Journal articles: 'Pap testing'

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Christie-de Jong, Floor, and Siobhan Reilly. "Barriers and facilitators to pap-testing among female overseas Filipino workers: a qualitative exploration." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 13, no. 3 (2020): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-01-2020-0006.

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Purpose Every year, 311,000 women die of cervical cancer globally, a disease which is preventable and treatable. Pap-testing should be part of a comprehensive approach to tackling cervical cancer; however, barriers to pap-testing do exist and migration may present additional barriers. In 2018, 2.3 million overseas Filipino workers were recorded and uptake of pap-testing for this group is low. The study aims to understand barriers and enablers to screening for overseas Filipino workers, which is essential to improve uptake of pap-testing for this population. Design/methodology/approach Embedded in a mixed-methods study, an exploratory qualitative study was conducted with Web-based, in-depth interviews (N = 8) with female overseas Filipino workers, mostly domestic workers, based in Kuwait, Qatar, Singapore and Hong Kong. Results were analysed using thematic analysis. A socio-ecological conceptual framework was used to explore barriers to uptake of pap-testing. Findings Barriers to pap-testing were cognitive factors, such as limited knowledge and fear of the outcome of pap-testing, as well as cultural and structural barriers. Findings revealed structural contexts not conducive to pap-testing, including difficulty navigating the health-care system, poverty, difficult employment circumstances and the overriding need to provide financially for family and children in the Philippines. Originality/value This study explored barriers to pap-testing with a hard-to-reach group, who are underrepresented in the literature. Barriers to pap-testing were embedded in structural barriers, resulting in health inequalities. Host and sending countries benefit from overseas Filipino workers and have a responsibility to care for their health and well-being, and should strive to tackle these structural factors.

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Christensen, Stacy. "Evaluation of a Nurse-Designed Mobile Health Education Application to Enhance Knowledge of Pap Testing." Creative Nursing 20, no. 2 (2014): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1078-4535.20.2.137.

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An experimental study was conducted using a 2-group randomized control pretest/posttest design to determine if knowledge about Pap testing could be increased through use of a nurse-designed mobile smartphone app developed to educate individuals about the Pap test. A 14-item pretest survey of knowledge about Pap tests was distributed to women attending a university in New England. Participants in the intervention group were provided with an Android device on which a digital health education application on Pap testing had been downloaded. The control group was given a standard pamphlet on Pap testing. Paired t test results demonstrated that knowledge scores on the posttest increased significantly in both groups, but were significantly higher in the intervention group. User satisfaction with the app was high. The results of this study may enhance nursing care by informing nurses about a unique way of learning about Pap testing to recommend to patients.

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Lytwyn, Alice, John W. Sellors, James B. Mahony, et al. "Adjunctive Human Papillomavirus Testing in the 2-Year Follow-up of Women With Low-Grade Cervical Cytologic Abnormalities: A Randomized Trial and Economic Evaluation." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 127, no. 9 (2003): 1169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2003-127-1169-ahptit.

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Abstract Context.—Although human papillomavirus (HPV) testing may aid in managing low-grade abnormality on screening cervical cytology, patient compliance with repeat testing programs requires consideration. Objectives.—To determine effectiveness and costs of repeated Papanicolaou (Pap) test and oncogenic HPV testing for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or 3. Design.—We conducted a randomized controlled trial of combined Pap test and cervical HPV testing by Hybrid Capture 1 test compared with Pap test alone; tests were performed every 6 months for up to 2 years. The study end point was colposcopic examination performed on all women at 2 years, or earlier if an HPV test was positive or if a Pap test showed high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Setting.—Sixty-six community family practices. Participants.—Two hundred fifty-seven women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion on screening cervical cytology. Main Outcome Measures.—Detection of histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or 3, fully allocated costs, and loss to follow-up. Results.—Combined Pap test and HPV testing detected 11 (100%) of 11 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3, whereas Pap test alone detected 7 (63.6%) of these 11 cases (P = .14); corresponding specificities were 39 (46.4%) of 84 and 45 (71.4%) of 63 (P = .005). The cost-effectiveness ratio was Can $4456 per additional case of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Sixty-nine (26.8%) of the 257 women (24.6% combined group vs 29.1% Pap test only group, P = .41) defaulted from testing or from colposcopy when referred with an abnormal result. Conclusions.—Combined testing was more costly but may detect more cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 than Pap test alone. However, poor adherence limits usefulness of a management strategy that requires repeated follow-up.

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Ko, Emily M., Rosemary Tambouret, David Wilbur, and Annekathryn Goodman. "HPV Reflex Testing in Menopausal Women." Pathology Research International 2011 (April 7, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/181870.

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Objective. To determine the frequency of high risk (HR) HPV and intraepithelial neoplasia following ASCUS pap cytology screens in menopausal women. Study Design. Following IRB approval, we performed a retrospective review of all cases of ASCUS pap tests, HPV results, and relevant clinical-pathologic data in women age 50 or over from November 2005 to January 2007 within a tertiary care center. Statistical analyses were performed in EXCEL. Results. 344 patients were analyzed for a total of 367 screening pap tests. 25.29% (87/344) patients were HR HPV positive, with greater percentages of HR HPV cases occurring in women age 65–74. Within HR HPV cases, 79.3% (69/87) underwent colposcopy. 27.5% (19/69) biopsy proven lesions were discovered, including cervical, vulvar or vaginal (intraepithelial neoplasia). Within the negative HR HPV group 3.1% (8/257) patients were diagnosed with dysplasia or carcinoma. Within both HR HPV positive and negative groups, patients with no prior history of lower genital tract lesions or cancer were identified. Conclusion. Reflex HPV testing plays an important role in ASCUS triage in menopausal women. Pap test screening and HPV testing should not be limited to women of reproductive age as they may aid in the diagnosis of intraepithelial neoplasia in women of older age.

