Journal articles: 'Papal diplomacy'

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Troy, Jodok. "‘The Pope’s own hand outstretched’: Holy See diplomacy as a hybrid mode of diplomatic agency." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 20, no. 3 (May 18, 2018): 521–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369148118772247.

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The unconventional nature of Holy See diplomats rests in the composite character of their ecclesiastical role as the Pope’s representatives and their legal diplomatic status and commencement to ordinary diplomatic practice. Holy See diplomacy is a form of conduct created by a set of mixed secular and religious standards in which agents are guided by practices. I locate this argument within a classical English School and a conventional understanding of practice, diplomacy, and agency while incorporating understandings of the diplomat as a stranger. The article situates a Holy See diplomat’s mode of agency as a hybrid one by nature, located at the intersections of political and religious modes of agency and substantial and relational conceptions of international politics. I probe this conceptual framework of hybrid agency by analysing episodes involving papal diplomats in turmoil-ridden historical episodes, and correspondence with informed agents.

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Pollard, John. "Papal Diplomacy and The Great War." New Blackfriars 96, no. 1062 (December 23, 2014): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nbfr.12114.

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Kęder, Wojciech. "Przydatność akt nuncjatury papieskiej jako źródła historycznego." Textus et Studia, no. 2(6) (October 17, 2017): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/tes.02203.

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Diplomacy of the Holy See is the diplomacy which kept its continuity for the longest period of time, and at the same it was considered to be the best one in the world. During its secular activity the diplomacy collected a huge quantity of files. They are mainly stored in the Vatican Archive, in the papal Secretariat of the State, and the Archive of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. All papal diplomats were usually very well prepared to perform their functions, and at the same time, they were both educated very well and had wide intellectual horizons.The reports are not only a priceless source, but sometimes the only source, giving information about many events. They also complement the knowledge gained from other sources concerning people, events, and times they come from in a superb way. For these reasons after opening the Vatican Archive in 1881 many scientific institutions troubled themselves to publish the files.

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DeSilva, Jennifer Mara. "Articulating Work and Family: Lay Papal Relatives in the Papal States, 1420–1549." Renaissance Quarterly 69, no. 1 (2016): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/686325.

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AbstractIn the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries popes increasingly depended on clerical and lay kin to supervise the implementation of papal policy. This article argues that the charge of papal nepotism is a result of the continuing idealization of the pope as separate from the issues of work and family. By acknowledging that the preoccupations of the early modern pope extended beyond pastoral activities into a world of administration, legislation, militarism, and diplomacy, historians can better understand the pope’s use of and observers’ criticism of nepotism.

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Kianka, Frances. "Byzantine-Papal Diplomacy: The Role of Demetrius Gydone." International History Review 7, no. 2 (May 1985): 175–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1985.9640376.

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CHAMEDES, GIULIANA. "THE VATICAN AND THE RESHAPING OF THE EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL ORDER AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR." Historical Journal 56, no. 4 (October 30, 2013): 955–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x13000320.

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ABSTRACTThe Vatican is often cast as a marginal player in the reshaping of the European international order after the First World War. Drawing on new archival material, this article argues for a reassessment of the content and consequences of papal diplomacy. It focuses on the years between 1917 and 1929, during which time the Vatican used the tools of international law and state-to-state diplomacy to expand its power in both eastern and western Europe. The Vatican's interwar activism sought to disseminate a new Catholic vision of international affairs, which militated against the separation of church and state, and in many contexts helped undermine the principles of the League of Nations’ minority rights regime. Thanks in no small part to the assiduity of individual papal diplomats – who disseminated the new Catholic vision of international affairs by supporting anti-communist political factions – the Vatican was able to claim a more prominent role in European political affairs and lay the legal and discursive foundations for an alternate conception of the European international order, conceived in starkly anti-secular terms.

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RENNIE, KRISTON R. "The Ceremonial Reception of Medieval Papal Legates." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 70, no. 1 (December 17, 2018): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046917002792.

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This article examines the ceremonial reception of papal legates in the early Middle Ages. It offers a precise, distinctive and normative portrait of their ritualised practice well before the existence of written canonical rules and procedures. The customs, principles, gestures and symbols conditioning legatine activities in this historical era became necessary pre-conditions to political communication, interaction and exchange. Their expression and representation, it is argued, help to explain the manifestation of Roman authority in distant Christian provinces, its varied meaning to contemporaries and the formative rules of political governance and diplomacy.

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Smołucha, Janusz. "Introduction." Rocznik Filozoficzny Ignatianum 28, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/rfi.2022.2801.2.

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We are presenting a new issue of the Ignatianum Philosophical Yearbook to the Readers, this time largely devoted to ecclesiastical matters, and in particular to papal diplomacy. In the first article, Dorota Gregorowicz presents an analysis of how the international authority of the Holy See developed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, based on the principle of the so-called active neutrality. The core of papal diplomacy in the modern era were apostolic nunciatures – permanent diplomatic representations in the capitals of Catholic countries. However, the nuncios, while staying in constant contact with Rome, had a lot of freedom of action, acting as mediators, arbitrators and overseers of the religious life of the faithful in their subordinate area.

