialis (Ramos & Wolda 1985) respectively so that D. metcalfi, C. fasciculata, and S. stigmatica are removed from the cicada fauna of Panama. The Panamanian record of Dorisiana semilata (Walker, 1850) is shown to be a mistake and the species is removed from the faunal list as well. The currently known Panamanian cicada fauna is comprised of 54 described species along with six species from the literature that remain undetermined from 22 genera, seven tribes and three subfamilies. Bergalna xanthospila (Germar, 1830) is reassigned to Dorisiana Metcalf, 1952 to become Dorisiana xanthospila (Germar, 1830) n. comb. Fidicinoides flavibasalis (Distant, 1905) is reassigned to Guyalna Boulard & Martinelli, 1996 to become Guyalna flavibasalis (Distant, 1905) n. comb.
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12

Meding, Holger M. "Historical Archives of the Republic of Panama." Latin American Research Review 34, no. 3 (1999): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002387910003939x.

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AbstractDespite the significance of the Panama Canal in the maritime economy, the Republic of Panama has not yet been studied adequately, particularly its domestic archives. After a critique of existing historical writing on major Panamanian topics, problems, and deficiencies, this research note provides a brief history of the national archives in Panama and the most significant private collections. The coverage identifies the contents, subdivisions, and shortcomings of these archives as well as finding aids and catalogues. It also describes the most relevant published sources on the history of the Isthmian Republic, including government publications, periodicals and newspapers, and compilations.
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13

Wagner, Lisa, and Regina Roebuck. "Apologizing in Cuernavaca, Mexico and Panama City, Panama." Spanish in Context 7, no. 2 (2010): 254–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.7.2.05wag.

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This comparative study of naturally occurring apologies in Cuernavaca and Panamanian Spanish investigates the apology strategies community members employ most often, and the types of positive- and negative-politeness strategies they use to perform this speech act. The authors calculate the frequency with which speakers use positive- and negative-politeness strategies in their apology acts and investigate whether members of these two speech communities demonstrate a preference for positive or negative politeness when apologizing. Instead of using a language-specific parameter such as “Spanish Language” and assuming that all native speakers of this language have and will use a closed set of linguistic strategies in the same way when they apologize, the authors argue that speech acts, politeness and face are socio-culturally sensitive variables whose values and effects vary between communities of practice. To support this claim, they show how the communities of Cuernavaca, Mexico and Panama City, Panama differ from previous findings on apologizing within different communities of practice in the Spanish-speaking world.
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Cohen-Rengifo, Mishal, Sandra Bessudo, and German Soler. "Echinoderms, Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary, Colombian Pacific: new reports and distributional issues." Check List 5, no. 3 (2009): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/5.3.702.

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A systematic list of echinoderms from Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary (MFFS) was prepared, based on local sampling, literature review and identification of specimens from Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia (MHNMC) and from National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. (USNM). Standard methodology for monitoring the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape was used in December 2006 and March 2007 to sample shallow water echinoderms (1-20 m deep). Malpelo is the richest locality of the Colombian Pacific with 84 species reported (56 % of them deep water organisms), belonging to 22 orders, 42 families and 68 genera, distributed between the surface and a depth of 5000 m. Thirty-six new records for MFFS and Colombian Pacific are reported. In Colombia the shallow water species are widely distributed in the Pacific, while deep forms only occur at Malpelo. The majority of species are mostly related to the Panamanian and Galapagos region showing a possible connectivity. This list increases knowledge on the echinoderm biodiversity from the Malpelo Island in 68 %.
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15

Grau-Lleveria, Elena. "Narrative Strategies in the Construction of a New Historical Novel: Libertad en llamas by the Panamanian Author Gloria Guardia." Romanische Forschungen 118, no. 4 (2006): 460–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3196/003581206780281702.

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16

Pike, Ruth. "Black Rebels: The Cimarrons of Sixteenth-Century Panama." Americas 64, no. 2 (2007): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2007.0161.

