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1
Wang, Yue, Wei Wei, Feiyun Yuan, Dandan Cao, and Zejun Zhang. "The Science Underlying Giant Panda Conservation Translocations." Animals 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2023): 3332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13213332.
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The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is the flagship species of animal conservation worldwide, and the number of captive pandas reached 673 in 2021. According to the Fourth National Survey Report on the Giant Panda, there are 1864 wild pandas, segregated into 33 local populations, and 25 of these populations are too small to be self-sustaining. In addition to the conservation and restoration of panda habitats, conservation translocations, an approach that has been shown to be effective in slowing or reversing biodiversity loss, are highly desirable for panda conservation. The captive-bred panda population has grown rapidly, laying the foundation for releasing captive-bred pandas into the wild. This paper reviews the scientific advances in conservation translocations of pandas. Studies have shown that before translocation conservation programs are implemented, we should determine what factors are causing the depletion of the original population at the release site. The selection of suitable release sites and individuals will help to improve the survival rate of released individuals in the wild. Pre-release training and post-release monitoring are essential to ensure successful releases. We also see the great potential for increasing applications of Adaptive Management to improve the success of giant panda conservation translocation programs. This review provides theoretical guidance for improvement of the success rate in conservation translocations for captive pandas, and uses the panda as a model species to provide a global reference for the conservation translocations of rare and endangered species.
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Fennell, David A., and Yulei Guo. "Ubiquitous Love or Not? Animal Welfare and Animal-Informed Consent in Giant Panda Tourism." Animals 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13040718.
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Scholars argue that the ubiquity of the “virtual panda”—the panda people meet in zoos and consume as souvenirs, online memes, or videos—exists in a state of hybridity between wild and domesticated. The species has garnered a significant amount of attention because of their iconic status and because of how cute they are to an adoring crowd. However, given the degree of regard tourists have for the panda, there is a dearth of research on different types of visitors to captive panda venues. In filling this gap, we investigated (1) how deeply Chinese “fans” and “non-fans” consider the welfare of captive giant pandas, and (2) if these groups differ in their assessment of whether giant pandas consent to being used as tourist attractions. In both aims, we apply a recent model on animal welfare and animal consent to giant pandas of the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding.
3
Qin, Huang, Liu, Chen, Zhang, Qiu, Tan, and Wen. "The Landscape Patterns of the Giant Panda Protection Area in Sichuan Province and Their Impact on Giant Pandas." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 5993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215993.
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As the flagship species of biodiversity conservation in China, the giant panda has significant ecological protection value and plays an important demonstrative role for conservation. Sichuan Province has the largest area of giant panda habitat, making its protected areas the most important for the conservation of this species. However, the habitats of the giant panda are shrinking due to human disturbance through land encroachment for agriculture and other forms of resource exploitation. Reducing these pressures requires assessing current land use and the causes of fragmenting giant panda habitats. This paper reports on changes in land-use patterns and socio-economic development in typical counties with giant panda habitats in Sichuan in 2003 and 2015, with a focus on giant panda protection areas and human pressures in the surrounding lands. We found that road construction, industrial infrastructure, and other forms of economic development have led to increases in human populations and fragmentation of the giant panda habitats, such that that the population of this species has been significantly reduced in some counties. Improving the protection of giant panda requires designing regional economic development activities based on scientific principles to provide benefits to both the local people and the giant pandas. For example, when making land use plans, the local government should consider the impact of the development of the communities surrounding the giant panda areas on the giant pandas’ habitat.
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Songer, Melissa, Melanie Delion, Alex Biggs, and Qiongyu Huang. "Modeling Impacts of Climate Change on Giant Panda Habitat." International Journal of Ecology 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/108752.
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Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are one of the most widely recognized endangered species globally. Habitat loss and fragmentation are the main threats, and climate change could significantly impact giant panda survival. We integrated giant panda habitat information with general climate models (GCMs) to predict future geographic distribution and fragmentation of giant panda habitat. Results support a major general prediction of climate change—a shift of habitats towards higher elevation and higher latitudes. Our models predict climate change could reduce giant panda habitat by nearly 60% over 70 years. New areas may become suitable outside the current geographic range but much of these areas is far from the current giant panda range and only 15% fall within the current protected area system. Long-term survival of giant pandas will require the creation of new protected areas that are likely to support suitable habitat even if the climate changes.
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Dai, Qin-Long, Jian-Wei Li, Yi Yang, Min Li, Kan Zhang, Liu-Yang He, Jun Zhang, et al. "Genetic Diversity and Prediction Analysis of Small Isolated Giant Panda Populations After Release of Individuals." Evolutionary Bioinformatics 16 (January 2020): 117693432093994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1176934320939945.
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Release of individuals is an effective conservation approach to protect endangered species. To save this small isolated giant panda population in Liziping Nature Reserve, a few giant pandas have been released to this population. Here we assess genetic diversity and future changes in the population using noninvasive genetic sampling after releasing giant pandas. In this study, a total of 28 giant pandas (including 4 released individuals) were identified in the Liziping, China. Compared with other giant panda populations, this population has medium-level genetic diversity; however, a Bayesian-coalescent method clearly detected, quantified, and dated a recent decrease in population size. The predictions for genetic diversity and survival of the population in the next 100 years indicate that this population has a high risk of extinction. We show that released giant pandas can preserve genetic diversity and improve the probability of survival in this small isolated giant panda population. To promote the recovery of this population, we suggest that panda release should be continued and this population will need to release 10 males and 20 females in the future.
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Peng, Rui, Yuliang Liu, Zhigang Cai, Fujun Shen, Jiasong Chen, Rong Hou, and Fangdong Zou. "Characterization and Analysis of Whole Transcriptome of Giant Panda Spleens: Implying Critical Roles of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Immunity." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 46, no. 3 (2018): 1065–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488837.
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Background/Aims: Giant pandas, an endangered species, are a powerful symbol of species conservation. Giant pandas may suffer from a variety of diseases. Owing to their highly specialized diet of bamboo, giant pandas are thought to have a relatively weak ability to resist diseases. The spleen is the largest organ in the lymphatic system. However, there is little known about giant panda spleen at a molecular level. Thus, clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of spleen could help us further understand the immune system of the giant panda as well as its conservation. Methods: The two giant panda spleens were from two male individuals, one newborn and one an adult, in a non-pathological condition. The whole transcriptomes of mRNA, lncRNA, miRNA, and circRNA in the two spleens were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq platform. EBseq and IDEG6 were used to observe the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these two spleens. Gene Ontology and KEGG analyses were used to annotate the function of DEGs. Furthermore, networks between non-coding RNAs and protein-coding genes were constructed to investigate the relationship between non-coding RNAs and immune-associated genes. Results: By comparative analysis of the whole transcriptomes of these two spleens, we found that one of the major roles of lncRNAs could be involved in the regulation of immune responses of giant panda spleens. In addition, our results also revealed that microRNAs and circRNAs may have evolved to regulate a large set of biological processes of giant panda spleens, and circRNAs may function as miRNA sponges. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of lncRNAs and circRNAs in giant panda, which could be a useful resource for further giant panda research. Our study reveals the potential functional roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in giant panda spleen.
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Dave, Kumud, Satyendra Barber, and Pooja Verma. "A MACHINE LEARNING LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL TO PREDICT FUTURE GIANT PANDA POPULATION." LIFE: International Journal of Health and Life-Sciences 7 (November 17, 2021): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/lijhls.2021.7.123130.
