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Barbosa, Raphael Augusto Oliveira 1984. "Aspectos tipológicos na formação de palavras em um grupo de línguas da família Pano." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270401.
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Orientador: Angel Humberto Corbera Mori<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:50:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2012<br>Resumo: Esta dissertação analisa o sistema de formação de palavras em um grupo de oito línguas da família Pano: Kashibo-Kakataibo, Katukina, Kaxinawa, Matis, Matsés, Shanenawa, Shipibo-Konibo e Yawanawa - sob a perspectiva teórica da linguística tipológicafuncional. O objetivo desta pesquisa é comparar e explicar as similaridades e diferenças de algumas propriedades semânticas a respeito dos elementos morfológicos usados pelos falantes desses idiomas com vistas a formar palavras por meio de três processos linguísticos: afixação, reduplicação e composição. Com este estudo, buscamos oferecer subsídios para novas pesquisas teóricas e aplicadas a respeito das funções e dos significados presentes na morfologia derivacional do grupo de línguas Pano estudado. Nesse sentido, descrevemos duas classes de prefixos (morfemas partes do corpo e aspectuais), e investigamos como a função locativa e os significados metafóricos são codificados pelo sistema conceptual de prefixação lexical, assim como analisar a função aspectual dos demais prefixos. A respeito da reduplicação, discutimos sua característica icônico-derivacional, sua função aspectual e numeral, e a ordem e significado de suas construções complexas (reduplicações com afixos). Ademais, além de descrevermos a distribuição da composição e seus significados, também analisamos como seus elementos lexicais se configuram da maneira como são observados. Para tanto, utilizamos trabalhos científicos já realizados por estudiosos desses idiomas, disponíveis em teses e outros tipos de publicação. Basicamente, o texto compõe-se de quatro seções, da maneira como se segue. Na introdução (1) apresentamos alguns aspectos etnolinguísticos da família Pano e o quadro teórico-metodológico utilizado na análise. Logo após (2) examinamos o sistema de prefixação e então descrevemos brevemente os sufixos e as construções analíticas do grau aumentativo e diminutivo. Em seguida (3) analisamos a reduplicação e a composição. Na conclusão (4) apresentamos os aspectos tipológicos do sistema de formação de palavras por prefixação, reduplicação, e composição do grupo de línguas Pano selecionado<br>Abstract: This dissertation analyses the system of word-formation in a group of eight languages of the Pano family: Kashibo-Kakataibo, Katukina, Kaxinawa, Matis, Mastsés, Shanenawa, Shipibo-Konibo e Yawanawa - from a functional-typological perspective. The objective of this research is to compare and explain the similarities and differences of some semantic properties related to the morphological elements used by speakers of these languages in order to form words using three linguistic processes: affixation, reduplication and composition. Futhermore, we aim to provide insight into new theoretical and applied research about the functions and meanings present in the derivational morphology of the Pano languages studied. Accordingly, we describe two classes of prefixes (parts of the body and aspectual morphemes), and investigate how locative functions and metaphorical meanings are encoded by the conceptual system of lexical prefixation, as well as analyzing the function of other aspectual prefixes. Regarding reduplication, we discuss its iconic-derivational quality, its aspectual and numeral functions, and the order and meaning of their complex constructions (reduplications with affixes). In addition, besides describing the distribution of the composition and its meanings, we also analyse how its lexical elements are configured in the way they are observed. We used scientific research already published by scholars of these languages, available in theses and other types of publication. Fundamentally, the text is composed of four parts. In the introduction (1) we present some ethnolinguistic aspects of the Pano family and the theoretical and methodological framework used in the analysis, follow by (2) an analysis of the system of prefixation, and a description of the suffixes and analitical constructions of augmentative and diminutive meanings. Next (3) we examine the reduplication and the composition. In conclusion (4) we present the typological aspects of the word-formation system of prefixation, reduplication, and composition of the Pano languages studied<br>Mestrado<br>Linguistica<br>Mestre em Linguística
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Piñeros, Carlos-Eduardo. "Prosodic morphology in Spanish : constraint interaction in word formation /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487950658546139.
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鄭佩芳 and Pui-fong Cheng. "A study on parts of speech, word formation, and the change of word meaning in modern Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31234124.
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Forse, Jessica Amy. "The conceptual semantics of word formation : a romance perspective." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678457.
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Tajima, Masakazu. "Complex predicate formation in Ainu." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56904.
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Lexicalists assume that words with derivational morphology and compound words are not formed by syntactic transformation (Selkirk, 1982). The Lexicalist Hypothesis implies that the principles of universal grammar are not operative to word formation.<br>This thesis argues that a word is composed of lexical constituents and post-lexical constituents, and that the post-lexical constituents can incorporate into a verb, to form the complex predicate. This formational process is subject to syntactic constraints and principles. Therefore, I claim that the principles of universal grammar are also operative to word formation. This hypothesis will throw a new light upon the area of language acquisition of complex predicates.
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Shepard-Kegl, Judy Anne. "Locative relations in American Sign Language word formation, syntax and discourse." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15168.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1985.<br>MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES<br>Bibliography: leaves 493-505.<br>by Judy Anne Shepard-Kegl.<br>Ph.D.
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Enarsson, Anna. "New Blends in the English Language." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-674.
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<p>Titel: New Blends in the English Language</p><p>Författare: Anna Enarsson</p><p>Antal sidor: 29</p><p>Abstract: The aim of this essay was to identify new blends that have entered the English language. Firstly six different word-formation processes, including blending, was described. Those were compounding, clipping, backformation, acronyming, derivation and blending. The investigation was done by using a list of blends from Wikipedia. The words were looked up in the Longman dictionary of 2005 and in a dictionary online. A google search and a corpus investigation were also conducted. The investigation suggested that most of the blends were made by clipping and the second most common form was clipping and overlapping. Blends with only overlapping was unusual and accounted for only three percent. The investigation also suggested that the most common way to create blends by clipping was to use the first part of the first word and the last part of the second word. The blends were not only investigated according to their structure but also according to the domains they occur in. This part of the investigation suggested that the blends were most frequent in the technical domain, but also in the domain of society</p>
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Meissner, Torsten. "S-stem nouns and adjectives in Greek and Proto-Indo-European : a diachronic study in word formation." Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280087.001.0001.
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Zugl.: Oxford, Univ., Diss., 1995 u.d.T.: Meissner, Torsten: S-stem nouns and adjectives in ancient Greek : a study in Greek and Indo-European word formation<br>Includes bibliographical references and index
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Mealing, Cathy. "German noun compounds and their role in text cohesion." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64084.
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Langslow, David R. "The formation and development of Latin medical vocabulary : A. Cornelius Celsus and Cassius Felix." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3f2c9b29-d9a5-413c-a930-d03c28c5e79a.
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This is a study of the substantival medical terminology of Aulus Cornelius Celsus (early 1st c.) and Cassius Felix (mid 5th c.), in the fields of Anatomy and Physiology; Pathology; and Therapeutics. Two broad questions are considered: (1) What were the possible and the preferred means of extending the Latin vocabulary in these technical areas in the first and the fifth century A.D.? (2) May any linguistic features be identified as proper or peculiar to Latin medical - or, more generally, technical - terminology? Chapter 1 presents a general characterisation, based on examples of medical language, of modern technical terminology. Certain features of the structure and composition of the modern terminology are observed also in our Latin authors, especially in Cassius Felix. Chapters 2-5 focus each on one linguistic means of term-formation in Celsus and Cassius Felix. These are (Ch.2:) the use of Greek medical terms within the Latin terminology; (Ch.3:) the use of semantic extension, that is the deployment of established Latin words with new, medical reference (sutura 'stitching' → 'cranial suture'); (Ch.4:) the minimal use of compounding (dentifricium 'tooth-rub'), and the use as single terminological units of lexicalised Noun Phrases, Noun + Adjective (ignis sacer a type of skin-disease) or Noun + Genitive (difficultas urinae 'dysury'), here called "Phrasal Terms"; (Ch.5:) the favouring of certain suffixes in deriving Nouns (and some Adjectives) and the striking correlation between suffix and the lexical-semantic field of the derivative (-or and clinical signs and symptoms: dolor, rubor). Chapter 6 presents comparative figures for the two authors and a general working hypothesis that emerges: namely that divergences between Cassius Felix and Celsus may be interpreted as symptoms of the development of a Latin technical medical terminology (notably the integration of Greek and Latin terminology; reduction in the use of non-metaphorical polysemy; increased use of Phrasal Terms in fixed word order; extended use of suffixation to signal the semantic organisation of the terminology and, additionally, to form nominalisations as part of the development of a heavily-nominal style). A programme is adumbrated for testing this hypothesis. Volume II contains brief historical introductions to Celsus and Cassius Felix, the authors and their works; a Glossary of their medical terminology in three parts (ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; THERAPEUTICS); and full word indexes to both authors listed on microfiche.
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Green, Brita Elisabet. "Noun compounds in the language of Harry Martinson : a study in creative word-formation and usage." Thesis, University of Hull, 1989. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:13030.
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This investigation began as frustration - frustration, during my attempts at translating Harry Martinson's poetry at being unable to find adequate English equivalents for most of his compounds. The frustration developed into curiosity about the nature of the compounds and their use. The thesis is the result of that curiosity. I have studied the compounds from both linguistic and stylistic points of view. One chapter concerns numbers. Very nearly 4,500 (some 3,500 different) noun compounds have been excerpted from almost 92,000 words of Harry Martinson's published poetry. In addition, some thousand compounds have been excerpted from the manuscript poems in the Harry Martinson archive in Uppsala University Library. Whereas every attempt has been made to be accurate in word-counts and calculations, comparisons across tables may reveal minor discrepancies. Manually calculated figures do not always exactly match the numbers indicated by computer calculations. This may be a result of human error, whether in the manual calculations or in the typing in of the data, but it may also be caused by such factors as compounds appearing in prose passages and section titles (included in some calculations, not in others) or in poems included in more than one collection. In small-scale manual calculations, allowance can be made for such factors, but it is not usually possible to foresee all the repercussions of such adjustments on all other calculations and tables. I am confident that the discrepancies are in no case of a magnitude to affect the conclusions drawn from the figures.