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The strategic location of the Isthmus of Panama within the commercial network of the Spanish Empire and the need to defend it has greatly influenced historical writing on sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Panama. Most studies have emphasized military and economic history and with few exceptions, have shown little interest in other aspects of Panamanian life. An excellent review of the historical literature on colonial Panama can be found in Christopher Ward, Imperial Panama: Commerce and Conflict in Isthmian America, 1550-1800 (Albuquerque, 1993). Despite a continuing emphasis on the usual themes of trade and defense, there is a growing trend to focus on other topics such as population movements and social classes. One of the areas still awaiting further investigation and study is the history of the cimarrons of Panama. The two principal primary sources for the role of the cimarrons are the collections of documents from the Archivo General de Indias in Seville published by Irene Wright and Carol F. Jopling, respectively. Wright's Documents Concerning the English Voyages to the Spanish Main, 1569-1580 (London, 1932) contains the correspondence of Spanish officials on the Isthmus to the king relating to the activities of the English pirates and their alliance with the cimarrons.
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17

Haefeli, Evan. "Aram, Bethany, principal investigator. An ARTery of Empire: Conquest, Commerce, Crisis, Culture and the Panamanian Junction (1513–1671). Other." Renaissance and Reformation 43, no. 4 (2021): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v43i4.36390.

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18

Hody, Allison W., Ricardo Moreno, Ninon F. V. Meyer, Krishna Pacifici, and Roland Kays. "Canid collision—expanding populations of coyotes (Canis latrans) and crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) meet up in Panama." Journal of Mammalogy 100, no. 6 (2019): 1819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz158.

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Abstract The rise of the Panamanian Isthmus 3–4 million years ago enabled the first dispersal of mammals between North and South America in what is known as the Great American Biotic Interchange. Modern deforestation threatens the historic forest connectivity and creates new habitat for open-country species, as documented by recent expansions of North American coyotes (Canis latrans) and South American crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) into Central America. We used camera traps to map the expansions of these species into eastern Panama and found that, by 2015, coyote populations had colonized most agricultural area west of Lago Bayano. Most of our camera arrays east of this point documented crab-eating foxes, and evidence from roadkills showed some foxes had advanced farther west, but we never documented both species at the same camera-trap array, suggesting the possibility of fine-scale spatial avoidance. We used a data fusion approach to build species distribution models combining our camera surveys with records from the literature and roadkill. While the auxiliary data improved the predictive accuracy for both species, few clear habitat patterns emerged, which might reflect the generalist tendencies of these canids, or the fact that both are in the early stages of colonizing the region. Camera-trap photos showed that both species were nocturnal and revealed some dog-like morphology in coyotes, which could indicate their recent hybridization with dogs (Canis familiaris). Our continued monitoring of the Darién documented single coyotes moving through the western edge of the area in 2016 and 2018. This leaves only the great Darién forests between coyotes and South America. If deforestation continues in the region, these two invasive canids could represent the first of a new, Not-So-Great American Biotic Interchange, where generalist species adapted to human disturbance cross continents and threaten native biota.
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Siswanto, Nurhadi. "PERUBAHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN PANAKAWAN DALAM PEWAYANGAN." Corak 7, no. 1 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/corak.v7i1.2638.