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Increasingly used as the insignia of China, the zaftig and enchanting Giant Panda lives on mountains of southwest China. The Giant Panda is on the WWF logo and is known as “National Treasure” in China. In this study, we predict the future Giant Panda population by using machine learning algorithms of the simple linear regression model. We take different variables to predict the next 30 years of the Giant Panda population. Focusing on the factors which affect the Giant Panda population. We take several parameters for this research like Bamboo Population, Annual Rainfall in China, Carbon Stock in Bamboo Stems, Deforestation, and Human Influence and Population of Giant Panda. Despite their peak status and relative deficiency of natural predators, pandas are still at risk and multiple intimidations from human influence have left just over 1,800 Pandas in the forest. To be ready for future troubles it is mandatory to have a pre-look of some conditions so that we can be prepared for that. Substantially, Endangered species at the edge of extinction are kept in extra special conservation. The machine learning algorithms developed with a wide-ranging of training datasets that help to find results faster and accurately.
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Chen, Xiaoyu, Xiaorong Wang, Junqing Li, and Dongwei Kang. "Integrating Livestock Grazing and Sympatric Takin to Evaluate the Habitat Suitability of Giant Panda in the Wanglang Nature Reserve." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 2469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082469.
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Habitat suitability provides essential information for the management of protected species. However, studies that jointly consider the impacts of human disturbance and sympatric animals in habitat suitability assessments of giant panda are limited, which may overestimate the habitat status. To address this issue, we evaluated the habitat suitability of giant panda in Wanglang Nature Reserve by simultaneously investigating livestock grazing and sympatric takin via MAXENT, a new attempt at the assessment of the habitat suitability of giant panda. We focused on describing the habitat suitability of giant panda and determining the habitat overlap between livestock, takin, and panda to evaluate the impacts of livestock grazing and sympatric takin on the suitable giant panda habitat. Results revealed that only 16.33% of the area in Wanglang was suitable giant panda habitat, of which 67.66% was shared by livestock, and 97.99% of the remaining suitable panda habitat not shared by livestock was revealed to be shared by takin. The results indicate an unfavorable habitat status of giant panda in Wanglang, with the potential extensive habitat overlap between livestock, takin and panda exerting further pressure. Thus, to effectively protect giant pandas and their habitats, grazing activity should be controlled. Furthermore, to accurately protect sympatric animals, the monitoring of panda and takin activities in the overlapping areas must be maintained.
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Li, Lu, Fujun Shen, Xiaodie Jie, Liang Zhang, Guoqiang Yan, Honglin Wu, Yan Huang, Rong Hou, Bisong Yue, and Xiuyue Zhang. "Comparative Transcriptomics and Methylomics Reveal Adaptive Responses of Digestive and Metabolic Genes to Dietary Shift in Giant and Red Pandas." Genes 13, no. 8 (August 14, 2022): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13081446.
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Both the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (Ailurus fulgens) belong to the order Carnivora, but have changed their dietary habits to eating bamboo exclusively. The convergent evolution characteristics of their morphology, genome and gut flora have been found in the two pandas. However, the research on the convergent adaptation of their digestion and metabolism to the bamboo diet, mediated by the dietary shift of the two pandas at the gene-expression and epigenetic regulation levels, is still lacking. We therefore used RNA sequencing among five species (two pandas and three non-herbivore mammals) and bisulfite sequencing among three species (two pandas and a carnivore ferret) to sequence key digestion and metabolism tissues (stomach and small intestine). Our results provide evidence that the convergent differentially expressed genes (related to carbohydrate utilization, bile secretion, Lys and Arg metabolism, vitamin B12 utilization and cyanide detoxification) of the two pandas are adaptive responses to the bamboo diet containing low lipids, low Lys and Arg, low vitamin B12 and high cyanide. We also profiled the genome-wide methylome maps of giant panda, red panda and ferret, and the results indicated that the promoter methylation of the two pandas may regulate digestive and metabolic genes to adapt to sudden environmental changes, and then, transmit genetic information to future generations to evolve into bamboo eaters. Taken together, our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the dietary shift and the adaptation to a strict bamboo diet in both pandas using comparative transcriptomics and methylomics.
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Gong, M., Z. Yang, W. Yang, and Y. Song. "Giant panda habitat networks and conservation: is this species adequately protected?" Wildlife Research 37, no. 6 (2010): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10038.
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Context. Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are restricted to six mountain ranges at the edge of the Tibetan Plateau. One of these ranges, the Qinling Mountains, contains the highest density of giant pandas and is home to ~20% of those remaining in the wild. Commercial logging and other developments have resulted in habitat fragmentation, and an efficient and powerful conservation network is now needed for the species in this area. Aims. This study sought to assess giant panda habitat and estimate the carrying capacity of this reserve network. Our goal was to improve the function and carrying capacity of the reserve network and facilitate population growth and gene flow among subpopulations of giant pandas. Methods. We use habitat suitability models to assess the efficacy of conservation networks. With estimation of carrying capacity by home range, we can reveal issues facing reserves and populations of endangered species they contain. Here, we define key habitat, linkages, corridors and overall connectivity and then use habitat network modelling and spatial analyses to design a conservation landscape for giant pandas across their Qinling Mountains stronghold. Key results. We found that 91% of giant panda sightings were in suitable or marginally suitable habitat. The total area of giant panda habitat present in the Qinling Mountains is ~1600 km2 fragmented across four key habitat blocks by national roads or other human activity. The current nature reserve network encompasses 71% of available suitable habitat and 62% of available marginal habitat, meaning a significant proportion of panda habitat remains outside the current conservation network. We found that giant panda reserves across this region are not equal in their carrying capacity; some reserves contain an overabundance of giant pandas and the wellbeing of these populations are in doubt. Conclusions. Our results highlight the potential risk of high densities and bamboo flowering events to the safety of giant pandas. With poor population size and heavy isolation, small populations will not persist without translocation. Implication. Redrawing the reserve network to correct localised problems may improve the function of the giant panda protection system, build capacity in the reserve network, and decrease human–wildlife conflict. We propose a new reserve and adjustment of the borders and region for three reserves.
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Zhang, Zejun, Fuwen Wei, Ming Li, Baowei Zhang, Xuehua Liu, and Jinchu Hu. "Microhabitat separation during winter among sympatric giant pandas, red pandas, and tufted deer: the effects of diet, body size, and energy metabolism." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 1451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-129.
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The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869)), red panda (Ailurus fulgens F.G. Cuvier, 1825), and tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus Milne-Edwards, 1872) are endemic to the Himalayan Hengduan Mountains; the red panda extends into India, Burma, Bhutan, and Nepal, and the tufted deer extends marginally into Burma, while the giant panda is endemic to China. In Sichuan Province, uniquely, all three species occur sympatrically. We investigated microhabitat characteristics at 150 fecal-group sites from November 2002 to March 2003 to improve understanding of microhabitat separation among the three species at the Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve, Baoxing County, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. Density and height of bamboo were greater in the giant and red pandas' micro habitats than in those of the tufted deer. The red panda preferred microhabitats with greater tree-stump density, smaller trees, and shorter fallen log dispersion distance than the other two species. Tufted deer often occurred at sites with greater shrub density and herb cover and more open land with poorer concealment conditions than sites where the two panda species occurred. Both pandas' microhabitats were mostly concentrated on the upper hillside, unlike those of the tufted deer. The giant panda preferred microhabitats with a gentler slope and lower density of fallen logs. Selection of specific microhabitats by each species is an ecological adaptation dependent on behavior linked to its diet, body size, energy metabolism, and other factors. Microhabitat separation among these species reflects the integrated effects of their differences in diet, body size, and energy metabolism, which could facilitate their successful coexistence.
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Jia, Wei, Shasha Yan, Qingqing He, Ping Li, Mingxia Fu, and Jiang Zhou. "Giant Panda Microhabitat Study in the Daxiangling Niba Mountain Corridor." Biology 12, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020165.