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Warell, Peter. "New Chinese Words in 2014 – A Study of Word-formation Processes." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Kinesiska, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-23241.
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随着社会的发展，尤其是互联网的发展，很多语言每年都涌现出了不少新词汇。词语是每个语言最基本也是最重要的组成部分，因此分析这些新词汇的结构特点以及构词法是很有意义的。这篇文章分析了2014年出现在中文里的新词汇和它们的构词方式，论文的目的是为了更好地了解中文词汇的发展和特点。本文以《2014汉语新词语》中公布的2014年出现的新词汇作为语料进行分析，发现了以下两个主要特点：第一，合成法，派生法，缩略法是2014年产生的新词汇的主要构词方式；第二， 百分之七十二的新词汇是多音节词（包含三个或者三个以上音节），而百分之八十的是名词。这些特点说明中文词汇现阶段的特点和发展趋势，跟传统的中文词汇有不同之处。<br>The aim of this thesis was to investigate how new Chinese words are formed and to examine the linguistic patterns among them. This thesis focused on the analysis of Chinese words formed in 2014. The quantitative data for the analysis included a collection of 423 new Chinese words from the book 2014 汉语新词语 (hànyǔxīn cíyǔ) by Hou and Zhou. Parts of speech and number of syllables in the new words were investigated, although the focus was on word-formation processes. A discussion of derivation, blending, abbreviation, analogy, borrowing, change of meaning, compounding and inventions is also included. The share of each word-formation process used for each of the new words was presented statistically in order to reveal the significance of each word-formation process. The analysis showed that compounding, derivation and abbreviation were the major word-formation processes in 2014. The study also suggests that words formed by derivation and analogy were much more frequent in 2014, in comparison to previous studies. Furthermore, the ways words are formed in Chinese are changing and evolving, as some word-formation processes are becoming more frequently used in the formation of new words.
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Prené, Emma. "Dumbledore, Remembrall and OWLs : Word formation processes of neologisms in the Harry Potter books." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-24075.
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This thesis investigates the word formation processes of the neologisms in the Harry Potter books by JK Rowling. The aim is to find the frequencies of these processes and then discuss why the frequency looks this way. By collecting and analysing the neologisms with the help of the classification of Plag (2003) and Ljung (2003), the frequencies of the different formation processes is established. The reasons why the distribution of word formation processes looks this way is then discussed and compared to the background information about the author. The conclusion is that compound is the most frequent word formation of this sample. The arguments why the distribution looks this way could be that the semantic meaning of the Harry Potter words is important and that many of the neologisms are based on humour, mythology and folklore.
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Kwan, Pun-lok David, and 關本樂. "Lexical blending among young Chinese readers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49617825.
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Lexical compounding refers to the process of word formation through union of lexicalized morphemes. Given that young Chinese readers learn print vocabulary as unanalyzed whole, I am uncertain whether children can effortlessly decompose bound morphemes from disyllabic words for lexical compounding to occur. With this concern, I propose a lexical blending process in parallel with lexical compounding, where words are constructed from previously learnt words that have not yet been decomposed as morphemes. This thesis investigated the mechanisms behind the lexical blending process, as well as its role in word reading among young Chinese readers, in five studies
Studies One and Two examined the factors that favor lexical blending to occur. In Study One, I located a high proportion of disyllabic words and bound morphemes within a corpus of Chinese textbooks in Hong Kong. Around 40-50% of disyllabic words in Grade One to Grade Three are composed of one or more bound morphemes, which set a favorable environment for lexical blending to occur. In Study Two, I found that younger readers tended to commit more selection errors, defined as “naming the target character as a character that forms a highly frequent two-character compound word with it” (Shu, Meng, Chen, Luan and Cao, 2005), than older readers during character reading, suggesting that their representations of bound morphemes were not precise. An experiment on morpheme name judgment demonstrated that bound morphemes and low frequency morphemes embedded in high frequency words were most prone to selection errors.
I further examined the lexical blending process and its contribution to reading development in Studies Three and Four. Adopting a cross-sequential design in Study Three, I found that lexical blending concurrently and longitudinally predicted Chinese word reading, after lexical compounding and other reading-related variables were partialled out. In Study Four, I located lexical class and structural relation knowledge as significant component skills of lexical blending. The process of lexical blending proceeded first with structural arrangement of words, followed by morphological decomposition and union of morphemes to eventually form a blended word.
I also tested Chinese dyslexic readers’ performance on lexical blending in Study Five. Dyslexic readers exhibited difficulties in lexical blending and all the related component skills, when compared with chronological-age (CA) matched controls. Process-wise, the dyslexic readers were weaker than CA controls in both structural arrangement and morphological decomposition, while having particular difficulties in the latter process.
I conclude that lexical blending is an important word formation process for young Chinese readers. To aid mastery of lexical blending, readers should be aware of the syntax in phrases and sentences, as it provides cues on structural arrangement of blended words. In addition, I suggest explicit instruction on lexical blending skills in the curriculum, with a particular focus on morphological decomposition, in order to meet the learning needs of dyslexic readers.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Psychology<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Dotto, Simony de Lena [UNESP]. "Novas formas de pensar/dizer, dizer/pensar: a imagem como linguagem mediadora da experiência do formador de professores." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86954.
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dotto_sl_me_ia.pdf: 1628681 bytes, checksum: 99ab151f9a4dc7ce569b3ef7e369e529 (MD5)<br>Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)<br>Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo descrever processos de mediação da imagem como linguagem no pensar/dizer, dizer/pensar de formador de professores na perspectiva de compreender como a imagem pode favorecer a construção de um discurso mais autoral. A pesquisa foi realizada no contexto do projeto de formação de professores da rede escolar SESI-SP, com seis formadores de professores, os quais expressaram seus percursos profissionais e os sentidos atribuídos ao ofício de formador com palavras e imagens. A construção dos dados e informações produzidas pelos sujeitos foi integrada aos fundamentos teóricos, num diálogo vivo e dinâmico como é a vida de uma pesquisa. Algumas metáforas como travessia, caminho e labirinto acompanharam o processo de produção da pesquisa, tendo como objetivo indicar a complexidade que reside no campo da formação continuada de professores e as possibilidades de novas abordagens de discurso e reflexão. As idéias de Dewey e Larrosa, Paulo Freire e Perrenoud, Vigostski, Santaellla e Pareyson embasam teoricamente os principais conceitos abordados: EXPERIÊNCIA, FORMAÇÃO E IMAGEM-LINGUAGEM. A interpretação dos dados revelou que a imagem, como linguagem mediadora, pode ampliar e revestir de maior sentido o pensar/dizer dos formadores desde a formação seja compreendida como experiência estética do sentir, pensar e produzir sentidos. Isso significa que, muito mais que uma mera atividade a ser desempenhada pelos sujeitos a tradução da imagem em palavras agrega elementos compatíveis com a idéia da integralidade do sujeito: sentimentos, emoções, vivências e saberes construídos. Nessa perspectiva, a imagem desvelou um sujeito mais inteiro, revestindo de sentido suas palavras. Todo o percurso de investigação contou com um pesquisador que também viveu o processo de reinvenção de seu pensamento e discurso por meio da linguagem-imagem-tradução.<br>This research has the objective of describing the processes of images as language of thinking/saying, saying/thinking of formators of teachers in the perspective of understanding as the image can favor the construction of a more authorial speech. The research was done in the context of the project of formation of teachers from the escolar group SESI-SP, with six formators of teachers, that expressed their professional route and the senses attributed to the trade of formators with words and images. The construction of the information done by people was integrated to the theoretical fundamentals, in a living and dynamic dialogue like it is the life of a research. Some metaphors like passages, way and labyrinth follow the process of the production of the research, having as object to indicate the complexity that resides in the field of the continuous formation of teachers and the possibilities of new approaches of the speech and reflexion. The ideas of Dewey and Larrosa, Paulo Freire and Perrenoud, Vigostski, Santaella and Pareyson confirm theoretically the principal concepts deal: experience, formation and image-language. The interpretation of the information revealed that the image, as the language, can enlarge and cover the biggest sense the thinking/saying of formators since the formation be understandable as aesthetic experience of feeling, thinking and producing senses. This means that, more than an activity to be done by people to translate the image in words with compatible elements with the idea of the total person: feelings, emotions and knows constructed. By this perspective, the image showed a more complete person, his/her words covered of senses. All the route of investigation counted with a researcher that also lived the process of the reinvention of his/her thought and the speech by the way of language-image-translation.
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Dalalakis, Jenny E. "Developmental language impairment : evidence from Greek and its implications for morphological representation." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=42010.
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Developmental Language Impairment (DLI) is a language disorder characterized by difficulties in both language production and comprehension most readily observable on the morphological level. Previous research suggests that DLI subjects are atypical regarding word decomposition and word formation.<br>Given these observations, two questions arise: What is the extent of DLI insensitivity to word-internal structure and to morpheme features? and Is this insensitivity equally evident in inflectional, derivational and compounding processes? Three experiments address these questions: plural formation, nominal compounding and diminutive formation and comprehension.<br>These word formation processes are very productive Greek and are observed from (2;0) onwards in non-impaired children cross-linguistically. Nominal roots (bound) are mapped to other bound morphemes: inflectional affixes for plural formation, derivational affixes and inflectional affixes for diminutive formation, and lexical morphemes and inflectional affixes for compound formation.<br>In this thesis, the performance of Greek DLI subjects was compared to that of non-impaired controls using elicited production and comprehension tasks that probed real and novel word formation. Results show that DLI children are not sensitive to morphological features and have difficulty knowing where root boundaries are. Given the atypical performance of DLI children, the initial hypothesis on the building of an atypical competence appears to be supported.
