Journal articles on the topic 'Paonia Region'

The first record of Tetragonurus cuvieri Risso, 1810 off Calabrian coast (Southern Italy, Central Mediterranean) is reported. The specimen, a male of 361 mm total length, was found at a depth of 7 m during a scientific visual census research activity, in March 2017. The sighting was located off the Tyrrhenian coast of Calabria (Paola: 39.355453N, 16.029192E). The present finding represents the 1st documented record for the Tyrrhenian coast of the Calabria region.

Transcutaneous submandibular approaches are the preferred technique for the application of load-bearing mandibular osteosynthesis plates. However, an extraoral approach is associated with several shortcomings, like the risk of harming the facial nerve and scarring. This technical note presents a specialized mandibular reconstruction plate (MatrixMANDIBLE Preformed Reconstruction Plate [Synthes Maxillofacial, Paoli, PA]), simplifying the transoral application by its design with a preformed curvature along the lateral surface of the mandible. The application of wide-spanning plates reaching from the posterior margin of the ramus even into the contralateral body region is facilitated. Transoral application of preformed mandibular reconstruction plates seems to be a promising option to bypass external incisions and to reduce operating room time.

Population belonging to ‘Scheduled Tribe’ (ST) in India are considered as socio-economically backward section of the society. Tribal display different set of rules regarding inter-tribe and inter-clan marriage. There is a need to understand changing marriage pattern among tribal in North-east India, a region with geographically inaccessible, economically underdeveloped and where a large tribal population resides. Data from Census of India 2001 and 2011, revealed that Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM) among STs of Northeast is comparatively higher than the ST of India. The spousal age gap has also been decreasing over time. Among the major STs in the Northeast, the SMAM is highest among the Mao, Paomai Naga and among the Tangkhul Nagas of Manipur. Although the Nagas supported early marriage in its lore days, the marriage structure has tremendously changed with dawn of Christianity. Western education brought by Christian Missionaries had great impact on the traditional norms.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Land Use/ Land Cover (LU/LC) is a major driving phenomenon of distributed ecosystems and its functioning. Interpretation of remote sensor data acquired from satellites requires enhancement through classification in order to attain better results. Classification of satellite products provides detailed information about the existing landscape that can also be analyzed on temporal basis. Image processing techniques acts as a platform for analysis of raw data using supervised and unsupervised classification algorithms. Classification comprises two broad ranges in which, the analyst specifies the classes by defining the training sites called supervised classification where as automatically clustering of pixels to the defined number of classes namely the unsupervised classification. This study attempts to perform the LU/LC classification for Paonta Sahib region of Himachal Pradesh which is a major industrial belt. The data obtained from Sentinel 2A, from which the stacked bands of 10<span class="thinspace"></span>m resolution are only used. Various classification algorithms such as Minimum Distance, Maximum Likelihood, Parallelepiped and Support Vector Machine (SVM) of supervised classifiers and ISO Data, K-Means of unsupervised classifiers are applied. Using the applied classification results, accuracy assessment is estimated and compared. Of these applied methods, the classification method, maximum likelihood provides highest accuracy and is considered to be the best for LU/LC classification using Sentinel-2A data.</p>

The Liaodong Peninsula is located in the present Asian summer monsoon (ASM) area and has frequent land-sea interactions that make it sensitive to climate change. Terrestrial sediments can continuously record climate change with high resolution. The range and time of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), the main Holocene climate change driver, can be better explained by the change in the sedimentary environment in the region. This paper presents the chronology, sedimentology and geochemistry of the Holocene fluvio-lacustrine sediments in the Paozi basin south of Liaodong Peninsula, China. The multi-agent records show that the temperature and humidity are slightly higher from before 5.2ka.cal.BP to warm / wet stage, and the relative transition time from the warmest / wet stage to cold / dry stage is from 5.2ka.cal.BP to 3.5ka.cal.BP. Then, the regional climate shifted to relatively drier and colder conditions after 3.5 ka.cal.BP. Compared with other records near our site, the climate and variations in the water level change of this palaeolake were controlled by the change in the Holocene EASM precipitation, and the insolation-driven temperature co-determined the dynamics. Furthermore, the formation and disappearance of the palaeolake was due to the strengthening and decline in the EASM, respectively.

Guatemala tiene uno de los sistemas de partidos más inestables de América Latina, sobre todo si se toman en cuenta los indicadores que las ciencias políticas han diseñado para medir el desempeño institucional de los partidos y la consecuente estabilidad y arraigo del sistema electoral. Como lo señala un estudio reciente:“La lógica institucional de los partidos políticos y los dilemas de la democracia electoral en Guatemala” realizada por el Programa de Investigación Sociopolítica de la FLACSO, Guatemala, con la participación de Paola Ortiz Loaiza, Mario López y María Alejandra Erazo, a quienes se agradece su valiosa contribución. Asimismo, los análisis exploratorios de los resultados electorales fueron realizados en cooperación con Willibald Sonnleitner, en el marco del proyecto FLACSO-CEMCA “La geografía electoral de Guatemala”. La volatilidad más alta de la región centroamericana es la guatemalteca: 48.7 […]. La cifra indica que en Guatemala, durante el período considerado y en promedio, la variación de votos (elección presidencial) y escaños parlamentarios entre partidos, entre una y otra elección, es casi del 50%. En Guatemala, entre elección y elección nacen y mueren partidos, los legisladores cambian de partido, y los votantes cambian de preferencias. (BID-IDEA-OEA 2004:32)

Sandfly-borne phleboviruses pathogenic to humans, such as Toscana virus (TOSV) and sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV), are endemic in the Mediterranean region. In France, several autochthonous cases of TOSV infection have been described which cause either meningitis or encephalitis. The aim of the present study was to estimate the seroprevalence of TOSV and SFSV antibodies in a healthy population from Corsica. In this cross-sectional study, participants were enrolled from the medical staff at University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli (UCPP) and from general practitioners of the Corsican Sentinelles Network. The seroprevalence study was based on virus microneutralization (MN). A total of 240 patients were tested for TOSV and SFSV. Altogether, 54 serum samples were confirmed for TOSV infection (seroprevalence = 22.5%). None of the samples were positive for SFSV (0/240). The main place of residence was significantly associated with TOSV seropositivity (p-value = 0.005). The overall rate of TOSV antibody seroprevalence observed in our study suggests a more intense circulation of TOSV in Corsica, with a rate significantly higher than the 8.7% reported in Corsica in 2007 from blood donors. The absence of seropositivity to SFSV seems to confirm the low circulation of this virus in Corsica and in continental France. The increasing circulation of TOSV reported here should encourage the implementation of surveillance systems to control phlebovirus infection.

A new genus and two new species are described from the Pearl River drainage in Guangxi Province, South China. Hongshuia, new genus, can be distinguished from all other Asian genera of the Labeonini by having a lower lip with its median lobe modified into a round, fleshy plate peripherally greatly protruded so as to form a ring-like fold that is posteromedially continuous with the mental region, and centrally sunken so as to form a round, flat, fleshy pad. This genus is distinct from all other Asian labeonine genera of the Garrina except for one newly described species of Parasinilabeo (P. longibarbus), Pseudocrossocheilus, and Sinocrossocheilus, in the presence of well-developed maxillary barbels. Hongshuia differs from the above three genera in the lower lip morphology, and further from both Pseudocrossocheilus and Qianlabeo in the number of pharyngeal tooth rows and from Sinocrossocheilus in the colour pattern. Two new species, H. banmo and H. paoli, differ in the distribution density and degree of development of papillae on the rostral fold, depth of indentations on the distal edge of the rostral fold, presence or absence of papillae on the lower lip, size and shape of tubercles on the tip of the snout and anterior portion of the lachrymal, length, position and colour pattern of the dorsal fin, and snout length.

Regular monitoring of hemipteran hopper species (including psyllids) associated with small-fruited acid lime trees (Citrus aurantifolia L.) was conducted for four years using motorized insect suction to determine the possible vectors of witches’- broom disease of lime (WBDL). The study was done in two phases: monitoring was done in Habra village, Wilayat Wadi AlMaawal (Batinah region) for one year from June 2000 to May 2001; then monitoring was done in Maharah village, Wilayat AlMusannah (Batinah region), for a period of three years from May 2001 to April 2004. Twelve species of cicadellid leafhoppers and one delpahacid planthopper species were collected, while no psyllids were found. Hishimonus phycitis (Distant) (Cicadellidae) was the most abundant hopper (78.4 % of collected individuals). Next in abundance were Toya sp. (Delphacidae), Circulifera haematiceps? and a deltocephalin leafhopper, respectively constituting 10.4, 3.8 and 2.4 % of the total catches of the four years. Nine other species made up 5% of the total collection: Exitianus nanus (Distant), Cicadulina sp. (either chinai (Ghauri) or storeyi (China)), Emposca distinguenda (Paoli), Amrasca biguttula (Ishihara), Deltocephalus (Recilia) pruthii (Metcalf), Neolimnus aegyptiacus (Mutsumura) and three undetermined species (one Deltocephalinae, one Typhlocybinae and one undeterminable to subfamily). Catches of H. phycitis were highest from November to March and lowest from May to September. There was a significant linear relationship between number of H. phycitis and maximum and mininmum temperature. Relative humidity was not significantly correlated to number of H. phycitis. In Maharah, young lime trees were free from WBDL but the disease incidence increased with age. H. phycitis is the best candidate vector of WBDL. The potential of Toya sp., Circulifera haematiceps? and an undetermined deltocephalin as candidate vectors is discussed. Finally, it is suggested that regular sprayings of acid lime trees with effective systemic insecticides during November to March each year can greatly reduce the vector population and can prevent or delay the spread of the disease to a great extent.

This paper illustrates a hypothesis of research on the role of the two metropolitan cities of Messina and Reggio Calabria in the development of the Integrated Strait Area and on the one they may play in the broader Euro-Mediterranean context, in the light of the 2014-2020 EU programming period. In particular, the research refers to the enhancement and activation of local resources and is inspired by the study La Nuova Occasione. Città e valorizzazione delle risorse locali, coordinated by Paola Casavola and Carlo Trigilia on behalf of Fondazione Res, whose method it shares and applies to the Strait Area, though with certain diversities due to the specific case concerned. The basic assumption is to believe that, today, the development and growth of territories depend on the functioning of cities, since they are the place where present and future residential areas, the idea of a government of public interest, intellectual activity and business management concentrate. Therefore, such cities should seize the chance to turn into catalysts of the economy, places of connectivity, creativity and innovation. This idea is even more rooted in the conurbation of the Strait of Messina, whose only possibility of future development, within a European geographical space characterized by the prevalence of strong and consolidated urban regions, may only derive from the capability of the two cities to become aware of their role in enhancing their particular local conditions and the varied latent potentials related to their specific local identity [1].

Abstract Variation in the expression of integrin α2β1 leads to differences in collagen-induced platelet responses in vitro, reflecting the contribution of this receptor to hemostasis in vivo. In mice, there are two ITGA2 haplotypes, distinguished by several nucleotide substitutions in the 5′-regulatory/promoter region in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a variable number of CA repeats in intron 1. Haplotype 1, present in seven strains (C3H/HeJ, C57L/J, DBA/2J, BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, 129X1/SvJ, SM/J) contains 21 CA repeats at one site in intron 1. Haplotype 2, represented in four strains (SJL/J, SWR/J, A/J and FVB/NJ), contains only 7 CA repeats in that position. The strain AKR/J carries a unique haplotype, arising from a single crossover between the 5′-regulatory region of haplotype 1 and intron 1 of haplotype 2 downstream from the CA repeat site. No difference was observed in transcription rate initiated by the two 5′-regulatory/promoter haplotypes. Nonetheless, in every strain expressing haplotype 2 (7 CA repeats), a two-fold decrease in platelet surface α2β1 is found. The difference in CA repeat length affects the binding of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleotide binding protein L (hnRNP L), which influences the rate and fidelity of mRNA splicing. This is the sole determinant of the two-fold difference in platelet α2β1 level between mouse strains. In humans, control of ITGA2 transcription and α2 expression is more complex. The two oldest human haplotypes, as determine by HapMap analyses (Di Paola J et al., J. Thromb. Haemost., 2005; 3:1511–1521), are distinguished by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C-52T, and we have reported that -52T is associated with at least a five-fold decrease in rate of ITGA2 transcription in vitro. In this study, we have identified a difference in CA repeat length at two sites in human ITGA2. One site is located in the 5′ regulatory region (−512 to −492) upstream from C-52T, where haplotype −52C bears 12 CA repeats, while haplotype −52T bears 10 or 11 CA repeats. A comparable CA repeat site is not present in the murine ITGA2 5′-regulatory region. The presence of 12 repeats increases transcription rate in vitro by two- to three-fold independently of the nucleotide substitution at −52. An additional difference in CA repeat length is seen at the second site, located downstream and within the 5′ region of intron 1. However, unlike the findings in mice, the intron 1 CA repeat length in human ITGA2 does not significantly alter the rate or fidelity of mRNA splicing. Increased CA repeat length was shown to enhance transcription of the human matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene (MMP9), and nuclear CA repeat-binding proteins were detected, but none has since been identified (Shimajiri S. et al., 1999; 455:70–74). Such proteins are likely involved in the enhancement of ITGA2 transcription observed in our study and are distinct from hnRNP L or other mRNA binding proteins that regulate mRNA splicing. Thus, CA repeat length polymorphisms play a role in post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA splicing in mice and transcriptional regulation in humans. The human ITGA2 promoter SNP C-52T and the polymorphic CA repeat site at −512 to −492 define the two oldest human haplotypes and synergistically modulate the expression of human integrin α2β1.