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Habitat reduction and increased fragmentation are urgent issues for the survival and recovery of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). However, changes in the distribution and microhabitat selection of giant panda habitats in different seasons in the same region have rarely been assessed. To further understand giant panda habitat requirements, this study analyzed the giant panda habitat selection characteristics and differences using the sample data of the giant panda occurrence sites collected during 2020–2022. The results showed that the giant panda in both seasons selected medium altitudes (2000–2400 m), southeastern slopes, slopes less than 15°, taller tree layers (8–15 m) with a larger diameter at breast height (17–25 cm) and medium density (25–55%), shorter shrub layers (<4 m) with sparse density (<30%), and taller bamboo (>2 m) with high density (>35%). The giant panda microhabitat survey in the Niba Mountain corridor clarified the characteristics of suitable habitat selection for the giant panda in the corridor. The findings of the study can provide scientific references for the development of practical habitat conservation and management measures for giant pandas in the study area.
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Roka, Bhupen, Alankar K. Jha, and Dhani Raj Chhetri. "A study on plant preferences of red panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species." Acta Biologica Sibirica 7 (December 8, 2021): 425–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/abs.7.e71816.
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The red panda is a lesser carnivore that has adapted to the herbivore diet and is distributed in the Himalayan and Hengduan mountain ranges. The study conducted on red panda in Singalila National Park recorded the highest encounter of the species within the altitude of 2800 to 3200 meters in the broad leaf deciduous and broad leaf coniferous forest. 22.22% of direct sightings of red pandas occurred on plant species belonging to the family Fagaceae and were followed by the family Ericaceae (18.52%). The plant species mostly preferred by the red panda in Singalila National Park were Lithocarpus pachyphyllus, Rhododendron arboreum, Abies densa, and Betulia utilis. During all seasons, the dominant plants found in the red panda pellets were Arundinaria maling and Arundinaria aristata. The distribution of the red panda is influenced by the presence of the preferred plant species, therefore, through this studies effort has been made to document the plant species used by the red panda in the wild habitat.
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Sharma, Hari P., Jerrold L. Belant, and Pei-Jen L. Shaner. "Attitudes towards conservation of the Endangered red panda Ailurus fulgens in Nepal: a case study in protected and non-protected areas." Oryx 53, no. 3 (September 27, 2017): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317000990.
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AbstractThe red panda Ailurus fulgens is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by anthropogenic pressures such as livestock grazing. We surveyed people living in or near protected areas and people living away from protected areas in Nepal, to understand human attitudes towards red panda conservation. Given Nepal's participatory approach to managing protected areas, we hypothesized that local people living in or near protected areas would have more positive attitudes towards red panda conservation than those in non-protected areas. Ninety percent of the 142 respondents had positive attitudes, with people living in or near protected areas expressing less positive attitudes than those in non-protected areas. Despite this difference between protected and non-protected areas, people were generally positive towards red panda conservation. However, positive attitudes did not necessarily translate to sustainable resource-use behaviour. We found there was a high prevalence of both livestock grazing and livestock disease in red panda habitat. We suggest that alternative farming practices (e.g. stall-feeding of livestock) and awareness programmes (e.g. education on the conservation status and legal protection of red pandas, and livestock–wildlife disease transmission) could be important tools to improve conservation attitudes and protect red pandas in Nepal.
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Zhao, Xing, Zejun Zhang, Le Wang, Qian Zhang, Liwen Kang, Jia Wang, Juejie Long, and Mingsheng Hong. "Progress in Research on the Gut Microflora of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)." Microorganisms 12, no. 3 (February 27, 2024): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030478.
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Animals can adapt to unique feeding habits through changes in the structure and function of the gut microflora. However, the gut microflora is strongly influenced by the evolutionary relationships between the host, nutritional intake, intake of microorganisms, etc. The red panda (Ailurus fulgens), an herbivorous carnivore, has adapted to consuming bamboo through seasonal foraging strategies and optimization of the composition and function of its gut microflora during long-term evolution. However, to date, studies of the gut bacteria of the red panda have mainly focused on the composition, diversity and function of the gut microflora of captive individuals. There are a lack of studies on how the wild red panda adapts to the consumption of bamboo, which is high in fibre and low in nutrients, through the gut microflora. This paper reviews the technology and methods used in published studies investigating the gut microflora of the red panda, as well as the composition, diversity and function of the identified microbes and the influencing factors. Furthermore, this paper suggests future research directions regarding the methodology employed in analyzing the red panda gut microflora, the interplay between gut microflora and the health of the red panda, the red panda’s adaptation to its gut microflora, and the implications of these studies for the management and conservation of wild red pandas. The goal of this review is to provide a reference for the protection of wild red pandas from the perspective of the gut microflora.
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Yang, Mengting. "Spatial Analysis of Ecological Corridors in Giant Panda National Park Based on GIS." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 4, no. 3 (August 16, 2022): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v4i3.1280.
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As one of the national park pilot areas, the main goal of The Giant Panda National Park is to protect the authenticity and integrity of the natural ecosystem which is centered on the giant panda. Because of the large scope of national parks, it is necessary to plan ecological corridors reasonably to protect the integrity and authenticity of the ecological environment. Based on the GIS system, this paper analyzes the ecological environment of giant pandas living in The Giant Panda National Park and processes the information from the spatial scale. Using the cost-distance analysis tool to analyze the corridors with the method of least cost, 12 ecological corridors within the research scope were accumulated. An ecological corridor model planning and construction with the purpose of the giant pandas have been proposed, and the writer also discusses how to promote the construction of ecological corridors when developing Ecotourism at the same time in the national park. Then point out the management of ecological corridors of The Giant Panda National Park.
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Subedi, Aliza, Prasamsa Shrestha, and Prakash Ojha. "Status, Distribution, and Threats of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens Cuvier, 1825) in Nepal." Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) 3, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v3i3.688.
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One of the world's most appealing species is the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens). Red pandas were earlier extensively distributed around Eurasia, but they're still only found in Nepal, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, and China. The pandas had a high fatality rate and minimal reproduction (usually one cub/female/year). The red panda is the only species of its kind in the world that is still living in the inaccessible Tibetan cultural sites including Langtang and other Himalayan slopes, rendering its protection vital to the preservation of Nepal's natural assets and the world's biodiversity. The purpose of this article is to describe the status, distribution, and threats of red pandas in Nepal which could be a turning point for carrying out additional studies and red panda conservation. Various articles, books, and reports that were published between 1979 and 2021 were evaluated for this purpose using Google Scholar, Research Gate, etc. For the review, we pursued 59 pieces of paper. Despite being extremely vital from preservation, technical, and socioeconomic basis, this species has seen a drop in its wild population. Globally there are less than 10,000 individuals left and in Nepal, there are about 317-552 individuals. Natural hazards also pose a risk to the habitat of exotic species like the Red Panda, in addition to human expansion, infrastructure development, scenic spots, habitat alteration, and modes of interaction.
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Bista, Damber, Sonam Tashi Lama, Janno Weerman, Ang Phuri Sherpa, Purushotam Pandey, Madhuri Karki Thapa, Haribhadra Acharya, Nicholas J. Hudson, Greg S. Baxter, and Peter John Murray. "Improved Trapping and Handling of an Arboreal, Montane Mammal: Red Panda Ailurus fulgens." Animals 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11040921.
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It is sometimes essential to have an animal in the hand to study some of their ecological and biological characteristics. However, capturing a solitary, cryptic, elusive arboreal species such as the red panda in the wild is challenging. We developed and successfully tested a protocol for tracking, trapping, immobilization, and handling of red pandas in the wild in eastern Nepal. We established a red panda sighting rate of 0.89 panda/day with a capture success rate of 0.6. We trapped and collared one animal in 3.7 days. On average, we took nearly 136 (range 50–317) min to capture an animal after spotting it. Further processing was completed in 38.5 (21–70) min. Before capture, we found it difficult to recognize the sex of the red panda and to differentiate sub-adults above six months from adults. However, body weight, body length, tail length, shoulder height, and chest girth can be used for diagnosis, as these attributes are smaller in sub-adults. Our method is a welfare-friendly way of trapping and handling wild red pandas. We report new morphometric data that could serve as a guide for field identification.