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Sanzharov, V. A., M. O. Matselyk, and H. F. Sanzharova. "THE LEGAL BASIS OF MEDIEVAL PAPAL DIPLOMACY: INSTITUTE OF LEGATES." Juridical scientific and electronic journal, no. 8 (2022): 576–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2022-8/131.

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Dale, Sharon. "Contra damnationis filios: the Visconti in fourteenth-century papal diplomacy." Journal of Medieval History 33, no. 1 (March 2007): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmedhist.2007.01.001.

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11

Delacroix-Besnier, Claudine. "Revisiting Papal Letters of the Fourteenth Century." Medieval Encounters 21, no. 2-3 (July 2, 2015): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342189.

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The fourteenth century is a key moment for papal diplomacy. The popes, then based in Avignon, implemented a very active policy toward the Eastern Christian Churches, the purpose of which was to bring the Greek Schism to an end. In achieving this aim, the popes were helped by the particular historical conjuncture resulting from the Turks’ pressure upon the Greek Empire. Revisiting papal correspondence issued during that period shows numerous groups of letters that were addressed to the West as well as to Constantinople, specifically to the emperor or to the Greek authorities. A study of the letters enables us to detect an evolution, albeit a small one, of the papal position on the schism, and the causes of this evolution, which related to the fact that the new actors involved were more and more often Greek or Greek-speaking.

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Somavilla, Enrique. "DIPLOMACIA VATICANA Y POLÍTICA EXTERIOR DE LA SANTA SEDE | VATICAN DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN POLICY OF THE HOLY SEE." REVISTA ESTUDIOS INSTITUCIONALES 4, no. 7 (December 21, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/eeii.vol.4.n.7.2017.19980.

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Una de los aspectos más importantes y relevantes en el mundo de la diplomacia y la política exterior de cualquier nación o Estado ha sido poder mantener una política exterior acorde con su servicio diplomático también llamado servicio exterior. Se puede decir que entre los que más han destacado siempre ha sido la diplomacia pontificia que también se la conoce como diplomacia vaticana. De igual manera la política exterior de la Santa Sede ha sido una de las más observadas por el resto de los países, no sólo en Europa sino en el resto del mundo. Se ha tratado de dar una visión de los mismos desde su visión histórica, institucional y eclesial desde el pontificado de Pío IX hasta el pontificado de Francisco._______________________One of the most important and relevant aspects in the world of diplomacy and foreign policy of any nation or state has been to be able to maintain a foreign policy commensurate with its diplomatic service also called foreign service. It is possible to be said that among the ones that have emphasized more has always been the papal diplomacy that is also known as Vatican diplomacy. Likewise, the foreign policy of the Holy See has been one of the most observed by the rest of the countries, not only in Europe but in the rest of the world. It has been tried to give a vision of the same from his historical, institutional and ecclesial vision from the pontificate of Pío IX until the pontificate of Francisco.

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Rabasco Ferreira, Rafael. "El origen y las formas de la diplomacia pontificia = The origin and forms of papal diplomacy." Revista de Derecho de la UNED (RDUNED), no. 16 (January 1, 2015): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rduned.16.2015.15249.

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O'Connor, Bernard J. "BEYOND BLACK HAWK DOWN: PAPAL DIPLOMACY AND THE LESSONS OF SOMALIA." Brandywine Review of Faith & International Affairs 2, no. 1 (March 2004): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15435725.2004.9523170.

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15

Boccolini, Alessandro. "“In terra et in mare”: The Holy League in 1684 and Papal Diplomacy." Perspektywy Kultury 30, no. 3 (December 20, 2020): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2020.3003.12.

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In the aftermath of the Liberation of Vienna by the army commanded by Jan III Sobieski, international diplomacy was activated immediately to extend the Polish-Imperial League and continue the war against the Turkish. The diplomacy of the Holy See, planned by Innocent XI, was particularly active: Francesco Buonvisi, ordinary nuncio in Vienna, and Opizio Pallavicini, nuncio in Warsaw, worked hard to encourage the adhesion of the Serenissima Republic of Venice. With the signing of the treaty on March 6, 1684 between Warsaw, Vienna, and Venice—solemnly celebrated in Rome on the following May 24— Innocent XI could count on joint action against the infidels by land and sea, with the armies of Poland, of the Empire, and the naval fleet of the Serenissima. The article intends to retrace the diplomatic phases—not always an easy task—which led to the signing of the League, paying attention to the decisive role played by the diplomacy of the Holy See.

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16

K. Williams, Megan. "“Dui Fratelli. . . Con Dui Principi”: Family and Fidelity on a Failed Diplomatic Mission." Journal of Early Modern History 14, no. 6 (2010): 579–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006510x540790.

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AbstractCaptured on a failed 1535 diplomatic mission to Hungary, English ambassador Giambattista Casali revealed in his confession the central roles played by diplomatic families in facilitating, managing, and prosecuting early modern diplomacy. This article explores how Casali and his brothers, by strategically positioning family members in the service of multiple patrons, drew on these flexible and overlapping networks of kinship and patronage to promote familial interests as well as those of their princely patrons. Focusing on the Casali family’s engagement in Hungarian diplomacy between 1529 and 1535, the article illustrates how the Casali solicited appointments, managed multiple loyalties, and negotiated the conflicts of interest resulting from their colorful and active diplomacy between England, Rome, Bologna, Venice, and Hungary at the zenith of English and Hungarian relations with the papal curia.