Context. The contribution of quiet-Sun regions to the solar irradiance variability is currently unclear. Certain solar-cycle variations of the quiet-Sun’s physical structure, such as the temperature gradient, might affect the irradiance. Accurate measurements of this quantity over the course of the activity cycle would improve our understanding of long-term irradiance variations. Aims. In a previous work, we introduced and successfully tested a new spectroscopic method for measuring the photospheric temperature gradient directly on a geometric scale in the case of non-magnetic regions. In this paper, we generalize this method for moderately magnetized regions that may be encountered in the quiet solar photosphere. Methods. To simulate spectroscopic observations, we used synthetic Stokes profiles I and V of the magnetic FeI 630.15 nm line and intensity profiles of the non-magnetic FeI 709 nm line computed from realistic three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of the photospheric granulation and line radiative transfer under local thermodynamical equilibrium conditions. We then obtained maps at different levels in the line-wings by convolution with the instrumental point spread function (PSF) under various conditions of atmospheric turbulence – with and without correction by an adaptive optics (AO) system. The PSF were obtained with the PAOLA software and the AO performance is inspired by the system that will be operating on the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope. Results. We considered different conditions of atmospheric turbulence and photospheric regions with different mean magnetic strengths of 100 G and 200 G. As in non-magnetic cases studied in our previous work, the image correction by the AO system is mandatory for obtaining accurate measurements of the temperature gradient. We show that the non-magnetic line at 709 nm may be safely used in all the cases we have investigated. However, the intensity profile of the magnetic-sensitive line is broadened by the Zeeman effect, which would bias our temperature-gradient measurement. We thus implemented a correction procedure of the line profile for this magnetic broadening in the case of weakly magnetized regions. In doing so, we remarked that in the weak-field regime, the right- and left-hand (I + V and I − V) components have similar shapes, however, they are shifted in opposite directions due to the Zeeman effect. We thus reconstructed the intensity profile by shifting back the I + V and I − V profiles and by adding the re-centered profiles. The measurement then proceeds as in the non-magnetic case. We find that this correction procedure is efficient in regions where the mean magnetic strength is smaller or on the order of 100 G. Conclusions. The new method we implement here may be used to measure the temperature gradient in the quiet Sun from ground-based telescopes equipped with an efficient AO system. We stress that we derive the gradient on a geometrical scale and not on an optical-depth scale as we would do with other standard methods. This allows us to avoid any confusion due to the effect of temperature variations on the continuum opacity in the solar photosphere.

Context. The contribution of quiet-Sun regions to the solar irradiance variability is currently unclear. Some solar-cycle variations of the quiet-Sun physical structure, such as the temperature gradient, might affect the irradiance. The synoptic measurement of this quantity along the activity cycle would improve our understanding of long-term irradiance variations. Aims. We intend to test a method previously introduced for measuring the photospheric temperature gradient from high-resolution spectroscopic observation and to study its feasibility with ground-based instruments with and without adaptative optics. Methods. We used synthetic profiles of the FeI 630.15 nm obtained from realistic three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of the photospheric granulation and line radiative transfer computations under local thermodynamical equilibrium conditions. Synthetic granulation images at different levels in the line are obtained by convolution with the instrumental point spread function (PSF) under various conditions of atmospheric turbulence, with and without correction by an adaptative optics (AO) system. The PSF are obtained with the PAOLA software, and the AO performances are inspired by the system that will be operating on the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope. Results. We consider two different conditions of atmospheric turbulence, with Fried parameters of 7 cm and 5 cm, respectively. We show that the degraded images lead to both a bias and a loss of precision in the temperature-gradient measurement, and that the correction with the AO system allows us to drastically improve the measurement quality. Conclusions. Long-term synoptic observations of the temperature gradient in the solar photosphere can be undertaken by implementing this method on ground-based solar telescopes that are equipped with an AO correction system.

Hazel (Corylus heterophylla Fischl) is an important nut tree grown in China, especially in Liaoning Province, and is rich in nutritional and medicinal values. In August 2011, leaf spotting was observed on hybrid hazel (Dawei) leaves in Paotai Town, Wafangdian County of Liaoning Province. By August 2012, the disease had spread to Zhangdang Town, Fushun County. Symptoms initially appeared on both sides of leaves as pinpoint brown spots, which enlarged and developed into regular, dark brown lesions, 3 to 9 mm in diameter. The lesions were lighter in color in the center compared to the margin. To identify the pathogen, leaf pieces (3 to 5 mm) taken from the margins, including both symptomatic and healthy portions of leaf tissue, were surface-disinfected first in 75% ethanol for 5 s, next in 0.1% aqueous mercuric chloride for 50 s, and then rinsed with sterilized water three times. Leaf pieces were incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C for 14 days in darkness. Single spore isolates were obtained from individual conidia. For studies of microscopic morphology, isolates were grown on synthetic nutrient agar (SNA) in slide cultures. Colonies grew up to 45 to 48 mm in diameter on PDA after 14 days. Pycnidia appeared on the colonies after 12 days. Conidiophores were short. Pycnidia were dark brown, subglobose, and 150 to 205 μm in diameter. Conidia were unicellular, colorless, ovoid to oval, and from 2.4 to 4.5 × 1.6 to 2.4 μm. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the isolates were tentatively identified as Phyllosticta coryli Westend (2). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. KC196068). The 490-bp amplicons had 100% identity to an undescribed Phyllosticta species isolated from Cornus macrophylla in Gansu, Tianshui, China (AB470897). On the basis of morphological characteristics and nucleotide homology, the isolate was tentatively identified as P. coryli. Koch's postulates were fulfilled in the growth chamber on hazelnut leaves inoculated with P. coryli conidial suspensions (107 conidia ml–1). Eight inoculated 1-year-old seedlings (Dawei) were incubated under moist conditions for 8 to 10 days at 25°C. All leaf spots that developed on inoculated leaves were similar in appearance to those observed on diseased hazel leaves in the field. P. coryli was recovered from lesions and its identity was confirmed by morphological characteristics. P. coryli was first reported as a pathogen of hazel leaves in Bull of Belgium (2). In China, P. coryli was first reported on Corylus heterophylla Fisch. in Jilin Province (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. coryli causing leaf spot on hybrid hazel in Liaoning Province of China. The outbreak and spread of this disease may decrease the yield of hazelnut in northern regions of China. More studies are needed on control strategies, including the possible resistance of hazel cultivars to P. coryli. References: (1) Y. Li et al. J. Shenyang Agric. Univ. 25:153, 1994. (2) P. A. Saccardo. Sylloge Fungorum Vol. III, page 31, 1884.

Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia diagnosed in adults, characterized by significant heterogeneity in terms of biology and clinical outcome. Improvements in sequencing technologies have led to the discovery of frequent somatic mutations in epigenetic modifiers, placing epigenetic deregulation in the center of AML. Yet, the global view and the impact of this deregulation on disease characteristics are under investigation. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of epigenetic deregulation in AML, particularly the heterogeneous subset with normal karyotype (CN-AML), associated with intermediate clinical prognosis, we performed H3K27me3 profiling on CN-AML patient samples. Primary bone marrow or peripheral blood samples containing more than 80% of blasts were selected from the Institut Paoli-Calmettes Biological Resources Center inventory for the purpose of genetic and epigenetic studies. We initially analyzed 35 CN-AML samples by ChIP coupled with hybridization on oligonucleotide promoter arrays (Chip-chip) for genomic H3K27me3 distribution. Clustering analysis revealed 586 highly H3K27me3-variable genomic regions across patients corresponding to 461 genes mostly involved in chromatin organization. The heterogeneity in the H3K27me3 profile was characterized by a remarkable H3K27me3 enrichment at the chromosome 6 p22.2-22 region that encompasses 70 kbp within the major HIST1 cluster. This striking H3K27me3 enrichment was covering 11 histone genes and was partially overlapping with the focal deletion at 6p22 found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The HIST1 H3K27me3 enrichment profile clearly distinguished 2 groups of CN-AML patients based on their HIST1 H3K27me3 level. In order to independently extend this observation, we analyzed the H3K27me3 status by using ChIP followed by qPCR (ChIP-qPCR) at the same HIST1 genomic locations, in an independent cohort of 51 CN-AML patients. This revealed the presence of this abnormal epigenetic profile in about 50% of the patients. CN-AML samples were split in two groups, according to the median H3K27me3 enrichment levels at the HIST1 cluster genes. These two groups were analyzed for clinical and molecular characteristics. Patients with high HIST1 H3K27me3 level had a markedly higher incidence of NPM1 mutation (89% vs. 40%; p= 1.75x10-5) and a lower incidence of WT1 mutation (0% vs. 20%; p=0.028). No significant association was observed with FLT3 (ITD and TKD), IDH1/2, DNMT3A nor ASXL1 mutations. Patients with high HIST1 H3K27me3 level had a significant longer leukemia free survival at 5 years (allo-grafted patients censored, LFS-allo; 13.33 vs. 8.92 months p=0.0053). Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that HIST1 H3K27me3 status provided a more powerful prognostic indicator than the NPM1mut/FLT3-ITDneg and NPM1/FLT3-ITD genotypes. In conclusion,using epigenetic profiling, our analysis has enabled the discovery of a new epigenetic alteration that affects CN-AML and impacts prognosis. We demonstrate that the HIST1 cluster is targeted by epigenetic events that lead to high H3K27me3 level and predicts a good prognosis. This may help refine risk stratification in AML, identifying a further group of patients unlikely to benefit from allogeneic transplantation in first remission. Overall, our data provide a proof of concept that epigenetic profiling could be used to discover new biomarkers with prognostic value. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

