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Olsson, Louise. "Early detection of colorectal cancer /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-841-6/.
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Hao, Shuang. "Early detection of spam-related activity." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53091.
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Spam, the distribution of unsolicited bulk email, is a big security threat on the Internet. Recent studies show approximately 70-90% of the worldwide email traffic—about 70 billion messages a day—is spam. Spam consumes resources on the network and at mail servers, and it is also used to launch other attacks on users, such as distributing malware or phishing. Spammers have increased their virulence and resilience by sending spam from large collections of compromised machines (“botnets”). Spammers also make heavy use of URLs and domains to direct victims to point-of-sale Web sites, and miscreants register large number of domains to evade blacklisting efforts. To mitigate the threat of spam, users and network administrators need proactive techniques to distinguish spammers from legitimate senders and to take down online spam-advertised sites.
In this dissertation, we focus on characterizing spam-related activities and developing systems to detect them early. Our work builds on the observation that spammers need to acquire attack agility to be profitable, which presents differences in how spammers and legitimate users interact with Internet services and exposes detectable during early period of attack. We examine several important components across the spam life cycle, including spam dissemination that aims to reach users' inboxes, the hosting process during which spammers set DNS servers and Web servers, and the naming process to acquire domain names via registration services.
We first develop a new spam-detection system based on network-level features of spamming bots. These lightweight features allow the system to scale better and to be more robust. Next, we analyze DNS resource records and lookups from top-level domain servers during the initial stage after domain registrations, which provides a global view across the Internet to characterize spam hosting infrastructure. We further examine the domain registration process and present the unique registration behavior of spammers. Finally, we build an early-warning system to identify spammer domains at time-of-registration rather than later at time-of-use.
We have demonstrated that our detection systems are effective by using real-world datasets. Our work has also had practical impact. Some of the network-level features that we identified have since been incorporated into spam filtering products at Yahoo! and McAfee, and our work on detecting spammer domains at time-of-registration has directly influenced new projects at Verisign to investigate domain registrations.
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Spoerri, Anselm. "The early detection of motion boundaries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13857.
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ALVES, Everton Leandro Galdino. "Early Detection of Manual Refactoring Faults." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/595.
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Previous issue date: 2015-04-07<br>Um estudo recente mostra que cerca de 90% de todos os refactoramentos são aplicadosmanualmente. Refatoramentos manuais são mais suscetíveis a erro, uma vez que desenvolvedores tem que coordenar transformações relacionadas e entender relações, muitas vezes complexas, entre arquivos, variáveis e métodos. Neste contexto, suites de regressão são usadas para diminuir as chances de introdução de defeitos durante refatoramentos. Contudo, devido aos altos custos de lidar com suites massivas, existe a necessidade de otimização da execução destas. Técnicas de priorização de casos de teste propõem uma nova ordem de execução, almejando a detecção antecipada de faltas. Entretanto, as técnicas atuais não são projetadas para lidar especificamente com faltas relacionadas a refatoramentos. Neste documento propomos RBA (Refactoring-Based Approach), uma técnica de prioritização voltada para refatoramentos. RBA reordena uma suite existente de acordo com um conjunto de modelos de falta (Refactoring Fault Models - RFMs). Estes abrangem os elementos de códigoque são geralmente impactados dado um refatoramento. Apesar de ser a técnica de validação de refatoramentos mais usada na prática, em alguns casos, o uso de suites de regressão pode ser inadequado. Suites inadequadas podem impedir desenvolvedores de iniciar uma tarefa de refatoramento dada as chances de introdução de defeitos. A fim de complementar a validação por testes e ajudar na revisão de refatoramentos, nós propomos REFDISTILLER, uma técnica que usa anáise estática para detectar edições de código negligenciadas e edições extra que desviam de um refatoramento padrão e podem vir a mudar o comportamento do software. Ambas abordagens (RBA e REFDISTILLER) focam em sistemas Java/JUnit e em um sub conjunto dos refatoramentos mais comuns. Uma avaliação usando um dataset composto