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DeMay, Richard M. "Should We Abandon Pap Smear Testing?" Pathology Patterns Reviews 114, suppl_1 (2000): S48—S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ppr/114.1.s48.

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Boschert, Sherry. "Women May Resist Pap + HPV Testing." Family Practice News 35, no. 14 (2005): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(05)71052-5.

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Massad, L. Stewart, Gypsyamber DʼSouza, Fang Tian, et al. "Negative Predictive Value of Pap Testing." Obstetrics & Gynecology 120, no. 4 (2012): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0b013e31826a8bbd.

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Garber, Alan M. "Making the Most of Pap Testing." JAMA 279, no. 3 (1998): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.3.240.

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Castle, Philip E., Andrew G. Glass, Brenda B. Rush, et al. "Clinical Human Papillomavirus Detection Forecasts Cervical Cancer Risk in Women Over 18 Years of Follow-Up." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 25 (2012): 3044–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.38.8389.

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Purpose To describe the long-term (≥ 10 years) benefits of clinical human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing for cervical precancer and cancer risk prediction. Methods Cervicovaginal lavages collected from 19,512 women attending a health maintenance program were retrospectively tested for HPV using a clinical test. HPV positives were tested for HPV16 and HPV18 individually using a research test. A Papanicolaou (Pap) result classified as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) or more severe was considered abnormal. Women underwent follow-up prospectively with routine annual Pap testing up to 18 years. Cumulative incidence rates (CIRs) of ≥ grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN3+) or cancer for enrollment test results were calculated. Results A baseline negative HPV test provided greater reassurance against CIN3+ over the 18-year follow-up than a normal Pap (CIR, 0.90% v 1.27%). Although both baseline Pap and HPV tests predicted who would develop CIN3+ within the first 2 years of follow-up, only HPV testing predicted who would develop CIN3+ 10 to 18 years later (P = .004). HPV16- and HPV18-positive women with normal Pap were at elevated risk of CIN3+ compared with other HPV-positive women with normal Pap and were at similar risk of CIN3+ compared with women with a low-grade squamous intraepithelial Pap. Conclusion HPV testing to rule out cervical disease followed by Pap testing and possibly combined with the detection of HPV16 and HPV18 among HPV positives to identify those at immediate risk of CIN3+ would be an efficient algorithm for cervical cancer screening, especially in women age 30 years or older.

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Tworek, Joseph A., Bruce A. Jones, Stephen Raab, Karen M. Clary, and Molly K. Walsh. "The Value of Monitoring Human Papillomavirus DNA Results for Papanicolaou Tests Diagnosed as Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Study of 68 Institutions." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 131, no. 10 (2007): 1525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2007-131-1525-tvomhp.

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Abstract Context.—Papanicolaou (Pap) tests are often diagnosed as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US). Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing has been proposed as a quality metric for this diagnosis. Objective.—To measure the frequency of HPV positivity in Pap tests diagnosed as ASC-US and to examine laboratory variables that are associated with institutional deviation from the mean percent of HPV positivity. Design.—As part of a College of American Pathologist Q-Probes program, 68 participating laboratories retrospectively identified approximately 50 consecutive ASC-US Pap tests that had HPV testing results. Results.—The mean percentage of HPV positivity for ASC-US was 43.74% among institutions surveyed, but it had a broad distribution, with an SD of 17.77%. Associations were found for lower difference of the institutional mean from the surveyed interinstitutional mean percentage of positive HPV with (1) higher numbers of Pap tests in the past year that had HPV testing, (2) in-house HPV testing, and (3) teaching hospitals. All 3 factors correlated with a larger volume of Pap tests per institution. An association was found between patient age and the probability of a positive HPV result, indicating a dependence upon prevalence of HPV. Conclusions.—Larger volumes of Pap tests may offer an opportunity to gain greater comfort in interpreting Pap tests. While there is significant variability in interinstitutional HPV-positive rates in ASC-US Pap tests, monitoring the HPV-positive rate in ASC-US Pap tests is a valuable broad measure of quality. Performance beyond 2 SDs of the mean should prompt reassessment of diagnostic criteria used in the evaluation of Pap tests and/or investigation of the prevalence of HPV positivity in the population from which the Pap tests are obtained.

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Balachandran, Indra. "Human Papillomavirus and Pap Smear." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 6, no. 1 (2011): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827611402581.

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High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and viral persistence is a major risk factor in the development of squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive carcinoma of the cervix. In the United States, deaths due to squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix have fallen by 75% since the 1960s because of Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screening. However, the traditional Pap had a sensitivity of about 70% for detecting clinically significant precancerous lesions and cancer because of sampling and interpretive errors. The introduction of 2 liquid-based Pap smear collection systems in the 1990s, the use of HPV testing as a triage and co-testing with Pap smear, and the introduction of 2 automated screening devices have had a significant impact on improving the detection of such precancerous lesions. This review provides an analysis of the changes in Pap smear collection, improvements in screening, the evolutionary changes of high-risk HPV testing, reporting terminology of Pap smears, and clinical management guidelines. The future impact of 2 prophylactic HPV vaccines on the incidence of cervical carcinoma is also discussed. This article also discusses alternatives such as primary screening for high-risk HPV testing with visual inspection for cervical cancer detection used in resource-poor settings with a high incidence of cervical cancer.

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Austin, R. Marshall. "Human Papillomavirus Reporting: Minimizing Patient and Laboratory Risk." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 127, no. 8 (2003): 973–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2003-127-973-hprmpa.