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Kjellander, Daniel. "Beauty and the Blend : Implications of Cognitive Constraints and Word Class Distribution in Lexical Blending." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-118194.
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This master thesis investigates underlying principles and usage-based aspects of lexical blending. In a corpus study examining the lexical items, or matrix words, republican, liberal, and vegetarian it was found that there were three cognitive constraints influencing their potential to form blends. Mapping of a prefixation schema onto the lexical item republican was shown to fuel blend formation. Neighborhood effects and morphological lexicalization, on the other hand, were observed to have a negative influence on the possibility to form blends from the terms liberal and vegetarian. Also, an examination of word class distribution in the matrix words and their blend and compound derivatives showed that the patterns of the blends were less consistent than the compounds. These findings point to an important duality in the derivative blends. While they operate in an interplay with regular morphological processes they are at the same time creatively elaborated in use. Therefore blends exhibit a fundamental aspect of language, which is phrased as the dynamic interrelatedness between socio-pragmatic motivation and schematization, or pattern-finding. This positions blending not in the margin, but at the centre of studies on language development.
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Navickaitė, Agnė. "Noun formation system (nomina agentis and nomina actionis) in contemporary Latvian." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140423_090956-34709.
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This paper aims to provide a description of two main word-formation categories of Latvian nouns: agent names and action names. It was attempted to divide the collected data (suffix and ending derivatives) into clearly defined word-formation types, to determine the meaning of different word-formation types and productivity of word-formation types, analyse the semantics and structure of derivatives, and to provide a clear systematic description of the formation of the aforementioned Latvian language word formation categories.<br>Šiame darbe siekiama išsamiai išnagrinėti latvių kalbos veikėjų pavadinimų ir veiksmų pavadinimų darybos kategorijas. Surinktą medžiagą (priesagų, galūnių vedinius) stengiamasi aiškiai suskirstyti į darybos tipus, nustatyti darybos reikšmes ir darybos tipų produktyvumą, išnagrinėti vedinių semantiką ir struktūrą ir pateikti aiškų sisteminį minėtųjų darybos kategorijų darybos latvių kalboje aprašą.
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Alizadeh, Lemjiri Sedigheh. "Historische und vergleichende Untersuchung der Wortbildung im Persischen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-67493.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Morphologiestruktur der verschiedenen Sprachperioden im Persischen, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf der Wortbildung liegt. Des Weiteren wird der Versuch unternommen, die innere Struktur der Wörter in Bezug auf die Wortbildung auf verschiedenen Zeitebenen zu erforschen und die Wortbildungsmuster zu analysieren.
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Faltusová, Marie. "Automatické zařazování neznámých slov na základě derivačních vazeb." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417230.
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This master thesis deals with the construction of a system for automatic classification of~unknown words based on derivation bonds. For this purpose, the system was designed to~extract derivative links based on electronic dictionaries and to create word-forming models from them. Based on this knowledge, it is then possible to incorporate unclassified words into existing nests formed from the obtained bonds, and their models, or create new ones. The reader will be gradually acquainted with the reasons that lead to the continuous transformation or expansion of the lexicon, the ways in which the words in~the~Czech language are derived and how to obtain information about the changes caused by this derivation process. This system builds on and extends the research of the branch of morphology in~the~project of a morphological analyzer of the Research Group of Knowledge Technologies, working at the Faculty of Information Technology of the Brno University of~Technology.
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Salgado, Beatriz de Oliveira 1989. "Existe fim em marfim? : um estudo da relação de palavras dentro de palavras no acesso lexical." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270556.
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Orientador: Edson Françozo<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T11:08:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2014<br>Resumo: Este trabalho investigou se no português brasileiro (PB), assim como investigaram Van Alphen e Van Berkum (2010) no holandês, os ouvintes levam em conta o significado de supostas palavras reconhecidas em outras, durante o acesso lexical. Um exemplo deste fenômeno seria a ativação mental da palavra "fé", mesmo que brevemente, quando o ouvinte se depara com a palavra "café". Investigar fenômenos como esse é tentar compreender parte da dinâmica que ocorre no acesso lexical em nossa mente. No caso desta pesquisa, perguntamo-nos se o acesso lexical de uma Suposta Palavra Inserida (SPI) no início de sua palavra Portadora (como "nó" em "nora") ocorre da mesma maneira que uma SPI no final (como "fé" em "café"). Nossa proposta é que esse acesso dar-se-á de maneira não estritamente modular e sim interacional (em termos cognitivos), como em um modelo conexionista. Neste tipo de modelo, como argumenta Leitão (2008), existe uma alta interação entre todos os tipos de informação relevantes para o processamento (como léxico-semântica, contextual, frequência de ocorrência etc.) e essa interação entre informações é o que guia o "caminho" que seguimos no processamento. Inicialmente, buscamos no corpus NILC-São Carlos palavras que contêm outras palavras menores dentro delas (Portadoras) dentro de um intervalo de frequência. Em seguida, elaboramos experimentos de decisão lexical com estímulos por via auditiva e visual (cross-modal) para avaliar se uma palavra na tela associada à SPI ouvida (como CRENÇA para "fé", em "café") teria um tempo de resposta (RT) diferente de uma palavra sem associação direta nem com a Portadora nem com a SPI (como COMPUTADOR). Esse resultado indica que o sujeito consideraria também a SPI no acesso lexical da Portadora, pois a associação entre a SPI (ouvida na Portadora) e a palavra lida na tela interferiu na tarefa de decisão lexical. Essa interferência seria responsável por modificar o tempo da resposta, em comparação com o caso de uma palavra escrita não associada (situação Controle), que não interfere na tarefa. Por outro lado, existe evidência para a desativação da SPI no início e para inibição da ativação de uma SPI no final, justificada pela ativação da Portadora (por exemplo, a ativação mental de "café" inibiria a ativação de "fé", como resultado da competição entre hipóteses lexicais). Argumentamos que, ao final do prime, as SPIs ainda estão ativadas, mas sofrem efeito da competição com a palavra Portadora. Esses são exemplos da dinâmica temporal do acesso lexical, que estudamos nesta pesquisa. Como os resultados empíricos sobre esse tema, na literatura atual, ainda não são consistentes, com evidências tanto para efeitos que favorecem o acesso de SPIs como para efeitos que inibem esse acesso (assim como a ausência de efeitos), nosso estudo fornece mais evidências para compreender a dinâmica temporal da ativação de palavras dentro de palavras no acesso lexical, investigando também a diferença no processamento de SPIs no início e no final de outras palavras, ao comparar os diferentes RTs para cada uma dessas situações<br>Abstract: In this research, we examined if in Brazilian Portuguese (PB), as in Dutch (Van Alphen & Van Berkum, 2010), listeners consider the meaning of spurious words embedded in other words, during lexical access. As an example of this phenomenon there is the activation of the word "pain", even if briefly, when the listener hears the word "champagne". Investigating phenomena like this is trying to comprehend part of the dynamics in the lexical access in our minds. We have asked if the lexical access of an embedded word in the beginning of its carrier (e.g. "pie" in "pirate") occurs in the same way as a word embedded in its ending (e.g. "pain" in "champagne"). We propose that this access does not happen in a strictly modular way, but in an interactive way, in cognitive terms, as in a connectionist model. In this type of model, as argues Leitão (2008), there is a high interaction among all kinds of relevant information to processing (lexical-semantic, contextual, frequency of occurrence etc.) and this interaction among information is what guides the "path" we follow in processing. Initially, we searched the corpus NILC-São Carlos for words that had other smaller words embedded in them (henceforth, carrier and embedded, respectively) in and interval of frequency. After that, we elaborated cross-modal lexical decision experiments to evaluate if a word in the screen associated to the embedded word in the audio (e.g. DOCTOR to "pain" in "champagne") would have a response time (RT) different from a word with no direct association either with the carrier or the embedded word (e.g. COMPUTER). This result would indicate that the subject also considers the embedded word in the lexical access of the carrier, because the association of the written word with the spurious word (embedded) in the audio interfered with the task, modifying the response time, in comparison to a written word with no association, which would not interfere in the task. On the other hand, there is evidence for the deactivation of the embedded word in the beginning and to the inhibition of the activation of an embedded in the end of a carrier, which is justified by the activation of the carrier itself (for example, the mental activation of "champagne" would inhibit the activation of "pain", as a result of the competition between these lexical hypotheses). We argue that, by the end of the prime, the embedded words are still activated, but suffer the effects of the competition against the carrier word. The empirical results around this subject, in the current literature, are not yet consistent, with evidence for effects that facilitate the access of embedded words, as well as effects that inhibit this access. Therefore, our study provides more evidence to the comprehension of the temporal dynamics of the activation of words within words in lexical access by investigating the difference in processing of embeddings in the beginning as well as in the ending of carrier words, by comparing the different RTs for each of these situations<br>Mestrado<br>Linguistica<br>Mestra em Linguística
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Davie, James David. "Making sense of the nonstandard : a study of borrowing and word-formation in 1990s Russian youth slang, with particular reference to the language of the fanzine." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263959.
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Nilsson, Daniel. "Morpho-semantic processes in the English language used in a Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game : A case study of neologisms in Warhammer Online." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2626.
