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Journal articles on the topic 'Pano language - Word formation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Panther, Klaus-Uwe. "M. Brdar. Metonymy and word-formation: Their interaction and complementation." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 17, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00047.pan.

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2

Tarasova, Elizaveta, and José A. Sánchez Fajardo. "Iconicity and word-formation." Belgian Journal of Linguistics, Volume 34 (2020) 34 (December 31, 2020): 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00057.tar.

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Abstract This article aims to encourage a discussion of how evaluative morphemes conform to the principles of iconicity and Construction Grammar through the examination of English Adj+ie/y nominalisations (e.g. brownie, softie). Our analysis of the Adj+ie/y paradigm investigates conceptual processes that employ these evaluative morphological forms. We propose a Bidirectional Conceptualisation Model (BCM) to demonstrate a templatic correlation between iconic morphological components and evaluative connotations, by means of which the suffix -ie/y is employed to instantiate a specific iconic value of the [[x-]A ie/y]N construction. The BCM incorporates the Diminution: Pejoration ↔ Endearment scale, which accounts for the semantic duality of appreciative and depreciative values realised by the morphological concept of diminution. The results of the study support the idea that superficially different functions realised by one and the same morphological form are related through interaction of Idealised Cognitive Models.

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3

López, Luis. "Parallel Computation in Word Formation." Linguistic Inquiry 46, no. 4 (October 2015): 657–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00197.

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Taking the Distributed Morphology model as a starting point, this article presents and develops the hypothesis that parallel computations drive some word formation processes. Along the way, some Distributed Morphology assumptions, particularly those concerning contextual allomorphy, are revised. It is argued that event structure is a syntactic head independent of the presence of a vP. Nominalizations in Spanish, which often exhibit verbal thematic vowels between the root and the nominalizing affix, turn out to be an ideal testing ground for theoretical hypotheses.

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4

Callies, Marcus. "Word-Formation in English (review)." Language 82, no. 1 (2006): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2006.0013.

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5

DE BLESER, RIA, and JOSEF BAYER. "GERMAN WORD FORMATION AND APHASIA." Linguistic Review 5, no. 1 (1986): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlir.1986.5.1.1.

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6

Baumgardner, Robert J. "Word-Formation In Pakistani English." English World-Wide 19, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 205–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.19.2.04bau.

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The article discusses patterns of word-formation which are specifically characteristic of Pakistani English, providing ample documentation from a variety of indigenous sources. In particular, attention is paid to compounding, affixation, conversion, back-formation, clipping, abbreviation/acronyms, and blends. Also, results of an acceptability test of select word-formations are reported.

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7

Bauer, Laurie, and Ingrid Bauer. "Word-Formation in the Playground." American Speech 71, no. 1 (1996): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/455476.

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8

Pezhynska, O. М. "TOPONYMIC WORD FORMATION IN THE FRENCH LANGUAGE." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University, series Philology. Social Communications 1, no. 1 (2020): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2663-6069/2020.1-1/37.

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9

Leyrer, M., P. Hummer, B. Gängler, and S. Karl. "C110 Word formation in CI-Language acquisition." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 75 (May 2011): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5876(11)70278-6.

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10

Chanthao, Rattana, and Kanyarat Unthanon. "WORD-FORMATION OF BUSINESS WORDSIN LAOTIAN LANGUAGE." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2021.v06i01.008.

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11

Rashidova, N. "Word Formation of Educational Field Terminologies in Arabic Language: Word Compounding." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/48/52.

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This article is about terminology formation in the field of education which is one of the growing areas of science. It is an inexhaustible source in constant enrichment of vocabulary in various languages of the world. Theoretical research of the terminology formation and its functioning is one of the priority areas in modern linguistics. Terminology in the field of education is firstly considered as terminological general literary vocabulary. Therefore, this research includes post names terms, institutions’ names, subjects’ names, processes, phenomena and others which are united in the general concept of ‘terminology in education sphere’. The article’s aim is to analyze the main structural and lexical-semantic character in the sphere of education in Arabic language. The research’s task is not only to study single-component units, but also multi-component phrases containing two or more elements. The article covers and analyzes the compounding method which is one of the methods of terms formation. In this article full description about this method will be given. Gained results create a new approach to understanding and solving the problems such as word formation in Arabic language, defining the lexical-semantic and structural-functioning character of the terminology in the field of education.

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12

Körtvélyessy, Lívia, Pavol Štekauer, Ján Genči, and Július Zimmermann. "Word-formation in European languages." Word Structure 11, no. 3 (November 2018): 313–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2018.0132.