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Abstract Risk management efforts in the cytology laboratory must address the gap between what can be achieved with medical history's most effective cancer screening test, the Papanicolaou (Pap) test, and even higher entrenched public expectations. Data from the Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS)/Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Triage Study (ALTS) now provide level I clinical evidence from a large, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial that reflex human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing of ASCUS cases is generally the preferred method for initial assessment of the most prevalent category of abnormal Pap interpretation. The proposed combination of HPV DNA testing with cytologic Pap testing, the DNA Pap test, further shows the potential to nearly eliminate false-negative screening results, based on sensitivity and negative predictive values reported in available studies. Human papillomavirus DNA testing also appears to represent a significant enhancement for detection of endocervical adenocarcinomas, which are difficult to detect and prevent. Human papillomavirus DNA testing, when used in conjunction with cervical cytology, can significantly reduce risk to both the patient and the laboratory.

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Albuquerque, Carla Lorenna Ferreira de, Marla da Paschoa Costa, Felipe Moreira Nunes, et al. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the Pap test among women in northeastern Brazil." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 132, no. 1 (2014): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2014.1321551.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The Papanicolaou (Pap) test has been shown to be effective in preventing cervical cancer. However, both the national and international literature shows that Pap testing has not reached the level of coverage desired. The objective of this study was to assess women's knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the Pap test and to investigate whether there are any associations between these three factors and the women's sociodemographic characteristics. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in Floriano, Piauí. METHODS : The study was conducted among 493 women between November 2009 and December 2010. A questionnaire with precoded questions was sed, and the responses were analyzed in terms of appropriateness in relation to the Pap test. RESULTS : The degrees of adequacy of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the Pap test were 36.7%, 67.2% and 69.6%, respectively. Among the main barriers against testing, absence of symptoms and a sense of embarrassment were the most notable. CONCLUSIONS: Women who visit doctors periodically had the most appropriate practices regarding the Pap test, but their knowledge of the procedure was poor. This suggests that these women were not receiving adequate information about the benefits of periodic testing.

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Morrell, Stephen, Richard Taylor, and Gerard Wain. "A study of Pap test history and histologically determined cervical cancer in NSW women, 1997–2003." Journal of Medical Screening 12, no. 4 (2005): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/096914105775220769.

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Objectives: To determine the risk of a histological diagnosis of cervical cancer following a given Pap test result and for a given history of Pap test results in a screened population across the full spectrum of possible cytological results. Methods: All the Pap screening results held on the New South Wales Pap Test Register for 1997–2003 (five million tests for 1.87 million women) were analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the odds of having a histologically determined cervical cancer for a given Pap test result and test result history. The hazard ratios of having cervical cancer in relation to Pap test result histories were estimated: (i) in regard only to the last Pap test result adjusting for age, frequency of Pap testing and proportion of high grade (≥cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 [CIN2]) abnormalities found in a woman's total recorded test result history; and (ii) with regard to the last Pap test result against the highest grade of cytological abnormality found prior to the last Pap test result. The hazard ratios are for a cancer diagnosis occurring before the next Pap test and were adjusted for age, quintile of socioeconomic status of residence, frequency of past Pap testing and proportion of high-grade abnormalities detected in each woman's prior Pap test history. The adjusted hazard ratios were then applied to the tabulated proportions of referent women with negative cytology in each broad age group, and for all women, to estimate the ′1 in n′ odds of being diagnosed histologically with cervical cancer for a given last Pap test result, and by a given last Pap test result for various prior Pap test result histories. Results: After adjusting for age, socioeconomic status, frequency of previous Pap testing and proportion of past high-grade screen-detected abnormalities, the adjusted hazard ratio of having a subsequent cervical cancer diagnosis for women with a negative Pap test result was 1 in 5546, compared with 1 in 833 for a low-grade epithelial abnormality (atypia, CIN1), 1 in 56 for a high-grade epithelial abnormality and 1 in seven for a cytological prediction of cervical cancer. These odds estimates were significantly modified by age and by the highest Pap test result prior to the most recent Pap test result: the higher the age and, less consistently, the higher the previous highest Pap test result for a given last Pap test result, the shorter the odds of having a subsequent histological diagnosis of cervical cancer. Conclusions: The results presented here will enable clinicians to inform their patients of their chances of being diagnosed with cervical cancer for a given Pap test result, and for some combinations of the last Pap test result and highest recorded prior Pap test result.

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Restivo, Vincenzo, Claudio Costantino, Antonello Marras, et al. "Pap Testing in a High-Income Country with Suboptimal Compliance Levels: A Survey on Acceptance Factors among Sicilian Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (2018): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091804.

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Cervical cancer screening is uncommon, especially in low-income countries and among lower socioeconomic status people in high-income countries. The aims of this study were to examine the adherence of Sicilian women to Pap testing and to identify the determinants of this in a population with a secondary prevention attitude lower than high-income countries and the national average. A cross-sectional study called “Save Eva in Sicily” was conducted among all women aged 25–64 years, with a sample drawn by the list of general practitioners (GPs), using a proportional sampling scheme, stratified by age and resident population. The study outcome was performing a Pap test within the past three years. The association between the outcome and Pap test determinants was analyzed through a multivariable logistic regression. Among the 365 interviewed women, 66% (n = 243) had a Pap test during the last 3 years. On the other hand, 18% of the other women (n = 66) had performed at least one Pap test previously and 16% (n = 56) had never had a Pap test. In a multivariable model, GPs’ advice (adjusted OR 2.55; 95% CI 1.57–4.14) and perceived susceptibility (adjusted OR 3.24; 95% CI 1.92–5.48) increased the likelihood of the execution of a Pap test. The “Save Eva in Sicily” study identified GP advice and perceived cancer severity as the main correlates of Pap testing among Sicilian women, producing evidence regarding how policy makers can increase compliance. Interventions to increase Pap test adhesion should focus on stimulating GPs to identify patients who regularly do not undergo it and to recommend testing on a regular basis to their patients.

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Mangold, Bernhard Reinhold. "Self-Collected Samples in Cervical Cancer Screening: Results of HPV and Pap Self-Collected Samples Compared to Physician-Obtained Specimens." Acta Cytologica 63, no. 5 (2019): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000499373.