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17

Shebalina, E. O. "The Holy See’s Contemporary Foreign Policy: Origins, Methods, Instruments." Journal of International Analytics 12, no. 4 (December 26, 2021): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2021-12-4-153-168.

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In this essay, the author made an attempt to study the origins, functions and vectors of papal diplomacy, focusing on its transformation in the conditions of the modern political system, to analyze the main social principles on which the foreign policy of the Holy See is based; to fi nd out what methods are used by the state to promote Christian moral values in global politics. Besides, studying numerous examples of mediation policy of the Vatican in international aff airs, the author has investigated the methods by which the theocratic monarchy, lacking signifi cant territorial and military resources, plays a signifi cant role in contemporary international relations. Papal diplomacy, as one of the fi rst in the world, has successfully adapted to the processes taking place in world politics. Based on the basic principles stemming from the Code of Canon Law and the Social Doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, the Holy See participates in most of the international negotiation platforms where topical issues of world politics are raised.

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18

Dietrich, Donald J. "Countering the divisions." Review of Politics 68, no. 2 (May 2006): 354–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670506310133.

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Araujo and Lucal have written a lucid and scholarly history of papal diplomacy from the medieval period to the end of the League of Nations as the first volume in their projected two-part study. Both Jesuits have served on the Permanent Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations and so have developed the ability to read the documents with a critical eye as they parse the meaning of what is sometimes fairly vague diplomatic language that, in reality, is framing an agenda. In the nine chapters of this book, the reader will be immersed into the ongoing attempts of the Holy See to fulfill the church's commitment to maximize the dignity of each person through the diplomacy that it has conducted since the Middle Ages. In the course of their analysis, the authors probe how the diplomats of the Holy See have developed the appropriate conditions that have made possible meaningful negotiations, how they have tried to insert the social teachings of the Catholic Church into each diplomatic agenda, and how they have tried to safeguard the exercise of each person's religious conscience.

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19

Walczak, Roman. "Papal Diplomacy—Characteristics of the Key Issues in Canon Law and International Law." Jurist: Studies in Church Law and Ministry 76, no. 2 (2016): 489–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jur.2016.0027.

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Danyliuk, Ivan. "Vatican diplomacy and the Beagle conflict (1978 – 1984)." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 12 (2021): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.12.6.

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The papal arbitration for the peaceful settlement of the confrontation between Argentina and Chile from 1978 to 1984 in the Beagle Strait on the islands of Picton, Lennox, Nueva is investigated in the article. Achieving this goal involves solving the following research tasks: to investigate the causes of the Argentine-Chilean conflict; to analyze the peculiarities of the Argentine-Chilean confrontation; to study the procedure of papal arbitration during the reconciliation of Argentina and Chile (1978–1984). Research methods: in the article used philosophical (metaphysics and dialectics), general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy and modeling) and historical (ideographic, periodization, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-systemic) methods. The scientific novelty of the results of the study is in analyze the causes, features of the course and exacerbation of the conflict between Argentina and Chile in 1978 – 1984, and attempts to conduct a comprehensive study of the negotiations and peaceful settlement of the Argentine-Chilean conflict in the Beagle Strait through mediation of Vatican diplomats. The author concludes that the 1978 armed confrontation between Argentina and Chile was prevented by the timely intervention of Roman Pontiff John Paul II, who proposed to the leaders of Argentina and Chile personally arbitrate the conflict in the Beagle Strait. The Pope’s timely intervention helped preserve the fragile peace between the two neighboring countries, as well as the resumption of diplomatic negotiation between Argentina and Chile under Vatican mediation. As a result of lengthy negotiations, Vatican diplomats managed to persuade the governments of Argentina and Chile to conclude a peace agreement and reconcile the two Latin American countries. Also, in the article was noted that the Pope and the Catholic clergy in Chile and Argentina used public diplomacy to influence keep peace between two countries. The Catholic Church in Argentina and in Chile was aware of the importance of public opinion and used instruments of public pressure to reconcile Argentina and in Chile. For example, the Catholic clergy in Argentina and in Chile used the media (television, radio, and the press) to call for peace and reconciliation. The Church has also begun organizing peaceful rallies, pilgrimages, and special masses in both Argentina and Chile designed to form public support for peace efforts.

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Černušák, Tomáš. "The Prague Nuncios and Their Relationship to Non-Catholics at the Turn of the 16th and 17th Centuries." Rocznik Filozoficzny Ignatianum 28, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/rfi.2022.2801.4.

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In the second half of the sixteenth century, Emperor Rudolf II moved the imperial court to Prague, thus transforming the city into a centre of international diplomacy and the seat of representatives of various powers. Among these were permanent papal nuncios appointed to the imperial court to act on behalf of the Pope as the head of the Catholic Church and the sovereign ruler of the Papal States. During their long and continuous presence in the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia, nuncios were constantly reminded of the predominantly non-Catholic character of the city, where, moreover, one of the confessions even enjoyed full legal protection of the state. Based on correspondence of the nunciature and other related sources within the context of the development of the Czech lands, the study analyses the ways in which these papal diplomats reflected their immediate surroundings with respect to confessional differences. Primarily, however, it examines whether or not there were certain acceptable attitudes towards non-Catholics and to what degree it was possible to maintain contacts with them. Contrarily, it also identifies areas of their diplomatic activities in which, on principle, confessional boundaries could not be crossed. The study thus shows that, on the one hand, it was not realistically possible to eliminate contacts with non-Catholics altogether, and in some cases negotiations with them were even considered necessary, important or at least acceptable. On the other hand, we have witnessed efforts to clearly define and separate oneself from different confessional trends and their adherents, especially if the surrounding society could possibly interpret the contacts in an incorrect or inappropriate way, thus jeopardizing the credibility of the papal nuncio’s position as the pope’s diplomatic representative.