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<p>The language used in Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (or MMORPGs) is a form of computer-mediate communication. It consists of elements from both written and spoken language, but it is a highly abbreviated and innovative form of written language. This study focuses on the English language used in a MMORPG called Warhammer Online. The aim of this study is to identify abbreviations, interpret their meanings and to analyze the word formation processes and semantic changes that are involved in new words. The method used in this study is a qualitative case study of the English language in a MMORPG from a synchronic point of view. The secondary sources used in this study include previous works on morphology and semantics. The material used is based on logs acquired from the game Warhammer Online as a subscribed player. The results presented in this study show new and unique words created by players in Warhammer Online, along with other semantic changes that have taken place. It is concluded that the English written language has not seen such a major change in its entirety before, within one community.</p>
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Dotto, Simony de Lena. "Novas formas de pensar/dizer, dizer/pensar : a imagem como linguagem mediadora da experiência do formador de professores /." São Paulo : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86954.
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Orientador: Luiza Helena Christov da Silva<br>Banca : Ecleide Cunico Furlanetto<br>Banca : Rejane Galvão Coutinho.<br>Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo descrever processos de mediação da imagem como linguagem no pensar/dizer, dizer/pensar de formador de professores na perspectiva de compreender como a imagem pode favorecer a construção de um discurso mais autoral. A pesquisa foi realizada no contexto do projeto de formação de professores da rede escolar SESI-SP, com seis formadores de professores, os quais expressaram seus percursos profissionais e os sentidos atribuídos ao ofício de formador com palavras e imagens. A construção dos dados e informações produzidas pelos sujeitos foi integrada aos fundamentos teóricos, num diálogo vivo e dinâmico como é a vida de uma pesquisa. Algumas metáforas como travessia, caminho e labirinto acompanharam o processo de produção da pesquisa, tendo como objetivo indicar a complexidade que reside no campo da formação continuada de professores e as possibilidades de novas abordagens de discurso e reflexão. As idéias de Dewey e Larrosa, Paulo Freire e Perrenoud, Vigostski, Santaellla e Pareyson embasam teoricamente os principais conceitos abordados: EXPERIÊNCIA, FORMAÇÃO E IMAGEM-LINGUAGEM. A interpretação dos dados revelou que a imagem, como linguagem mediadora, pode ampliar e revestir de maior sentido o pensar/dizer dos formadores desde a formação seja compreendida como experiência estética do sentir, pensar e produzir sentidos. Isso significa que, muito mais que uma mera atividade a ser desempenhada pelos sujeitos a tradução da imagem em palavras agrega elementos compatíveis com a idéia da integralidade do sujeito: sentimentos, emoções, vivências e saberes construídos. Nessa perspectiva, a imagem desvelou um sujeito mais inteiro, revestindo de sentido suas palavras. Todo o percurso de investigação contou com um pesquisador que também viveu o processo de reinvenção de seu pensamento e discurso por meio da linguagem-imagem-tradução.<br>Abstract: This research has the objective of describing the processes of images as language of thinking/saying, saying/thinking of formators of teachers in the perspective of understanding as the image can favor the construction of a more authorial speech. The research was done in the context of the project of formation of teachers from the escolar group SESI-SP, with six formators of teachers, that expressed their professional route and the senses attributed to the trade of formators with words and images. The construction of the information done by people was integrated to the theoretical fundamentals, in a living and dynamic dialogue like it is the life of a research. Some metaphors like passages, way and labyrinth follow the process of the production of the research, having as object to indicate the complexity that resides in the field of the continuous formation of teachers and the possibilities of new approaches of the speech and reflexion. The ideas of Dewey and Larrosa, Paulo Freire and Perrenoud, Vigostski, Santaella and Pareyson confirm theoretically the principal concepts deal: experience, formation and image-language. The interpretation of the information revealed that the image, as the language, can enlarge and cover the biggest sense the thinking/saying of formators since the formation be understandable as aesthetic experience of feeling, thinking and producing senses. This means that, more than an activity to be done by people to translate the image in words with compatible elements with the idea of the total person: feelings, emotions and knows constructed. By this perspective, the image showed a more complete person, his/her words covered of senses. All the route of investigation counted with a researcher that also lived the process of the reinvention of his/her thought and the speech by the way of language-image-translation.<br>Mestre
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Dillström, Sibylle. "Motiviertheit in der Wortbildung entlehnter Einheiten : Eine deskriptive Studie von Personenbezeichnungen mit Fremdsuffixen im Deutschen vom 16. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of German, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390.
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<p>This thesis looks from a historical perspective at the morphological-semantic motivation of words denoting persons with foreign suffixes that have been borrowed into and also formed in German, whereby, among other things, the role of motivation in relation to the borrowing and retention of lexical items is elucidated.</p><p>In a theoretical section peculiarities and problems in the word formation of loan items are discussed, and motivation is defined as a synchronous-semantic category. In the analysis words denoting persons that have seven different foreign suffixes, deriving principally from Latin, are examined with material primarily from dictionaries.</p><p>The study shows that especially for the frequent suffixes in German there is a consistently large proportion of motivated words. It is generally the case that the words are motivated on their first appearance in the material, and changes in their motivation are on the whole infrequent. The analysis further proves that motivated formations often disappear from the material, and words are mostly retained after the loss of their motivation.</p><p>The reason that the words for the most part are motivated in German when borrowed, is that suffixed words denoting persons are generally closely related in their semantic structure to another word in the original or donor language. In German, a relatively large proportion of motivated formations for one suffix does not always correlate with high frequency or with high productivity of the suffix. Furthermore, many of the words examined do not belong to the common vocabulary, which restricts their motivation from a socio-linguistic point of view and can to some extent contribute to their disappearance.</p>
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Ek, Adam. "Blending Words or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Blendguage : A computational study of lexical blending in Swedish." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för datorlingvistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-160763.
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This thesis investigates Swedish lexical blends. A lexical blend is defined as the concatenation of two words, where at least one word has been reduced. Lexical blends are approached from two perspectives. First, the thesis investigates lexical blends as they appear in the Swedish language. It is found that there is a significant statistical relationship between the two source words in terms of orthographic, phonemic and syllabic length and frequency in a reference corpus. Furthermore, some uncommon lexical blends created from pronouns and interjections are described. A description of lexical blends through semantic construction and similarity to other word formation processes are also described. Secondly, the thesis develops a model which predicts source words of lexical blends. To predict the source words a logistic regression model is used. The evaluation shows that using a ranking approach, the correct source words are the highest ranking word pair in 32.2% of the cases. In the top 10 ranking word pairs, the correct word pair is found in 60.6% of the cases. The results are lower than in previous studies, but the number of blends used is also smaller. It is shown that lexical blends which overlap are easier to predict than lexical blends which do not overlap. Using feature ablation, it is shown that semantic and frequency related features have the most important for the prediction of source words.
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Navickaitė, Agnė. "Dabartinės latvių kalbos daiktavardžių darybos sistema (nomina agentis ir nomina actionis)." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140423_091009-60817.
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Darbo objektas - dvi pagrindinės veiksmažodinių latvių kalbos daiktavardžių darybos kategorijos - veikėjų pavadinimai (nomina agentis) ir veiksmo pavadinimai (nomina actionis. Disertacijoje siekiama išsamiai išnagrinėti minėtąsias darybos kategorijas - surinktą medžiagą (priesagų, galūnių vedinius) suskirstyti į darybos tipus, nustatyti darybos reikšmes ir darybos tipų produktyvumą, išnagrinėti vedinių semantiką ir struktūrą ir pateikti aiškų sisteminį dabartinės latvių kalbos veikėjų ir veiksmų pavadinimų darybos kategorijų aprašą.<br>This paper aims to provide a description of two main word-formation categories of Latvian nouns: agent names and action names. It was attempted to divide the collected data (suffix and ending derivatives) into clearly defined word-formation types, to determine the meaning of different word-formation types and productivity of word-formation types, analyse the semantics and structure of derivatives, and to provide a clear systematic description of the formation of the aforementioned Latvian language word-formation categories.
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Edlund, Lars-Erik. "Studier över nordsvenska ortsboöknamn." Doctoral thesis, Institutet för språk och folkminnen, Dialekt-, ortnamns- och folkminnesarkivet i Umeå (DAUM), 1985. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-65864.