NM-1 PULMÓN HIPERLÚCIDO UNILATERAL (SÍNDROME DE SWYERJAMES O DE MC-LEOD) (RESTREPO ANDREA, CALLE MATEO, THORRENS JOSÉ GREGORIO, ORTEGA JORGE) NM-2 SÍNCOPE RECURRENTE CAUSADO POR HIPERTENSIÓN PORTOPULMONAR COMO PRIMERA MANIFESTACÍÓN DE CIRROSIS HEPÁTICA (RESTREPO ANDREA, TRUJILLO DANIELA, THORRENS JOSÉ GREGORIO) NM-3 NEUMONÍA ORGANIZADA SECUNDARIA AL TRATAMIENTO CON AMIODARONA, UN RETO CLÍNICO (RESTREPO ANDREA, CALLE MATEO, CAMPO FELIPE) NM-4 ¿CUÁL ES EL MEJOR CUESTIONARIO PARA IDENTIFICAR PACIENTES CON LA ENFERMEDAD PULMONAR OBSTRUCTIVA CRÓNICA EN COLOMBIA? (GONZÁLEZ ANDRÉS, ROMERO JOSÉ) NM-5 POLIANGEITIS MICROSCÓPICA COMO CAUSA DE HEMORRAGIA ALVEOLAR DIFUSA SILENTE. (BARRAGÁN ANDRÉS, CASTELLANOS DANIELA, CALDERÓN CARLOS) NM-6 SÍNDROME DE EMBOLISMO POR SILICONA UN RETO DIAGNOSTICO (PEDRAZA ATAHUALPA PAOLA ANDREA, TORRES CUELLAR JULIO CESAR, GIRÓN CÁRDENAS MARÍA CAMILA, ÁLVAREZ PERDOMO LUIS CARLOS) NM-7 ¿EPOC EXACERBADO EN EL ANCIANO?. TRAQUEOBRONCOMALACIA COMO MANIFESTACIÓN DE BRONCO-OBSTRUCCIÓN (BAUTISTA MIER HEIDER, SAAVEDRA ALFREDO, SÁNCHEZ EDGAR, CALLEJAS ANA) NM-8 NEUMONITIS DE HIPERSENSIBILIDAD, REPORTE DE CASO Y REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA (PÉREZ LUCY, VIBANCO KAREN, LOBELO JENNIFER, VELÁSQUEZ KATYA, SANTIAGO ERNESTO) NM-9 CURACIÓN DE TUBERCULOSIS PULMONAR CON RESISTENCIA EXTENDIDA CON ESQUEMA INDIVIDUALIZADO CON MEROPENEM (MARTÍNEZ LARRY, ALZATE DIEGO, CORTES MIGUEL, SILVERA MICHEL) NM-10 PRESENTACIONES ATÍPICAS DE TUBERCULOSIS PULMONAR (LOZANO JUAN-DAVID, ACOSTA MARÍA-FERNANDA, CONDE RAFAEL) NM-11 DOLOR TORÁCICO COMO MANIFESTACIÓN DE ANEURISMA DE ARTERIA PULMONAR SIN HIPERTENSIÓN PULMONAR (GUTIÉRREZ CAROL, RINCÓN EMILY, TOSCANO ANDRÉS, CONDE RAFAEL.) NM-12 EMBOLIA PULMONAR SECUNDARIA A INYECCIÓN DE BIOPOLÍMEROS (SALGADO-SÁNCHEZ JUAN, MOLINA-PIMIENTA LUISANA, GAMBOAQUIÑONES JORGE, PULIDO-ARENAS JORGE) NM-13 HEMOTORAX ESPONTANEO COMO PRESENTACIÓN DEL SARCOMA SINOVIAL MONOFÁSICO PLEUROPULMONAR (TORRES NATALIA, CAMARGO JESSICA, TARAZONA RAÚL) NM-14 COMBINACIÓN DE FIBROSIS PULMONAR Y ENFISEMA CON HIPERTENSIÓN PULMONAR (JURADO YAMILE, CUETO GUILLERMO, GOMEZ SAMUEL) NM-15 HIPERTENSIÓN PULMONAR TROMBOEMBÓLICA CRÓNICA. EXPERIENCIA EN EL HOSPITAL GENERAL DE MÉXICO: REPORTE DE 25 CASOS (JURADO HERNÁNDEZ YAMILE, CUETO ROBLEDO GUILLERMO, GÓMEZ LUCAS SAMUEL ALEJANDRO) NM-16 HIPERTENSIÓN PORTOPULMONAR EN UN PACIENTE CON HEPATITIS AUTOIMMUNE Y HEMOGLOBINURIA PAROXISTICA NOCTURNA. (JURADO YAMILE, RAMOS GUADALUPE, CRUZ RODRIGO, CRUZ FERRETI, KAREN, GOMEZ SAMUEL, CUETO GUILLERMO) NM-17 COMPORTAMIENTO DE LA HIPERTENSIÓN ARTERIAL PULMONAR (HAP) EN UNA COHORTE DE PACIENTES CON DISFUNCIÓN TIROIDEA (DT). (JURADO YAMILE, RAMOS GUADALUPE, SALAS KAREN, GÓMEZ SAMUEL, CRUZ RODRIGO, CRUZ MIGUEL, CUETO GUILLERMO, SEGOVIA ANTONIO) NM-18 SILICO-CHELONAEOSIS: CONOCIENDO A UN VIEJO AMIGO (BALCAZAR CARLOS MARIO, ALEJANDRO ALVAREZ, ORLANDO CASTAÑO, AGUDELO ESTEBAN.) NM-19 HIPONATREMIA ASOCIADA A TUBERCULOSIS EN UN HOSPITAL DE TERCER NIVEL EN LA REGIÓN SURCOLOMBIANA (MONDRAGÓN CARDONA ÁLVARO EDUARDO, ÁLVAREZ PERDOMO LUIS CARLOS, LEIVA PANQUEVA LINA MARÍA, FERNÁNDEZ MARTÍNEZ JUAN DANIEL, CUÉLLAR AZUERO MARÍA ISABEL, FLÓREZ PASTRANA DIANA CAROLINA, STERLING MIRANDA LUIS DAVID, CORTÉS LARA JOSE ALEJANDRO, SALAMANCA MUÑOZ DANIELA FERNANDA) NM-20 INUSUAL CASO DE PARACOCCIDIOIDOMICOSIS LARÍNGEA SIN AFECTACIÓN PULMONAR (ASTUDILLO YAMID, TRUJILLO JUAN, CALDERÓN MAURICIO) NM-21 MIGRACIÓN ENDOBRONQUIAL DE CUERPO EXTRAÑO (ASTUDILLO YAMID, RINCÓN EMILY, MENDOZA DAVID, PÁEZ NELSON) NM-22 DIAGNOSTICO DIFERENCIAL DE LA NEUMONIA QUE NO RESPONDE A TRATAMIENTO ANTIBIOTICO (BOTERO D. JULIAN, GARRIDO GUILLERMO, MÁRQUEZ F. VANESSA, OBANDO L. KAREN, OBREGON Q. DANIELA, OROZCO I. LUIS, TABARES ADRIÁN)

Introduction. The Neapolitan song is a phenomenon associated with stable patterns of perception. This was a consequence of the popularity of the genre in the field of “light music”, when from the end of the 19th century to the 1970s, other non-pop forms of Canzone Napoletana were ousted from the musical context and the minds of listeners. The transfer of interest from authenticity to the field of musical “pop culture” naturally provoked a certain mode of silence in the research environment. Little interest in the study of the genre indicated a lag in scientific and analytical processes in comparison with practical results. Background. The active studying phase of the South of Italy song tradition falls on the middle of the 20th century and is associated with the activities of a music critic, professor of ethnomusicology Diego Carpitella (1924&#8722;1990). This defender of Italian folklore took an active part in ethnographic expeditions and the 1950s discussions, collected more than 5,000 songs, and paid special attention to the music of southern Italy. An important contribution was also made by Roberto De Simone (born 1933) – Italian theater director, composer and ethnomusicologist, founder of Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare (from 1967 to the present). Today, the fate of the historical past of Canzone Napoletana appears to be the object of close attention in Italy. This is evidenced by regularly held international conferences dedicated to the stylistics and poetics of Neapolitan song, its historical past, personalities who made a significant contribution to the formation of the genre, as well as monographs of various topics. Objective of the researching. In Ukrainian and Chinese musicology, the state of elaboration of the information field on the issue of Canzone Napoletana is extremely weak. Therefore, it seems relevant to refer to the review of foreign scientific sources. Thus, the subject of research in this article is the tradition of scientific and critical understanding of the phenomenon of Neapolitan song, formed at the crossroads of different areas of modern Italian art history. The identification of the leading issues in the coverage of the phenomenon of Canzone Napoletana in the works of modern scientists is the subject of this article. The research material, on the one hand, is a song “Te vogliо Bene assaje” as an example of commercialization of the genre, on the other hand – a monograph “La canzone napoletana. Tra memoria e innovazione” (2013). Results. The prerequisites for modern scientific thought aimed at studying the musical folklore of the South of Italy first arose in the 19th century. In the context of Romanticism’s interest in folk culture, musicological search was more of a practical nature: collection and recording of the texts of Neapolitan songs, musical notation of samples of spoken creativity. The origin of these processes is investigated in the collective monograph “La canzone napoletana. Tra memoria e innovazione” (2013) prepared by historians, sociologists, anthropologists, musicians. They entered a group for the study of Neapolitan song on the initiative by Institute for Studies on the Mediterranean (ISSM, Italy). Paola Avallone points to the ability of Neapolitan music to sublimate the musical traditions of various Mediterranean peoples, due to contact with the southern regions through geographic, commercial interaction. In Italy itself, the Neapolitan song is already recognized as a cultural phenomenon, the uniqueness of which is surprising against the background of the region’s economic problems, the depletion of its natural resources, and weak state financial support. The study of Neapolitan song at an interdisciplinary level dictates the development of such directions as: historical, methodological, scientific-analytical, morphological. The Neapolitan song is inextricably linked with the cultural environment of the southerners, their special “lifestyle”, mythological and religious ideas. Marialuisa Stazio characterizes the Neapolitan song of the late 19th century as unique because of its strong connection to collective memory. The attitude to the Canzone Napoletana as a certain musical archetype reveals the insufficiency of methods and imperfection of the tools of analysis due to the archaic nature of the origins of the Canzone Napoletana, as well as because of the incompleteness of its evolution from 1824 to 1970. Many of the samples created during this period have many similarities. At the same time, the forms of communication changed: from “flying” leaflets to “compilations” – collections of Neapolitan songs, like “Passatempi musicali” by G. Cottrau; from author’s songs to the involvement of the media in the 20th century, “television festivals of the Neapolitan song”. In the last decade, the Internet resources YouTube, Spotify, Pandora have played a decisive role in promoting the musical product Musica Napoletana. Conclusions. The Neapolitan song is of interest as a cultural and economic phenomenon. It has turned into a “tourist” product, a souvenir, which fully represents the cultural originality of the southern region, acts as a carrier of the cultural code of the nation and the Mediterranean as a whole. The problem of its preservation, as well as of bringing the existing developments in the field of ethnomusicology to a common denominator, giving them a certain integrity, remains urgent.

The processes of megakaryocyte differentiation, proplatelet formation, and the daily release of 1011 platelets into the bloodstream are tightly regulated. Genetic disturbances can lead to a cascade of downstream molecular alterations that markedly affect the function of megakaryocytes and platelets. Therefore, identifying new genes and their function in megakaryocytes and platelets is critical for understanding how these unique cells contribute to health and disease. Over the last decade advances in genomics, specifically next generation sequencing, have allowed for the discovery of several mutations and genetic variants that cause disease or influence associated hematological traits. By performing platelet RNA-Seq we were among the first to identify NBEAL2 as the causative gene for gray platelet syndrome (GPS) and showed that NBEAL2 regulates megakaryocyte development and platelet function.1-3 Mice carrying targeted Nbeal2 null alleles not only replicated the thrombocytopenia and lack of alpha granules observed in humans, but also provided new information about the role of platelets in thromboinflammation, wound healing, myelofibrosis and metastasis dissemination.4-7 More recently, we and others found that germline mutations in ETV6 lead to thrombocytopenia, red cell macrocytosis, and predisposition to lymphoblastic leukemia.8,9ETV6 encodes an ETS family transcriptional repressor, which exerts its activity by binding a consensus sequence in the promoter regions of DNA. Mice with conditional Etv6 knockout in megakaryocytic-erythroid cells are thrombocytopenic indicating the involvement of Etv6 in thrombopoiesis.10 Several of the families recently described have a missense mutation in the central domain of ETV6 (p.P214L). This mutation results in aberrant cellular localization of ETV6, decreased transcriptional repression, and impaired megakaryocyte maturation. The bone marrow of individuals affected by this mutation show hyperplasia of immature megakaryocytes suggesting a differentiation arrest. Deep sequencing of the platelet transcriptome also revealed significant differences in mRNA expression levels between patients with the ETV6 p.P214L mutation and non-affected family members, indicating that ETV6 is critically involved in defining the molecular phenotype and function of platelets. Consistent with this notion, individuals with the ETV6 p.P214L mutation experience bleeding that is disproportionate to their mild thrombocytopenia. We have also used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate a mouse colony where the human p.P214L ETV6 mutation was inserted into the conserved site of Etv6. Mice with this mutation (Etv6H.P214L) have reduced platelet counts. In summary, advances in human genetics that led to the discovery of novel congenital platelet disorders coupled with relevant animal models will likely contribute to our understanding of megakaryopoiesis and platelet function. References 1. Kahr WH, Hinckley J, Li L, et al. Mutations in NBEAL2, encoding a BEACH protein, cause gray platelet syndrome. Nature genetics. 2011;43(8):738-740. 2. Gunay-Aygun M, Falik-Zaccai TC, Vilboux T, et al. NBEAL2 is mutated in gray platelet syndrome and is required for biogenesis of platelet alpha-granules. Nature genetics. 2011;43(8):732-734. 3. Albers CA, Cvejic A, Favier R, et al. Exome sequencing identifies NBEAL2 as the causative gene for gray platelet syndrome. Nature genetics. 2011;43(8):735-737. 4. Deppermann C, Cherpokova D, Nurden P, et al. Gray platelet syndrome and defective thrombo-inflammation in Nbeal2-deficient mice. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2013. 5. Kahr WH, Lo RW, Li L, et al. Abnormal megakaryocyte development and platelet function in Nbeal2(-/-) mice. Blood. 2013;122(19):3349-3358. 6. Guerrero JA, Bennett C, van der Weyden L, et al. Gray platelet syndrome: proinflammatory megakaryocytes and alpha-granule loss cause myelofibrosis and confer metastasis resistance in mice. Blood.2014;124(24):3624-3635. 7. Tomberg K, Khoriaty R, Westrick RJ, et al. Spontaneous 8bp Deletion in Nbeal2 Recapitulates the Gray Platelet Syndrome in Mice. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0150852. 8. Noetzli L, Lo RW, Lee-Sherick AB, et al. Germline mutations in ETV6 are associated with thrombocytopenia, red cell macrocytosis and predisposition to lymphoblastic leukemia. Nature Genetics. 2015;47(5):535-538. 9. Zhang MY, Churpek JE, Keel SB, et al. Germline ETV6 mutations in familial thrombocytopenia and hematologic malignancy. Nature genetics. 2015;47(2):180-185. 10. Wang LC, Swat W, Fujiwara Y, et al. The TEL/ETV6 gene is required specifically for hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. Genes & development. 1998;12(15):2392-2402. Disclosures Di Paola: CSL BEhring: Consultancy; Biogen: Consultancy.