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The main goal of the paper is to analyze and evaluate the nature and the role of word-formation systems in a sample of 73 European languages. The basis for the comparison is 100 word-formation features representing 12 word-formation processes. The data is used to examine (a) the structural richness of word-formation systems at the level of individual languages, language genera, families and the linguistic area of Europe, and (b) the parameter of Maximum Feature Occurrence that identifies those word-formation features that are present in all languages under consideration, i.e., in all languages of a genus, a family or a linguistic area of Europe. In the latter case, it identifies the so-called Euroversals. From the diachronic perspective, the paper evaluates the degree of diversification of languages belonging to the same language genus and language family.

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13

Nevis, Joel A., and Marit Julien. "Syntactic Word Formation in Northern Sami." Language 76, no. 2 (June 2000): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417697.

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14

Compton, Richard, and Christine Pittman. "Word-formation by phase in Inuit." Lingua 120, no. 9 (September 2010): 2167–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.03.012.

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15

Christensen, Kirsti Koch. "Complex Passives, Reanalysis, and Word Formation." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 2 (June 1986): 135–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001475.

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This paper deals with the syntax of the so-called ‘complex passive’ and, more generally, with investigating the range, effects, and interaction of certain reanalysis processes that have been claimed to be operative in this and other syntactic constructions.

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16

Willis, Penny. "Studies in Welsh Word-Formation (review)." Language 79, no. 3 (2003): 640–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0200.

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17

Panagiotidis, Phoevos. "Syntactic Heads and Word Formation (review)." Language 81, no. 4 (2005): 1009–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2005.0177.

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18

Dugas, Edwige. "Form/meaning asymmetry in word formation." Constructions and Frames 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 178–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00018.dug.

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Abstract The paper deals with the French morphological prefixation pattern [non-N] (non-qualification ‘non-qualification’, non-Italien ‘non-Italian’, and non-ville ‘non-city’). It discusses the form/meaning asymmetry displayed by this pattern and its compositionality. It is shown that the general pattern [non-N] actually corresponds to three distinct subconstructions, i.e. distinct form/meaning pairings. Although pragmatic factors may be seen as presenting a challenge to the compositionality of these constructions, it is argued that [non-N]s must be seen as compositional as long as compositionality is defined not only in terms of truth-conditional semantics, but also of pragmatics.

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19

Kari, Ethelbert Emmanuel. "Word formation strategies in Degema." South African Journal of African Languages 36, no. 1 (June 2016): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2016.1186900.

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20

Janda, Laura A. "Metonymy and word-formation revisited." Cognitive Linguistics 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2014-0008.

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AbstractBrdar and Brdar-Szabó (this volume) offer a critique of Janda (2011). Janda (2011) found that the same cognitive strategy that facilitates metonymy, namely use of a conceptual source to access a target, can also be invoked in many patterns of affixal word-formation. In other words, many cases of word-formation appear to be motivated by metonymic association. Brdar and Brdar-Szabó claim that it is incorrect to refer to word-formational processes as metonymies. In addition to the robust parallels evidenced in my data, I offer three arguments to defend my use of the term “metonymy”: (1) a broader definition of metonymy facilitates more insightful generalizations; (2) there is no fixed boundary between lexical metonymy and word-formational metonymy since they coexist in the lexicon-grammar continuum; and (3) context, whether it be a suffix or other cues, is always a factor in metonymy.

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21

Solimando, Cristina. "Word-formation in the Arabic Language of Tourism." Lingue Culture Mediazioni - Languages Cultures Mediation (LCM Journal), no. 2 (2015) 1 (July 2015): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/lcm-2015-001-soli.

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22

Sherieva, Nina Gumarovna. "WAYS OF VERBAL WORD FORMATION KABARDINO-CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGE." BULLETIN of the Kabardian-Balkarian Institute for the Humanities Research 3, no. 46 (2020): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31007/2306-5826-2020-3-46-90-96.

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23

ULAKOV, M. Z. "DENTAL WORD FORMATION IN THE KARACHAY-BALKAR LANGUAGE." News of the Kabardin-Balkar Scientific Center of RAS 4 (2020): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35330/1991-6639-2020-4-96-131-138.

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24

Basilio, Margarida. "Metaphor and metonymy in word formation." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 22, spe (2006): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502006000300006.