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Choudhury, Anwaruddin. "An overview of the status and conservation of the red panda Ailurus fulgens in India, with reference to its global status." Oryx 35, no. 3 (July 2001): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00181.x.
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AbstractThe current status and distribution of the red panda Ailurus fulgens in the wild is poorly known. The subspecies fulgens is found in the Himalaya in Nepal, India, Bhutan, northern Myanmar and southwest China, and the subspecies styani occurs further to the east in south-central China. The red panda is an animal of subtropical and temperate forests, with the exception of Meghalaya in India, where it is also found in tropical forests. In the wild, red pandas take a largely vegetarian diet consisting chiefly of bamboo. The extent of occurrence of the red panda in India is about 170,000 sq km, although its area of occupancy within this may only be about 25,000 sq km. An estimate based on the lowest recorded average density and the total area of potential habitat suggests that the global population of red pandas is about 16,000–20,000. Habitat loss and poaching, in that order, are the major threats. In this paper the distribution, status and conservation problems of the red panda, especially in India, are reviewed, and appropriate conservation measures recommended, including the protection of named areas and the extension of some existing protected areas.
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Ma, Yue Wei, Yong Tao Zhao, and He De Gong. "Eco-Restoration on the Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries after 4.20 Earthquake." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.434.
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s: It is a catastrophe for the whole nation to the Lushan earthquake. This earthquake not only had caused the devastating destruction to the social economy, peoples lives and property, but also destroyed the national eco-system, changed the preliminary geomorphic, led to the casualties of the wild animals and plants. Simultaneously, the giant panda which is viewed as the peoples friend and the national treasure cant escape the catastrophe in the earthquake. The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuary lies in the earthquake-stricken area. The giant panda were viewed as the endangered species by the International Union for the Conversation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and were chosen as the emblem of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), symbolizing natural conservation and world wildlife protection. After the Lushan earthquake, the giant pandas were given enormous concern by the UNESCO world heritage center. Therefore, it is very important to investigate to destroy the Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuary by the earthquake. This work could benefit us to know about the damaged natural ecosystem, the extent of damaged Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries. It had the great significance to protect the giant panda and to put forward the strategies for the restoration and reconstruction of Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries.
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Song, Zhenjiang, and Yi Li. "Quantifying Ecological Performance of Giant Panda Conservation: Evidence from Sichuan Province." Forests 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2021): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121701.
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The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a symbolic and flagship species in the field of endangered wildlife conservation. We studied the changing and driving factors of landscape patterns in Sichuan giant panda habitats through image interpretation and ecological niche evaluation models. According to land-use and cover-change analysis, we also studied the structural changes in habitat over the past two decades and used empirical analysis to evaluate the relative ecological niche widths and overlap of giant panda distribution areas in 1995 and 2015. It is found the area of non-forested land decreased significantly from 1995 to 2015. It is interesting that the high-quality land-use types tended to decrease but low/middle-quality land-use types tended to increase over the past 20 years. Giant panda conservation projects in China have promoted changes in conservation thought and management, as well as the innovation of technical means over the studied period. The goals of Chinese giant panda conservation projects are not only to facilitate giant panda reproduction but also to alleviate the contradiction between conservation and development and promote the coexistence of humans and giant pandas.
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Sharma, Hari P., Jerrold L. Belant, and Jon E. Swenson. "Effects of livestock on occurrence of the Vulnerable red panda Ailurus fulgens in Rara National Park, Nepal." Oryx 48, no. 2 (March 13, 2014): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001403.
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AbstractThe Vulnerable red panda Ailurus fulgens is endemic to the Himalayas. Anthropogenic activities, including deforestation, have degraded the species’ habitat but the effects of livestock have not been examined. We assessed the effects of illegal livestock activity on the presence of the red panda in Rara National Park, Nepal. The probability of detecting red panda faecal pellets decreased with livestock occurrence but not with elevation or aspect. The presence of bamboo and proximity to water are important to red pandas but did not influence their habitat use at the spatial resolution evaluated. Livestock grazing in Rara National Park appears to adversely affect the presence of the red panda within its habitat. To reduce illegal livestock grazing we recommend enforcement of existing regulations, that training workshops be held for herders, and awareness-raising and dialogue with residents.
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Dendup, Pema, Ellen Cheng, Choki Lham, and Ugyen Tenzin. "Response of the Endangered red panda Ailurus fulgens fulgens to anthropogenic disturbances, and its distribution in Phrumsengla National Park, Bhutan." Oryx 51, no. 4 (September 28, 2016): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000399.
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AbstractAcross much of Asia protected areas have a dual objective of conserving biodiversity and supporting rural and indigenous livelihoods. For the red panda Ailurus fulgens and other sensitive species of concern, even limited anthropogenic disturbance may influence their use of protected areas. We quantified the prevalence of timber collection and livestock grazing, and their impacts on red panda habitat use, in Phrumsengla National Park, Bhutan. Red pandas used sites with at least 20% bamboo cover, as evidenced by presence of their faecal pellets. They avoided sites disturbed by livestock, regardless of bamboo availability. Timber collection itself was not an important predictor of red panda presence but bamboo may be harvested opportunistically from sites where timber is collected. Conservation efforts for the red panda should not rely on protected areas alone but should explicitly consider and mitigate impacts of anthropogenic disturbances in protected areas.
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Yang, Yang, Yanqiang Yin, Xianglan Tang, Yinyin Xia, Jinya Zhang, Chun Yan, Weixuan Zhang, Hua Zhang, and Ting-Li Han. "Evaluating Different Extraction Approaches for GC-MS Based Metabolomics Analysis of the Giant Pandas’ Fur." Toxics 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110688.
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Giant pandas in zoo captivity are situated in residential areas, where environmental pollutants and anthropogenic factors have an impact on their health. Hair metabolomics has been applied in numerous environmental toxicological studies. Therefore, the panda fur metabolome could be a reliable approach to reflect endogenous and exogenous metabolic changes related to environmental exposure. However, there is no established extraction protocol to study the fur metabolome of pandas. The aim of this research was to optimize the extraction of panda fur metabolome for high-throughput metabolomics analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fur samples were collected from five pandas. Eight different extraction methods were investigated and evaluated for their reproducibility, metabolite coverage, and extraction efficiency, particularly in relation to the biochemical compound classes such as amino acids, tricarboxylic acid cycle derivatives, fatty acids, and secondary metabolites. Our results demonstrated that HCl + ACN were the superior extraction solvents for amino acid and secondary metabolite extraction, and NaOH + MeOH was ideal for fatty acid extraction. Interestingly, the metabolomic analysis of panda fur was capable of discriminating the longitudinal metabolite profile between black and white furs. These extraction protocols can be used in future study protocols for the analysis of the fur metabolome in pandas.
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Kang, Dongwei, Xiaorong Wang, Hongwei Yang, Lijuan Duan, and Junqing Li. "Habitat use by giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in relation to roads in the Wanglang Nature Reserve, People’s Republic of China." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 8 (August 2014): 715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0088.
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The impacts of roads on wildlife and their habitats have been widely recognized. To assess the effects of roads on habitat use of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869)), we investigated the giant panda habitats and the roadside habitats in Wanglang Nature Reserve, People’s Republic of China. We found that giant pandas did not use the road-affected habitats, and compared with giant panda habitats, road-affected habitats were characterized by lower bamboo density and grazing disturbances. Therefore, our study demonstrated that roads negatively affected the habitat use of giant pandas, and such affected habitats could not meet the needs of these animals. These results suggest that to minimize the negative effects of roads on the conservation of species, a full evaluation of the effects of roads on wildlife and their habitats should be conducted before road construction, and effective protection measures should be taken to control for these negative effects.
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Hu, Yibo, Arjun Thapa, Huizhong Fan, Tianxiao Ma, Qi Wu, Shuai Ma, Dongling Zhang, et al. "Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas." Science Advances 6, no. 9 (February 2020): eaax5751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax5751.