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The Panakawan figure in puppet is the original creativity of Indonesian people. Its existence is recognized as having existed before Islam emerged as the political power in the archipelago (Demak). Since the 12th century the figure of Panakawan has been mentioned in Javanese literature and developed in the walls of the temple's reliefs. Even the presence of Panakawan still exists today, with Semar, Gareng, Petruk and Bagong as the characters. Of course there were many different things between Panakawan pre-Islamic times when compared to the Islamic period. These differences were certainly very interesting to study, so they can show the influence of Islam in the world of Wayang. This paper tries to examine the history, changes and development of Panakawan figures in pre-Islamic times and the Islamic period.Using Alvin Boskoff's theory of change, and the theory of the principle of acculturation to Koentjaraningrat's culture, the author tries to examine various changes, and the development of Panakawan figures in wayang. The results of the study show that changes in the pre-Islamic Panamanian era and the Islamic period were changes due to external factors, namely the domination factor of Islamic teachings in Puppet. The strong influence of Islam has caused many changes to occur in the naming, number, form and function of the Panakawan figures.KeyWord: Punakawan, Puppet, changes and Development Tokoh Panakawan dalam pewayangan adalah asli kreatifitas manusia Indonesia. Keberadaanya diakui telah ada sebelum Islam muncul sebagai kekuatan politik di bumi Nusantara (Demak). Sejak abad 12 tokoh Panakawan telah disebutkan dalam kesusastraan Jawa dan berkembang pada relief dinding-dingding Candi. Panakawanpun keberadaannya masih eksis sampai saat ini, dengan Semar, Gareng, Petruk dan Bagong sebagai tokohnya. Tentunya banyak hal yang berbeda antara Panakawan masa pra Islam bila dibandingkan dengan masa Islam. Berbagai perbedaan tersebut tentulah sangat menarik untuk dikaji, sehingga bisa menunjukkan pengaruh Islam dalam dunia Wayang. Tulisan ini mencoba mengkaji sejarah, perubahan dan perkembangan tokoh Panakawan pada masa pra Islam dan masa Islam.Menggunakan teori Perubahan Alvin Boskoff, dan teori prinsip akulturasi budaya Koentjaraningrat, penulis mencoba mengkaji berbagai perubahan, dan perkembangan tokoh Panakawan dalam pewayangan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa perubahan Panakawan masa pra Islam dan masa Islam merupakan perubahan karena faktor eksternal, yaitu faktor dominasi ajaran Islam dalam Pewayangan. Kuatnya pengaruh Islam ini telah menyebabkab banyak terjadi perubahan baik pada penamaan, jumlah, bentuk dan fungsi tokoh Panakawan.Kata Kunci: Punakawan, Wayang, Peruabahn dan Perkembangan
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Wenham, Clare, Nelva Marissa Arauz-Reyes, Daniela Meneses-Sala, and Corina Rueda-Borrero. "Explicitly sexing health security: analysing the downstream effects of Panama’s sex-segregated COVID-19 disease control policy." Health Policy and Planning, January 27, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czac006.

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Abstract In response to COVID-19, Panama implemented a sex-segregated lockdown policy whereby women were allowed to access essential services on Monday, Wednesday and Friday and men on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. The logic was to reduce disease transmission by controlling population circulation at any one time. We sought to understand the impact of this policy approach on Panamanian society. To do so, we undertook key informant interviews with representatives from groups of society that have been significantly affected by this policy across Panamanian society. Framework analysis was undertaken on interview transcripts to identify key trends, which were latterly triangulated with academic, media and grey literature. Firstly, we engage with intersectional analyses to show that those most affected were marginalised groups including trans population, disabled groups, indigenous groups and migrants who faced discrimination as a consequence of this policy. Secondly, we highlight practical tensions that individuals faced relating to access to resources (financial, health-related and beyond), and third we interrogate the methods used to enforce this policy, and the role of the police and exemption passes. We conclude that this policy was regressive in that it affected those most vulnerable in Panamanian society, entrenching existing inequalities. Before implementing sex-segregated policies in future health crises, governments must seek advice of gender and equality advisors and ensure impact assessments are undertaken to understand the burden such policies may pose across society.
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Mulchan, Nicholas, Alberto Cayton, Armand Asarian, and Philip Xiao. "Merkel cell carcinoma: a case report and literature review." Journal of Surgical Case Reports 2019, no. 11 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjz322.

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Abstract Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous malignancy of neuroendocrine origin presenting as a painless, rapidly growing nodule. MCC often presents in elderly, fair-skinned individuals in sun-exposed areas. Diagnosis is often overlooked at time of presentation due to its rarity, but MCC is twice as deadly as malignant melanoma. There has been bigger interest in the disease due to increasing incidence and an association with the prevalent virus Merkel cell polyomavirus. This study describes an uncommon presentation of MCC as a right gluteal lesion in an Afro-Panamanian patient. The tumor was suspected to be fibrolipoma, but Immunohistochemistry revealed the diagnosis of MCC, as stains for CD56 and CK20 were positive. In addition to surgical excision, the patient was referred for adjuvant radiotherapy. This case report and literature review elucidates the clinical, histopathologic and management aspects of MCC, which will help in recognizing and treating these tumors.
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22

Amrein, Arielle M., Hector M. Guzman, Katie C. Surrey, Beth Polidoro, and Leah R. Gerber. "Impacts of Whale Watching on the Behavior of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Coast of Panama." Frontiers in Marine Science 7 (December 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.601277.