Las revistas colombianas categorizadas en el Índice Bibliográfico Nacional — IBN Publindex están ad portas de experimentar un nuevo proceso de medición que implicará una nueva categorización, la cual dependerá del número de citaciones que tengan los autores de los artículos publicados. Un reto diferente que implica nuevas estrategias de difusión, procesos de selección y revisión, y posiblemente de financiación.Hay retos que no serán fáciles de enfrentar. Uno de ellos, es conservar nuestra identidad como revista latinoamericana con el idioma castellano como principal herramienta de comunicación, en un escenario donde el inglés es el idioma franco de mayor impacto y comunicación de la comunidad científica internacional, y donde no pocos proyectos editoriales y autores son exigidos para comunicarse en dicho idioma en función del impacto de la citación de sus resultados en escala global. El otro reto es mantener nuestra identidad como revista de Historia Regional y Local, en otro escenario donde se propende por la fusión de las revistas disciplinares en las áreas de las ciencias sociales o humanidades, cuando éstas no parecen ser la prioridad en materia de políticas públicas y financiación de la investigación. Y, otro aspecto, tiene relación con el sostenimiento del mismo proyecto editorial en un contexto de presión orientado a la fusión de revistas en el ámbito nacional y la desfinanciación de las universidades públicas en el país. ¿Podemos sobrevivir a los embates de las políticas de indexación y homologación manteniendo nuestros criterios de calidad y excelencia académica, pero sosteniendo nuestra proyección en función del impacto de nuestras comunidades académicas y de historiadores? Es difícil saberlo en este momento, si bien nos tranquiza identificar el deber y compromiso cumplido con el gremio y la comunidad de investigadores de la disciplina en el ámbito nacional e internacional.HiSTOReLo ha procurado, desde su fundación, mantener criterios de calidad en el proceso de revisión, e impulsar una política exogámica y de internacionalización, en particular buscando un impacto positivo en el ámbito latinoamericano de esa historia regional y local, pero sin descuidar su visibilización a escala global, a través de su registro en índices bibliográficos de citaciones, bases bibliográficas con comité de selección; y directorios, catálogos y redes internacionales.Los datos son evidentes: una categoría A2 en Publindex; un Q3 en Scimago (2014) y Q4 (2015); 79.186 usuarios y 337.736 visitas en Google Analytics, —68,78 % de Colombia y el restante del ámbito internacional, en especial de México (7,29 %), Argentina (5,09 %), Chile (2,2 %), Venezuela (2,20 %), Estados Unidos (2,15 %), España (2,12 %), entre otras 61 naciones—[1]; además de recibir 420 propuestas de publicación, de las cuales todas fueron revisadas pero sólo publicadas 214 del total, equivalente al 50 % del total recibidos. Con lo anterior, en el presente año 2017, esteremos identificando un escenario con nuevos indicadores que estaremos evaluando con miras a lograr sortear los retos anteriormente señalados y mantener vigente nuestro proyecto editorial.El presente número, HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local (Enero-Junio, Vol. 9, núm. 17), ofrece diversos énfasis temáticos —Cultura, Actores y Política— relacionados con los casos de Colombia, Ecuador y México. El primero de ellos es la Cultura donde el teatro en Medellín y Bogotá en periodos distintos son abordados por Nancy Yohana Correa Serna y Paulo César León Palacios. En ese misma categoría y espacios locales urbanos, el arte moderno y en particular la exposición francesa de 1922 es tenido en cuenta por Carlos Arturo Fernández Uribe y Gustavo Villegas, a lo cual se adiciona el análisis histórico de la arquitectura ibaguereña centrada en el edificio de la Gobernación del Tolima por parte de Andrés Ernesto Francel Delgado.Extranjeros, mujeres, familias y esclavos son los principales actores históricos relacionados con el caso colombiano. Las expulsiones de extranjeros por Roger Pita Pico, la mujer y los negocios en la ciudad de Barranquilla por Tomás Caballero Truyol, el impacto del certificado médico prenupcial de las nuevas familias en Antioquia por Natalia María Gutiérrez Urquijo, y la manumisión de esclavos por compra y gracia en esa región por Karen Mejía Velásquez y Luis Miguel Córdoba Ochoa, constituyen los principales aportes.Ya en el plano político, zona andina central, al suroccidente colombiano y Ecuador, autores como William Alfredo Chapman Quevedo, Ángela Lucía Agudelo González y Alex Silgado Ramos estudian la relación de los impresos y la incidencia de grupos políticos en la opinión pública en la primera mitad del siglo diecinueve; mientras que en el escenario quiteño de finales de mismo siglo, Luis Esteban Vizuete Marcillo estudia las estrategias e iniciativas del clero contra la Revolución Liberal en 1895.Ese papel del Iglesia, en el caso del Obispado de Villarica en Chile, es analizado también según la reconstrucción de nuevos espacios de poder —zonas indígenas chilenas— a partir de la cartografía histórica por Hernán Leonel González Quitulef y Daniel Rodrigo Llancavil. Mientra que en el contexto mexicano, Ramón Goyas Mejía, estudia la desaparición de lo pueblos de indios en la costa sur de la Nueva Galicia durante el periodo colonial. Y, cerrando la Sección Artículos, Gustavo Lorenzana Duran estudia el reparto agrario en el valle del Yaqui (Sonora) a partir de un diferendo diplomático entre México y los Estados Unidos entre 1936 y 1938.En la Sección Artículos de Revisión, Renato de Mattos, ofrece en su versión portuguesa, una balance historiográfico de los estudios sobre la apertura de puertos brasileños en los comienzos del siglo diecinueve.Finalizan Juliana Martínez Londoño y Juan José Escobar López la Sección Reseñas, con dos lecturas críticas del libro de Diana Paola Pardo Pedraza (2011) Ellas y nosotras. Luchas y contradicciones en los modos de representar a la mujer (1930-1932); y el texto Memoria histórica del paro cívico del 12 de mayo de 1977 en La Ceja del Tambo, Antioquia. La lucha por la educación pública secundaria, de Diego Armando López Cardona (2015). San Sebastian de Palmitas, 26 de agosto de 2016[1] Los registros son para el periodo 01.07.1999-22.08.2016.

Desarrollo de sistemas de diagnóstico para la hormona estimulante de tiroides (TSH) en suero humano: ELISA e Inmuno-PCR cuantitativa (qIPCR)Julián Elías Abud - jabud@fbcb.unl.edu.arDirector: Dr. Horacio Adolfo RodríguezCo-Director: Dr. Enrique Hugo LuqueLugar de realización: Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del LitoralFecha de defensa: 9 de marzo de 2018 Potencial funcional (in vitro e in vivo) y tecnológico de exopolisacáridos (EPS) producidos por bacterias lácticasElisa Carmen Ale - eliale@fiq.unl.edu.arDirectora: Dra. Ana BinettiCo-Director: Dr. Jorge ReinheimerLugar de realización: Instituto de Lactología Industrial (UNL-CONICET)Fecha de defensa: 14 de marzo de 2018 Estudios moleculares y celulares del sistema de endotelinas en cáncer colorrectalMariana Bianchi - mbianchi@ingenieria.uner.edu.arDirector: Dr. Víctor Hugo CascoCo-Director: Dr. Javier Fernando AdurLugar de realización: Laboratorio de Microscopia Aplicada a Estudios Moleculares y Celulares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre RíosFecha de defensa: 9 de febrero de 2018 Determinación sexual y diferenciación gonadal en yacaré overo. Genes involucrados en su regulación y efecto de la exposición a perturbadores endocrinosGuillermina Canesini - gcanesini@fbcb.unl.edu.arDirector: Dr. Jorge Guillermo RamosCo-Directora: Dra. Mónica Muñoz-de-ToroLugar de realización: Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del LitoralFecha de defensa: 22 de marzo de 2018 Desarrollo de estrategias biotecnológicas destinadas a la generación de células eritroides in vitro a partir de células madre/progenitoras hematopoyéticas derivadas de sangre de cordón umbilicalLuisina Anabel Cappellino - lcappellino@fbcb.unl.edu.arDirector: Dr. Claudio César PrietoCo-Directora: Dra. Marina EtcheverrigarayLugar de realización: Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del LitoralFecha de defensa: 4 de diciembre de 2018 Efectos de la semilla de Salvia hispánica L. (chia) dietaria -rica en ácido α linolénico- sobre las alteraciones bioquímicas-metabólicas del músculo cardíaco en un modelo de dislipemia y resistencia insulínica experimentalAgustina Creus - acreus@fbcb.unl.edu.arDirectora: Dra. Yolanda B. de LombardoCo-Directora: Dra. Adriana G. ChiccoLugar de realización: Laboratorio de estudio de enfermedades metabólicas relacionadas con la nutrición. Cátedra de Química Biológica. Dpto. de Ciencias Bilógicas. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Nacional del LitoralFecha de defensa: 23 de agosto de 2018 Comparando el uso de modelos de distribución de especies y de algoritmos de optimización para priorizar áreas de conservación: usando reptiles y aves como indicadores.Maximiliano Ariel Cristaldi - maximilianocristaldi@yahoo.com.arDirector: Dr. Alejandro R.GiraudoCo-Directora: Dra. Vanesa ArzamendiaLugar de realización: Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Conservación de Vertebrados. Instituto Nacional de LimnologíaFecha de defensa: 04 de mayo de 2018 Ajustes biológicos de crustáceos de la familia Aeglidae (Decapoda, Anomura) en distintos ambientes de la ArgentinaValeria Paola Diawol - valeriadiawol@hotmail.comDirector: Dr. Federico GiriCo-Director: Dr. Pablo Agustín CollinsLugar de realización: Laboratorio de Macrocrustáceos. Instituto Nacional de Limnología (UNL-CONICET)Fecha de defensa: 29 de mayo de 2018 Efecto de la ganadería sobre ensambles de aves en bosques fluviales de la región del Delta del río ParanáAntonio Esteban Frutos - antoniofrutos.af@gmail.comDirector: Dr. Alejandro Raúl GiraudoCo-Director: Dr. Carlos Ignacio PiñaLugar de realización: Laboratorio de Ecología Animal, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción (CONICET – Provincia de Entre Ríos – UADER)Fecha de defensa: 26 de marzo de 2018 Exposición a glifosato y salud reproductiva: evaluación de efectos sobre la fertilidad y el desarrollo tumoral en rataMarlise Luciana Guerrero Schimpf - marliseluciana@gmail.comDirectora: Dra. Jorgelina VarayoudCo-Directora: Dra. María Mercedes MilesiLugar de realización: Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del LitoralFecha de defensa: 17 de Octubre de 2018 Estudio de proteínas involucradas en la biogénesis de la Citocromo c Oxidasa y su papel en el metabolismo energético, el desarrollo vegetal y la respuesta a estrésNatanael Mansilla - nmansilla@fbcb.unl.edu.arDirector: Dr. Daniel GonzálezCo-Directora: Dra. Elina WelchenLugar de realización: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del LitoralFecha de defensa: 19 de marzo de 2018 Determinación por métodos multiresiduo de plaguicidas y micotoxinas en alimentos vegetales y lácteos mediante técnicas cromatográficas-espectrométricas de masaNicolás Michlig - nicomichlig@gmail.comDirector: Horacio R. BeldoménicoLugar de realización: Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química,Universidad Nacional del LitoralFecha de defensa: 3 de diciembre de 2018 Evolución, desarrollo y estructura de las inflorescencias en la subtribu Eleusininae (ChloridoideaePoaceae)Sebastián Elías Muchut - sebamuchut@yahoo.com.arDirector: Abelardo C. VegettiCo-Directora: Renata ReinheimerLugar de realización: Cátedra de Morfología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del LitoralFecha de defensa: 08 de marzo de 2018 Rol trófico de los crustáceos decápodos dulciacuícolas: buscando respuestas desde una perspectiva fisiológicaGabriela Eliana Musin - gabriela.musin@gmail.comDirectora: Dra. Verónica WillinerCo-Director: Dr. Pablo A. CollinsLugar de realización: Laboratorio de Macrocrustáceos, Instituto Nacional de Limnología (UNL-CONICET)Fecha de defensa: 23 de marzo de 2018 Síntesis de 5-amino -1H-1-arilpirazoles con potencial actividad fitosanitaria Silvana Cristina Plem - silvanaplem@gmail.comDirector: Dr. Marcelo C. MurguíaLugar de realización: Laboratorio de Química Aplicada , Cátedra de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral y Laboratorio de Medio Ambiente, Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (UNL- CONICET)Fecha de defensa: 16 de marzo de 2018 Influencia de la variabilidad climática sobre la composición de la comunidad íctica en el tramo medio del río Paraná.Ana Pia Rabuffetti - piarabuffetti@gmail.comDirector: Dr. Luis Alberto EspínolaCo-Director: Ing. Mario Luis AmslerLugar de realización: Laboratorio de Hidroecología, Instituto Nacional de Limnología (UNL-CONICET)Fecha de defensa: 15 de marzo de 2018 Desarrollo de una tecnología de producción de la enzima alfa Galactosidasa humana recombinante para uso terapéuticoMaría Celeste Rodríguez - mcrodriguez@fbcb.unl.edu.arDirector: Dr. Claudio César Prieto,Co-Directora: Dra. Natalia Analía Ceaglio,Lugar de realización: Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del LitoralFecha de defensa: 23 de febrero de 2018 Conservación de la avifauna de Entre Ríos (Argentina): uso de métodos biogeográficos y de optimización para evaluar la efectividad de las áreas protegidas.Juan Andrés Sarquis - juandres.sarquis@gmail.comDirector: Dr. Alejandro Raúl GiraudoCo-Director: Dra. Vanesa ArzamendiaLugar de Realización: Laboratorio de Biogeografía y conservación de tetrápodos terrestres. Instituto Nacional de Limnología (UNL- CONICET)Fecha de defensa: 21 de marzo de 2018. Sistemas de liberación controlada basados en complejos de inclusión ciclodextrina-fármacos incluidos en matrices poliméricasNatalia Soledad Velázquez - nataliasvelazquez@gmail.comDirector: Dr. Julio Alberto LunaCo-Director: Dr. Luciano Nicolás MengattoLugar de realización: Química Fina, Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (UNL-CONICET) Fecha de defensa: 28 de mayo de 2018