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Kanász, Viktor. "The Life and Work of the Abbot and Nuncio, Girolamo Martinengo in Hungary." Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis 10 (April 27, 2022): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/spmnnv.2019.10.11.

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On the 17th December 1551 the mercenaries of Ferdinand I murdered one of the most influential politicians of the Kingdom of Hungary, Cardinal George Martinuzzi, the Archbishop of Esztergom and the Voivode of Transylvania in the castle of Alvinc. This action created a huge scandal not only in Hungary but throughout the whole Christendom, leading to one of the most acute crises in the Habsburg-papal relations. According to canon law, those who were responsible for the crime became automatically excommunicated (only King Ferdinand I was dispensed temporarily by Julius III), and a long investigation began. The inquiry was led by Count Abbot Girolamo Martinengo, the nuncio to Ferdinand. In this papér, I aim to discuss thé significancé and importancé of Martinuzzi’s figure in contemporary papal diplomacy. Among other elements, the followings will be elucidated: his origins and youth, his work as a nuncio in Poland, England and to Ferdinand I, and his activity in the Papal Curia.

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Smołucha, Janusz. "Idea jedności słowiańskiej w działalności dyplomatycznej w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej nuncjusza papieskiego Aleksandra Komulovića w latach 1594-1597." Kultura Słowian Rocznik Komisji Kultury Słowian PAU 17 (2021): 33–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25439561ksr.21.003.14414.

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Gdy w 1593 roku wybuchła kolejna wojna austriacko-turecka, papież Klemens VIII rozpoczął budowanie Ligi Świętej, złożonej głównie z państw Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, która miała się przeciwstawić kolejnej agresji ze strony muzułmanów. Ze swoich planów kuria rzymska nie wyłączała Moskwy. Ideę bliskiej z nią współpracy pozostałych państw słowiańskich głosił w tamtym czasie pochodzący z Dalmacji duchowny i dyplomata papieski, Aleksander Komulović. Autor postarał się zrekonstruować misję dyplomatyczną Komulovicia do Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w latach 1594-1597 wraz z oceną szans jej powodzenia w ówczesnych warunkach religijnych i geopolitycznych. The Idea of Slavic Unity in the Diplomacy of Alexander Komulović, the Papal Nuncio to Central and Eastern Europe in 1594-1597 The outbreak of another Austro-Turkish war in 1593, urged Pope Clement VIII to establish the Holy League which mainly consisted of the Central and Eastern European states, and the aim of which was to oppose another Muslim aggression against Christians. The Roman Curia decided to include Muscovy in the plan as well. The idea of close cooperation with all Slavic states was put forward at that time by Aleksander Komulović – a priest and papal diplomat from Dalmatia. The author’s aim was to reconstruct the Komulović’s diplomatic mission to Central and Eastern Europe in 1594-1597, and provide an assessment of the chances of its success in the light of religious and geopolitical underpinnings of the period.

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Massaro, Thomas. "The Peace Advocacy of Pope Francis: Jesuit Perspectives." Journal of Jesuit Studies 8, no. 4 (September 3, 2021): 523–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-08040001.

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Abstract Among the distinctive features of the papal ministry of Francis is an active dedication to peacemaking that bears noteworthy marks of his Jesuit background. A number of elements within Jesuit spirituality and history contribute to the distinctive stance that Francis assumes toward supporting peace and building the structures and conditions that encourage nonviolent resolution of conflicts worldwide. The pope’s dialogic style of diplomacy proceeds through pointed words, timely apostolic visits, and rich symbolic gestures aimed at peacebuilding and reconciliation.

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Alvarez, David. "Papal Diplomacy in the Modern Age ed. by Peter C. Kent, and John F. Pollard." Catholic Historical Review 81, no. 4 (1995): 614–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.1995.0157.

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Jugie, Pierre. "A bíboros legátusok kancelláriái a 14. században." PONTES 4 (October 20, 2021): 46–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/pontes.2021.04.01.02.

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From 1305 to 1378, the popes involved in 64 missions 40 cardinals (that is 26,7% of the members of the Sacred College of that period), either as legate (41%), or as legate and vicar general on the Papal States (7%), or only as nuncio (35%), excluding the vicars generals who were neither legate nor nuncio. In a (temporary) synthesis are studied the composition and the working of the legatine chanceries: the functions and the value of the chancellors, their relations with the judiciary court of the cardinal’s curia (audientia causarum curie); the various members of the chancery, notaries, secretaries, abbreviatores, scribes, registratores and all the familiares working in the „writing offices” of cardinals. On the other hand, the relations between the legatine chanceries and other chanceries (specially papal and royal ones) are observed in order to see their reciprocal influence and the effects on the development of the papal diplomacy. Two tables are proposed in appendix, a chronological table of all missions of these cardinals from 1305 to 1378 and a synthetic table of the members of the „writing offices” during legations and nunciatures or nor.