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Objective: In order to increase overall participation in cervical cancer screening, several investigators propose a concept of introducing self-tests. The study presented here compared test results of the Pap test and 4 different HPV test systems of self-collected and physician-collected vaginal specimens. Study Design: 208 patients of a colposcopy clinic had physician-taken and self-taken vaginal samples. All cell samples enabled a liquid-based Pap test and testing for carcinogenic HPV genotypes. In addition, all patients had a colposcopy with or without cervical biopsy and/or conisation. Results: 99 patients had the histological diagnosis of CIN2+. The HPV test sensitivity of self-collected samples differed significantly in this patient group depending on the test system performed. The sensitivity of the self-collected Pap test was significantly lower than HPV testing, but the positive predictive value of the Pap self-test was very high. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that under the circumstances of self-testing HPV test systems differ in test sensitivity and specificity. Self-collected Pap tests can provide a test result with a very high positive predictive value and introduce therapeutic strategies. In order to improve screening strategies, it could be an opportunity to combine HPV and Pap tests in self-taken vaginal samples, especially in countries with a low income level. In countries with a good medical infrastructure, self-testing has to be introduced with caution.

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Bandyopadhyay, Sudeshna, R. Marshall Austin, David Dabbs, and Chengquan Zhao. "Adjunctive Human Papillomavirus DNA Testing Is a Useful Option in Some Clinical Settings for Disease Risk Assessment and Triage of Females With ASC-H Papanicolaou Test Results." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 132, no. 12 (2008): 1874–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/132.12.1874.

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Abstract Context.—Recent guidelines recommend colposcopy for women with atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H). Objective.—To determine whether adjunctive high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing is useful for disease risk assessment in females with ASC-H Papanicolaou (Pap) test results. Design.—High-risk HPV prevalence and histopathologic follow-up data on 1187 females with ASC-H ThinPrep Pap test (TPPT) and hrHPV test results were analyzed. Results.—ASC-H was reported in 1646 (0.006%) of 277 400 (270 338 TPPT and 7062 conventional) Pap test results. The difference in ASC-H detection rates between TPPTs and conventional Pap smears was statistically significant (0.60% vs 0.38%; P = .02). High-risk HPV was detected in 589 (49.6%) of 1187 females with ASC-H TPPT and hrHPV testing. The hrHPV DNA–positive rate in females younger than 40 years was 54.7%, significantly higher than the 36.5% in women 40 years and older. Among 505 females with histopathologic follow-up, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 was identified in 32.7% of hrHPV-positive females compared with 1.2% in hrHPV-negative females. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of ASC-H cytology in conjunction with hrHPV DNA testing results for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 were 96.1% versus 100.0%, 54.0% versus 68.4%, 35.8% versus 20.8%, and 98.1% versus 100.0% in females younger than 40 years and women 40 years and older, respectively. Conclusions.—Our data suggest that reflex hrHPV testing is a highly useful option for women with ASC-H Pap tests. Females with ASC-H and negative hrHPV testing may be more efficiently managed by follow-up with regular Pap and hrHPV testing rather than universal colposcopy, especially for women 40 years and older.

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Kumar, Tanya, Ankit Aneja, Satwant Kaur, and Sandhya P. Gulia. "A clinical audit of Pap smear test for screening of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, no. 11 (2022): 3161. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20222813.

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Background: Cervical cancer, the second most common type of cancer in females, can be easily screened and prevented by Papanicolaou smear test which is a very simple, effective and inexpensive testing modality. The clinical audit aimed to estimate the rate of routine testing as well as the prevalence of various findings of Pap smear tests done at a tertiary level hospital.Methods: It was an analytical cross-sectional study that utilised results of 100 pap smear tests chosen against a set of exclusion and inclusion criteria out of the total 719 pap smears done at Adesh Medical College and Hospital between the duration of 1 January 2022 to 31 May 2022.Results: Only 4.29% of total patients that attended gynaecology OPD got a Pap smear done. A mere 22% patients of those under study came for routine testing. 93% of these 100 patients were negative for intraepithelial lesions, of which 42% were normal, 35% showed non-neoplastic changes and infection was seen in 16% of patients. 7% showed epithelial cell abnormality and 0% had malignant changes.Conclusions: The acceptance of Pap smear for routine screening continues to be low in the Indian setting. There is a massive need to spread awareness among the general public about the importance of Pap smear Test.

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Sobel, Halle G., Elise Everett, and Laura D. Lipold. "Is Pap testing still needed after hysterectomy?" Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 85, no. 6 (2018): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.85a.17063.

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ZOLER, MITCHEL L. "U.S. Physicians Cling to Annual Pap Testing." Family Practice News 41, no. 14 (2011): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(11)70741-1.

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WENDLING, PATRICE. "Routine Anal Pap Smear Testing Gains Ground." Internal Medicine News 41, no. 3 (2008): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(08)70077-5.

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MAHONEY, DIANA. "Pap Testing Not Necessary in Most Adolescents." Internal Medicine News 41, no. 8 (2008): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(08)70450-5.

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WENDLING, PATRICE. "Routine Anal Pap Smear Testing Gains Ground." Ob.Gyn. News 42, no. 23 (2007): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7437(07)70978-3.

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ZOLER, MITCHEL L. "U.S. Physicians Cling to Annual Pap Testing." Internal Medicine News 44, no. 15 (2011): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(11)70788-0.

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Agorastos, Theodoros, Alexandros Sotiriadis, and Konstantinos Chatzigeorgiou. "Can HPV testing replace the pap smear?" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1205, no. 1 (2010): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05661.x.

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ZOLER, MITCHEL L. "Many Ob.Gyns. Cling To Annual Pap Testing." Ob.Gyn. News 46, no. 9 (2011): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7437(11)70244-0.