Postarthroscopic osteonecrosis of the knee (PAONK) is a rare form of osteonecrosis for which the pathogenesis and etiology remain poorly understood; however, there is evidence of a close association with meniscectomy in most PAONK cases. Based on this evidence, postmeniscectomy osteonecrosis of the knee (PMONK) has been suggested as a new category. As early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve prognosis, there is a need to differentiate PMONK from spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK). This differentiation is specifically important in the Middle East and Arab countries where PMONK and PAONK have not been reported before, which could have resulted from under-reporting or under-diagnosis. To address this gap, we present a case of PMONK from this region and discuss assessment findings and treatment relative to the current evidence.

Introducción: La Insuficiencia cardiaca avanzada genera deterioro clínico y funcional marcado en el paciente. A través del tiempo se han desarrollado investigaciones para evaluar síntomas y aliviar el sufrimiento. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo identificar los clúster de síntomas en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca avanzada, que puedan contribuir en la consolidación del conocimiento. Materiales y Métodos: Una estrategia PICO estableció la pregunta clave de revisión desarrollada, mediante PRISMA, con búsquedas en: Scopus, Pubmed, Embase y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron artículos de fuente primaria, insuficiencia cardiaca avanzada, publicados 2010 – 2019 en inglés y español, se excluye población pediátrica. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos de los síntomas encontrados. Resultados: De 8000 estudios, fueron incluidos 11 para revisión completa, la mayoría de corte transversal, cuyas características de la muestra corresponde 50% hombres, entre 56 y 83 años. Se identificaron en el clúster físico síntomas: fatiga, dificultad para dormir, disnea; en el cluster emocional se identifican: Depresión, deterioro cognitivo y preocupación, además se encontró evaluación de síntomas por región geográfica. Discusión: Existe un consenso en la clasificación de síntomas en grupos denominados físico y emocional, llama la atención que el edema en algunos casos no está incluido en ellos. Limitaciones: Se incluyeron dos estudios del mismo autor en diferente año de publicación, población y los clúster son los mismos, pero con análisis de variables como calidad de vida y estado funcional. Conclusión: Diversidad de poblaciones, tipos de estudio y métodos de análisis, no permiten un único enfoque para agrupación de los síntomas más frecuentes en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca avanzada. Como citar este artículo: Pérez Sandoval Leidy Paola, Moreno García Jenny Rocío, Barboza Galindo Adriana Paola. Clúster de síntomas en insuficiencia cardiaca avanzada: una revisión sistemática. Revista Cuidarte. 2021;12(2):e1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.1302

Serotipos y resistencia antibiótica en Shigella spp aisladas de infecciones intestinales, Lima, 2012 Serotypes and antibiotic resistance in Shigella spp. isolated from intestinal infections, Lima, 2012 César E. Guerrero Barrantes1, Alfredo Guillén O.1, Roberto Rojas L1, Nora Bravo2 & Paola Muñoz1 1 Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Facultad de Tecnología Médica, Lima 10 2 Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Lima 10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2013.0005/ Resumen Se ha descrito que la distribución mundial de los serogrupos de Shigella no es igual en las distintas regiones. El objetivo es determinar los serotipos, la frecuencia de éstos y el patrón de resistencia a los antimicrobianos de los cultivos de Shigella spp. aislados de infecciones intestinales. Se evaluaron 75 cultivos de Shigella spp., identificados bioquímicamente y serológicamente, tanto su serogrupo como su serotipo, por aglutinación en lámina. Los patrones de resistencia antibiótica se determinaron mediante el método de difusión de disco en agar. De los 75 cultivos de Shigella, 54 fueron Shigella flexneri (72%) y 21 Shigella sonnei (28%). De los 54 cultivos de Shigella flexneri, el 48,15% resultó ser del serotipo 2a, seguidos por los serotipos 1b y 6 con el 12,96% cada uno, luego el serotipo 3a con 11,11% y por último los serotipos 1a, 4b y 2b, con 5,56%, 5,56% y 3,70%, respectivamente. La resistencia antibiótica observada en los cultivos de Shigella, independientemente del serogrupo, fue muy frecuente para Sulfametoxazol Trimetoprim, ampicilina, cloranfenicol y tetraciclina; además, algunos cultivos fueron resistentes a Aztreonam, Furazolidona y Amoxicilina-Acido Clavulánico. Los serotipos de Shigella flexneri desde infecciones intestinales, en Lima, son 2a – 1b – 6 –3a – 1a – 4b – 2b; el más frecuente es el 2a, seguido por el 1b y 6 y el patrón de resistencia observado en Shigella spp, fue elevado para sulfametoxazol-Trimetoprim, Tetraciclina, Cloranfenicol y Ampicilina. Descriptores: Shigella, serotypes, resistance. Abstract The global distribution of serogroups in Shigella is not equal across regions. The objective is to determine serotypes, the frequency and pattern of resistance to antimicrobial agents of cultures of Shigella spp. isolated from intestinal infections. The 75 cultures of Shigella spp., identified biochemically and serologically, were evaluated for serogroup and serotype, by agglutination on slide. Antibiotic resistance patterns were determined by disk agar diffusion method. Of the 75 strains of Shigella, 54 were Shigella flexneri (72%) and 21 Shigella sonnei (28%). Of the 54 strains of Shigella flexneri, 48,15% proved serotype 2a, while 12,96% corresponded to the 1b and 6 serotypes one each, than the serotype 3a with 11,11%, and finally the serotypes 1a, 4b and 2b, with 5.56%, 5,56 and 3,70%, respectively. Antibiotic resistance observed in cultures of Shigella, regardless of the serogroup, was very frequent for Sulfametoxazol Trimetoprim, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline; in addition, some strains were resistant for Aztreonam, furazolidone and amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid. The serotypes of Shigella flexneri from intestinal infections, in Lima, are 2a - 1b - 6- 3a - 1a - 4b -2b; the most frequent is the 2a, followed by 1b and 6 serotypes, and the resistance pattern observed in Shigella spp., was elevated to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin. Keywords: Shigella, serotypes, resistance.