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This thesis deals with collective nicknames denoting the inhabitants of a place (parish, village etc.) in northern Sweden, i.e. names of the type arnästjuvar (denoting the inhabitants of the parish of Arnäs; tjuv 'thief') and tynderötuppar (denoting the inhabitants of the parish of Tynderö; tupp 'cock'). The main aim of the thesis is to explain why various nickname elements were chosen and to describe the general character of the nicknames of northern Sweden. These nicknames have been used collectively about the inhabitants of a certain place in a jocular or derogatory sense. They have been used above all in male-dominated contexts, e.g. in military camps. The nicknames are ethnocentric: they denote individuals in their capacity as members of a group. They are often related to other, similar names, so that they form series which are connected phonetically, semantically or from the point of view of word formation. The discussion of these aspects is based on Hugo Moser's research on "Namenfelder". Sources from about 1600 to the present day have been used as material. The bulk of the material consists of answers to questionnaires from the 20th century. Because of the construction of the questionnaires the material is to some extent imperfect. The nicknames often reflect various aspects of the society of the individuals, but today the explanation for names is quite often secondary and a result of folk-etymology. Some nicknames reflect the trades of the inhabitants, others social conditions, diet or dress, others ethnic conditions. The nickname strömmingar was often given to people living on the coast where fishing was an important source of income. The nickname element finnar reflects local settlement by Finns. Some nicknames probably reflect various linguistic conditions (dialectal pronunciation, characteristic place-names or personal names), pictures in local seals or historical events. Several nickname elements have been chosen through association with the form of the place-name or the name of the inhabitants, or with existing nicknames, referring either to the inhabitants themselves or their neighbours. There is often a similarity in sound between the place-name (or the name of the inhabitants) and nickname elements. We find e.g. alliteration, assonance and rhyme, or formations in which the place-name (or the name of the inhabitants, or part of it) is compounded with a nickname element to make up an appellative which already exists. The latter kind of formation may be illustrated with the nickname bergtroll ('mountain trolls') to denote those who live in S'àvaiberg (in the parish of Sävar). Some nicknames have as their basis an association from the place-name (or the name of the inhabitants) to the nickname element chosen. The associations are frequently difficult to trace. A nickname like orrlidtuppar (denoting those who live in Orrliden in the parish of Skellefteå) was no doubt chosen through association with the appellative orrtupp 'blackcock'. When the nickname smedstaspiken (denoting the inhabitants of Smedsta in the parish of Lit) was coined, the place-name element smed 'smith' was associated with the closely related spik 'nail'. A close analysis of nicknames denoting parish inhabitants in northern Sweden shows that there are often pairs (or series) of nicknames which are related phonetically (through alliteration, assonance or rhyme), semantically or morphologically, just as nicknames denoting neighbours may be connected in a similar way. Frequently, parish inhabitants have different names in relation to different neighbours. How innovations are introduced and spread is shown by the sfw/"/Z?wf-nicknames in the province of Ångermanland. An analysis of the nicknames denoting the inhabitants of parishes in north-eastern Ångermanland shows that the inhabitants of the old parishes have only one nickname each-a name which is known over a large area-while the inhabitants of the newer parishes have several nicknames. The reason why several nicknames are used to denote inhabitants in newer parishes seems to be that there was no old, unequivocal nickname tradition to fall back on. In the final chapter the importance of patterns for the formation of nicknames is stressed, but also the importance of creativity and coinages. A striking coinage has a great chance of becoming generally accepted and also of becoming the centre of new groups of nicknames.<br>digitalisering@umu
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Freitas, Maria Luisa de Andrade 1983. "Estudo experimental sobre os nominalizadores -ção e -mento : localidade, ciclicidade e produtividade." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270969.
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Orientadores: Maria Filomena Spatti Sândalo, Andrew Ira Nevins<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T11:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2015<br>Resumo: Esta tese descreve e analisa aspectos morfofonológicos e morfossintáticos dos nomes deverbais formados pelos nominalizadores -ção e -mento no Português Brasileiro, aliando uma abordagem experimental e quantitativa a uma investigação diacrônica. Esses sufixos formam nomes derivados a partir de raízes e verbos e são descritos conjuntamente como os nominalizadores mais produtivos em PB (Basílio 1980, 1996; Rocha 1999; entre outros). Em um estudo quantitativo (Freitas 2014), averiguamos tendências claras na distribuição desses afixos nominalizadores, a partir da análise de uma base de dados composta de 2175 palavras: (i) Há uma relação de preferência entre os verbos da segunda conjugação (em -er) e o sufixo -mento. Interessantemente, nos nomes deverbais formados por este afixo há um alteamento obrigatório da vogal temática -e- (e.g. mover/movimento), causando neutralização entre a segunda e a terceira conjugação. Contudo, nos nomes formados por - ção, este alteamento não é categórico (e.g. fazer/fazeção/*fazição). (ii) A estrutura argumental da base é fator condicionante na escolha dos sufixos -ção e -mento: verbos transitivos e inergativos são preferencialmente nominalizados com -ção, e os verbos inacusativos são nominalizados com -mento. Neste trabalho, investigamos se as tendências lexicais identificadas são produtivas sincronicamente, quer dizer, se as distribuições observadas no léxico apresentam realidade psicológica ou não para os falantes de PB. Para isso, desenvolvemos três experimentos com logatomas (ou pseudo-palavras) com intuito de averiguar a hipótese de que os falantes têm internalizados dois fatores que condicionam a seleção preferencial dos sufixos -ção e -mento: (i) o fator fonológico, i.e., as classes temáticas verbais; e (ii) o fator sintático, i.e., a estrutura argumental do verbo base. Os resultados dos experimentos atestam que existe uma correlação significativa entre os fatores investigados e a escolha do sufixo nominalizador, assim como averiguamos no léxico. Dessa maneira, tendo em vista um modelo sintático de formação de palavras como o da Morfologia Distribuída (Halle; Marantz 1993; 1994; Marantz 2001, 2007; Embick 2010), argumentamos que o tipo de estrutura argumental dos verbos determina o comportamento morfofonológico e morfossintático dos nomes deverbais formados pelos sufixos -ção e -mento. A hipótese que defendemos é a de que a presença de DP complemento na estrutura argumental de verbos desencadeia diferenças no ponto computacional em que as raízes são enviadas ao componente fonológico para serem processadas, gerando diferenças de superfície nos nomes resultantes desse processo derivacional. Adicionalmente, abordamos nesta tese a questão da variação na produtividade morfológica dos nominalizadores -ção e -mento em uma perspectiva diacrônica, a partir de um estudo piloto acerca da datação das palavras contidas na versão eletrônica do dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa<br>Abstract: This dissertation describes and analyses morphophonological and morphosyntactic aspects of the deverbal nouns formed by the nominalizing suffixes -ção and -mento in Brazilian Portuguese, combining an experimental and quantitative approach with a diachronic investigation. These suffixes can take both roots and verbs to form derived nouns and they are described together as the most productive nominalizers (Basílio 1980, 1996; Rocha 1999; among others). In a quantitative study (Freitas 2014), I found clear tendencies in the distribution of these affixes from the analysis of a database of 2715 words collected from the electronic version 1.0 of the Houaiss Dictionary of Portuguese: (i) There is a preference relation between the verbs of second conjugation (in -er) and the suffix -mento. Interestingly, in the deverbal nouns formed by this suffix there is an obligatory raising of the theme vowel -e- to [i] (e.g. mover/movimento), triggering neutralization between the second and the third verbal conjugations. However, in nouns formed by -ção, the raising is not categorical (e.g. fazer/fazeção/*fazição); (ii) the argument structure type of the verbal base is a conditioning factor for the selection of -ção and -mento: transitive and unergative verbs preferably select -ção and unaccusative verbs preferably select -mento. In this dissertation, I investigate whether these lexical trends are synchronically productive, exhibiting or not psychological reality for native speakers. To do so, I developed three wugtests in order to test the hypothesis that speakers have internalized two conditioning factors in the preferential selection of -ção and -mento: (i) the phonological factor, i.e. the thematic classes of the verbal bases; (ii) the syntactic factor, i.e. the argument structure type of the verbal bases. The experimental results attest there is a significant correlation between these factors and the choice of nominalizing suffix, as we have found in the lexicon. Therefore, taking into account a syntactic model of word formation such as Distributed Morphology (Halle; Marantz 1993; 1994; among many others), I argue that the argument structure of verbal bases is responsible for the morphophonological and morphosyntactic behavior of the nouns formed by -ção and -mento. I defend the hypothesis that the presence of a DP as complement of a root may trigger differences in the computational point at which the roots are sent to the phonological component to be phonologically processed, resulting in surface differences to the derived nouns. Additionally, in this work, I also address questions relating to the diachronic variation in the morphological productivity of the competing morphemes based on a pilot study using the electronic version of the Houaiss Dictionary of Portuguese<br>Doutorado<br>Linguistica<br>Doutora em Linguística
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林少霞 and Siu-ha Lam. "A study of the learning of the structure of composition of Chinese characters in primary 1 pupils =." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30213332.
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Riha, Helena. "Lettered Words and Roman Letter Characters in Chinese Writing: A Study Of Alphabetic Writing in Chinese Newswires." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1222045556.
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Liebel, Dorothea. "Tageslichtfreude und Buchstabenangst : Zu Harry Martinsons dichterischen Wortbildungen als Übersetzungsproblematik." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-18459.
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The style of the Swedish writer Harry Martinson is characterised by a large number of conspicuous and creative word-formation units, which have a special function in his writing. One single word might summarise and denominate an experiance or a complex emotion, sometimes using an exact description, sometimes using a metaphor. The content and the novelty of such nonce forms catch the reader´s or listener´s attention, achieving the intended effect: to make the reader understand what Martinson wants to convey. The present study is an analysis of the neologisms used in two of Martinson´s semiautobiographical novels and their German translations. The object of the study is twofold: firstly to show that the great variety of nonce words-formations as well as their semantics provide the special stylistic markers of the texts, and secondly to draw more general conclusions about the effect of target languages regarding the form, content and function of the units in the texts, as well as their effect on the reader, the concept of equivalence is central. Correspondences and deviations are analysed applying a model specifically designed for the purpose and based in relevant theories. The results illustrate both the various problems a translator must seek to solve and the consequences that simplifications, omissions, and paraphrases might have on the meaning and effect of the text.
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Vafaeian, Ghazaleh. "Breaking paradigms : A typological study of nominal and adjectival suppletion." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-43461.
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Suppletion is a term used to describe the occurrence of unpredictable and irregular patterns. Although typological research has been devoted to verb suppletion, not as much attention has been given to suppletion in nominal and adjectival paradigms. The thesis presents the cross-linguistic distribution of nominal and adjectival suppletion. The lexical distribution as well as the features involved are presented. The results of nominal suppletion show that nouns referring to humans are most often suppletive, that number is the most common grammatical feature involved in nominal suppletion and that „child‟ is by far the most common noun to be suppletive cross-linguistically. The results on adjectival suppletion show that adjectival suppletion is well spread though not very common cross-linguistically. A study of 8 Semitic languages shows that „woman‟ versus „women‟ are stable suppletive forms in this language family.