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This work investigates the relevance of analogy, metonymy and metaphor in word formation patterns and their products. Initially, the semantic side of proportional analogy in morphological restructuring is analyzed. The work then concentrates on the role of metonymy in the formation of instrumentals and agent nouns. The last part of the work is dedicated to the role of metaphor in compounding. The main point of the paper is to show how metaphor is fundamental to the constitution of the lexicon and, consequently, how unfortunate for the discussion of metaphor in language is the relative disregard to word-formation processes.

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25

Salzmann, Zdenek, and Leonhard Lipka. "An Outline of English Lexicology: Lexical Structure, Word Semantics, and Word-Formation." Language 67, no. 3 (September 1991): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415055.

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26

Kuptsova, Tetiana, and Iryna Koliieva. "STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES OF RAILWAY TERM FORMATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (January 30, 2020): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-43-46.

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The structural peculiarities of the railway term formation is investigated in the article. It is demonstrated that the most common ways of the one component railway term formation are suffixation and prefixation. The prefixation-suffixation type is a less productive way of the word building. Compound words proved to form a large group of the railway terms. The relations among the components of a compound word represent a specific type of semantic and structural relations of the word in a word combination, where the terms which consist of «noun+noun», «adjective+noun» predominate. In the system of the English railway terminology among the component terms the most widespread are nouns that explains that nouns define processes, equipment, devices, and objects. This paper outlines some linguistic properties of technical terms. The article focuses on some linguistic features of a term. Being a linguistic object with the common and specific features of a language system a term has all lexical-semantic and formal features of the words and word combinations of a natural language. In the process of the affixation term building the semantics of a derived word is defined by an affix that is why an affix can bear a particular word building meaning. But having definite motivational relations between a derivative and a derived word the semantics of the derived word is not always determined by the meanings of its components. Deciding the semantics of a derived term many factors should be taken into consideration: conversion, the peculiarities of a compound word, polysemy etc. It should be underlined that morphological or affixation type of the term forming is based on the principles of word building of the literary language.

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27

Richter, Gunnar. "Affix-imposed conditions in Chinese word formation." Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale 22, no. 1 (1993): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/clao.1993.1430.

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28

Richter, Gunnar. "AFFIX-IMPOSED CONDITIONS IN CHINESE WORD FORMATION." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 22, no. 1 (March 30, 1993): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000362.

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29

Padel, O. J. "ZIMMER, ST.: Studies in Welsh word-formation." ZCPH 54, no. 1 (April 30, 2004): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph.2005.274.

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30

Schuklina, Tatyana Y. "Expressive word formation as linguo-cultural phenomenon." XLinguae 9, no. 3 (June 2016): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2016.09.03.44-50.

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31

Redouane, Rabia. "The Acquisition of MSA Word Formation Processes." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 145-146 (2004): 181–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/itl.145.0.562914.

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32

Kenesei, István. "Review of Bauer (1983): English Word-formation." Studies in Language 9, no. 3 (January 1, 1985): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.9.3.09ken.

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33

Caws, Catherine G. "LEONHARD LIPKA, Outline of English lexicology: Lexical structures, word semantics and word-formation." WORD 43, no. 3 (December 1, 1992): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1992.12098330.

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34

Tkachuk-Miroshnychenko, O. Ye. "CORONASPEAK-2020: WORD-FORMATION ASPECT." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 68 (1) (2021): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2021.1.10.

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The article presents a first assessment of the word-stock of “coronaspeak”-2020 — a new language of the Covid-19 pandemic. The English vocabulary is subjected to constant change due to various extralinguistic factors. The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the ‘explosion’ of new words. As of today, “coronaspeak” has over 1,000 words with more units appearing each day. The scale of the expansion is unprecedented, which requires reaction of the linguistic community. The article raises the issue of the classification of the “coronaspeak” word-stock. It argues that facilitated by media and social networks new words are changing their status of nonce words to neologisms, which makes the classification untimely and premature. The word-building analysis of 200 new words of “coronaspeak” allows to conclude that the creation of the new “coronavirus” word-stock applies the structural patterns specific for the English language. These various patterns include semantic change in denotation, derivation, compounding, blending, shortening, The analysis of the “coranaspeak” word-stock has demonstrated that the semantic changes in denotation, in particular the extension and the narrowing of a meaning, are scarce, and, hence, non-productive. Affixation, as a word-forming process, has proved semi-productive with the predominantly noun-forming suffixes. Among a limited number of shortenings we have observed final (apocope) and initial (apheresis) clippings, combined with affixation, by adding the suffix — y. Compounding and blending have proved to be highly productive. According to the part of speech classification, most “coronaspeak” compounds and blends are nouns. Of special interest are a group of “coronapuns”, which have demonstrated pragmatic potential.