La Revista Justicia & Derecho de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile se complace en presentar el segundo volumen correspondiente al año 2020 que constituye el término de un primer ciclo en el cual nos enfrentamos, entre otros retos, a la tarea de migrar la Revista a la plataforma Open Journal System. Junto con ese desafío cumplido, hemos iniciado también con éxito el camino a posicionar la Revista en índices relevantes (DOAJ, Latindex, Portal de Revistas Académicas chilenas, Dialnet) con miras a iniciar el 2021 la postulación para obtener su indexación a SciELO y en otros índices en el corto plazo. Cambios vendrán y serán anunciados en el sitio web del repositorio de revistas de la universidad (https://revistas. uautonoma.cl/), entre otros las modificaciones que se pondrán en aplicación para los envíos a partir de 2021 en lo referente a las directrices para los autores. El 2021 traerá consigo algunos cambios al equipo editorial de la revista a fin de fortalecerlo en beneficio de la calidad científica que es una prioridad para nosotros. En este volumen 2/2020 se han seleccionado nueve trabajos de investigación y reflexión científicojurídicos, un comentario de sentencia y una recensión de una obra dirigida por un profesor de nuestra universidad y miembro del Instituto de Investigación en Derecho (IID). El primer artículo, contribución del profesor don Carlos López Dawson, se titula “La didáctica participativa. La educación superior y su contexto” en donde se explora el tema siempre interesante y tanto más actual, en estos tiempos de cambios pandémicos, de la enseñanza del Derecho y de la metodología pedagógica de enseñanza-aprendizaje basadas en competencias como instrumento útil para la formación de competencias profesionales en los estudiantes de la disciplina. El segundo artículo, lleva por título “La ambivalencia de la Excma. Corte Suprema frente a la estabilidad en los empleos de la función pública” y es de autoría de don Héctor Muñoz Díaz, una interesante reunión y análisis de los criterios jurisprudenciales de la Corte Suprema en lo relativo a la no renovación de los empleos a contrata en el período 2015-2019. La tercera contribución la entrega don Tomás de Rementería Venegas, doctorando de la Universidad Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Francia, bajo el título “Desentrañando la excepción: Análisis doctrinario y comparativo sobre los estados de excepción constitucional”, de actualidad evidente en tiempos de Covid-19, propone un examen jurídico comparativo en torno a la regulación normativa de los estados de excepción, acompañado de un análisis doctrinario e histórico de la institución. El cuarto trabajo titulado “La libre circulación de resoluciones en la UE en el caso de la sustracción internacional de menores” pertenece a la profesora española doña María González Marimón, en él aborda la regulación actual (Reglamento Bruselas II bis) y futura (Reglamento 2019/1111) del sector del reconocimiento y ejecución de resoluciones extranjeras en materia de sustracción internacional de menores en el ámbito de la Unión Europea. En quinto artículo, cuya autoría pertenece a la profesora doña María Constanza Cubillos Torres, y lleva por título “Hacia un Constitucionalismo Ambiental en la Región Andina: Breve estudio de las Constituciones de Bolivia, Ecuador y del proyecto de nueva Constitución de Chile del 2018”, trabajo que aborda la noción ambiental presente en el proyecto de nueva Constitución de 2018 (Boletín 11617-07), así como el diálogo ciudadano previo al proyecto, que persigue como objetivo el determinar hasta donde se extiende dicha protección y cuánto del Constitucionalismo Ambiental Andino de Ecuador y Bolivia está presente esa propuesta de reforma para Chile. El sexto artículo titulado “Nuevos estándares del ejercicio de la función pública de planificación territorial urbana. Análisis del artículo 28 decies de la Ley General de Urbanismo y Construcciones” es una contribución de la profesora doña Paola Román Fuentealba y entrega al lector un análisis del precepto a que se refiere su título, que constituye la piedra angular de la nueva forma de planificar territorialmente en Chile. La séptima contribución nos las entrega, en coautoría, los profesores don Alexander Espinoza Rausseo y doña Jhenny Rivas Alberti, y lleva por título “El concepto de la función administrativa y su delimitación frente a los actos de naturaleza jurisdiccional”, que nos entrega las pautas para distinguir entre una función administrativa y jurisdiccional tomando como punto de partida el criterio residual, así como su función de proteger los intereses generales. Por esa vía, los autores proponen que en aquellos casos que no puedan ser calificados de jurisdiccionales o legislativos la calificación de procederá será de naturaleza administrativa. El octavo trabajo, también en coautoría de don Sebastián Hassi Troxler y de don Matías Roa Navarrete, se titula “Acciones temerarias en la ley de protección de los derechos de los consumidores: Críticas a su regulación contenida en la ley N°19.496 y a su falta de desarrollo”, tiene como propósito entregar un análisis de las denominadas “acciones temerarias” reguladas en el artículo 50 E de la Ley Nº 19.496 sobre protección de los derechos de los consumidores, conteniendo además una interesante propuesta de lege ferenda. Finalmente, el noveno artículo cuyo título es “Feminismo y Derecho Penal”, pertenece al profesor don Luis Hernán Acevedo Espínola y de él el lector constatará cómo el feminismo ha influido en el Derecho Penal chileno, abordando para el efecto tres reformas a esa disciplina de este último tiempo. En la sección comentarios de sentencias, ofrecemos al lector nuevamente un interesante trabajo de Tomás Frenck “Daño emergente futuro. Corte Suprema, sentencia de fecha 14 de septiembre 2017, Rol N°400-2017”, en donde el Excmo. Tribunal sienta la doctrina que el daño emergente que se producirá en el futuro puede ser indemnizado, en la medida que exista certeza de su ocurrencia venidera. Finalmente, la profesora y Directora del IID de la Universidad Autónoma, doña Andrea Lucas Garín nos entregan la recensión de la obra “Estado y Pueblo Mapuche. Una mirada desde el Derecho y las políticas públicas”, bajo la Dirección del también investigador del IID, Dr. Francisco Bedecarratz S. (Santiago de Chile, RIL Editores y Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 2020). En esta obra, se presentan, en base a cuatro pilares, las interrelaciones entre el Pueblo Mapuche y del Estado de Chile: Derechos Fundamentales, Formas de Estado, Orden y Seguridad Pública y Fomento Económico, Social y Cultural, temáticas que evidentemente merecen reflexiones de cara al próximo debate constituyente. Vaya, entonces, sin más, el saludo del equipo editorial de la Revista Justicia & Derecho de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile para los lectores de este nuevo volumen y los deseos que la lectura de los trabajos expuestos abra nuevos horizontes del conocimiento del Derecho. Hacemos extensivos nuestros más sinceros agradecimientos a los árbitros que han contribuido decididamente a la publicación de este segundo volumen del año 2020, deseándole a todos, lectores, árbitros, autores y colaboradores los mejores deseos para el 2021 que se avecina. Gonzalo Ruz Lártiga Editor General Revista Justicia & Derecho Santiago de Chile, diciembre de 2020.

Introduction: At the Crossroad Well, I’ve been an important pawn [in regeneration], for instance, changing doors and windows, enlarging them, eliminating shutters and thus having big open windows, light […] Then came the florist, through a common friend, who was the second huge pawn who trusted in this […] then came the pastry shop. (Alberto, 54, shop owner). Alberto is the owner of Pleasure Factory, one of two upmarket restaurants in a gentrifying crossroads area in northern Milan. He started buying apartments and empty stores in the 1980s, later becoming property manager of the building where he still lives. He also opened two restaurants, and then set up a neighbourhood commercial organisation. Alberto’s activities, and those of people like him, have been able to reverse the image and the usage of this public crossroad. This is something of which all of the involved actors are well aware. They have “bet,” as they say, and somehow “won” by changing people’s common understanding of, and approach to, this zone. This paper argues for the necessity of a closer look at the ways that place is produced through the multiple activities of small entrepreneurs and social actors, such as Alberto. This is because these activities represent the softer side of gentrification, and can create zones of pleasure and authenticity. Whilst market forces and multiple public interventions of gentrification’s “hard” side can lead to the displacement of people and uneven development, these softer zones of authenticity and pleasure have the power to shape the general neighbourhood brand (Atkinson 1830). Speaking rhetorically, these zones act as synecdoche for the surrounding environment. Places are in part built through the “atmosphere” that consumers seek throughout their daily routines. Following Gernot Böhme’s approach to spatial aesthetics, atmosphere can be viewed as the “relation between environmental qualities and human states” (114) and this relation is worked out daily in gentrified neighbourhoods. Not only do the passer-bys, local entrepreneurs, and sociologists contribute to the local making of atmosphere, but so does the production of the environmental qualities. These are the private and public interventions aimed at refurbishing, and somehow sanitising, specific zones of central neighbourhoods in order to make them suitable for middle class tastes (Julier 875). Not all gentrification processes are similar however, because of the unique influence of each city’s scalar rearrangements. The following section therefore briefly describes the changes in Milan in recent times. The paper will then describe the making of a zone of authentic pleasure at the Isola crossroads. I will show that soft gentrification happens through the making of specific zones where supply and demand match in ways that make for pleasant living. Milan, from Global to Local and Back Milan has a peculiar role in both the Italian and European contexts. Its metropolitan area, of 7.4 million inhabitants on a 12 000 km² surface, makes it the largest in Italy and the fifth in Europe (following Ruhr, Moscow, Paris and London). The municipal power has been pushing for a long-term strategy of population growth that would make Milan the “downtown” of the overall metropolitan area (Bricocoli and Savoldi 19), and take advantage of scalar rearrangements, such as State reconfigurations and setbacks. The overall goal of the government of Milan has been to increase the tax base and the local government’s political power. Milan also demonstrates the entrepreneurial turn adopted by many global cities, evident in the amount of project-based interventions, the involvement of international architecture studios (“La città della Moda” by Cesar Pelli; “Santa Giulia” by Norman Foster; “City-Life” and “the Fair” by Zaha Hadid and David Libeskind), and the hosting of mega-events, such as the Expo 2015. The Milan growth machine works then at different scales (global, national, city-region, neighbourhood) with several organisational actors involved, enormous investments and heavy political struggles to decide which coalition of winning actors will ride the tiger of uneven development. However, when we look at those transformations through the lens of the neighbourhood what we see is the making of zones within the larger texture of its streets and squares. This zone-making is similar to leopard’s spots within a contained urban space, it works for some time in specific streets and crossroads, then moves throughout the neighbourhood, as the process of gentrification goes on. The neighbourhood, which the zone of authentic pleasure I’m describing occurs, is called Isola (Island) because of its clustered shape between a railroad on the southern border and three major roads on the others. Isola was, until the 1980s, a working-class residential space with a strong tradition of left-wing political activism, with some small manufacturing businesses and minor commercial activities. This area remained quite removed from the overall urban development that radically shifted Milan towards a service economy in the 1960s and 1970s. However, during the 1980s and 1990s, the land price impacts of private activities and public policies in surrounding neighbourhoods increasingly pushed people and activities in the direction of Isola. Alberto explains this drift through the example of his first apartment: Just look at the evolution of my apartment. I bought it [in the 1980s] for 57 million lira, I remember, then sold it in 1992 for 160, then it was sold again for 200 000 euros, then four years ago for 250 000 and you have to understand that we’re talking about 47 square metres. If you consider the last price, 250 000, I’ll tell you that when I first came to the neighbourhood you could easily buy an entire building with that money. The building at number five in this street was entirely sold for 550 millions lira—you understand now why Isola is a huge real estate investment, people like it, its central, well served by the underground—well it still has to grow from a commercial standpoint… This evolution in land prices is clear when translated into the price for square metre: 2.4 euros for square meter in 1985, 3.4 in 1992, 4.2 in 2000 and 5.3 in 2006. The ratio increase is 120% in 20 years, demonstrating both the general boost in the economy of the area and also what is at stake within uneven development. What this paper argues is that parallel to this political economy dimension, which may be called the “hard side” of gentrification, there is also a “soft side” that deserves a closer attention. Pastry shops, cafés, bars, restaurants are as strategic as real estate investments (Zukin, Landscapes 195). The