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Ecotourism focused on whales and dolphins has become a popular activity and an important source of revenue for many countries. Whale watching is vital to supporting conservation efforts and provides numerous benefits to local communities including educational opportunities and job creation. However, the sustainability of whale-based ecotourism depends on the behavior and health of whale populations and it is crucial that ecotourism industries consider the impact of their activities on whale behavior. To address this statement, we collected behavioral data (e.g., change in swimming direction, frequency of breaching, slap behaviors, diving, and spy hops) from humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the marine protected area of Las Perlas Archipelago off the Pacific coast of Panama. The goal was to determine if tourist vessel presence had an influence on whale behaviors. We conducted this study during the humpback whale breeding season from August through September 2019. Based on 47 behavioral observations, we found that higher boat density corresponded with humpback whales’ frequency of direction changes, which based on previous literature is believed to be a sign of disturbance. Alternatively, no changes in behavior were observed with varying boat density. This result is important given Panamanian regulations first implemented in 2007 by Resolution AMD/ARAP No. 01, 2007 prohibit whale-based tourism from disturbing whales, which is explicitly measured by changes in whale behavior. Because there is no systematic monitoring of whale watching activity to enforce the regulations, there is currently little compliance from tour operators and tourists. The integration of animal behavior research into management planning should result in more effective regulation and compliance of such conservation policies.
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23

Rodríguez, Raúl. "Tecnología Digital Comunicación Y Mundo Global." Revista Médica de Panamá - ISSN 2412-642X 1, no. 38 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.37980/im.journal.rmdp.2018494.