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Albarello, Luca, Lorenza Pecciarini, and Claudio Doglioni. "HER2 Testing in Gastric Cancer." Advances in Anatomic Pathology 18, no. 1 (2011): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pap.0b013e3182026d72.

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Rykova, O. "HPV-testing in cervical screening." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 6(112) (July 29, 2016): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2016.112.100.

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The article presents modern laboratory aspects of cervical screening, which include assessment of infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) high carcinogenic risk. Key words: cervical cancer, cervical screening, traditional cytology, liquid-based cytology, PAP-test, human papilloma virus.

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Gichangi, P., B. Estambale, J. Bwayo, et al. "Knowledge and practice about cervical cancer and Pap smear testing among patients at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 13, no. 6 (2003): 827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200311000-00014.

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Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death among women in developing countries. Population-based cytologic screening and early treatment does reduce morbidity and mortality associated with cervical cancer. Some of the factors related to the success of such a program include awareness about cervical cancer and its screening. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge and practice about cervical cancer and Pap smear testing among cervical cancer and noncancer patients using a structured questionnaire to obtain information. Fifty-one percent of the respondents were aware of cervical cancer while 32% knew about Pap smear testing. There were no significant differences in knowledge between cervical cancer and noncancer patients. Health care providers were the principal source of information about Pap testing (82%). Only 22% of all patients had had a Pap smear test in the past. Patients aware of cervical cancer were more likely to have had a Pap smear test in the past. The level of knowledge is low among ICC and noncancer patients. There is need to increase the level of knowledge and awareness about ICC and screening among Kenyan women to increase uptake of the currently available hospital screening facilities.

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Al Kalbani, Raqiya, Rahma Al Kindi, Thuraya Al Basami, and Huda Al Awaisi. "Cervical Cancer-related Knowledge and Practice among Omani Women Attending a Family Medicine and Public Health Clinic." Oman Medical Journal 37, no. 3 (2022): e374-e374. http://dx.doi.org/10.5001/omj.2022.56.

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Objectives: This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and screening practices related to cervical cancer and Papanicolaou (Pap) smear testing among Omani women who were visitors to a family medicine and public health (FMPH) clinic. A secondary aim was to correlate the above with the subjects’ sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out from February 2020 to April 2021 at the FMPH Clinic of Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat. A self-administered questionnaire assessed the participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, cervical cancer-related risk factors, and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to cervical cancer, cervical cancer screening, and Pap smear testing. Results: The participants were 285 Omani women. The vast majority (256/285; 89.8%) had heard about cervical cancer and 208/285 (73.0%) about Pap smear testing. Only 32/285 (11.2%) and 179/285 (62.8%) demonstrated high levels of knowledge in the respective topics. Cervical cancer knowledge scores were associated with education level (p =0.039), whether the qualification was related to healthcare (p < 0.001), and the nature of employment (p =0.033). Pap smear knowledge scores were also associated with age (p =0.001), education level (p < 0.001), whether the qualification was related to healthcare (p < 0.001), the nature of employment (p =0.001), and number of children (p =0.001). Most women were aware of the availability of Pap smear testing in Oman (206/285; 72.3%) and 114/285 (40.0%) had previously undergone this test. Among those who had never undertaken Pap smear testing (171/285; 60.0%), many were willing to do so in the future (103/171; 60.2%). Conclusions: Our results provide an increased understanding of Omani women’s level of perceptions, attitudes, and screening practices related to cervical cancer. These findings will help develop strategies to improve Omani women’s knowledge of cervical cancer symptoms and screening facilities and promote optimum utilization of the available screening services.

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Pradhan, Renee, U. Pant, and B. Aryal. "Efficiency of HPV DNA Test versus Pap Smear in the Screening of Cervical Cancer." Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences 1, no. 2 (2018): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkahs.v1i2.24128.

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Introduction: Cancer cervix is a common genital cancer. Human papillomavirus is the main cause of cervical cancer because of the strong association of certain HPV genotypes and the development of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CIN 2 or CIN3. Methods: The study was conducted on 180 gynecological patients seen at the outpatient department of Manipal Hospital, Bangalore. A comparative study of HPV DNA test with Pap smear in the screening of cervical neoplasia was carried out over the period of 24 months from August 2011 to June 2013. Results: The incidence of cervical cancer and its associated mortality has declined in recent years, largely due to the widespread implementation of screening programs by Pap smear testing. The management and the prevention of cervical cancer should change with HPV DNA testing for high risk HPV, which is more sensitive than pap smear testing. Infection of cervix with HPV is necessary to cause cervical neoplasia and cervical cancer. Persistent infection with HPV is required for the development of cervical dysplasia and invasive cervical cancer. Conclusions: HPV testing alone for primary screening appears promising in women aged 30 years and older as this group is at greatest risk of developing CIN 3. As compared with Pap testing, HPV testing has greater sensitivity for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

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Badhwar, Ankita, Dania Shakaroun, Seif Bugazia, Arthur Carlin, Timothy Roehrs, and Virginia Skiba. "0580 Predictors of PAP Compliance One Month After Bariatric Surgery." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (2024): A248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0580.