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Golmann, Malcolm. "Investigating British and American English : Dictionary research and corpus investigation." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of English, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8701.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The aim of this Magister Degree Project has been to investigate if can corpora be used to investigate patterns of lexical distribution and/or borrowing from one variety to another. Another aim has been to investigate how well classification of lexical items as either “British” or “American” supported by evidence from corpora of English.</p><p>In order to accomplish these aims sets of lexical items have been examined in two ways: first through dictionary research and “dictionary dating”, and second through the use of such English corpora as the British National Corpus (BNC), the United Kingdom Web Archiving Consortium (ukWaC), and the TIME Corpus of American English. The results of this research suggest that the simplistic labelling of certain items as “American” versus “British” is sometimes misleading, and that corpus investigations on their own, though useful, may not be entirely sufficient in this context.</p>
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Lidén, Ulla. "Der grammatische Tigersprung : Studien zu Heimito von Doderers Sprachterminologie." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 1990. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-79498.
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The Austrian novelist Heimito von Doderer (1896-1966) gained his reputation after World War II with the novels Die Strudlhofstiege (1951) and Die Dämonen (1956). His interest in language, its functions and its innermost essence appears from his novels, his diaries and his essays. In order to express his energetic conception of language he used an individual and partly newly-created terminology.This dissertation deals in the main with an analysis of approximately 25 central sentences {Fundamentalsätze), containing more than 100 terms, according to the criteria of content and formal aspects. Chapter 5 focuses on Doderer's view of life (Lebensphilosophie), a combination of philosophy, psychology and religion. The role of memory, the exploration of thinking and the depiction of creativity constitute combined endeavours in his work, in which he was influenced by Weininger's and Swoboda's terms and theses. Chapter 6 treats linguistic terminology proper. Two different examples may demonstrate Doderer's remarkable intuition for linguistic essentials. Beginning with the indirect essence of language he supposes that there is no fundamental difference between the birth of language and the creation of metaphors. Secondly he conceives of a sentence as being formed as a structural unit, based on a formula (Strukturformel). Similar opinions are represented in modern linguistics.The formal aspects of his terminology are dealt with in Chapter 7, including the different types of terms and the possibilities of word-formation, to express definitions and thematic connections. In the novel Die Merowinger (1962) Doderer constructs a burlesque travesty of erudite professional language.<br>digitalisering@umu
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Gordana, Lalić-Krstin. "Morfemizacija krnjih leksičkih osnova u engleskom jeziku:leksikološki i leksikografski aspekti." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=100978&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Full textAbstract:
Ova disertacija se bavi procesom morfemizacije krnjih osnova koje su nastaleod leksičkihslivenica. Rekurzivinimslivanjem s različitim inicijalnim elementima,ove osnove se konsoliduju u svom skraćenomobliku ili oblicima, što za rezultat imaseparaciju novih tvorbenih jedinica. Najbitnijiciljevi istraživanja su sledeći: da se utvrditeorijski i terminološki status ovih elementa iodrede kriterijumi za njihovo članstvo u ovojkategoriji; da se na osnovu tih kriterijumanapravi popis morfemizovanih elemenata uzrazvoj metodologije potrebne za njihovuekscerpciju; da se sačini spisak leksema ukojima se javljaju; da se ustanove formalnevarijacije i njihova relativna učestalost kao itipovi i oblici inicijalnih elementa sa kojimase kombinuju, što bi za rezultat imaloformulisanje prototipskog tvorbenog modela;da istraži značenje ovih elemenata, eventualnirazvoj novih semema i smisaonih odnosa; dadâ pregled njihove zastupljenosti upostojećim rečnicima; da predloži modelnjihove leksikografske obrada i da se naosnovu tog predloga sačini rečnik kakomorfemizovanih krnjih osnova, tako i reči ukojima se javljaju.<br>This dissertation investigates the process ofAB morphemization of truncated bases whichhave originated from lexical blends. Throughtheir recurrent blending with various initialelements, they become consolidated in theirtruncated form or forms, resulting in thesecretion of new word-formational units. Themost important goals of the research are thefollowing: to determine the theoretical andterminological status of these elements andestablish the criteria for categorymembership; to compile a list ofmorphemized elements based on thesecriteria by developing the methodology fortheir extraction; to compile a list of lexemescontaining these newly morphemizedelements; to determine formal variations andtheir relative frequency as well as the typesand forms of initial elements with which theycombine, resulting in theformulation of theprototypical word-formation pattern; toinvestigate the meaning of these elements andthe development of new senses and senserelations; to give an overview of theirrepresentation in existing dictionaries; topropose a model for their lexicographictreatment and to apply that model in thecompilation of a specialized dictionary ofmorphemized truncated bases and words inwhich they appear.
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Rosenberg, Maria. "La formation agentive en français : les composés [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A et les dérivés V-ant, V-eur et V-oir(e)." Phd thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för franska, italienska och klassiska språk, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00486981.
Full textAbstract:
This study addresses the French morphological construction [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A. The main objectives are to posit a single rule for its formation and to question the implications of the agent polysemy. The theoretical framework is lexeme-based morphology, which adheres to weak lexicalism. The first part of our analysis is qualitative and concerns the availability aspect of productivity. The method is introspective. The internal semantic patterns of the French construction are examined. Our results give evidence for the claim that a single morphological construction rule, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A, is responsible for the cases where the first constituent is a verb stem, and the second constituent may correspond to an internal argument, an external argument or a semantic adjunct. All cases manifest the same patterns, which are related to the denotative meanings included in the agent polysemy: Agent, Instrument, Locative, Action, Result and Cause. Our contrastive analysis shows that the same patterns are found in the four Swedish agentive formations, [N/A/Adv/PV-are]N, [N/A/Adv/PV]N, [N/A/Adv/PV-a]N and [VN]N, which correspond to the French [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A construction and which also contain a verbal constituent and its internal or external argument, or an adjunct. The second part of our analysis is quantitative and concerns the profitability aspect of productivity. The method is inductive. The aim is to explore the polysemy of agent and its assumed hierarchical structure, in synchrony and diachrony. Four French agentive formations, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A compounds and V-ant, V-eur and V-oir(e) derivations, are included in order to examine semantic competition and blocking effects. Our results give evidence for the existence of an agent polysemy but deny that it has a hierarchical structure valid for every agentive formation. The meanings in the agent polysemy are more or less profitable according to formation type: blocking effects could explain this behaviour.
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Joandi, Linnéa. "Productivity Measurements Applied to Ten English Prefixes : A comparison of different measures of morphological productivity based on ten prefixes in English." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-81966.
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Morphological productivity is difficult to define and describe. Nevertheless have several measures been proposed by scholars, in order to quantify this notion. This paper investigates ten common English prefixes with meanings related to degree or size. The aims of the study are (1) to review several measures of morphological productivity, (2) via a sample of corpus occurrences of ten prefixes, to calculate productivity figures using five different measures of productivity, and (3), perhaps most importantly, to discuss the differences and similarities of the five measures. The results suggest that while several of the measures are quite similar (e.g. type frequency and hapax legomena frequency), other measures are different (e.g. 'Productivity in the narrow sense'). While three of the measures could be said to provide information concerning past or 'factual' productivity, two of the measures seem instead to indicate an aspect of productivity that is referred to as 'potential' productivity.
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Haugen, Susanne. "Från bautasten till bautastor : studier över fornvästnordiska bautasteinn och svenska ord bildade med bauta(-)." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Litteraturvetenskap och nordiska språk, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1460.
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Avhandlingen tar sin utgångspunkt i två uppslagsord i Svenska Akademiens Ordlista 2006: bautasten och bauta-. Övergripande syfte är att beskriva och förklara lexikala förändringar hos ord bildade med bauta(-) i svenskan under perioden 1664–2006, med särskild hänsyn till dessa förändringars relation till ordens etableringsgrad. Materialet består av 838 belägg för ord bildade med baut- eller böt-, och därutöver undersöks 30 ordböcker. Ordet bautasten är ett isländskt lånord i svenskan. Undersökningen av fornvästnordiska ord visar att bautasteinn kan vara ’sten som är slagen ned i jorden’ eller ’sten rest över en fallen krigare’, två betydelser som kan sammanföras i betydelsen ’minnessten’. Denna betydelse framträder också tydligt i samtliga texter. Historiens höga status under stormaktstiden har haft stor betydelse för att ordet bautasten lånades in i svenskan år 1664. Språkstrukturella faktorer har sannolikt lett till att ordet har uppmärksammats och att det har kunnat användas i svenskan. Under perioden 1664–1790 har etableringsgraden hos bautasten inte har varit hög, men vissa tecken tyder på att den höjs under perioden. Fram till ca 1900 stiger etableringsgraden hos bautasten, men den avtar sedan fram till 1973. I avhandlingen antas att ordets växlande etableringsgrad har varit beroende av synen på historien. I början av 1970-talet stiger etableringsgraden åter hos bautasten och 1985 finns första belägget för bauta- som förstärkande förled, vilket med stor sannolikhet har sin orsak att söka hos den stora populariteten hos och spridningen av seriealbumet Asterix. Förleden bauta- har visat sig vara mycket användbar som förstärkande förled. I materialet finns 3 ord bildade med bauta(-) som inte är etablerade i språksamfundet.<br>The starting point for the dissertation is two entry words in Svenska Akademiens Ordlista (SAOL 13, 2006): bautasten and bauta-. The overall purpose is to describe and explain lexical changes in words created with bauta(-) in the Swedish language during 1664–2006, placing particular em¬phasis on these changes in relation to the degree of establish¬ment. The material consists of 838 pieces of evidence of words created with baut- or böt- and, in addition, 30 dictionaries are exam¬ined. The word bautasten (‘menhir’, ‘standing stone’) is an Icelandic loan word in the Swedish lan¬guage. The examination of Old West Norse words shows that bautasteinn can be ’sten som är slagen ned i jorden’ (‘stone beaten into the ground’) or ’sten rest över en fallen krigare’ (‘stone erected over a fallen warrior’), two meanings which can be brought together in the meaning ’minnessten’ (‘memorial monument’). This meaning also clearly appears in all texts. The high status of history during the Swedish Age of Greatness was significant for the inclu¬sion of the word bautasten into the Swedish language in 1664. Language-structural factors have likely lead to the word being noticed as well as made it possible to use in the Swedish language. During 1664–1790, the degree of establishment of bautasten was not high, but there are indi¬cations that it increased during the period. Until about 1900, the degree of estab¬lish¬ment of bautasten increased, but then it decreased up until 1973. In the disserta¬tion it is assumed that the varying degree of establishment has been dependent on the view of history. In the beginning of the 1970s, the degree of establishment of bautasten increased once again and in 1985, the first instance of bauta- as an augmentative prefix appears, which most likely can be attributed to the great popularity and wide spread of the cartoon magazine Asterix. The prefix bauta- has proven to be very usable as an augmentative. There are 3 words created with bauta(-) in the material that are not established in the language community
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Frandsen, Martina. "Rechercheintensive Werbemittelerstellung und sozialversicherungspflichtige Onlinemarketingagenturen : Eine deutsch-schwedische Übersetzungsanalyse von Substantiv- und Adjektivkomposita." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89569.