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<p>[Digital Technology Communication and Global World]</p><p>Alocución en la sesión solemne del 19 de enero de 2018 de la Academia Panameña de Medicina y Cirugía. Address at the solemn session of January 19, 2018 of the Panamanian Academy of Medicine and Surgery.<br /><br />La llamada revolución digital, también conocida como la tercera revolución industrial es el cambio de la tecnología analógica, mecánica y electrónica a la tecnología digital, la cual comenzó a desarrollarse entre los finales de los años 50 y 70 y ha marcado un cambio radical en nuestra forma de vivir.<br /><br />Se ha considerado a la tecnología como una extensión en la innovación del ser humano para desenvolverse en su medio.<br /><br />Marshall Mcluhan profesor, filósofo e intelectual canadiense afirmaba que todos los artefactos del hombre, el lenguaje, las leyes, las ideas, las herramientas, la ropa y los ordenadores o computadoras, son extensiones del cuerpo humano. Seguía diciendo: todo artefacto es un arquetipo y la nueva combinación cultural de nuevos y viejos artefactos es el motor de todo invento y conduce además el amplio uso de éste, lo que se denomina innovación. <br /><br />Innovación que vemos representada en todos los rincones de nuestros hogares, en la escuela, en el trabajo, en nuestro automóvil, pues es a través de ésta que el hombre expresa nuevas necesidades que deben estar satisfechas ante un mundo constante de cambios.<br /><br />Con esta premisa quiero hacer algunos comentarios de como estos avances tecnológicos nos han afectado y como han cambiado la forma de hacer nuestro trabajo, de aprender, de enseñar, comunicarnos, de hacer compras, negocios, etc. Al mismo tiempo de que como aceptar lo bueno y desechar lo no conveniente o nocivo de estos avances tecnológicos, sobre todo para aquellos que la nueva tecnología nos alcanzó más tarde en nuestras vidas pero que aún nos consideramos útiles y todavía con algo de aprender, enseñar o aconsejar.<br /><br />Pertenecemos al grupo de los llamados ahora Baby Boomers, o sea los nacidos en los inicios de los 40 hasta 1964 y lo que para la mayoría de nosotros no es tarea fácil aceptar los cambios, es muy diferente para aquellas generaciones de los llamados millennials, o Generación Y o sea los nacidos entre 1980 y 2000, que serían nuestros hijos quiénes estan acostumbrados a la comunicación digital, a llas nuevas tecnologías y más aún los de la generación Z, posteriores a los millennials y que se extiende hasta el 2010. Esta forma de clasificación no depende sólo de la edad sino igualmente del conocimiento y manejo de la tecnología y que por supuesto, no es una clasificación universal porque no depende únicamente del área geográfica donde se viva, si no también de los recursos de educación y capacidad económica. <br /><br />En este aspecto quiero relatarles una anécdota familiar. Una tía, maestra de profesión, nacida en 1918, fallecida, me comentó a sus 90 años: le he dicho a Rolando, su hijo, que esta computadora es muy lenta para mí. Cronológicamente debía pertenecer a una generación anterior, a la denominada generación silenciosa o sea los nacidos antes de 1920, pero su adaptación a las nuevas tecnologías le permitió ser siempre joven de pensamiento y espíritu.<br /><br />Actualmente estamos viviendo en la generación T o táctil que son aquellos nacidos después del 2010 y que se estima se extienda hasta el 2020. Este grupo ya al parecer nació con un chip o gen digital. Se estima que aproximadamente un 81 % de los bebés ya tienen algún tipo de presencia en Internet al cumplir los seis meses de edad.<br /><br />Las diferentes formas de comunicación existentes llámese Blogs, la Word Wide Web, Internet, Redes Sociales, Telefonía Móvil, WhatsApp, Correo Electrónico, Twitter, Instagram, You tube, etc., son métodos de comunicación inexistentes no hace mucho. Sin embargo, actualmente hay más de 3mil 700 millones de usuarios de internet en el mundo y aproximadamente 5 mil millones de usuarios de teléfonos móviles. <br /><br />Todo esto hace que vivamos dentro de un mundo globalizado que se define como un proceso económico, tecnológico, político y cultural a escala mundial que consiste en la creciente comunicación e interdependencia entre las personas y los distintos países del mundo uniendo sus mercados, sociedades y culturas. <br /><br />En un informe reciente sobre las predicciones tecnológicas para 2018 realizado por el Instituto para el Futuro, el cual es una organización de investigación independiente, sin fines de lucro, advierte que estamos entrando en una época en que las máquinas tendrán el dominio de muchas operaciones de actividades que antes realizaban los seres humanos y que otras desaparecerán. Resaltan sin embargo, que no se trata de sustituir en 100% las actividades de los seres humanos, sino de complementarlas.<br /><br />Todos somos conscientes de los avances universales y locales de estos cambios de tecnología en todas las actividades del quehacer humano y específicamente en el ejercicio profesional en cada una nuestras especialidades médicas. Existen más de 150 mil aplicaciones móviles en Medicina.