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Abstract Introduction Obesity is a major risk factor for Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Bariatric surgery is a popular treatment modality for sustainable weight loss in obese patients with OSA. Meta-analysis of several randomized controlled trials and observational studies showed that bariatric surgery led to improvement in OSA severity but not cure. These patients will likely need continued treatment for OSA to minimize its complications. It is unclear what factors influence positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy adherence and compliance postoperatively. Our study aims to identify predictors of PAP compliance 1 month after bariatric surgery. Methods Patients who underwent bariatric surgery at our institution between April and October 2023 and had diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea were identified. The 140 patients were followed prospectively through surgery and 30-day post-surgery. Medical health records, polysomnography or home sleep study results, and on-line databases of PAP use were reviewed for each patient. We used Pearson correlation coefficient testing and t-test to examine potential predictors of PAP use in the 30-day post-operative period. Results There are statistically significant correlations (p &lt; 0.05) between post-surgical PAP use and use during 7 days of initial set up (r = 0.642), time spent below 90% SpO2 during sleep testing (r = 0.425), time spent below 88% SpO2 (r = 0.246), pre-operative STOP-BANG (r = 0.200), and time from sleep testing to surgery (r = 0.242). Pre-surgical AHI and having been evaluated by a sleep physician pre-operatively did not show statistically significant association with post-operative PAP use. Conclusion PAP use during 7 days of initial set up is highly predictive of 1-month post-operative PAP use and may serve as a valuable marker to intervene on those patients with low use to improve long-term PAP use. Patients who were diagnosed with OSA close to their surgery had lower PAP use, suggesting patients may benefit from more time to get used to the treatment before having surgery. Support (if any)

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Tota, Joseph, Salaheddin M. Mahmud, Alex Ferenczy, François Coutlée, and Eduardo L. Franco. "Promising strategies for cervical cancer screening in the post-human papillomavirus vaccination era." Sexual Health 7, no. 3 (2010): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh10022.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is expected to reduce the burden of cervical cancer in most settings; however, it is also expected to interfere with the effectiveness of screening. In the future, maintaining Pap cytology as the primary cervical screening test may become too costly. As the prevalence of cervical dysplasias decreases, the positive predictive value of the Pap test will also decrease, and, as a result, more women will be referred for unnecessary diagnostic procedures and follow-up. HPV DNA testing has recently emerged as the most likely candidate to replace cytology for primary screening. It is less prone to human error and much more sensitive than the Pap smear in detecting high-grade cervical lesions. Incorporating this test would improve the overall quality of screening programs and allow spacing out screening tests, while maintaining safety and lowering costs. Although HPV testing is less specific than Pap cytology, this issue could be resolved by reserving the latter for the more labour-efficient task of triaging HPV-positive cases. Because most HPV-positive smears would contain relevant abnormalities, Pap cytology would be expected to perform with sufficient accuracy under these circumstances. HPV Pap triage would also provide a low-cost strategy to monitor long-term vaccine efficacy. Although demonstration projects could start implementing HPV testing as a population screening tool, more research is needed to determine the optimal age to initiate screening, the role of HPV typing and other markers of disease progression, and appropriate follow-up algorithms for HPV-positive and Pap-negative women.

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Plesec, Thomas P., and Jennifer L. Hunt. "KRAS Mutation Testing in Colorectal Cancer." Advances in Anatomic Pathology 16, no. 4 (2009): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pap.0b013e3181a9d4ed.

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Jeddo, Zainab A. "Knowledge, perception, and sources of information towards cervical cancer and utilization of papanicolaou (pap) smear as screening among female in medina, Saudi Arabia." Obstetrics & Gynecology International Journal 13, no. 6 (2022): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ogij.2022.13.00680.

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Background and objectives: Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth commonest cancer among women in the world. Screening using a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear can detect early cervical changes and allows early treatment with a high rate of success. Awareness of the importance of screening is a significant factor in encouraging women to have Pap smear testing. This study aimed to investigate perceptions, knowledge, and sources of information regarding CC and the utilization of Pap smeared used for screening in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: An e-questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2021 to July 2022. The targeted population were all non-medical staff females in childbearing age in Medina, Saudi Arabia. A total of 444 women were included in the study. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistical methods via Statistical Packages for Social Sciences version 26. Result: Overall, the participants had high levels of awareness of CC (79.3%) and Pap smear (48.9%). However, only (23.6%) have heard of the human papillomavirus and (14.6%) have had a Pap smear. And (22.5%) only recognized that any woman over 21 years old should be screened for CC. Social media was the most frequently mentioned source of information (45.5%). Socio-demographic characteristics were not significantly associated with knowledge of CC or its screening. When women who had never had a Pap smear before were asked about the cause, half of them (47.2%) answered that they did not think about it, (32.2%) because they did not have symptoms, and (20.1%) reported a lack of awareness. Conclusion: Despite the high level of awareness regarding CC and Pap smear testing among women in Medina, only small percentage undergo Pap smear testing. Lack of awareness and poor knowledge of the disease symptoms were the main barriers. This emphasizes the need to conduct community-based programs to raise awareness regarding the role of Pap smear in CC early detection.

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Vaidya, Karishma Malla, Gehanath Baral, and Bigya Shrestha. "Two Years Trend of Cervical Screening and Precancerous and Cancerous Lesion in Cervical Biopsy in Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital." Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 13, no. 3 (2018): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v13i3.23430.

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Aims: To determine the detection rate of cervical lesion by cervical Pap test and to see the ongoing trend of Pap testing in the hospital. Methods: The retrospective study was conducted in department of pathology, Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal from 2016 to 2018. Pap testing sample received in the department were included in the study. All the data were retrieved from computers and registers at record section and histopathology unit. Results: There were 5.49% (1688 out of 30725) and 6.12% (1779 out of 29062) of gynecology out-patients had Pap test in first and second year respectively. Epithelial cells abnormalities were seen in 6.1% (104) and 4.83% (86) in first and second year respectively. Cervical biopsy sample in first year and second year had precancer and cancerous lesion in 29.55% (94 out of 318) and 22.01% (59 out of 268) in second year. Conclusions: Epithelial abnormalities seen in Pap test could detect quite a good proportion of abnormal cervical lesion in biopsy specimen of cervix.

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Chernesky, M., S. Huang, D. Jang, et al. "Performance of a New HPV Cervi-Collect Collection and Transportation Kit." Journal of Oncology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/503432.