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Compounds, i.e. combining two lexical morphemes, are used for various reasons, e.g. naming, reduction of letters and words, drawing attention and producing expressive and humorous effects, etc. Compounding is not a unique concept to the German language, but is regarded as one of its characteristic features. As the stylistic norms differ from language to language, it renders the task of translating compounds challenging. There are various translation strategies for translating compounds, the tendencies of which are explored in this study. The analysis is based on a Swedish translation of Kühn’s (2016) Das Handbuch für digitale Nomaden and focuses on noun and adjective compounds, as they are the most frequent compounds in German. Concerning noun compounds, the study shows a tendency towards translation strategies, which are close to the source text material in form and meaning, whereas translations of adjective compounds tend to use strategies, which are similar in meaning, but not in form, e.g. a paraphrase. On this basis, it is concluded that even though German and Swedish share linguistic similarities, they differ when it comes to stylistic norms, as German is considered more nominal, whereas Swedish has a more verbal mode of expression.
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Hotta, Syûgo. "Multi-dimensional word formation in Japanese /." 1999. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9934065.
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Wu, Yi-ling, and 吳怡玲. "Image-schemas and Word Formation in Taiwan Sign Language." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38632060818860510308.
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碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>語言所<br>97<br>Image-schemas are derived from everyday bodily and social experiences. Since image-schemas structure our conceptual systems, we can have an embodied understanding of the conceptual world. In addition, image-schemas stem from perceptual and motor interactions. Due to the visual-gestural modality, the signed languages can give more concrete visual presentation to word formation.
In this thesis, image-schemas are employed to investigate the word formation, with the goal of finding out the relation of image-schemas to word formation in Taiwan Sign Language. The basic image-schemas discussed in this thesis include PATH, CONTAINER, and PART-WHOLE image-schemas, while the subsidiary image-schemas include UP-DOWN, FRONT-BACK, FORCE, LINK image-schemas, and so on (Peña 1999, 2000, 2003). In this thesis, it is found that image-schemas can be used to account for the word formation and to interpret the meanings of the words in Taiwan Sign Language, and that many words are formed in accordance with the concept of the image-schemas, and the words sharing the same image-schema may denote similar concept or meaning.
In addition, image-schemas can serve as the source domains for metaphorical mappings. For example, the UP-DOWN image-schema can be used as the source domain [VERTICALITY], which can be mapped onto the target domains like [QUANTITY], [QUALITY], and [STATUS] in Taiwan Sign Language. In addition, the conceptual metaphors such as MORE IS UP and LESS IS DOWN can be used to account for the formation of the words such as EXPENSIVE and CHEAP in Taiwan Sign Language.
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Nengovhela, Matodzi Alpheus. "Derivational morphology in Tshivenda: an analysis of word-formation processes." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/113.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A) --University of Limpopo, 2005<br>Word-building falls into two broad categories, namely, derivation, (the creation of
lexical items) and inflection (the creation of grammatical words).
This study focuses on derivational morphology in Tshivenda. It reflects an analysis
of different word-formation processes such as affixation, compounding, zeroderivation,
back formation, clipping, blending, acronym, adoption of brand names
as common words, borrowing, anomatopoeia, transposition, and stress-shift.
This work shows that Tshivenda derivations enable us to form new words by
recycling the pre-existing material (morphemes and words), that is, to add new
lexical items to the open word-classes such as nouns and verbs. It will also be
evident from this work that it is possible to create new words in Tshivenda by
removing or reducing some parts of the words.
This work will show how Tshivenda terminology can be updated to cope with the
demands of present-day life.
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Madondo, Louis Musawenkosi Muziwenhlanhla S'Nothi. "Some aspects of word-formation in isiZulu : with special reference to morphological and Lexical processes." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/428.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of African Languages at the University of Zululand, 2001.<br>Word-formation has received very little attention in isiZulu in the past. This situation has been caused by the approach of word analysis which was pioneered by grammarians like Doke (1956), Nyembezi (1965) and others that followed in their steps. The main aim of this study is therefore to put word-formation into its rightful place in isiZulu grammar, that is at the centre of every morphological application. Word-formation and word-formation rules should form the basis for every grammatical practice of every language.
Although word-formation is as old as the languages themselves, it is noticeable that there are no methods or approaches that has been agreed upon in any language. This implies that this study also attempts to develop the theoretical framework for word-formation in isiZulu since most studies done on word-formation are on English which is different from isiZulu. It therefore attempts to deal with processes that are vital in word-formation in isiZulu. It includes the processes like : affixation, grammaticalization, compounding, reduplication, word coinage as well as borrowing. This means that it covers both the morphological and lexical processes.
IsiZulu is one of the most flexible and ever developing languages and through contact with other languages like English, Afrikaans and other African languages, isiZulu has proved to be developing rapidly. This phenomenon has led to the researcher undertaking the study of this nature. This study will form the basis for linguistically approach to the study of isiZulu. A close look is put on topics like word coinage, word borrowing, compounding, grammaticalization and affixation.
Various conclusions and recommendations are drawn in an attempt to lead the way to rechanneling the focus of studies in isiZulu grammar. This study shows that isiZulu is not as backward and short of appropriate vocabulary as it is perceived to be. The shortage of words is remedied by processes like word borrowing, word coinage and extension of meaning in existing terms. On that note, isiZulu is at par with other languages of the world and this study says it.
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"The time course of semantic activation in reading Chinese two-character words." 2000. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6073281.
Full textAbstract:
Kin Fai Ellick Wong.<br>"July 2000."<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-130).<br>Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Mode of access: World Wide Web.<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.
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Schwarz, Iris-Corinna, University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, and School of Psychology. "Speech perception, phonological sensitivity, and articulation in early vocabulary development." 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/20360.
Full textAbstract:
Speech perception, articulation, and word learning are three major tiers of language development in young children, integrating perceptual and productive language abilities. Infant speech perception precedes speech production and is the basis for native language learning. By investigating the relationship between the attention to phonological detail in speech and word learning, the degree of phonological detail in the lexical representations can be inferred. This relationship can be described by two models: the vocabulary-driven and phonology-driven model. The vocabulary-driven model proposes that the structure of the lexicon influences attention to phonological detail in speech perception, and this model is consistent with the Lexical Restructuring Model. On the other hand the phonology-driven model proposes that vocabulary increases as a result of increased attention to phonological detail in speech. To infer the phonological specifications of lexical representations of words in 2½- to 3-year-olds, the variables vocabulary, phonological sensitivity, language specific speech perception and articulation accuracy were tested in a longitudinal study with 60 participants. For these variables, new measures were developed, adapted, and tested. It was found that phonological sensitivity at 30 months predicted vocabulary at 33 months, but not the opposite. This supports the prediction of the phonology-driven model. However, in an augmented version of the vocabulary-driven model that included all variables, articulation at 30 months was found to predict phonological sensitivity at 33 months. These results are discussed in the light of the Lexical Restructuring Model, and the interaction of speech perception, articulation skills, and lexical representations, and suggestions for future research are offered. APPENDICES ON CD-ROM CAN BE VIEWED AT UWS LIBRARY<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Mpanza, Sipho Petros. "Izimpawu zobuthakathaka obhalweni-magama esiZulu." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1011.
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Submitted in fulfillment for the Degree Master of Arts in the Department of African Languages at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2004.<br>Isahluko sokuqala siphethe isethuIo socwaningo-jikeIeIe. Lapha kubukwa izinhIoso
zocwaningo; intshisekeIo; indIeIa yokuqhuba ucwaningo, umkIamo wocwaningo
nemibono yongoti.
Isahluko sesibiIi siphethe ukuqhathaniswa kohIeIo oIwakbeIwe phezu kwegama nesiqu;
ukuthi IufundeIwani uhIeIo IoIimi; isayensi yohIeIo IoIimi; umsuka wohIeIo Iolimi;
ukubunjwa kohIeIo IoIimi esiZuIwini; umahluko phakathi kwesiqu nomsuka; ukuchazwa
kabusha kwamatemu 'isiqu nomsuka'; umsuka nomphumeIa wawo; imofoIoji encike
kwiziqu namagama; imofoIoji esuseIwe eziqwini zoIimi nokuthi ikuphi okuyikonakona
phakathi kwemofoIoji esuseIwa emabizweni noma eziqwini.
Isahluko sesithathu siphethe ukubhalwa kwamagama ngokuwahlanganisa noma
ngokuwahlukanisa okuqukethe ukuthi ingabe ahlanganiseIwani futhi ahIukaniseIwani
amagama uma ebhaIwa; indIeIa yokuhIukanisa amagama, indIeIa engapheIeIe
yokuhIukanisa amagama; okubekwe endaweni yokunye; ingabe abaIetha inkoIo kubantu
bawahIukanis~ kanjani amabizo; ukuhIukaniswa kwamagama ngokuka van Wyk;
ukuhIukanisa kube kodwa;" okunokuphambaniswa ukwahlukanisa; okunokubuyiseIwa
endaweni; ukubunjwa kobhalo-jikeIeIe egameni eIiIodwa nesiphetho.