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Unger-Alvi, Simon. "Introduction: The Political Ambiguities of Pius XII." Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 101, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qufiab-2021-0002.

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Abstract This collection of essays evaluates the relations between Eugenio Pacelli and Germany from the beginning of his career as a papal nuncio in Munich in 1917 until his pontificate during the wartime and post-war periods. The contributions to this volume do not provide a complete overview of this topic. Instead, they should be understood as case studies on certain aspects of Vatican-German history. At the core of this work are the complexities and ambiguities of papal politics between four political systems from the Kaiserreich to the West German Federal Republic. Ultimately, this volume thus touches upon very diverse subjects ranging from Pacelli’s ‚concordat diplomacy‘ in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich to his silence during the Holocaust and the German occupation of Italy, the anti-communism of the Cold War, and the Vatican’s path towards reform in the post-war period.

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Torres, Aníbal. "TOWARD A NEW GOVERNMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM: ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSAL OF POPE FRANCIS." POPE FRANCIS AND POLITICS 11, no. 2 (November 13, 2017): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj1102235t.

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In a sign of continuity with his predecessors, the first Latin American Pope pays attention to diplomacy and representative democracy. Thus, although he is sometimes not perceived in this way, Francis has not neglected traditional level of interaction that the Church has managed to maintain in its long history, generally alternating moments of conflict and cooperation, and not without taking it into account when defining their own models of authority: the link with states. If attention to the community of states, it is not in itself something new for the Vatican, it certainly is the approach and the agenda emphasis that every pontiff has made of international relations. Thus, the article seeks to answer a series of questions: What newness does Pope Bergoglio contribute to “diplomacy”? Is the Pontiff’s proposal for international governance comparable to a world state? Moreover, how does Francisco’s position on the international system articulate with the “reform of the papacy”? More concretely, how does the Pope conceive the mission of the central government of the Church and of papal diplomacy? Finally, what role does Latin America play in the planetary scheme of the Bishop of Rome? The article points out that Francisco proposes a new international political institution, and he understands that in the current critical world situation, diplomacy has a particular relevance. It is also stressed that for the Pope the central government of the Church and diplomacy must be at the service of building bridges for the promotion of justice and peace. In addition, the article says that the peoples and cultures of Latin America and the Caribbean have a potential that the Pontiff values positively.

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Fosi, Irene. "La Storia dell’Età Moderna nelle „Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Biblioteken“: lo specchio di un secolo di ricerche." Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 100, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qufiab-2020-0004.

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AbstractThe article examines the topics relating to the early modern period covered by the journal „Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken“ in the hundred volumes since its first publication. Thanks to the index (1898–1995), published in 1997 and the availability online on the website perpectivia.net (since 1958), it is possible to identify constants and changes in historiographical interests. Initially, the focus was on the publication of sources in the Vatican Secret Archive (now the Vatican Apostolic Archive) relating to the history of Germany. The topics covered later gradually broadened to include the history of the Papacy, the social composition of the Curia and the Papal court and Papal diplomacy with a specific focus on nunciatures, among others. Within a lively historiographical context, connected to historical events in Germany in the 20th century, attention to themes and sources relating to the Middle Ages continues to predominate with respect to topics connected to the early modern period.

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Zielinska, Agata. "Anglo-Papal Relations in the Early Fourteenth Century: A Study in Medieval Diplomacy, by Barbara Bombi." English Historical Review 136, no. 579 (February 27, 2021): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceab032.

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McDonald, Peter. "Anglo-Papal Relations in the Early Fourteenth Century: A Study in Medieval Diplomacy by Barbara Bombi." Parergon 38, no. 1 (2021): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2021.0015.

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du Rausas, Amicie Pélissié. "Anglo-Papal Relations in the Early Fourteenth Century: A Study in Medieval Diplomacy by Barbara Bombi." Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 51, no. 1 (2020): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cjm.2020.0010.

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Mansour, Opher. "Picturing Global Conversion: Art and Diplomacy at the Court of Paul V (1605-1621)." Journal of Early Modern History 17, no. 5-6 (2013): 525–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342380.

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Abstract This article examines the progress of a series of ambassadorial visits to Rome by emissaries from the Kongo, Japan, and Safavid Persia as they unfolded over the reign of Pope Paul V. Close attention is paid to the visual representation of the ambassadors, and of their actions, in engravings and in the decoration of the Quirinal Palace. The author argues that the public aspects of diplomacy, and of the visual representations based on it, played a significant role in articulating the Papacy’s missionary ambitions and sense of its global position. Furthermore, it is argued that the diplomatic and courtly practices of the papal court played a significant role in mediating the representation of “other” cultures in early modern Europe.

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SHINE, CORMAC. "Papal Diplomacy by Proxy? Catholic Internationalism at the League of Nations’ International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, 1922–1939." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 69, no. 4 (March 19, 2018): 785–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046917002731.