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Background. Liquid-based Pap (L-Pap) media are used for Pap and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing.Objectives. To compare RealTime High Risk (HR) HPV testing of a new collection kit (Cervi-Collect) and PreservCyt L-Pap specimens. To determine ease of use and safety of Cervi-Collect.Methods. L-Pap samples (n=203) were tested with HC2 and RealTime HR HPV and Cervi-Collect with RealTime HR HPV. Discordant samples were genotyped.Results. L-Pap and Cervi-Collect specimens tested by RealTime HR HPV showed 93.1% agreement (Kappa 0.86). RealTime HR HPV and HC2 on L-Pap had 90.3% agreement (Kappa 0.80). RealTime HR HPV on Cervi-Collect and HC2 on L-Pap showed 88.2% agreement (Kappa 0.76). Sixteen of 21 samples which were HC2 negative and RealTime HR HPV positive on L-Pap or Cervi-Collect contained HR HPV genotypes. Eleven healthcare collectors were in strong agreement on a usability and safety questionnaire.Conclusion. Cervi-Collect samples were easy to collect and showed strong agreement with L-Pap samples tested with RealTime HR HPV or HC2.

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Zhao, Chengquan, Anca Florea, and R. Marshall Austin. "Clinical Utility of Adjunctive High-Risk Human Papillomavirus DNA Testing in Women With Papanicolaou Test Findings of Atypical Glandular Cells." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 134, no. 1 (2010): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2008-0755-oar1.1.

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Abstract Context. Atypical glandular cell (AGC) Papanicolaou (Pap) test interpretations are challenging. Most biopsy findings are benign, but AGC results may also reflect highly significant noninvasive neoplastic and malignant histologic outcomes. High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) test use with AGC Pap test results is evolving. Objective. To further evaluate the utility and limitations of hrHPV testing with AGC Pap tests. Design. Hospital records were searched for AGC Pap tests results from June 1, 2005, to August 31, 2007. Cases of AGC with hrHPV tests and histopathologic follow-up were included. Results. Of the 662 women with AGC Pap test results and follow-up analyzed, hrHPV results were available for 309 (46.7%) and were positive in 75 cases (24.3%). Among the 75 cases with hrHPV+ AGC results, 13 (17.3%) had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2/3, 10 (13.3%) had adenocarcinoma in situ, and 3 (4.0%) had cervical invasive adenocarcinoma, whereas for 234 women with hrHPV− results, 1 (0.4%) had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2/3, 1 (0.4%) had adenocarcinoma in situ, 1 each (0.4%) had cervical adenocarcinoma and ovarian carcinoma, and 8 (3.4%) had endometrial carcinoma. Conclusions. Positive hrHPV AGC results were most strongly associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2/3 and adenocarcinoma in situ in women younger than 50 years. Positive hrHPV AGC results were also present in all 3 cases of invasive cervical adenocarcinoma in women younger than 50 years. Of note, hrHPV− AGC results were present in 10 of 13 carcinomas (76.9%) detected after AGC Pap tests, all in women 40 years or older with endometrial adenocarcinomas (n = 8), ovarian carcinoma (n = 1), and cervical adenosquamous carcinoma in a woman (n = 1) in her 50s. Testing for hrHPV after AGC Pap testing was most helpful in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2/3, adenocarcinoma in situ, and invasive cervical adenocarcinomas in women younger than 50 years.

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Haji Mwafaq, Hassan Simav, Hassan Shervan, Hussein Dilsher, Shekho Parishan, and Haji Othman Hassan. "Pap smear versus histopathology: A comparative study in identifying cervical cancer." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 21, no. 3 (2025): 512–18. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.21.3.0096.

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Background/Objective: Cervical cancer remains a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of traditional Pap smears with histopathology in detecting cervical cancer in a population of Iraqi women. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 75 women who underwent both a Pap smear and a biopsy in 2024. Pap smear results were classified according to the Bethesda 2001 system and histopathological findings were used as the gold standard. To assess the diagnostic accuracy of both methods, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated. Results: Pap smear showed moderate sensitivity (79.2%) and specificity (86.4%) compared to histopathology. False negative and false positive results were observed. Histopathology demonstrated superior accuracy with higher sensitivity (98.0%) and specificity (99.0%). Co-testing with both methods achieved a combined sensitivity and specificity of 99.6% and 85.5%, respectively, improving overall diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions: This study highlighted the continued relevance of the Pap smear as an accessible tool for cervical cancer screening while emphasizing the superior diagnostic accuracy of histopathology. Efforts to optimize screening programs should prioritize reducing false negatives to improve early detection and outcomes. Integrating HPV DNA testing with Pap smears could improve screening accuracy.

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Dao Moua Fang, Serge Lee, Susan Stewart, May Ying Ly, and Moon S. Chen Jr. "Factors Associated with Pap Testing among Hmong Women." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 21, no. 3 (2010): 839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0338.

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Ferris, Daron, Rebecca Lambert, Jennifer Waller, et al. "Women’s Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Anal Pap Testing." Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 17, no. 4 (2013): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/lgt.0b013e3182760ad5.

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Barak, Stephanie, Suman Chauhan, and Edina Paal. "Role of HPV Testing in Anal Pap Tests." Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology 2, no. 1 (2013): S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasc.2013.08.082.

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Mazor, K. M., A. E. Williams, D. W. Roblin, et al. "Health Literacy and Pap Testing in Insured Women." Journal of Cancer Education 29, no. 4 (2014): 698–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13187-014-0629-7.

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Kepka, Deanna, Nancy Breen, Jessica B. King, et al. "Demographic Factors Associated with Overuse of Pap Testing." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 47, no. 5 (2014): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.034.

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Sigurdsson, Kristján. "Cervical cancer, Pap smear and HPV testing, An update of the role of organized Pap smear screening and HPV testing." Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 78, no. 6 (1999): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1600-0412.1999.780601.x.