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35

Inčiuraitė, Lina. "Cognitive Approach to Word Formation." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 2 (October 25, 2013): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2013.17257.

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Structural approach to word formation in Lithuanian is still dominant, meanwhile cognitive insights have not been applied yet. The object of this paper is the aspects of cognitive grammar to word formation. In the article, cognitive semantic notions and their application to the morphological analysis of cognitive grammar are introduced.In the cognitive theory of grammar, symbolicity plays a significant role. The essence of cognitive grammar is based on the idea that language units are bipolar language signs. A linguistic unit consists of phonological and semantic poles which are linked by a symbolic structure.A category is a network of meanings of a derivational morpheme, which, as in the case of lexical category, is structured in terms of prototype and periphery. The prototype of a category is considered to be the most typical member, whereas other senses of the prototype comprise the periphery.Morphological expressions are closely related to each other and comprise cognitive domains. A domain is perceived as knowledge in terms of which derivational morphemes can be interpreted.Compositionality is a process when the composite structure is determined by the meanings of its constituents. This process plays an integral part in understanding the senses of new morphological expressions. Full and partial compositionality types are typical of morphological expressions. In compounding, full compositionality is endocentric, meanwhile partial compositionality is exocentric.A large number of units are pertinent to each other by schema and instance relations. A schema is defined as a general model made of instances. The schema reflects the general meaning of instances. Due to further elaboration the instance becomes a basis for a new schema and its elaborating elements become new instances.

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36

Enesi, Miranda. "The Effect of Teaching Word Formation Theory to English Students." European Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v7i1.p7-12.

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The word-formation theory is often avoided in English language course books and little research is conducted on the pedagogical status of word-building process. However, many researchers and lecturers have realized the effect of teaching word-formation theory in English languages course books. English language lecturers have noted that vocabulary is very important in various subjects of English language branch curricula. For this reason, we must admit that the processes of word-formation, through which every language vocabulary can be enriched, are very important in English language teaching and learning. Word formation components such as prefixes, suffixes, etymology, history of words and other required materials in composing the vocabulary of English language are tested in Aleksandër Moisiu University. The results have revealed a significant and successful effect of teaching Word formation theory, this way showing the colossal importance of this important language aspect in every English language edition course book. This paper has two aims: first to review types of English word-formation and, second, to discuss the absence and the need for word-formation theory in English language course books. Keywords: Word formation, prefixes, suffixes, words, vocabulary.

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37

Hüning, Matthias. "Semantic niches and analogy in word formation." Languages in Contrast 9, no. 2 (October 22, 2009): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.9.2.01hun.

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Word formation, like other lexical phenomena, seems to be a difficult terrain for contrastive linguistics since it hardly allows for significant and insightful generalizations about the differences between two languages, as has been stated in the literature more than once. This paper investigates one factor leading to morphological differences and contrasts between historically related languages (Dutch and German). It is argued that word formation processes often show semantic fragmentation: in the course of time they develop ‘semantic niches’, i.e. groups of words (subsets of a morphological category) kept together by formal and semantic criteria and extendable via analogy. When looking at word formation from a contrastive point of view, these niches seem to allow for better generalizations in terms of systematic correspondences and differences between two languages than the category as a whole. As a consequence, productivity should not be seen as an absolute notion, but rather as a local and gradual phenomenon. Morphology should not only account for the possibility of coining new words but also for their probability, because language comparison shows that even allegedly equivalent word formation processes often differ with respect to the probability of their use. The paper therefore argues in favour of an analogy approach that takes the existence of semantic niches seriously.

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38

Renner, Vincent. "An ecosystem view of English word-formation." Semantics and Psychology of Complex Words 15, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00011.ren.

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Abstract This article takes a function-to-form approach to word-formation in present-day English and argues that the ecosystem metaphor can help morphologists see competition in word-formation and its resolution in a new light. The analysis first draws correspondences between four lexical functions (transcategorial, transconceptual, evaluative, and compacting) and ten formal operations (prefixation, suffixation, compounding, blending, morphostasis, stress shift, clipping, desuffixation, initialization, and replication) and concludes that there is no across-the-board interoperation competition to encode each function, but rather a fairly complementary distribution of the operations between the four functional subsystems. Each functional subsystem is then reviewed in turn and it is shown that, again, there is no full-scale competition at this level, but rather some fairly pronounced tendencies towards complementariness, and, in one case, also towards combination. The broad division of labor within each subsystem can, remarkably, be accounted for in different terms: the conditioning is primarily semantic (with formal subconsiderations) in the transcategorial and transconceptual subsystems while it is formal in the evaluative and compacting subsystems.