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The red panda (Ailurus fulgens), an endangered Himalaya-endemic mammal, has been classified as two subspecies or even two species – the Himalayan red panda (A. fulgens) and the Chinese red panda (Ailurus styani) – based on differences in morphology and biogeography. However, this classification has remained controversial largely due to lack of genetic evidence, directly impairing scientific conservation management. Data from 65 whole genomes, 49 Y-chromosomes, and 49 mitochondrial genomes provide the first comprehensive genetic evidence for species divergence in red pandas, demonstrating substantial inter-species genetic divergence for all three markers and correcting species-distribution boundaries. Combined with morphological evidence, these data thus clearly define two phylogenetic species in red pandas. We also demonstrate different demographic trajectories in the two species: A. styani has experienced two population bottlenecks and one large population expansion over time, whereas A. fulgens has experienced three bottlenecks and one very small expansion, resulting in very low genetic diversity, high linkage disequilibrium, and high genetic load.
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Zhao, Qijun, Yanqiu Zhang, Rong Hou, Mengnan He, Peng Liu, Ping Xu, Zhihe Zhang, and Peng Chen. "Automatic Recognition of Giant Panda Attributes from Their Vocalizations Based on Squeeze-and-Excitation Network." Sensors 22, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 8015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22208015.
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The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) has long attracted the attention of conservationists as a flagship and umbrella species. Collecting attribute information on the age structure and sex ratio of the wild giant panda populations can support our understanding of their status and the design of more effective conservation schemes. In view of the shortcomings of traditional methods, which cannot automatically recognize the age and sex of giant pandas, we designed a SENet (Squeeze-and-Excitation Network)-based model to automatically recognize the attributes of giant pandas from their vocalizations. We focused on the recognition of age groups (juvenile and adult) and sex of giant pandas. The reason for using vocalizations is that among the modes of animal communication, sound has the advantages of long transmission distances, strong penetrating power, and rich information. We collected a dataset of calls from 28 captive giant panda individuals, with a total duration of 1298.02 s of recordings. We used MFCC (Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients), which is an acoustic feature, as inputs for the SENet. Considering that small datasets are not conducive to convergence in the training process, we increased the size of the training data via SpecAugment. In addition, we used focal loss to reduce the impact of data imbalance. Our results showed that the F1 scores of our method for recognizing age group and sex reached 96.46% ± 5.71% and 85.85% ± 7.99%, respectively, demonstrating that the automatic recognition of giant panda attributes based on their vocalizations is feasible and effective. This more convenient, quick, timesaving, and laborsaving attribute recognition method can be used in the investigation of wild giant pandas in the future.
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Qiao, Maiju, Yingmin Zhou, Thomas Connor, Rengui Li, Dan Tang, Hemin Zhang, and Jianghong Ran. "Diagnosing Zygosity in Giant Panda Twins Using Short Tandem Repeats." Twin Research and Human Genetics 21, no. 6 (October 30, 2018): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2018.59.
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The giant panda, native to mountains of south-west China, is one of the world's rarest bear species and is subject to considerable conservation effort. In captivity, the proportion of twins accounts for 54% of the total number of births. To date, little is known about zygosity in panda populations — specifically, the proportion of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. In this study, we used 10 microsatellite markers for reliable zygosity testing, and the probability of monozygotic twins was 99.963% when all 10 markers were concordant. Out of 43 studied twin pairs, no MZ twins were found, indicating that there may be no identical panda twins (or the incidence is very low). We speculate that the fertilized eggs of giant pandas do not have the capability to split into two identical embryos, or that this ability is very poor, which is likely due to delayed implantation that is common in bear species. The results of this study deepen our understanding of giant panda breeding, yield insight into panda twins’ likely mechanism of formation, and reduce the uncertainty of individual identity in wild population surveys.
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Rosas, María Cristina. "El poder suave y la diplomacia del «panda»." Revista Mexicana de Análisis Político y Administración Pública 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/remap.v5i1.169.
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La diplomacia del panda es una longeva estrategia mediante la cual, la hoy República Popular China (RPC), ha buscado promover sus intereses en el mundo. Al respecto, se cuenta que el nieto del emperador Taizong de la dinastía Tang regaló dos pandas a Japón como gesto de buena voluntad. En el siglo XX, antes del triunfo de la revolución de Mao Tse-tung, se sabe que la esposa de Chiang Kai-shek inició la práctica de regalar “simpáticos pandas peludos blanco con negro” (Nicholls, 2012). Tras la creación de la RPC en 1949, el carismático mamífero fue empleado para fortalecer y/o consolidar los lazos políticos de Beijing con otras naciones, práctica que se mantiene hasta el momento actual. En la década de 1950, la dirigencia china comenzó a regalar pandas a países aliados. Entre 1972 y 1984, China obsequió pandas a las naciones occidentales, destacadamente a Estados Unidos. A partir de 1984 y hasta 1998, los pandas pasaron a formar parte de la estrategia china de “puertas abiertas” a la inversión extranjera y los entregaba solamente en préstamo, de manera que los carismáticos animales eran “rentados” a aquellos países prioritarios para la política exterior de Beijing. Para ello, se instituyó la firma de una especie de “contrato de arrendamiento”, y si en el lapso en que el, la, o los panda(s) que reside(n) en el zoológico de algún lugar del mundo tiene(n) un bebé (muchas veces nacen gemelos o hasta trillizos, como ocurrió hace un par de años en un zoológico chino), entonces el (o los) pequeño(s) es (son) propiedad de China. Los tiempos han cambiado: en la década de 1970, por ejemplo, Beijing se esmeraba por acceder al mundo. Hoy es al contrario: el mundo quiere acceder al mercado chino, uno de los de más alto crecimiento económico, justo en momentos en que impera la recesión en diversas latitudes y ante ello, la diplomacia del panda encuentra un escenario inmejorable en el que China primeramente externa a sus socios lo que desea de ellos, ofreciendo, a continuación, el préstamo de los icónicos mamíferos. Esta es una de las aristas del poder suave. A través de “la diplomacia del panda”, Beijing también logra mejorar su imagen internacional respecto a las acusaciones de ser una de las naciones que más contaminantes genera en el mundo. Otro tanto se puede decir de la “otra cara” de China, que si bien protege al panda gigante, también es uno de los principales destinos del tráfico ilegal de especies animales y vegetales amenazados a nivel mundial.Palabras clave: poder suave, diplomacia del panda, conservación, ecosistema.
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Dorji, Sangay, Rajanathan Rajaratnam, and Karl Vernes. "The Vulnerable red panda Ailurus fulgens in Bhutan: distribution, conservation status and management recommendations." Oryx 46, no. 4 (October 2012): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311000780.
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AbstractThe red panda Ailurus fulgens is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Pressurized by an expanding human population, it is mainly threatened by habitat destruction, with < 10,000 mature individuals remaining. The red panda has been studied in India, China, Nepal and, to a lesser extent, Myanmar, but no research has been published on this species in Bhutan. Here, we report on the current distribution and conservation status of the red panda in Bhutan using information gathered from field surveys, interviews and unpublished reports. Red pandas are most common at 2,400–3,700 m altitude in fir Abies densa forests with an undergrowth of bamboo. They occur in most national parks and associated biological corridors within Bhutan's protected area network, overlapping with a rural human population that is undergoing increased socio-economic development. Although culturally respected, red pandas face threats from road construction, harvesting of timber, bamboo and minor forest products, livestock grazing, inefficiently managed tourism, and domestic dogs. We believe conservation of red pandas in Bhutan requires (1) inclusion of ecologically sound principles into future development, (2) implementation of programmes that improve rural socio-economy through ecotourism and cultivation of appropriate cash crops, (3) development of education programmes that raise awareness of red pandas for rural people, (4) management of rural dog populations, (5) greater capacity building for wildlife managers, and (6) more ecological research.