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The Holy See's involvement in interwar multilateralism is rarely acknowledged, largely due to its exclusion from the Versailles settlement and resulting institutions. Using new archival findings, this article reevaluates the Vatican's role in the contestation and construction of this new order, focusing on the League's International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. Unofficially acting as Vatican intermediaries, a number of League officials quietly promoted Catholic visions of internationalism from within this body. The activities of these individuals provided an alternative method for promoting the Holy See's interests within the emergent international order, in conscious competition with more dominant secular conceptions of internationalism.

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Blumenthal, Geoffrey. "Copernicus's Publication Strategy in the Contexts of Imperial and Papal Censorship and of Warmian Diplomatic Precedents." Science in Context 29, no. 2 (May 12, 2016): 151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889716000016.

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ArgumentThe main thesis of this paper is that Copernicus's avoidance of all admission that scripture was contravened inDe revolutionibusand his composition of its new Preface in 1542, as well as the non-publication of Rheticus'sTreatise on Holy Scripture and the Motion of the Earth, were influenced by the early information they received on the failure of the 1541 Regensburg Protestant-Catholic colloquy, among the major consequences of which were significant increases in the problems concerning publishing works which contravened scripture. This is supported by examining Rheticus's first letter to Paul Eber in conjunction with the documents on the Regensburg colloquy and on censorship in Nuremberg, as well as with the existing literature on Copernicus and his context. In view of the main thesis, Copernicus's apparent dedication of the work to the Pope merits additional explanation, and the second thesis is that components of explanations for several aspects of those parts of the Preface that relate to the Papacy and to theologians can be provided via comparisons with previous diplomacy between Warmia and the Papacy which occurred or was being referred to during Copernicus's time. This is supported by examining these parts of the Preface in the light of a selection of the relevant documents.

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Mo, Wei. "The Gendered Space of the “Oriental Vatican”—Zi-ka-wei, the French Jesuits and the Evolution of Papal Diplomacy." Religions 9, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9090278.

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In a global context, the story of the Jesuit compound in Shanghai, since its establishment by French Jesuits in 1847, reflected not only conflicts between rival powers in Europe but also the fight for their interests in the Eastern world. The female Catholic orders at the east bank of Zi-ka-wei compound provided a unique window approaching the complexity. The Pope, who was stuck without legal status in the Vatican after 1861, was also seeking the chance to save the authority of the Church in the face of questions regarding the extent of his temporal power and the status of Rome in the context of Italian unification. As in the Reformation, a break-through in the east seemed to offer a solution for losses in Europe. However, the Jesuits to the East in the late 19th century were not only troops working and fighting on behalf of the Pope; their identities under the French Protectorate added complexity to an already complicated story involving not just the Church, but the course of world history. Locating the Jesuit-affiliated women and children hospice in the French Concession but outside the Zi-ka-wei compound was a result of how different conflicts played themselves out.

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Rybar, Lukas. "Habsburg-Safavid Diplomacy: Nicholas von Warkotsch and Haji Khosrow in Moscow." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 4 (2021): 1132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.406.

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During the 16th century, several European states were regularly engaged in forming an anti- Ottoman alliance. The goal was to cooperate in the elimination of the Ottoman power and expansion in Europe. In addition, traditional European members of the anti-Ottoman league (the Papal State, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, the Venetian Republic) were counting on the help of the Eastern empires such as the Tsardom of Muscovy (Russia) and the Safavid Persia. In connection with this policy, Habsburg-Safavid diplomatic relations continued to develop. In the second half of the 1580s and 1590s, the Tsardom of Muscovy began to play an important mediating role in the context of Habsburg-Persian relations. An illustrative case is the presented study, which deals with the missions of Habsburg envoy Nicholas von Warkostch and the Safavid (Persian) envoy Haji Khosrow to the court of the Russian Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich in 1593. This issue is examined against the background of a broader international politics and diplomacy in the second half of the 1580s and the beginning of 1590s. Regarding their missions to the Russian tsar, both envoys took advantage of their mutual presence at the Muscovite court and through the mediation of Boris Godunov managed to arrange a meeting where they negotiated the possibility of the formation of an anti-Ottoman alliance. The analysis of the preserved archival and published documents concerning the above-mentioned missions reveals the goals and attitudes of all negotiating parties (Habsburgs, Persia, and Muscovy) in relation to the creation of an anti-Ottoman alliance.

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Maléth, Ágnes. "Les relations de Charles Ier de Hongrie avec la papauté (1301–1342)." Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis 9 (May 4, 2022): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/spmnnv.2017.09.04.

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Descendant of the Neapolitan Anjou dynasty, Charles I succeeded to the Hungarian throne in 1301. In spite of his initial fights with the territorial princes (or oligarchs), the first Angevin king of Hungary established dynamic diplomatic relationships where his connections to the papal court played a crucial role. The sources suggest that the relation of Charles I with the papacy was the golden thread in his diplomacy with Western Europe, and still, it is one of the less known topics in the Hungarian historiography. My doctoral thesis which was written and defended in the framework of a cooperation of the Universities of Angers (France) and Szeged (Hungary) intended to fill this gap in the Hungarian historical research. This paper summarizes my thesis by presenting the corpus of the sources, the applied methodology, and giving an overview of the preliminary results.

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Brodie, Hugh. "Punching above Gwynedd's weight: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's diplomatic communication and the road to war in 1277." Studia Celtica 53, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.16922/sc.53.2.