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Sigurdsson, Kristján. "Cervical cancer, Pap smear and HPV testing, An update of the role of organized Pap smear screening and HPV testing." Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 78, no. 6 (1999): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.1999.780601.x.

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Vakiani, Efsevia. "HER2 Testing in Gastric and Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinomas." Advances In Anatomic Pathology 22, no. 3 (2015): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pap.0000000000000067.

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Gill, Poonam, Amrita Gaurav, Kavita Khoiwal, et al. "Cervical Cancer Screening in Pregnancy and Postpartum: A North Indian Hospital Based Prospective Observational Study." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology 5, no. 3 (2020): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcb.2020.5.3.99-106.

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Introduction: In India, cervical cancer stands as the 2nd most common female cancer and it is the 2nd most leading cause of deaths in women aged 15 to 44 years. The first visit to the gynecologist for most of the women in India is during pregnancy, thereby making it a fair opportunity for the screening of premalignant and malignant cervical disease. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India from January 2018 to January 2019. The Pap smear testing of 237 spontaneously conceived antenatal women, aging between 20 to 35 years was performed. The same women were followed up for postnatal testing after 6 weeks of delivery. Results: Out of 237, 8 women were reported positive for pre malignant lesions of cervix in the antenatal testing, 5 cases of ASCUS, 1 case of AGC, 1 case of ASC-H & 1 case of HSIL. In the postnatal Pap smear testing, 37 women were lost to follow-up including 1 case of ASCUS. Postnatal Pap smear testing of the remaining 200 women showed that 193 women who were reported NILM in the antenatal period remained unchanged in the postnatal screening too. Out of the 7 women who tested positive, 4 cases of ASCUS, 1 case of AGC and 1 case of ASC-H showed regression, giving result as NILM in the postnatal screening test. Out of the 7 positive antenatal tests, 1 case which was reported as HSIL in the antenatal screening, remained unchanged in the postnatal period.Conclusion: The study concluded that there is significant regression (p<0.01) of Positive Pap smear findings from antenatal to postnatal period. Hence, it is imperative to repeat Pap smear test in postnatal period.

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Stearns, Kaylen A., Hannah DelCurto-Wyffels, Sam Wyffels, Taylre Sitz, Lauren Bigler, and Timothy DelCurto. "53 Relationship of Angus yearling bull pulmonary arterial pressure estimates with birth weight, gestation length and growth traits." Journal of Animal Science 102, Supplement_3 (2024): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.095.

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Abstract Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), determines the susceptibility to High Altitude Disease (HAD) of an animal, which causes pulmonary hypertension due to hypoxia. Cattle that reside in elevations greater than 1,500 m are more susceptible to HAD. PAP measures the resistance of blood flow through the lungs and can be used as an indicator of the susceptibility of an animal to HAD. It is estimated that 1.5 million head of cattle are raised in high altitude environments (above 1,500 m) and HAD accounts for 3 to 5% of calf death loss yearly. The objectives of this study were to model the relationship of PAP estimates with birth weight, gestation length and growth traits of developing bulls. PAP estimates were collected from Angus yearling bulls ranging in age from 12 to 18-mo of age from a Montana-based Angus operation (&gt; 1,600 m elevation, 5,400 yearlings/18-mo-old bulls from 2016 – 2023). We hypothesized that the relationship between PAP and performance traits could be described with linear or asymptotic models. We used Akaike’s Information Criterion adjusted for small sample sizes (AICc) to evaluate support for competing models reflecting hypotheses about the effects of bull age at time of testing and performance traits. Models containing an asymptotic relationship between PAP and all measured variables were the best supported from the candidate model sets. Bull age at time of PAP testing was not supported in model selection for any of the performance traits measured. PAP was greater for bulls with greater birth weight (P &lt; 0.01; β = 2.86 ± 0.81; R2marginal = 0.25 %; R2conditional = 0.77 %). PAP was greater for bulls that had greater gestation lengths (P &lt; 0.01; β = 33.74 ± 11.25; R2marginal = 1.40 %; R2conditional = 27.37 %). There were no observed relationships between bull PAP and weaning weight (P = 0.26). PAP was less for bulls that had greater yearling weights (P = 0.04; β = -2.16 ± 1.05; R2marginal = 0.09 %; R2conditional = 0.65 %). In addition, PAP was less for bulls that had greater weaning to yearling gains (P = 0.02; β = -1.21 ± 0.54; R2marginal = 0.12 %; R2conditional = 0.79 %). In summary, PAP was related to birth weight, gestation length, yearling weight, and growth between weaning and yearling; however, these relationships explain very little of the variation of PAP estimates.

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Bristow, Claire C., Brandon Brown, Logan Marg, et al. "Prevalence and correlates of cervical abnormalities among female sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 9 (2019): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419841464.

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In Tijuana, Mexico, sex work is regulated by the municipal health department and includes regular testing for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) for registered female sex workers (FSWs). However, Papanicolaou (Pap) testing is missing from current sexual health assessments. We aimed to answer the following research questions: (1) What is the prevalence of cervical abnormalities among a sample of FSWs in Tijuana, Mexico? (2) What are the correlates of cervical abnormalities among a sample of FSWs in Tijuana, Mexico? From 2013 to 2014, a cohort of 300 FSWs in Tijuana, Mexico were recruited using modified time–location sampling. Participants were given Pap, HIV, and STI tests. The prevalence of an abnormal Pap was 11.7% (35/300). FSWs ever registered with municipal health services were less likely to have an abnormal Pap result (4.8% versus 14.4%, p = 0.03), were more likely to report a previous Pap test (88.1% versus 70.4%, p = .001), and were more likely to report a sexual health checkup in the last year (60.7% versus 37.0%, p < 0.001) than those who had never been registered. FSWs, including those who registered with the municipality, remain at risk for cervical abnormalities.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pap testing'

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