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Shrestha, Saroj, Sony Lama, Ang Phuri Sherpa, Dinesh Ghale, and Sonam Tashi Lama. "The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 18156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163.
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An endangered species, the Himalayan Red Panda Ailurus fulgens is one of the most iconic and sought-after species in the world. Although a symbolic species of the Himalayas, it is threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation, and poaching. The data collection was carried out in accordance with the Red Panda community-based monitoring protocol. Threats to the Himalayan Red Panda within the study area are reported based on key informant interviews and direct field observation. This paper provides new evidence for the presence of Himalayan Red Pandas beyond their previously-known westernmost limit (81.687778°E) across its distribution range. An average encounter rate of 0.92 signs/km was recorded from the surveyed community forests. Trees were the most preferred substrates used for defecation. Extensive resource collection, poaching, overgrazing and forest fires are identified as some of the most significant threats. In general, the study contributes to the conservation of the Himalayan Red Panda in western distribution ranges.
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Bhutia, Sangay W., Asim Giri, Pranita Gupta, and Basavaraj S. Holeyachi. "Identifying potential habitats of Himalayan Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) in Neora Valley National Park, West Bengal, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 12 (December 26, 2023): 24345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8635.15.12.24345-24351.
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The Himalayan Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) is a globally Endangered species whose population is reported to be declining in the wild. It is a priority species for the Neora Valley National Park (NVNP) since it is the flagship species of this ecosystem. Moreover, this landscape functions as an important connecting link of the Himalayan Red Panda habitat between the state of West Bengal and Sikkim. The spatial habitat of the Himalayan Red Panda in this National Park is little known. Our study attempts to identify the spatial distribution of potential habitats for the Himalayan Red Panda using the maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt 3.4.1). The model predicted a 55 km2 of potential habitat with the current climate scenario. With climate change, predicted potential habitats are likely to experience significant loss and upward shift to a relatively higher elevation. Hence, the management of the NVNP should identify the potential habitats and accomplish realistic goals to help conserve the Red Pandas.
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Deng, Huaiqing, Xuelin Jin, Defu Hu, and Dingzhen Liu. "Fecal cortisol content of wild giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) to monitor human disturbance level in natural habitats." Animal Biology 64, no. 1 (2014): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002432.
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Wild animals are affected by growing human interference in their habitats and inevitably react internally to such stimuli. This study explores inherent physiological parameters to assess the effect of human interference on giant pandas in their wild habitat. Ninety-one fecal samples were collected within four nature reserves on Qinling Mountain. Fecal cortisol determinations were performed by radioimmunoassay. We categorized the intensity of local human disturbance and tested for correlations between the intensity of human disturbance and fecal cortisol metabolite levels. The results show a significant positive correlation between giant panda fecal cortisol metabolite levels and the degree of disturbance in their habitat. This study is the first to use a non-invasive monitoring method to analyze wild giant panda habitat disturbance, and demonstrates that cortisol metabolite levels in panda dung can objectively reflect the degree of panda habitat disturbance. The results provide a relatively objective means and method with which to evaluate the quality of wild giant panda habitat. This study highlights the need to monitor the effects of human disturbance on wildlife and to implement new policies in the management of nature reserves.
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Zhang, Yiqiong, Wei Wei, Shibu Qubi, Minghua Chen, Yihua Gong, Hong Zhou, Zejun Zhang, Feiyun Yuan, and Han Han. "A Survey of the Wild Giant Panda Population and Habitat Reflects an Urgent In Situ Conservation Need: A Case of Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve." Diversity 15, no. 10 (September 27, 2023): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15101039.
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An important tool for conserving species and their habitats and achieving sustainable development is the establishment of national parks. The population ecology of the species to be conserved, including their population size and suitable habitat, needs to be assessed prior to integrating protected areas into national parks. The Liangshan Mountains are currently the southernmost habitat of giant pandas and lie outside the newly established Giant Panda National Park (GPNP). The population is threatened with extinction due to severe isolation and human disturbance. However, there has been a ten-year gap in the census of giant pandas in this critical area. This means that conservation managers are unable to keep up to date with population and habitat dynamics. The Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve is the core area of the giant panda population in Liangshan and the link for gene exchange. The focus of this study is to assess the spatial distribution pattern of suitable habitat, habitat fragmentation and the habitat selection characteristics of giant pandas in the Meigu Dafengding Nature Reserve in Liangshan in order to lay the foundation for the future inclusion of Liangshan into the national park. A total of 151 giant panda fecal samples were collected in 2023. Using the distance–bamboo stem fragments method, this indicated that nearly 28 to 29 giant pandas exist within the reserve. Based on MaxEnt and FRAGSTATS, the giant panda population is concentrated in Wahei–Yiziyakou. They tend to choose gentle slopes of 10–30°, at altitudes between 2500 m and 3500 m, with average annual temperatures between 8.5 °C and 10 °C. They also select the areas close to roads and settlements for their frequent activities. Unsuitable habitat is widespread and surrounds low-, medium- and high-suitability habitats with poor habitat connectivity. In situ conservation measures are urgently needed due to the restricted distribution of populations and poor habitat suitability. This lays the foundation for the future inclusion of Liangshan into the national park, providing greater protection for the giant panda and other species in the region, and for other national parks to integrate all habitats into a single management unit. This will address conservation gaps and overlapping management, and promote the conservation of rare or endangered species.
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Zhao, Cheng, Bisong Yue, Jianghong Ran, Timothy Moermond, Ning Hou, Xuyu Yang, and Xiaodong Gu. "Relationship between human disturbance and Endangered giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca habitat use in the Daxiangling Mountains." Oryx 51, no. 1 (April 26, 2016): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315000800.
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AbstractThe Endangered giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca is one of the most threatened mammals. The species has experienced declines in its population and habitat as a result of human disturbance. We investigated the influence of human disturbance on habitat use by giant pandas in the Daxiangling Mountains, in China's Sichuan Province. We mapped all signs of giant panda and all locations of seven types of human disturbance in the study area. We used correlation analysis, generalized linear models, and Akaike information criteria to analyse the influence of the various types of human disturbances on habitat use by the giant panda. Our results showed that habitat use was positively correlated with elevation and distance from roads, residences, hydropower stations and logging or tree-felling sites, but negatively correlated with distance from bamboo shoot collection sites and trap sites. We found that the road-effect zone spanned a distance of c. 1,200 m and that human residence could affect the intensity of habitat use by giant pandas at distances > 2,500 m. The effect of roads on habitat use was probably influenced by the association of roads with residences, hydropower stations and mines. In the area occupied by giant pandas, we recommend increased regulation to minimize the expansion and impact of roads, residences, hydropower stations and logging activities.
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Song, Zhenjiang, Baoshu Wu, Wenguang Xiong, Lan Gao, and Yi Li. "Quantifying the Evolution of Giant Panda Habitats in Sichuan Province under Different Scenarios." Diversity 14, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14100865.
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The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a relic species in China and a flagship species in the field of endangered wildlife conservation. The conservation of the giant panda’s habitat has gained widespread attention for this reason. Historically, Chinese Giant Panda Nature Reserves are surrounded by communities and the resource utilization behavior of households disturbs the giant panda habitat. Changes in these communities and in Giant Panda Nature Reserves began around 2010, with the feminization and aging of the farm labor force. These changes brought different resource utilization behaviors that led to different evolutionary tendencies in giant panda habitats. This research study assesses the impact of these tendencies based on data from the fourth survey of the giant panda in the Sichuan Province and from geographic information data. The paper aims to uncover the internal mechanisms of farmers’ resource utilization behavior in terms of the changes wrought to giant panda habitats. The paper simulates the future habitat of the giant panda based on the LUCC (land use/cover change) model to identify anticipated changes in future landscape patterns and the habitat quality of giant pandas under the current scenarios. The paper analyzes the spatial-temporal change of landscape patterns through the land use transfer matrix, based on the Markov model. The results of the scenario analyses illustrate the spatial and temporal difference in habitat quality. The driving mechanism for landscape pattern change is explored using the logistic regression model. The paper simulates the variation tendency of giant panda habitats under differential labor force structures and resource utilization behavior based on the CA (cellular automata) model, with the robustness of the results verified by participatory experiment. Through four scenarios of simulated farm labor force structure and resource utilization behavior, results suggest that the quality of giant panda habitats in the future will be relatively high when workforce feminization and aging is intense and resource utilization behavior is weakened. The simulated results confirm that the current agricultural labor force structure can reduce the intensity of resource utilization behavior. In this scenario, disturbance to giant panda habitats would decrease and their quality would improve.