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The decade between 1267 and 1277 was crucial in Gwynedd's struggle to establish a native Welsh polity. It required a small territory with slender resources to mount diplomacy promoting Llywelyn's status as 'princeps Wallie' not merely with the English crown but with the papal curia. Llywelyn's diplomatic letters have hitherto been scrutinised for the light they shed on the course of events. This article examines instead their style and effectiveness as a mode of diplomatic communication. It compares them with diplomatic letters of Alexander III of Scotland and sheds light on how native Wales was interacting with Anglo-French culture. The analysis draws on a number of previouslyunpublished original documents, transcribed here for the first time, including Pope Gregory X's letter to Edward I in August 1274, inspired by Llywelyn, and preparatory drafts of Edward's letter to Llywelyn in May 1275.

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Varezić, Nikša. "Questa Reppublica Non Si Lassa Avvanzare D’alcuno Nell’osservanza Et Divotione: Congratulations and Condolences in the Ragusan Diplomacy Towards Papal Rome." Vol. 26 (2022) 26 (2022): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21857/94kl4cl0em.

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Mara DeSilva, Jennifer. "Official and Unofficial Diplomacy between Rome and Bologna: the de’ Grassi Family under Pope Julius II, 1503-1513." Journal of Early Modern History 14, no. 6 (2010): 535–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006510x540772.

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AbstractThis article examines the position of the de’ Grassi brothers, Agamemnon, Achilles, and Paris, as diplomats and negotiators between Rome and Bologna. During Julius II della Rovere’s pontificate, relations between these cities were strained as the pope worked to permanently dislodge the usurping Bentivoglio family from power and to govern Bologna through an expanded patrician council (the Quaranta Consiglieri). As a member of the Quaranta, Agamemnon commandeered his brothers’ skills and resources to improve Bolognese relations with the pope. The other brothers, as members of the papal court, could press Bologna’s cause using their professional knowledge and contacts. As a reward for their support, in 1511 Julius provided Achilles with a cardinal’s hat and shortly thereafter the bishopric of Bologna, which immediately was challenged by the Bentivoglio faction. Although all three brothers privileged their dual loyalty, in the aftermath of the Bentivoglio expulsion in 1512, the pope’s anger with Agamemnon as a Bolognese orator reveals the malleability of civic patriotism and political allegiance.

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Pollard, John. "Papal Diplomacy: John Paul II and the Culture of Peace. By Bernard J. O’Connor. St. Augustine’s Press, 2005. 344 pages. $27.00." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 74, no. 4 (October 18, 2006): 1026–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfl019.

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Lowe, Kate. "‘REPRESENTING’ AFRICA: AMBASSADORS AND PRINCES FROM CHRISTIAN AFRICA TO RENAISSANCE ITALY AND PORTUGAL, 1402–1608." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 17 (December 2007): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440107000552.

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AbstractDuring the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, a number of sub-Saharan envoys and ambassadors from Christian countries, predominantly Ethiopia and the Congo, were sent to Portugal and Italy. This essay shows how cultural assumptions on both sides complicated their task of ‘representing’ Africa. These African ambassadors and princes represented the interests of their rulers or their countries in a variety of ways, from forging personal relationships with the king or pope, to providing knowledge of the African continent and African societies, to acquiring knowledge of European languages and behaviours, to negotiating about war, to petitioning for religious or technological help, to carrying out fact-finding missions. But Renaissance preconceptions of Africa and Africans, reinforced by the slave trade, and Renaissance and papal assumptions about diplomatic interaction, ensured that the encounters remained unsatisfactory, as this cultural history of diplomacy makes clear. The focus of the essay is on religious and cultural exchange and the ceremonial culture of embassies.

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Trythall, Marisa Patulli. "“Russia’s Misfortune Offers Humanitarians a Splendid Opportunity”: Jesuits, Communism, and the Russian Famine." Journal of Jesuit Studies 5, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00501005.

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Using archival documentation, this article discusses the beginning of the first grand international aid mission of the Catholic Church (1922–23), undertaken to assist the starving children of Bolshevik Russia. Under the auspices of the American Relief Administration (ara), the Papal Relief Mission to Russia fed approximately 158,000 persons a day. The pivotal figure between American Catholics and the Roman Curia, and subsequently between the Vatican and the Bolsheviks, was Edmund Aloysius Walsh, S.J., founder of the first us school of diplomacy, at Georgetown University. Walsh served as papal emissary in charge of this mission, which, among other duties, entailed liaising with the ara, keeping the Vatican informed, and negotiating with the Bolsheviks regarding the church’s position within a communist society. Walsh’s experience provides a firsthand view of the “Bolshevik world” and insight into the manner in which the Bolshevik Revolution was understood by the Vatican. The actions of the protagonists (Włodzimierz Ledóchowski, Jesuit superior general; Pietro Cardinal Gasparri, Vatican secretary of state; Mgr. Giuseppe Pizzardo, Vatican substitute secretary of state; Col. William Haskell, director of the ara’s Russian Relief Program; Mgr. Lorenzo Lauri, apostolic nuncio to Poland; and Walsh), are revealed through their own words, which show the difficulties encountered within both the Christian and Bolshevik spheres and clarify that common objectives were often shared only in appearance. Notwithstanding the good will that the mission’s success earned for the Vatican, the attempt to establish diplomatic relations was destined to fail, due in large part to the events narrated herein.