Isahluko sesme siphethe ukuhIeIwa kwamabizo ngezigaba zawo okuqukethe Iezi
zihIokwana ezithi ingabe amabizo ahleIeIwani ngezigaba zawo; izigaba zamabizo;
ubuthakathaka ngezindIeIa uDoke noCoIe abahleIa ngazo izigaba zamabizo; ukuhIeIwa
kwamabizo ngezigaba z awo ngokukaDoke; ukugxekwa k wendIeIa uDoke ahleIa ngayo
izingcezu zenkuIumo.
IsahIuko sesihIanu siphethe ukuhIeIwa kwamabizo nezingcezu zenkuIumo ngendIeIa
kavan Wyk okuqukethe Iezi zihIokwana ezithi izingcezu zenkuIumo ngokukavan Wyk;
(v)
okulandelayo kutshengisa isigabazwana; ukublelwa kweziphawulo, izibaluli, maru
nezibanjalo ngohlelo luka van Wyk.
Isahluko sesithupha siphethe lokho okuthiwa isiphawulo esiZulwini; umIando omfuphi
ngokuthiwa isiphawulo; ubuthaka balokhu okuthiwa" isiphawulo; indlela engandulelwa
ukubhekana nobuthakathaka nalokho okuthiwa isiphawulo nesiphetho.
Isahluko sesikhombisa esibhekene nokuhlaziywa kocwaningo jikelele, lzincomo
nesiphetho.
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"Representation and access of Chinese compound words." Thesis, 2011. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6075482.
Full textAbstract:
In sum, the three studies suggest that, on one hand, Chinese compound words, particularly the opaque ones, seem to be represented as holistic orthographic units in the mental lexicon. On the other hand, the meanings of the component morphemes are activated in visual recognition of Chinese compound words, suggesting a decomposed access. The implications of these results for a model of Chinese compound word representation and access, as well as the dispute between morpho-orthographic and morpho-semantic decomposition accounts of morphological processing in other languages, were discussed.<br>Study 2 adapted the transposed-letter similarity effect in English (Forster, Davis, Schoknecht, & Carter, 1987; Acah & Perea, 2008) into transposed-character similarity effect in Chinese to further examine the orthographic representation of Chinese compound words. Study 2 examined the processing of both transposable and untransposable compound words to distinguish the decomposed account (which assumes morpheme-to-word activation) and the holistic account (which assumes activation of word-level orthographic representation) of the mental representation of Chinese compound words. It was found that transposable word-word pairs (e.g., [special characters omitted], means tie in English-[special characters omitted], means lead in English) did not produce significant priming effects. This result is inconsistent with the decomposed account, but is explicable in terms of the holistic account. Two follow-up experiments show that the transposed-character similarity effects differ for transparent (e.g., [special characters omitted], means proud in English) and opaque words (e.g., [special characters omitted], means careless in English). Transposed nonwords show significant facilitation effect to the original words when the original words were opaque (e.g., [special characters omitted]) but not when they were transparent words (e.g., [special characters omitted]). It suggests that opaque words are more likely than transparent words to be represented as orthographic wholes. The findings of word-level orthographic representation and the influence of semantic transparency provide convergent evidence for the conclusions reached by Study 1.<br>The first two studies are concerned with whether Chinese two-character compound words have decomposed or holistic orthographic representations in the mental lexicon. Study 1 made use of the high frequency orthographic neighbor inhibition effect (Grainger & Jacobs, 1996; Davis & Lupker, 2006) in the masked priming paradigm. It was found that a high frequency orthographic neighbor (e.g., [special characters omitted] means virtually in English) inhibited recognition of a low frequency target word (e.g., [special characters omitted], means brief in English). The high frequency orthographic neighbor inhibition effect was supposed to be caused by lexical competition between prime and target words (Grainger & Jacobs, 1996). Therefore, the observation of inhibition in Study 1 suggests that the prime words have word-level representations that compete with those of target words for lexical access. It is argued that the activated word-level lexical representation is likely to be orthographic representation, rather than phonological and semantic representations, because the influence of phonology was found to be limited in a follow-up experiment, and the semantic relatedness between the prime and target words was low. Furthermore, because the inhibition effects were stronger for semantically opaque than transparent compound words, it seems that opaque words are more likely than transparent words to be represented as unitary units.<br>The third study investigated whether or not the meaning of a component morpheme would be activated in the process of recognizing a Chinese two-character compound word. Current accounts of morphological processing disagree on whether morphological processing is form then meaning, or form with meaning (Feldman, O'Connor, & Del Prado Martin, 2009; Davis & Rastle, 2010). The focus of the debate is actually whether morpheme meaning activation occurs at early stage of compound word processing. This study attempted to contribute to that debate by trying to dissociate morphological processing of form and meaning. The method was to investigate masked priming effects produced by prime-target pairs that contained a pair of semantically related morphemes but without any overlap in orthography, phonology or whole-word meaning (e.g., [special characters omitted] /surprised in English/-[special characters omitted]/break one's promise in English/). Since there was no overlap between the prime and the target in form, any priming effects produced could be attributed unequivocally to activation of morpheme meaning (e.g., [special characters omitted], both means eat in English). The results of Study 3 show that morpheme meaning activation without form overlap occurred as early as the first 60ms of word processing. This finding is more consistent with the form-with-meaning than the form-then-meaning account.<br>This dissertation reports on three studies of the cognitive representations and processes in visual recognition of Chinese two-character compound words. Because Chinese two-character compound words are composed of two spatially separated characters which themselves are words, there has been a debate about whether these words are represented and processed in the mental lexicon as unitary wholes or as combinations of the component characters (Zhang & Peng, 1992; Taft & Zhu, 1995).<br>Zhang, Lingyan.<br>Advisers: Yujing Ni; Ling-po Shiu.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-07(E), Section: A.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-153).<br>Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Abstract also in Chinese; includes Chinese.
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Chin, Yu-Shu, and 秦于舒. "The methods of teaching word formation in German as Foreign Language: Prefix verbs exercises in textbooks "Themen aktuell" and "Lagune"." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96976969236170795351.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中國文化大學<br>德國語文學系<br>98<br>Vocabulary is an important element of communication and plays an important role in foreign language teaching. The verb in German is an important field, too. According to morphological theory, the new word can be derived from the old word. German verbs create numerous new prefix verbs in the same way. If the learner knows the rules well, their vocabulary might increase quickly. Therefore, this thesis is to research, how the principles of word formation helps the vocabulary learning.
This thesis first introduces the theory of word formation, and then focuses on prefix verbs. Word formation in the learning process is still involved in other aspects of linguistics such as vocabulary, syntax and semantics. With the basis knowledge of word formation, this thesis discusses methods of teaching foreign language focusing on the principles of word formation.
On the theory of word formation and word formation exercises, this thesis analyzes the prefix verbs in the textbooks “Themen aktuell” and “Lagune”. In addition to the distribution of prefix verbs in the textbooks, the form of exercises given to students is paid special attention in this thesis. According to the purpose and form of the exercises, this thesis arranges all the exercises in order and divides the exercises into six types. First the character and function of the exercises is discussed. Then the planning of exercises in textbooks is surveyed; to check whether the textbooks provide ample opportunity for the learner. This is also verifies that the training materials give the learner sufficient knowledge of prefix verbs.
All together, this thesis discusses the didactical problems in the two earlier referenced textbooks for teaching prefix verbs. Also, the thesis contains several suggestions for teaching word formation in German as a foreign language.
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Compton, Richard. "The Syntax and Semantics of Modification in Inuktitut: Adjectives and Adverbs in a Polysynthetic Language." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33968.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the properties of adjectives and adverbs in Inuit (Eskimo-Aleut), with focus on the Inuktitut dialect group. While the literature on Eskimoan languages has claimed that they lack these categories, I present syntactic evidence for two classes of adjectives, one verb-like and another strictly attributive, as well as a class of adverbs. These categories are then employed to diagnose more general properties of the language including headedness, word-formation, adjunct licensing, and semantic composition.
In the first half of Chapter 2 I demonstrate that verb-like adjectives can be differentiated from verbs insofar as only the former are compatible with a particular copular construction involving modals. Similarly, verb-like adjectives can combine with a negative marker that is incompatible with genuine verbs. This contrast is further corroborated by an inflectional distinction between verb-like adjectives and verbs in the Siglitun dialect. A second class of strictly-attributive adjectives is argued for on the basis of stacking, variable order, optionality, and compositionality. The second half of the chapter examines semantic restrictions on membership in the strictly-attributive class whereby only adjectives with subsective and privative denotations are attested. These restrictions are explained by the proposal that Inuit lacks a rule of Predicate Modification, with the result that only adjectives with semantic types capable of composing with nouns via Functional Application can compose directly with nominals. Furthermore, to explain why this restriction does not extend to verb-like adjectives it is proposed that when these modify nominals, they are adjoined DP appositives and compose via Potts’s (2005) rule of Conventional Implicature Application.
In Chapter 3 I argue for a class of adverbs, presenting evidence including degree modification, variable ordering, speaker-oriented meanings, and the ability to modify additional categories. Finally, data from adverb ordering is used to compare syntactically oriented and semantically oriented approaches to adjunct licensing and verbal-complex formation. I present arguments in favour of a right-headed analysis of Inuit in which the relative position of adverbs inside polysynthetic verbal-complexes is primarily determined by semantics, supporting Ernst (2002), contra cartographic approaches such as Cinque (1999).