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39

Ruomei, Fu. "Chinese Affixes and Word Formation." Humaniora 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v5i1.2990.

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Chinese language is one of the typical isolated languages. It lacks morphological variation; part of speech has no morphological signs; the additional component of word formation is less; and the roots never change their forms. The major method of Chinese word formation is the combination of roots according to certain grammatical relations. Although the affix word formation is not part of mainstream Chinese word formation, affix-formation is still an integral part of the Chinese word-formation. Article used literature review, summarized the types and meanings of Chinese affixes. And meanwhile, article analyzed word formation function of Chinese Affixes and quasi-affixes. The Chinese quasi-affixes have stronger capabilities in forming new words, but development direction of Chinese quasi-affixes has to stand the test of time.

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40

Shchyhlo, L. V. "Development of Word-Formation Processes in the German Language." Fìlologìčnì traktati 10, no. 2 (June 2018): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/ftrk.2018.10(2)-16.

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41

Dalalakis, J. E. "Morphological Representationin Specific Language Impairment:Evidence from Greek Word Formation." Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 51, no. 1-2 (1999): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000021479.

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42

Rodríguez-Puente, Paula. "Register Variation in Word-formation Processes." International Journal of English Studies 20, no. 2 (October 19, 2020): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes.364261.

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This paper traces the development of two roughly synonymous nominalizing suffixes during the Early Modern English period, the Romance -ity and the native -ness. The aim is to assess whether these suffixes were favored in particular registers or followed similar paths of development, and to ascertain whether the ongoing processes of standardization and vernacularization may have affected their diachronic evolution. To this purpose, the type frequencies and rates of aggregation of new types of the two suffixes were analyzed in seventeen different registers distributed along the formal-informal and the speech-written continua. Results indicate that -ness tends to lose ground in favor of -ity between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries, a change which seems to have begun in formal written registers and spread towards ‘oral’ ones, probably aided by a general trend in written registers for the adoption of a more learned and literate style during the eighteenth century.

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43

Abbi, Anvita, and Vysakh R. "Aspects of word formation processes in Luro." Asian Languages and Linguistics 1, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.00001.abb.

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Abstract Luro, an Austroasiatic language of the Mon-Khmer group is spoken in the Teressa island of the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, India. Luro is a critically endangered language spoken by less than 2,000 speakers (Directorate of Census Operations 2011). The morphology of Luro is virtually undescribed in detail so far. The previous works are restricted to deRoepstorff (1875), Cruz (2005), Man (1889) and Rajasingh (2019) which are limited to wordlists and a partial dictionary. This is the first-ever account of word formation process in the language. Word formation processes include among others, compounding and derivation across grammatical categories. Incorporation is used in verb morphology. Although language does not have an extensive case marking system postpositions appear on some nouns optionally. Nouns are marked for duality and plurality but not for gender. Negation is indexed with pronoun morphology and participates in formation of antonyms. Kinship terminology and Number System have also been dealt with to represent diverse word formation processes.1

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44

Schipke, Christine S., and Christina Kauschke. "Early word formation in German language acquisition: A study on word formation growth during the second and third years." First Language 31, no. 1 (December 20, 2010): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723709359240.

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45

Raffelsiefen, Renate, and Garland Cannon. "Historical Change and English Word-Formation: Recent Vocabulary." Language 65, no. 4 (December 1989): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414957.

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46

Laczkó, Tibor. "On the-Ássuffix: Word formation in the syntax?" Acta Linguistica Hungarica 56, no. 1 (March 2009): 23–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aling.56.2009.1.2.

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Walker, Douglas C., and Edmund Gussmann. "Rules and the Lexicon: Studies in Word-Formation." Language 65, no. 3 (September 1989): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415251.

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Laversuch, Iman Makeba. "An Onomasiological Theory of English Word-Formation (review)." Language 77, no. 3 (2001): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2001.0173.

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Görlach, Manfred. "Word-Formation and the ENL: ESL: EFL Distinction." English World-Wide 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 279–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.10.2.04gor.

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Christina L. Gagné. "Meaning predictability in word formation (review)." Language 84, no. 3 (2008): 661–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.0.0034.

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