spatial concept that best captures the rationale of these activities is the zone, meaning a small and localised cluster of activities. I chose to add the features of pleasure and authenticity because of the role they play in ordinary consumption practices. In order to illustrate the specific relevance of soft gentrification I will now turn to the description of the Isola crossroad, a place that has been re-created through the interventions of several actors, such as Alberto above, and also Franca and her pastry shop. A Zone of Authentic Pleasure: Franca’s Pleasure Corner We’re walking through a small residential street and arrive at a crossroad. We turn to look to the four corners, one is occupied by a public school building, the second and the third by upmarket restaurants, and the last by a “typical” Sicilian pastry shop and café. We decide to enter here, find a seat and order a coffee together with a small cassata, a cake made with sweet cheese, almonds, pistachios and candied fruit. While we are experiencing this southern Italian breakfast at some thousand miles of spatial distance from its original site, a short man enters. He’s a well renowned TV comedian, best known for his would-be-magician gags. Everybody in the café recognises him but pretends to ignore his presence, he buys some pastries and leaves. Other customers come and go. The shop owner, an Italian lady in her forties called Franca, approaches to me and declares: “as you can see for yourself, we see elegant people here.” In this kind of neighbourhood it is common to see and share space with such “elegant” and well-known people, and to feel that a pleasant atmosphere is created through this public display. Franca opened the pastry shop three years ago, a short time after the upmarket restaurants on the other corners. However, when we interviewed her she wasn’t yet satisfied with the atmosphere: “when I go downtown and come back, I feel depressed … it’s developing but still has not grown enough … Isn’t one of the classic rich places in Milan—it’s kind of a weird place.” Through these and other similar statements she expressed a feeling of delusion toward the neighbourhood—a feeling on which she’s building her tale—that emerged in contrast to the kind of environment Franca would consider more apt for her shop. Franca’s a newcomer, but knows that the neighbourhood has been “sanitised.” “It really was a criminal area” she states, using overtly derogatory terms just like they were neutral: “riffraff” for the customers of ordinary bars, “dull” for the northern part of the neighbourhood where “there even are kebab shops.” In contrast she lists her beloved customers: journalists, architects, two tenors, people working at the theatre nearby, and the local TV celebrity described earlier. When she refers to the crossroad she speaks of it as, “maybe the gem of the neighbourhood.” At some point she declares what makes her proud: A place like this regenerates the neighbourhood—to be sure, if I ever open a harbour bar I’d attract riffraff who would discredit the place. In short it’s not, to make an example, a club where you play cards, that bring in the underworld, noise, nuisance—here the customer is the typical middle class, all right people. The term “all right people” reoccurs in several of Franca’s statements. Her initial economic sacrifices, relative though if, as she says, she’s able to open another shop in a more central place (“we would like to become a chain-store”), are now compensated by the recognition she gets from her more polished clients. She also expresses a personal satisfaction in the role she has played in the changes in Isola: “until now it’s just a matter of personal satisfaction—of seeing, I’ve built this stuff.” Franca’s story demonstrates that the soft side of gentrification is also produced by individuals that have little in common with the huge capital investment that is at stake in real estate development, or the chain stores that are also opening in the neighbourhood. In one way, Franca is alone in her quest for regeneration, as most entrepreneurs are. In another way, though, she is not. Not only is she participating in the “upgrading” together with other small business owners and consumers who all agree on the direction to follow, thus building together a zone of authentic pleasure, but she can also rely on a “critical infrastructure” of architects, designers and consultants (Zukin, Landscapes 202) that knows perfectly how to do the job. With much pride in her interior design choices, Franca pointed out how her café mixes chic with classic and opposing them to a flashy and folk décor. She showed us the black-and-white pictures at the wall depicting Paris in the 1960s, the unique design coffee machine model she owns, and the flower vases conceived by a famous designer and filled by her neighbour florist. The colours chosen for the interior are orange, tied to oranges—a typical product of Sicily, whereas the brown colour relates to the land, and the gold is linked to elegance. The mixing of warm colours, Franca explained, makes the atmosphere cosy. Where did this owner get all these idea(l)s? Franca relied on an Italian interior design studio, which works at a global scale furnishing hotels, restaurants, bars, shops, bathing establishments, and airports in New York, Barcelona, Paris, and Milan. The architect with whom she dealt with let her “work together” in order to have an autonomous set of choices that match the brand’s offer. Authenticity thus becomes part of the décor in a systematic way, and the feeling of a pleasant atmosphere is constantly reproduced through the daily routines of consumption. Again, not alone in the regeneration process but feeling as if she is “on her own,” Franca struggles daily to protect the atmosphere she’s building: “My point is avoiding having kids or tramps as customers—I don’t want an indiscriminate presence, like people coming here for a glass of wine and maybe getting drunk. I mean, this is not the place to come and have a bianchino [cheap white wine]. People coming here have a spumante, and behave in a completely different fashion.” The opposition between a bianchino, the cheap white wine, and the spumante is one that clarifies the moral boundary between the targets of soft gentrification. In Italian popular culture, and especially in the past, it was a common male habit to have bianchino from late morning onwards. Bars therefore served as gendered public spaces where common people would rest from working activities and the family sphere. Franca, together with many new bars and cafes that construct zones of authentic pleasure in gentrifying neighbourhoods, is trying to update this cultural practice. The spumante adds a sparkling element to consumption and is branded as a trendy aperitif wine, which appeals to younger tastes and lifestyles. By utilising a global design studio, Franca connects to global patterns of urban development and the homogenising of local atmospheres. Furthermore, by preferencing different consumption behaviours she contributes to the social transformation of the neighbourhood by selecting customers. This tendency towards segregation, rather than mixing, is a relevant feature here, since the Franca’s favourite clientele are clearly “people like us” (Butler 2469). Zones like the one described above are thus places where uneven development shows its social, interactive and public façade. Pleasure and Authenticity in Soft Gentrification The production of “atmosphere” in a gentrifying neighbourhood goes together with customers’ taste and preferences. The supply-side of building the environmental landscape for a “pleasant” zone needs a demand-side, consumers buying, supporting, and appreciating the outcome of the activities of business people like Franca. The two are one, most of the time, because tastes and preferences are linked to class, gender, and ethnicity, which makes a sort of mutual redundancy. To put it abruptly: similar people, spending their time in the same places and in a similar way. As I have shown above, the pastry shop owner Franca went for mixing chic and classic in her interior design. That is distinctiveness and familiarity, individualisation and commonality in one unique environment. Seen from the consumer’s perspective, this leads to what has been depicted by Sharon Zukin in her account of the crisis of authenticity in New York. People, she says, are yearning for authenticity because this: reflects the separation between our experience of space and our sense of self that is so much a part of modern mentalities. Though we think authenticity refers to a neighbourhood’s innate qualities, it really expresses our own anxieties about how places change. The idea of authenticity is important because it connects our individual yearning to root ourselves in a singular time and place to a cosmic grasp or larger social forces that remake our world from many small and often invisible actions. (220) Among the “many small and invisible actions” are the ones made by Franca and the global interior design firm she hired, but also those done daily by her customers. For instance, Christian a young advertising executive who lives two blocks away from the pastry shop. He defines himself an “executive creative director” [in English, while the interview was in Italian]. Asked on cooking practices and the presentation he makes to his guests, he declares that the main effort is on: The mise en place—the mise en place with no doubt. The mise en place must be appropriate to what you’re doing. Sometimes you get the mise en place simply serving a plateau, when you correctly couple cheese and salami, even better when you couple fresh cheese with vegetables or you give a slightly creative touch with some fruit salad, like seitan with avocado, no? They become beautiful to see and the mise en place saves it, the aesthetics does its job …Do you feel there are foods, beverages or consumption occasions you consider not worth giving up at all? The only thing I wouldn’t give up is going out in the morning, and having a cappuccino down there in the tiny pastry shop and having some brioches while I’m at the bar. Those that are not frozen beforehand but cooked just in time and have a breakfast, for just two euros, two euros and ten […] cappuccino and fresh brioche, baked just then, otherwise I cannot even think—if I’m in Milan I hardly think correctly—I mean I can’t wake up really without a good cappuccino and a good brioche. Christian is one of the new residents that was attracted to this neighbourhood because of the benefits of its uneven development: relatively affordable rent prices, services, and atmosphere. Commonality is among them, but also distinctiveness. Each morning he can have his “good cappuccino and good brioche” freshly baked to suit his taste and that allows him to differentiate between other brioches, namely the industrialised ones, those “frozen beforehand.” More importantly, he can do this by simply crossing the street and entering one of the pleasure zones that are making Isola, there and now, the new gentrified Milanese neighbourhood. Zones of Authentic Pleasure In this paper I have argued that a closer attention to the softer side of gentrification can help to understand how taste and uneven development mesh together, to produce the common shape we find in gentrified neighbourhoods. These typical urban spaces are made of streets, sidewalks, squares, and walls, but also shop windows and signs, pavement cafés, planters, and the street-life that turns around all of this. Both built environment and interaction produces the atmosphere of authentic pleasure, which is offered by local entrepreneurs and sought by the people who go there. Pleasure is a central feature because of the increasing role of consumption activities in the city and the role of individual consumption practices. I f we observe closely the local scale where all of these practices take place, we can clearly distinguish one zone from another because of their localised effervescence. Neighbourhoods are not equally affected by gentrification. Internally specific zones emerge as those having the capacity to subsume the entire process. These are the ones I have described in this paper—zones of authentic pleasure, where the supply and demand for an authentic distinctive and communal atmosphere takes place. Ephemeral spaces; if one looks at the political economy of place through a macro lens. But if the aim is to understand why certain zones prove to be successful and others not, then exploring how soft gentrification is daily produced and consumed is fundamental.Acknowledgments This article draws on data produced by the research team for the CSS project ‘Middle Class and Consumption: Boundaries, Standards and Discourses’. The team comprised Marco Santoro, Roberta Sassatelli and Giovanni Semi (Coordinators), Davide Caselli, Federica Davolio, Paolo Magaudda, Chiara Marchetti, Federico Montanari and Francesca Pozzi (Research Fellows). The ethnographic data on Milan were mainly produced by Davide Caselli and by the Author. The author wishes to thank the anonymous referees for wise and kind remarks and Michelle Hall for editing and suggestions. References Atkinson, Rowland. “Domestication by Cappuccino or a Revenge on Urban Space? Control and Empowerment in the Management of Public Spaces.” Urban Studies 40.9 (2003): 1829–1843. Böhme, Gernot. “Atmosphere as the Fundamental Concept of a New Aesthetics.” Thesis Eleven 36 (1993): 113–126. Bricocoli, Massimo, and Savoldi Paola. Milano Downtown: Azione Pubblica e Luoghi dell’Abitare. Milano: et al./Edizioni, 2010. Butler, Tim. “Living in the Bubble: Gentrification and Its ‘Others’ in North London.” Urban Studies 40.12 (2003): 2469–2486. Julier, Guy. “Urban Designscapes and the Production of Aesthetic Consent.” Urban Studies 42.5/6 (2005): 869–887. Zukin, Sharon. Landscapes of Power. From Detroit to Disney World. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991. ———. Naked City. The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places. New York: Oxford UP, 2010.