<br /><br />Los avances tecnológicos no sólo han cambiado la práctica de la medicina en el sentido de contar con más y sofisticadas herramientas, equipos y métodos de diagnós-tico y terapia. La comunicación facilitada por la nueva tecnología es la fuerza conductora detrás de las mejoras en los cuidados de salud. Los médicos y el personal de salud en general manejan dispositivos móviles, para obtener y documentar en tiempo real los datos de los pacientes, tiempo exacto de aplicación de medicamentos, anotación instantánea de los cambios de condición mediante la utilización de cuadrículas o expedientes electrónicos a los cuales inclusive se puede acceder remota-mente y que permiten establecer terapias rápidas y oportunas. Se pueden solicitar y asignar citas, saber resultados de exámenes de laboratorio, de imágenes, monito-reo cardiaco, practicar cirugías a distancia gracias a las nuevas formas tecnológicas de comunicación.<br /><br />La telemedicina ya es una realidad y nos enorgullecemos de haberla iniciado en nuestra práctica local desde 1992. Ya se habla de la cuadrícula o expediente universal o lo que es lo mismo, una cuadrícula única que funcionaria globalmente. Esto facilitaría conocer el historial clínico en cualquier lugar donde el paciente se encuentre. Disminuiría los costos evitando la repetición innecesaria de estudios, pruebas diagnósticas, disminuir los gastos de impresión de documentos, insumos, medicamentos, etc. Los hospitales son cada día más eficientes y seguros gracias a los procesos internacionales de acreditación con exigencias que solo se pueden alcanzar contando por supuesto con el personal humano calificado, pero donde la informática juega un papel preponderante en el manejo de los datos recabados, el análisis y terapéutica implementadas, facilitando las mediciones de lo que hacemos, ya que lo que no se mide, no existe. Los estudiantes de medicina disfrutan actualmente de tecnología, desconocida antes para su mejor aprendizaje, donde todo lo tienen a la mano. <br /><br />Muchos recordamos los tiempos en que realizar una investigación médica para una caso especial o un trabajo científico no era tarea fácil. Había que consultar el índex médico, revisar la bibliografía, ir a la biblioteca con la lista de libros o journals y resultaba que muchas veces no los tenían o estaban prestados. Ahora eso se hace en minutos teniendo acceso a internet y a las herramientas de búsqueda médicas reconocidas, bibliotecas virtuales, literatura médica en general. Algunas universidades cuentan con hospitales virtuales inclusive en Panamá con salas de robots que simulan enfermedades y en donde la teoría se complementa con la práctica casi real. En fin la tecnología ha cambiado la forma de vivir y de nuestro trabajo por lo que tenemos que adaptarnos a esta si queremos seguir integrados a este mundo cambiante.<br /><br />Actualmente nuestro quehacer no se restringe a un ámbito local. Como decíamos anteriormente vivimos en un mundo global, por lo que tenemos que abrirnos y formar parte de este, preservando los principios éticos y morales que nos enseñaron nuestros predecesores. En el caso específico de nuestra Academia, estamos viviendo esta realidad. Estamos tratando con el acuerdo de todos, ajustar su funcionamiento al nuevo mundo que nos toca vivir sin modificar su misión original para lo que fue concebida en 1949 de acuerdo al acta de constitución que dice: Los propósito de la Academia Panameña de Medicina y Cirugía son:<br /><br />1. Propender el adelanto de las ciencias médicas quirúrgicas y afines y a la práctica ética y competente del arte de Hipócrates.<br /><br />2. Estimular las investigaciones científicas que den lustre a la Medicina Nacional y que sirvan de beneficio a la humanidad.<br /><br />3. Ayudar a la fundación y desarrollo de otras instituciones científicas que persigan igualmente la formación de mejores médicos y profesionales afines a las ciencias médico quirúrgicas. <br /><br />Desde hace una par de años tenemos una Revista Médica en formato digital, indexada, que permite ser vista en el mundo entero y en donde se publican trabajos científicos de investigadores nacionales o extranjeros que se adapten a las exigencias que el comité editorial requiere. Las comunicaciones de la Academia, citación a reuniones, revisión de tesis, pago de cuotas se pueden hacer vía Internet, lo que hace más fácil y expedito su funcionamiento. Recientemente firmamos un acuerdo con una Universidad local para que sus profesores y estudiantes tengan un medio digital donde publicar sus trabajos de investigación. Estamos tratando que la Academia sea más conocida y tenga mayor presencia en la problemática de salud de país, tarea que se hace más accesible mediante el uso de tecnología que antes no era posible. <br /><br />Qué está pasando en nuestro país en general con relación a los avances tecnológicos? En un escrito del 2 de enero de 2018 aparecido en un diario local y titulado “Estrategia Digital”, señala que la tecnología es una urgencia para las empresas y el país. Las medianas y grandes organizaciones creen quedar obsoletas dentro de 5años. 78% cree que las nuevas empresas digitales son una amenaza para sus negocios. <br /><br />Irving Halman, administrador general de la Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental refiere que Panamá está en la posición 94 de 174 