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Costigan, Richard F. "Papal Diplomacy in the Modern Age. Edited by Peter C. Kent and John F. Pollard. Westport, Conn.: Prager, 1994. xi + 288 pp. $59.95." Church History 65, no. 1 (March 1996): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170562.

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Elvey, Francis. "Book Review: The Political Papacy: John Paul II, Benedict XVI and their Influence, Papal Diplomacy: John Paul II and the Culture of Peace." Theological Studies 68, no. 2 (May 2007): 450–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004056390706800221.

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Kornat, Marek. "Stolica Apostolska w polskiej polityce zagranicznej na uchodźstwie (Wrzesień 1939 – czerwiec 1940)." Polski Przegląd Stosunków Miedzynarodowych, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/ppsm.2015.05.02.

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The Holy See In Polish Foreign Policy of the Government on exile (September 1939 — June 1940) The article is devoted to the reexamining of the policy of Polish Government on exile toward the Holy See after Poland’s defeat in September 1939 and the reestablishment of the legal authorities of Poland in France, under President Raczkiewicz and General Sikorski as Prime Minister. Terminus ad quem of the narration is the collapse of France and transfer of the Government of Poland to London in June 1940. Problems of Vatican’s perception of Polish Question is discussed on the basis of Polish archival documents, especially those of Polish Embassy to the Holy See. Vatican-Polish relations at the beginning of the World War II require special attention because the last treatment of this highly debatable problem was made in historiography by Zofia Waszkiewicz more than thirty five years ago in her monograph Polityka Watykanu wobec Polski 1939–1945 [Policy of the Vatican toward Poland 1939—1945] (Warsaw 1980). How much Polish diplomacy achieved fighting for the Holy See’s support against Nazi Germany? Two things must be said. Firstly, the Holy See recognized the legal continuity of Polish State after the German-Soviet occupation of Poland’s territory in September 1939, but did not sent the papal nuncio to Angers, when Polish Government resided. Secondly, Polish thesis on the special significance of Polish Question as the test-case of international justice received the positive response of the Pope Pius XII in his encyclical Summi Pontificatus published on October 20 1939, but the guidelines of Vatican’s policy were based on the doctrine of strict neutrality of the Papacy in the international relations. It did not permit for Papal condemnation ex officio of the Nazi crimes and criminal policy of extermination in Poland.

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Ceccarelli, Alessia. "Il caso delle prelature personali dei Genovesi nella Roma tardo-barocca." Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 102, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 308–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qufiab-2022-0015.

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Abstract This essay publishes the preliminary findings of a study of the personal prelatures established in Rome between the seventeenth and eighteenth century by some cardinals belonging to the Genoese aristocracy. Of particular importance in this context are the Pallavicino and Spinola prelatures, respectively founded by cardinals Lazzaro Pallavicino (in 1679) and Gio. Battista Spinola ‚il giovane‘ (in 1707). These ecclesiastical positions were established by means of a bequest assigning a significant annual income (alongside the use of a prestigious residence, fully furnished and endowed with a library, in the case of the Spinola prelature) to the kinsman who in each generation showed most promise among those who had entered the clergy. Above all, Lazzaro and Gio. Battista desired the beneficiaries of the bequest to take up permanent residence at the Papal court, thereby establishing a firm connection between the family and the Curia. Personal prelatures thus appear to be a further part of the larger social, political, and cultural picture of the nationes in Rome. The Spinola prelature, in particular, responded to the more specific aim of establishing a Cardinal’s court as a site of diplomacy, with spaces suitable for socializing and political negotiation.

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Hefferan, Matthew. "Barbara Bombi. Anglo-Papal Relations in the Early Fourteenth Century: A Study in Medieval Diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. Pp. 278. $90.00 (cloth)." Journal of British Studies 59, no. 2 (April 2020): 405–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.274.

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Smołucha, Janusz. "Poland as the Bastion of Christianity and the Issue of a Union with the Orthodox Church." Perspektywy Kultury 36, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2022.3601.04.

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When the Ottoman Turks began their conquest of further Balkan countries in the second half of the 14th century, they were opposed by Hungary, which came to known as the bastion of Christianity. The article analyses subsequent events of the 15th and 16th centuries when the term was first applied to the Kingdom of Poland. Poland’s greatest involvement in the war against the Muslims was during the reign of Ladislaus III of Hungary, who died in 1444 at the Battle of Varna. Under his successor, Kazimierz Jagiellończyk, Poland managed to avoid military conflict with Turkey, though it waged constant war with their allies, the Tatars. The first Turkish invasions of Poland followed the defeat in Bukovina in the autumn of 1497. In the ensuing decades, Poland was forced to renew truces with Turkey every few years, which drained the state’s coffers yet failed to protect it from the devastating Tartar invasions. After the fall of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Poland found itself on the front line, exposed to direct attack by the armies of the Padishah. The Holy See joined the defense against the Islamic threat, hoping to convince the Grand Duchy of Moscow to go to war with Turkey. Papal diplomacy was also centered on the followers of the Orthodox Church living within the borders of the Republic, which resulted in the Union of Brest in 1596.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Papal diplomacy'

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