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Lin, Chyi Yeu, Yi Pin Chiu, Li Chieh Cheng, Chun Chia Huang, Po Chia Jo, and Wei Lung Lin. "Panda Robot: Kinematic Design and Simulation for Quadrupedal Walking." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1888.
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For most quadruped robots, their waist joints can usually pitch or yaw, but cannot roll. Thus, their gaits can only be simulated by a simple motion model based on single-legged mechanisms. When pandas move on their four feet, they swing their hips and rear legs from side to side. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop a quadruped robot which is equipped with a waist joint of one degree of freedom (DOF) for rolling so as to imitate the waist-swinging motion of a real panda. This research starts at editing the predetermined motion conditions with lengths of all panda body parts and the mechanism model with corresponding degree-of-freedom in the CAE software. The related simulation parameters of leg motions are acquired as a reference for gait controls. The quadrupedal walking process was tested in simulators to verify important design variables and simulation validity was also verified on the actual panda robot after their buildup. With this approach, this study has effectively and successfully developed a panda robot with a waist joint that can roll.
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Hu, Yibo, Qi Wu, Shuai Ma, Tianxiao Ma, Lei Shan, Xiao Wang, Yonggang Nie, et al. "Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 5 (January 17, 2017): 1081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613870114.
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Phenotypic convergence between distantly related taxa often mirrors adaptation to similar selective pressures and may be driven by genetic convergence. The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (Ailurus fulgens) belong to different families in the order Carnivora, but both have evolved a specialized bamboo diet and adaptive pseudothumb, representing a classic model of convergent evolution. However, the genetic bases of these morphological and physiological convergences remain unknown. Through de novo sequencing the red panda genome and improving the giant panda genome assembly with added data, we identified genomic signatures of convergent evolution. Limb development genesDYNC2H1andPCNThave undergone adaptive convergence and may be important candidate genes for pseudothumb development. As evolutionary responses to a bamboo diet, adaptive convergence has occurred in genes involved in the digestion and utilization of bamboo nutrients such as essential amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins. Similarly, the umami taste receptor geneTAS1R1has been pseudogenized in both pandas. These findings offer insights into genetic convergence mechanisms underlying phenotypic convergence and adaptation to a specialized bamboo diet.
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Zhang, Zejun, Ronald R. Swaisgood, Shanning Zhang, Lisa A. Nordstrom, Hongjia Wang, Xiaodong Gu, Jinchu Hu, and Fuwen Wei. "Old-growth forest is what giant pandas really need." Biology Letters 7, no. 3 (January 12, 2011): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1081.
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Giant pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) are an iconic conservation species, but despite significant research effort, do we understand what they really need? Estimating and mapping suitable habitat play a critical role in conservation planning and policy. But if assumptions about ecological needs are wrong, maps with misidentified suitable habitat will misguide conservation action. Here, we use an information-theoretic approach to analyse the largest, landscape-level dataset on panda habitat use to date, and challenge the prevailing wisdom about panda habitat needs. We show that pandas are associated with old-growth forest more than with any ecological variable other than bamboo. Other factors traditionally used in panda habitat models, such as topographic slope, are less important. We suggest that our findings are disparate from previous research in part because our research was conducted over a larger ecological scale than previous research conducted over more circumscribed areas within individual reserves. Thus, extrapolating from habitat studies on small scales to conservation planning on large scales may entail some risk. As the Chinese government is considering the renewal of its logging ban, it should take heed of the panda's dependency on old growth.
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Li, Zixiang, Xuefeng Liu, Juan Zhao, Yanhui Liu, Haihong Xu, Changqing Li, Tao Ma, et al. "Prospective Study on the Excretion of Mucous Stools and its Association with Age, Gender, and Feces Output in Captive Giant Pandas." Animals 9, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050264.
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The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) has evolved a large number of mucous glands in the intestinal lining to adapt to the digestion of high-fiber foods. However, in captive pandas, excessive mucus might form a mass and then be eliminated, which is often accompanied by discomfort and decreased activity. This event is called ‘mucous excretion’. The causes of mucus excretions in captive pandas, however, remain unknown. The aims of this study were to document the occurrence of mucus excretion and to investigate its possible associations with pandas’ age, gender, and feces output. Eighteen giant pandas were studied at the Beijing Zoo from April 2003 to June 2017, and a total of 900 occurrences of mucous excretion and 32,856 daily defecation outputs in weight were recorded. The likelihood of mucous excretion occurrence decreased by 11.34% for each 1 kg of fecal output (Z = −4.12, p < 0.0001), while it increased by 5.89% per year of age (Z = 4.02, p < 0.0001). However, individual differences in gender had no significant effect on the mucous occurrence (Z = −0.75, p = 0.4508). A monthly change in mucus occurrence was also found. The mean frequency of mucus occurrence was significantly higher in October. In August, time (month) change showed the biggest negative influence on feces output but the biggest positive influence on mucus excretion (seasonal factors were −2.261 and 0.0126, respectively). Our results documented the occurrence of mucous excretions and confirmed their possible associations with the pandas’ age and fecal output based on a 15-year prospective study. This study not only adds to our knowledge of panda physiology but also suggests the need for further studies examining the causes of the excretion of mucous stools in captive pandas. Reducing the incidence of mucous excretion would promote ex situ conservation and enhance panda welfare.
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Hu, X. L., M. Y. Zhu, Z. H. Zhang, R. Hou, F. J. Shen, and A. J. Zhang. "Cloning, expression and tissue distribution of IGF-1 from giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)." Animal Science 82, no. 4 (August 2006): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc200667.
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AbstractInsulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a polypeptide that regulate growth, differentiation and muscle regeneration in several species. This study was designed to analyse the cDNA sequence of IGF-1 in giant panda, its gene expression and tissue distributions in relation to growth, development and reproduction of captive giant pandas. A cDNA encoding IGF-1 was cloned by reverse transcriptase-PCR from a male giant panda cub liver tissue. Sequence alignment analysis showed the cysteine residues and other amino acid residues of the mature IGF-1 peptide of giant panda are highly conserved in mammalian species. DNA encoding the mature IGF-1 peptide of the giant panda was ligated with pET-DsbA expression vector and expressed in E. coli BL21. Western blot confirmed the IGF-1 antigen activity of the recombinant protein. By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry analysis it is demonstrated that the IGF-1 mRNA distribution abundance were significantly higher in the liver, muscles and heart than those in the other tissues studied. However, the IGF-1 peptide distribution abundances in all the tissues studied did not show any significant differences. The localization of the IGF-1 peptide was in accordance with that of mRNA for each tissue. These results may suggest that IGF-1 play an autocrine or paracrine rôle in regulation of the giant panda growth and development.
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Yang, Zihan, Xiaorong Wang, and Dongwei Kang. "Characteristics and Roles of Large Trees in Giant Panda Habitat of Wanglang Nature Reserve." Forests 14, no. 10 (October 4, 2023): 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14101993.