países en el Índice de Desarrollo de las Tecnologías. Esto se debe al hecho de que hay espacio para que se incorporen infraestructuras tecnológicas para la gestión de las empresas y las entidades del gobierno así como mejorar las capacidades para utilizar la tecnología que se consigue con calidad de la educación que contemple competencias digitales ciudadanas. En el mismo escrito Víctor Sánchez Urrutia, encargado de la Secretaria Nacional de Ciencias Tecnológicas e Innovación señala "Panamá tiene fortalezas y retos importantes en esta área, si analizamos con cuidado nuestras verticales más importantes: logística y transporte, sistema financiero y comercio. Estas fortalezas que tiene el país al ser un imán para atraer empresas de estos distintos sectores son cruciales, pero no se puede ser un mero espectador del desarrollo tecnológico, hay que desarrollarlo. Igualmente la Senacyt en conjunto con la Cámara Panameña de Tecnologías de Información, Innovación y Telecomunicaciones está desarrollando una estrategia de desarrollo llamada "Panamá Hub Digital"<br /><br />Como dato adicional podemos señalar que en materia de conectividad por internet, la penetración de banda ancha fija en el país es de 9.6 % en 2017 y según la última información disponible de hace unos días es de 50%. Panamá tiene 2 millones 112 mil 636 usuarios conectados a la red con planes residenciales y comerciales, según la Autoridad de los Servicios Públicos. En banda Ancha Móvil estamos en un 30%, cifra superior a muchos de los países desarrollados que es de 21.18% y muy superior a Latinoamérica (5.3%) y a América central (2.08). Por lo anteriormente señalado podríamos concluir que estamos en buen camino. Panamá tiene una infraestructura buena en internet y banda ancha, pero no termina aún de aprovechar el impacto de la economía digital para no quedar rezagados en el avance tecnológico, que vaya más allá de los teléfonos inteligentes, para enviar chats, ver vídeos e interactuar en redes sociales. <br /><br />Definitivamente la nueva tecnología así como ha contribuido a un cambio real positivo en la humanidad, también ha traído efectos negativos si no se utiliza adecuadamente sobre todo por las nuevas generaciones para quienes el uso de tecnología en materia informática y de comunicación es su mundo normal. Estamos a diario sometidos a un cúmulo enorme de comunicación que no estamos en capacidad de manejar adecuadamente. Se ha perdido prácticamente la privacidad, ya que al contar con estos métodos de comunicación, automáticamente estamos integrados a una red universal que sabe dónde estamos, que hacemos, dónde están nuestros hijos, a que escuela asisten, a qué hora estamos en casa y a qué hora no, quienes son nuestros amigos y quiénes no. Se pierden horas tratando de contestar todo tipo de información que nos llega, comentando, discutiendo, viendo videos repetidos de los diferentes grupos a que pertenecemos, en fin muchas cosas que bien pudiéramos vivir sin ellas y que nos quitan tiempo y productividad. <br /><br /> Los métodos de comunicación actuales son una herramienta maravillosa, pero no utilizados responsablemente causan distracción y relajamiento en el trabajo, cuando manejamos, aumentando la incidencia de muertes e incapacidades permanentes por accidentes. Las famosas redes sociales en donde casi todo el mundo es erudito en todo y en donde el 75% de lo que se dices es falso. Las repetidas cadenas que si no las retrasmiten o les das like, prácticamente quedas como insensible o excomulgado. Las deficiencias en la educación. Un caso específico en este año en las escuelas secundarias del país cuando más de 40 mil estudiantes tienen que rehabilitar materias en un alto número atribuible a la falta de concentración por el uso de celulares. Nuestros niños llevan una vida sedentaria por estar pegados a dispositivos móviles. Las reuniones familiares ya no son lo mismo. Los nuevos métodos de comunicación si bien es cierto acercan a los familiares y amigos que están lejos alejan los que están cerca.<br /><br />Sin embargo, estos efectos adversos de la tecnología para hablar en términos médicos, no son óbice para negar su utilidad, su necesidad en este mundo que vivimos es irrefutable y necesaria, sobre todo en niños y adolescentes. Hay que educarlos desde edades tempranas al uso adecuado de las nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación y desarrollar las habilidades cognitivas y competencias imprescindibles en la vida adulta, ya que el mercado laboral buscará trabajadores con aptitudes digitales y empresariales, así como creatividad. En estos conceptos concluyen casi todos los que escriben y comentan al respecto. Los que estamos a la mitad del camino o mucho más allá, pero que aún tenemos necesidad de comunicarnos tendremos que hacer un esfuerzo para adaptarnos y entender mejor este mundo en que nos toca vivir. <br /><br />Quiero terminar mi intervención, agradeciendo a todos su presencia esta noche y particularmente a mis colegas Académicos por el apoyo que brindaron a mi gestión por la continuidad y perfeccionamiento de la Academia Panameña de Medicina y Cirugía.<br /><br />Muchas Gracias. <br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /></p>
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