Introduction The highly contagious COVID-19 virus has presented particularly difficult public policy challenges. The relatively late emergence of an effective treatments and vaccines, the structural stresses on health care systems, the lockdowns and the economic dislocations, the evident structural inequalities in effected societies, as well as the difficulty of prevention have tested social and political cohesion. Moreover, the intrusive nature of many prophylactic measures have led to individual liberty and human rights concerns. As noted by the Victorian (Australia) Ombudsman Report on the COVID-19 lockdown in Melbourne, we may be tempted, during a crisis, to view human rights as expendable in the pursuit of saving human lives. This thinking can lead to dangerous territory. It is not unlawful to curtail fundamental rights and freedoms when there are compelling reasons for doing so; human rights are inherently and inseparably a consideration of human lives. (5) These difficulties have raised issues about the importance of social or community capital in fighting the pandemic. This article discusses the impacts of social and community capital and other factors on the governmental efforts to combat the spread of infectious disease through the maintenance of social distancing and household ‘bubbles’. It argues that the beneficial effects of social and community capital towards fighting the pandemic, such as mutual respect and empathy, which underpins such public health measures as social distancing, the use of personal protective equipment, and lockdowns in the USA, have been undermined as preventive measures because they have been transmogrified to become a salient aspect of the “culture wars” (Peters). In contrast, states that have relatively lower social capital such a China have been able to more effectively arrest transmission of the disease because the government was been able to generate and personify a nationalist response to the virus and thus generate a more robust social consensus regarding the efforts to combat the disease. Social Capital and Culture Wars The response to COVID-19 required individuals, families, communities, and other types of groups to refrain from extensive interaction – to stay in their bubble. In these situations, especially given the asymptomatic nature of many COVID-19 infections and the serious imposition lockdowns and social distancing and isolation, the temptation for individuals to breach public health rules in high. From the perspective of policymakers, the response to fighting COVID-19 is a collective action problem. In studying collective action problems, scholars have paid much attention on the role of social and community capital (Ostrom and Ahn 17-35). Ostrom and Ahn comment that social capital “provides a synthesizing approach to how cultural, social, and institutional aspects of communities of various sizes jointly affect their capacity of dealing with collective-action problems” (24). Social capital is regarded as an evolving social type of cultural trait (Fukuyama; Guiso et al.). Adger argues that social capital “captures the nature of social relations” and “provides an explanation for how individuals use their relationships to other actors in societies for their own and for the collective good” (387). The most frequently used definition of social capital is the one proffered by Putnam who regards it as “features of social organization, such as networks, norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit” (Putnam, “Bowling Alone” 65). All these studies suggest that social and community capital has at least two elements: “objective associations” and subjective ties among individuals. Objective associations, or social networks, refer to both formal and informal associations that are formed and engaged in on a voluntary basis by individuals and social groups. Subjective ties or norms, on the other hand, primarily stand for trust and reciprocity (Paxton). High levels of social capital have generally been associated with democratic politics and civil societies whose institutional performance benefits from the coordinated actions and civic culture that has been facilitated by high levels of social capital (Putnam, Democracy 167-9). Alternatively, a “good and fair” state and impartial institutions are important factors in generating and preserving high levels of social capital (Offe 42-87). Yet social capital is not limited to democratic civil societies and research is mixed on whether rising social capital manifests itself in a more vigorous civil society that in turn leads to democratising impulses. Castillo argues that various trust levels for institutions that reinforce submission, hierarchy, and cultural conservatism can be high in authoritarian governments, indicating that high levels of social capital do not necessarily lead to democratic civic societies (Castillo et al.). Roßteutscher concludes after a survey of social capita indicators in authoritarian states that social capital has little effect of democratisation and may in fact reinforce authoritarian rule: in nondemocratic contexts, however, it appears to throw a spanner in the works of democratization. Trust increases the stability of nondemocratic leaderships by generating popular support, by suppressing regime threatening forms of protest activity, and by nourishing undemocratic ideals concerning governance (752). In China, there has been ongoing debate concerning the presence of civil society and the level of social capital found across Chinese society. If one defines civil society as an intermediate associational realm between the state and the family, populated by autonomous organisations which are separate from the state that are formed voluntarily by members of society to protect or extend their interests or values, it is arguable that the PRC had a significant civil society or social capital in the first few decades after its establishment (White). However, most scholars agree that nascent civil society as well as a more salient social and community capital has emerged in China’s reform era. This was evident after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, where the government welcomed community organising and community-driven donation campaigns for a limited period of time, giving the NGO sector and bottom-up social activism a boost, as evidenced in various policy areas such as disaster relief and rural community development (F. Wu 126; Xu 9). Nevertheless, the CCP and the Chinese state have been effective in maintaining significant control over civil society and autonomous groups without attempting to completely eliminate their autonomy or existence. The dramatic economic and social changes that have occurred since the 1978 Opening have unsurprisingly engendered numerous conflicts across the society. In response, the CCP and State have adjusted political economic policies to meet the changing demands of workers, migrants, the unemployed, minorities, farmers, local artisans, entrepreneurs, and the growing middle class. Often the demands arising from these groups have resulted in policy changes, including compensation. In other circumstances, where these groups remain dissatisfied, the government will tolerate them (ignore them but allow them to continue in the advocacy), or, when the need arises, supress the disaffected groups (F. Wu 2). At the same time, social organisations and other groups in civil society have often “refrained from open and broad contestation against the regime”, thereby gaining the space and autonomy to achieve the objectives (F. Wu 2). Studies of Chinese social or community capital suggest that a form of modern social capital has gradually emerged as Chinese society has become increasingly modernised and liberalised (despite being non-democratic), and that this social capital has begun to play an important role in shaping social and economic lives at the local level. However, this more modern form of social capital, arising from developmental and social changes, competes with traditional social values and social capital, which stresses parochial and particularistic feelings among known individuals while modern social capital emphasises general trust and reciprocal feelings among both known and unknown individuals. The objective element of these traditional values are those government-sanctioned, formal mass organisations such as Communist Youth and the All-China Federation of Women's Associations, where members are obliged to obey the organisation leadership. The predominant subjective values are parochial and particularistic feelings among individuals who know one another, such as guanxi and zongzu (Chen and Lu, 426). The concept of social capital emphasises that the underlying cooperative values found in individuals and groups within a culture are an important factor in solving collective problems. In contrast, the notion of “culture war” focusses on those values and differences that divide social and cultural groups. Barry defines culture wars as increases in volatility, expansion of polarisation, and conflict between those who are passionate about religiously motivated politics, traditional morality, and anti-intellectualism, and…those who embrace progressive politics, cultural openness, and scientific and modernist orientations. (90) The contemporary culture wars across the world manifest opposition by various groups in society who hold divergent worldviews and ideological positions. Proponents of culture war understand various issues as part of a broader set of religious, political, and moral/normative positions invoked in opposition to “elite”, “liberal”, or “left” ideologies. Within this Manichean universe opposition to such issues as climate change, Black Lives Matter, same sex rights, prison reform, gun control, and immigration becomes framed in binary terms, and infused with a moral sensibility (Chapman 8-10). In many disputes, the culture war often devolves into an epistemological dispute about the efficacy of scientific knowledge and authority, or a dispute between “practical” and theoretical knowledge. In this environment, even facts can become partisan narratives. For these “cultural” disputes are often how electoral prospects (generally right-wing) are advanced; “not through policies or promises of a better life, but by fostering a sense of threat, a fantasy that something profoundly pure … is constantly at risk of extinction” (Malik). This “zero-sum” social and policy environment that makes it difficult to compromise and has serious consequences for social stability or government policy, especially in a liberal democratic society. Of course, from the perspective of cultural materialism such a reductionist approach to culture and political and social values is not unexpected. “Culture” is one of the many arenas in which dominant social groups seek to express and reproduce their interests and preferences. “Culture” from this sense is “material” and is ultimately connected to the distribution of power, wealth, and resources in society. As such, the various policy areas that are understood as part of the “culture wars” are another domain where various dominant and subordinate groups and interests engaged in conflict express their values and goals. Yet it is unexpected that despite the pervasiveness of information available to individuals the pool of information consumed by individuals who view the “culture wars” as a touchstone for political behaviour and a narrative to categorise events and facts is relatively closed. This lack of balance has been magnified by social media algorithms, conspiracy-laced talk radio, and a media ecosystem that frames and discusses issues in a manner that elides into an easily understood “culture war” narrative. From this perspective, the groups (generally right-wing or traditionalist) exist within an information bubble that reinforces political, social, and cultural predilections. American and Chinese Reponses to COVID-19 The COVID-19 pandemic first broke out in Wuhan in December 2019. Initially unprepared and unwilling to accept the seriousness of the infection, the Chinese government regrouped from early mistakes and essentially controlled transmission in about three months. This positive outcome has been messaged as an exposition of the superiority of the Chinese governmental system and society both domestically and internationally; a positive, even heroic performance that evidences the populist credentials of the Chinese political leadership and demonstrates national excellence. The recently published White Paper entitled “Fighting COVID-19: China in Action” also summarises China’s “strategic achievement” in the simple language of numbers: in a month, the rising spread was contained; in two months, the daily case increase fell to single digits; and in three months, a “decisive victory” was secured in Wuhan City and Hubei Province (Xinhua). This clear articulation of the positive results has rallied political support. Indeed, a recent survey shows that 89 percent of citizens are satisfied with the government’s information dissemination during the pandemic (C Wu). As part of the effort, the government extensively promoted the provision of “political goods”, such as law and order, national unity and pride, and shared values. For example, severe publishments were introduced for violence against medical professionals and police, producing and selling counterfeit medications, raising commodity prices, spreading ‘rumours’, and being uncooperative with quarantine measures (Xu). Additionally, as an extension the popular anti-corruption campaign, many local political leaders were disciplined or received criminal charges for inappropriate behaviour, abuse of power, and corruption during the pandemic (People.cn, 2 Feb. 2020). Chinese state media also described fighting the virus as a global “competition”. In this competition a nation’s “material power” as well as “mental strength”, that calls for the highest level of nation unity and patriotism, is put to the test. This discourse recalled the global competition in light of the national mythology related to the formation of Chinese nation, the historical “hardship”, and the “heroic Chinese people” (People.cn, 7 Apr. 2020). Moreover, as the threat of infection receded, it was emphasised that China “won this competition” and the Chinese people have demonstrated the “great spirit of China” to the world: a result built upon the “heroism of the whole Party, Army, and Chinese people from all ethnic groups” (People.cn, 7 Apr. 2020). In contrast to the Chinese approach of emphasising national public goods as a justification for fighting the virus, the U.S. Trump Administration used nationalism, deflection, and “culture war” discourse to undermine health responses — an unprecedented response in American public health policy. The seriousness of the disease as well as the statistical evidence of its course through the American population was disputed. The President and various supporters raged against the COVID-19 “hoax”, social distancing, and lockdowns, disparaged public health institutions and advice, and encouraged protesters to “liberate” locked-down states (Russonello). “Our federal overlords say ‘no singing’ and ‘no shouting’ on Thanksgiving”, Representative Paul Gosar, a Republican of Arizona, wrote as he retweeted a Centers for Disease Control list of Thanksgiving safety tips (Weiner). People were encouraged, by way of the White House and Republican leadership, to ignore health regulations and not to comply with social distancing measures and the wearing of masks (Tracy). This encouragement led to threats against proponents of face masks such as Dr Anthony Fauci, one of the nation’s foremost experts on infectious diseases, who required bodyguards because of the many threats on his life. Fauci’s critics — including President Trump — countered Fauci’s promotion of mask wearing by stating accusingly that he once said mask-wearing was not necessary for ordinary people (Kelly). Conspiracy theories as to the safety of vaccinations also grew across the course of the year. As the 2020 election approached, the Administration ramped up efforts to downplay the serious of the virus by identifying it with “the media” and illegitimate “partisan” efforts to undermine the Trump presidency. It also ramped up its criticism of China as the source of the infection. This political self-centeredness undermined state and federal efforts to slow transmission (Shear et al.). At the same time, Trump chided health officials for moving too slowly on vaccine approvals, repeated charges that high infection rates were due to increased testing, and argued that COVID-19 deaths were exaggerated by medical providers for political and financial reasons. These claims were amplified by various conservative media personalities such as Rush Limbaugh, and Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham of Fox News. The result of this “COVID-19 Denialism” and the alternative narrative of COVID-19 policy told through the lens of culture war has resulted in the United States having the highest number of COVID-19 cases, and the highest number of COVID-19 deaths. At the same time, the underlying social consensus and social capital that have historically assisted in generating positive public health outcomes has been significantly eroded. According to the Pew Research Center, the share of U.S. adults who say public health officials such as those at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are doing an excellent or good job responding to the outbreak decreased from 79% in March to 63% in August, with an especially sharp decrease among Republicans (Pew Research Center 2020). Social Capital and COVID-19 From the perspective of social or community capital, it could be expected that the American response to the Pandemic would be more effective than the Chinese response. Historically, the United States has had high levels of social capital, a highly developed public health system, and strong governmental capacity. In contrast, China has a relatively high level of governmental and public health capacity, but the level of social capital has been lower and there is a significant presence of traditional values which emphasise parochial and particularistic values. Moreover, the antecedent institutions of social capital, such as weak and inefficient formal institutions (Batjargal et al.), environmental turbulence and resource scarcity along with the transactional nature of guanxi (gift-giving and information exchange and relationship dependence) militate against finding a more effective social and community response to the public health emergency. Yet China’s response has been significantly more successful than the Unites States’. Paradoxically, the American response under the Trump Administration and the Chinese response both relied on an externalisation of the both the threat and the justifications for their particular response. In the American case, President Trump, while downplaying the seriousness of the virus, consistently called it the “China virus” in an effort to deflect responsibly as well as a means to avert attention away from the public health impacts. As recently as 3 January 2021, Trump tweeted that the number of “China Virus” cases and deaths in the U.S. were “far exaggerated”, while critically citing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's methodology: “When in doubt, call it COVID-19. Fake News!” (Bacon). The Chinese Government, meanwhile, has pursued a more aggressive foreign policy across the South China Sea, on the frontier in the Indian sub-continent, and against states such as Australia who have criticised the initial Chinese response to COVID-19. To this international criticism, the government reiterated its sovereign rights and emphasised its “victimhood” in the face of “anti-China” foreign forces. Chinese state media also highlighted China as “victim” of the coronavirus, but also as a target of Western “political manoeuvres” when investigating the beginning stages of the pandemic. The major difference, however, is that public health policy in the United States was superimposed on other more fundamental political and cultural cleavages, and part of this externalisation process included the assignation of “otherness” and demonisation of internal political opponents or characterising political opponents as bent on destroying the United States. This assignation of “otherness” to various internal groups is a crucial element in the culture wars. While this may have been inevitable given the increasingly frayed nature of American society post-2008, such a characterisation has been activity pushed by local, state, and national leadership in the Republican Party and the Trump Administration (Vogel et al.). In such circumstances, minimising health risks and highlighting civil rights concerns due to public health measures, along with assigning blame to the democratic opposition and foreign states such as China, can have a major impact of public health responses. The result has been that social trust beyond the bubble of one’s immediate circle or those who share similar beliefs is seriously compromised — and the collective action problem presented by COVID-19 remains unsolved. Daniel Aldrich’s study of disasters in Japan, India, and US demonstrates that pre-existing high levels of social capital would lead to stronger resilience and better recovery (Aldrich). Social capital helps coordinate resources and facilitate the reconstruction collectively and therefore would lead to better recovery (Alesch et al.). Yet there has not been much research on how the pool of social capital first came about and how a disaster may affect the creation and store of social capital. Rebecca Solnit has examined five major disasters and describes that after these events, survivors would reach out and work together to confront the challenges they face, therefore increasing the social capital in the community (Solnit). However, there are studies that have concluded that major disasters can damage the social fabric in local communities (Peacock et al.). The COVID-19 epidemic does not have the intensity and suddenness of other disasters but has had significant knock-on effects in increasing or decreasing social capital, depending on the institutional and social responses to the pandemic. In China, it appears that the positive social capital effects have been partially subsumed into a more generalised patriotic or nationalist affirmation of the government’s policy response. Unlike civil society responses to earlier crises, such as the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, there is less evidence of widespread community organisation and response to combat the epidemic at its initial stages. This suggests better institutional responses to the crisis by the government, but also a high degree of porosity between civil society and a national “imagined community” represented by the national state. The result has been an increased legitimacy for the Chinese government. Alternatively, in the United States the transformation of COVID-19 public health policy into a culture war issue has seriously impeded efforts to combat the epidemic in the short term by undermining the social consensus and social capital necessary to fight such a pandemic. Trust in American institutions is historically low, and President Trump’s untrue contention that President Biden’s election was due to “fraud” has further undermined the legitimacy of the American government, as evidenced by the attacks directed at Congress in the U.S. capital on 6 January 2021. As such, the lingering effects the pandemic will have on social, economic, and political institutions will likely reinforce the deep cultural and political cleavages and weaken interpersonal networks in American society. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has devastated global public health and impacted deeply on the world economy. Unsurprisingly, given the serious economic, social, and political consequences, different government responses have been highly politicised. Various quarantine and infection case tracking methods have caused concern over state power intruding into private spheres. The usage of face masks, social distancing rules, and intra-state travel restrictions have aroused passionate debate over public health restrictions, individual liberty, and human rights. Yet underlying public health responses grounded in higher levels of social capital enhance the effectiveness of public health measures. In China, a country that has generally been associated with lower social capital, it is likely that the relatively strong policy response to COVID-19 will both enhance feelings of nationalism and Chinese exceptionalism and help create and increase the store of social capital. 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