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Specific studies of large trees in giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitats are currently lacking. To fill this research gap, a field survey on large trees in Wanglang Nature Reserve of China was conducted. According to a previous definition of a large tree (DBH ≥ 60 cm), a total of 19 large trees, composed of Abies fargesii var. faxoniana (73.7%), Betula albosinensis (15.8%), and Juniperus saltuaria (10.5%), were found in 50% of 30 10 m × 10 m giant panda habitat plots (contained feces of giant panda). Compared to the habitat where large trees were absent, the giant panda habitat where large trees were present was characterized by larger-sized tree diameter and more bamboo clumps. The mean proportion of large trees in the basal area of the tree layer in habitats where large trees were present was 65.5%. Considering large trees are a scarce resource and play a crucial role in habitat composition and habitat use, large trees and their habitats need to be given priority protection. To achieve more accurate protection, continuous and dynamic monitoring of large trees is needed, and the investigation of large trees should form a part of future national surveys of giant pandas.
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Shi, Xiang-yun, and Guo-hua Song. "A Mathematical Model with Pulse Effect for Three Populations of the Giant Panda and Two Kinds of Bamboo." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/137384.
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A mathematical model for the relationship between the populations of giant pandas and two kinds of bamboo is established. We use the impulsive perturbations to take into account the effect of a sudden collapse of bamboo as a food source. We show that this system is uniformly bounded. Using the Floquet theory and comparison techniques of impulsive equations, we find conditions for the local and global stabilities of the giant panda-free periodic solution. Moreover, we obtain sufficient conditions for the system to be permanent. The results provide a theoretical basis for giant panda habitat protection.
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Guo, Wei, Sudhanshu Mishra, Chengdong Wang, Hemin Zhang, Ruihong Ning, Fanli Kong, Bo Zeng, Jiangchao Zhao, and Ying Li. "Comparative Study of Gut Microbiota in Wild and Captive Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)." Genes 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2019): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10100827.
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Captive breeding has been used as an effective approach to protecting endangered animals but its effect on the gut microbiome and the conservation status of these species is largely unknown. The giant panda is a flagship species for the conservation of wildlife. With integrated efforts including captive breeding, this species has been recently upgraded from “endangered” to “vulnerable” (IUCN 2016). Since a large proportion (21.8%) of their global population is still captive, it is critical to understand how captivity changes the gut microbiome of these pandas and how such alterations to the microbiome might affect their future fitness and potential impact on the ecosystem after release into the wild. Here, we use 16S rRNA (ribosomal RNA) marker gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomics sequencing to demonstrate that the fecal microbiomes differ substantially between wild and captive giant pandas. Fecal microbiome diversity was significantly lower in captive pandas, as was the diversity of functional genes. Additionally, captive pandas have reduced functional potential for cellulose degradation but enriched metabolic pathways for starch metabolism, indicating that they may not adapt to a wild diet after being released into the wild since a major component of their diet in the wild will be bamboo. Most significantly, we observed a significantly higher level of amylase activity but a lower level of cellulase activity in captive giant panda feces than those of wild giant pandas, shown by an in vitro experimental assay. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors, as well as heavy metal tolerance genes were enriched in the microbiomes of captive pandas, which raises a great concern of spreading these genes to other wild animals and ecosystems when they are released into a wild environment. Our results clearly show that captivity has altered the giant panda microbiome, which could have unintended negative consequences on their adaptability and the ecosystem during the reintroduction of giant pandas into the wild.
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Shrestha, Sajan, and Mahendra Maharjan. "Parasitic burden in Red panda (Ailurus fulgens Cuvier, 1825) of Illam district Community forest, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 3, no. 1 (November 25, 2015): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v3i1.30865.
Full textAbstract:
Parasitic diseases pose significant conservation threat in conservation of Red panda. In order to assess the parasitic burden in Red panda of Illam district, Nepal, 14 faecal samples were aseptically collected from community forest of Illam using line transect method following the GPS location. The samples were examined using standard concentration techniques. All the collected samples were found to be positive for both protozoan and helminth parasites. The recorded protozoan parasites includes Eimeria sp., Entamoeba sp., and Balantidium sp. with 64.28%, 57.14% and 14.28% proportion respectively. Similarly the proportion of seven helmithes parasites revealed Oxyuris (100%), Baylisascaris (57.14%), Trichostrongylus (50%), Strongyloides (50%), Trichuris (42.8%), Crenosoma (42.85%) and Hookworm (35.7%). The most of the samples (78.52%) revealed either multiple parasitic infection or triple infection (21.42%) with low to moderate intensity of infection. In conclusion, The parasitic burden in Red Pandas of Illam, community forest is very high hence urgently needs to address this threat in Red panda conservation action plan.
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Jiang, Ruijie, Xinyi Zhang, Maohua Xia, Sufen Zhao, Yunsheng Wang, Tianchun Pu, Chenglin Zhang, Zhong Wu, Haihong Xu, and Kai Fan. "Effects of Age and Season on Blood Parameters of Captive Giant Pandas: A Pilot Study." Animals 13, no. 19 (September 26, 2023): 3023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13193023.
Full textAbstract:
The giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, serves as a flagship species for biodiversity conservation, embodying the intersection of ecological, evolutionary, and anthropogenic forces shaping the natural world. Hematological parameters serve as crucial indicators for assessing the physiological status of animals. However, our understanding of blood parameters and hemorheology in captive giant pandas under non-anesthetic conditions is limited. In this study, from September 2018 to August 2020, we collected blood samples from captive giant pandas under non-anesthetic conditions. Twelve captive giant pandas, ranging in age from 2 to 28 years, were divided into three groups based on their age, and the variations in basic blood parameters and hemorheological parameters across four seasons were analyzed. This provided baseline data for future blood sample comparisons in non-anesthetized captive giant pandas. Additionally, we observed seasonal changes in hematological morphology, hemorheology, and serum enzymes. Moreover, seasonality had a regulatory effect on hemorheological parameters and negatively impacted blood viscosity. Age influenced changes in serum enzymes, serum protein content, and serum metabolites, indicating differences in overall metabolic processes among giant pandas of different age groups. Whether factors such as season and climate contribute to environmental stress in captive giant pandas requires further investigation. The findings of this study may help to protect the stability of the giant panda population better and provide a reference for the medical care of captive giant pandas.
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Charlton, Benjamin D., Jennifer L. Keating, Li Rengui, Yan Huang, and Ronald R. Swaisgood. "Female giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) chirps advertise the caller's fertile phase." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1684 (December 2, 2009): 1101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1431.
Full textAbstract:
Although female mammal vocal behaviour is known to advertise fertility, to date, no non-human mammal study has shown that the acoustic structure of female calls varies significantly around their fertile period. Here, we used a combination of hormone measurements and acoustic analyses to determine whether female giant panda chirps have the potential to signal the caller's precise oestrous stage (fertile versus pre-fertile). We then used playback experiments to examine the response of male giant pandas to female chirps produced during fertile versus pre-fertile phases of the caller's reproductive cycle. Our results show that the acoustic structure of female giant panda chirps differs between fertile and pre-fertile callers and that male giant pandas can perceive differences in female chirps that allow them to determine the exact timing of the female's fertile phase. These findings indicate that male giant pandas could use vocal cues to preferentially associate and copulate with females at the optimum time for insemination and reveal the likely importance of female vocal signals for coordinating reproductive efforts in this critically endangered species.
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Xie, Miao, Sourav S. Bhowmick, Hao Su, Gao Cong, and Wook-Shin Han. "PANDA." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 11, no. 12 (August 2018): 1966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3229863.3236236.
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Cao, Yang, Shun Takagi, Yonghui Xiao, Li Xiong, and Masatoshi Yoshikawa. "PANDA." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 13, no. 12 (August 2020): 3001–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3415478.3415529.
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Mehrotra, Sharad, Shantanu Sharma, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Dhrubajyoti Ghosh, Peeyush Gupta, and Anurag Mishra. "PANDA." ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems 11, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3397521.
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