de faltas de refatoramento sutis, e comparando com técnicas de prioritização tradicionais, mostra que RBA melhor prioriza as suites em 71% dos casos, promovendo um melhor agrupamento dos casos de teste em 73% dos casos. REFDISTILLER detecta 97% das faltas do nosso dataset de faltas injetadas. Destas, 24% não são detectadas por suites de teste geradas. Finalmente, em um estudo com projetos open-source, REFDISTILLER detecta 22.1 mais anomalias que as suites de teste, com uma precisão de 94%. Esses resultados mostram que (i) RBA consegue melhorar consideravelmente a priorização durante evoluções perfectivas, melhorando tanto a antecipação da detecção de defeitos, quanto fornecendo mais informação sobre estes antecipadamente; (ii) REFDISTILLER complementa efetivamente a análise dinâmica por achar novas anomalias e fornecer informações extra que ajudam no debug e correção das faltas.<br>A recent study states that about 90% of all refactorings are done manually. Manual refactoring edits are error prone, as refactoring requires developers to coordinaterelated transformations and to understand the complex inter-relationship between affected files, variables, and methods. In this context, regression tests suites are often used as safety net for decreasing the chances of introducing behavior changes while refactoring. However, due to the high costs related to handling massive test suites, there is a need for optimizing testing execution. Test case prioritization techniques propose new test execution orders fostering early fault detection. However, existing general-purpose prioritization techniques are not specifically designed for detecting refactoring-related faults. In this work we propose a refactoringaware strategy - (RBA) (Refactoring-Based Approach) – for prioritizing regression test case execution. RBA reorders an existing test suite, according to a set of proposed Refactoring Fault Models (RFMs), which comprise impact locations of certain refactorings. Although being the most used refactoring validation strategy in practice, regression suites might be inadequate. Inadequate test suites may prevent developers from initiating or performing refactorings due to the risk of introducing bugs. To complement testing validation and help developers to review refactorings, we propose REFDISTILLER, a static analysis approach for detecting missing and extra edits that deviate from a standard refactoring and thus may affect a program’s behavior. Both strategies (RBA and RefDistiller) focus on Java/JUnit systems and on a set of the most common refactoring types. Our evaluation using a data set composed by hard-to-identify refactoring faults shows that RBA improves the position of the first fault-revealing test case in 71% of the suites, also providing a better grouping rate (in 73% of the cases) for test cases in the prioritized sequence, when compared to well-know general purpose techniques. Regarding REFDISTILLER, it detects 97% of all faults from our data set with seeded refactoring faults, of which 24% are not detected by generated test suites. Moreover, in a study with open source projects. REFDISTILLER detects 22.1 times more anomalies than testing, with 94% precision on overage. Those results show that (i) RBA can considerably improve prioritization during perfective evolution, both by anticipating fault detection as well as by helping to giving more information about the defects earlier, and (ii) REFDISTILLER effectively complements dynamic analysis by finding additional anomalies, while providing information that help fault debugging/fixing.
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Yan, Virginia. "Early Wildfire Detection with Line Sensors." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2021. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2263.
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Over the last few years, wildfires have become more devastating to communities as the fires are inevitably destructive to many homes, businesses, and ecosystems. Frequent wildfires also pose a significant threat to power grids and nearby residents as they can damage transmission lines and other electrical equipment, which in turn can cause major power shutdowns. Especially in western U.S., severe drought conditions and weather variability cause residents to become more vulnerable to wildfire disasters as their safety is threatened. We are incompetent to control the wildfires effectively despite existing advanced technologies. Hence, an algorithm based on energy conservation and heat transfer mechanisms is created to examine the feasibility of line sag sensors to detect wildfires in an early stage. To test the algorithm, it is integrated with a 150-bus synthetic power network using MATLAB. The resulted conductor temperature from randomly selected parameters like fire locations, weather conditions, and fire rate of spread causes the change in line sag over 10 minutes. The line sag behavior is then analyzed under different scenarios. By monitoring real-time power line sag measurements, the analysis shows that early onset wildfires can be detected in less than 3 minutes and up to about 1 km from the power line to the fire. It is also suggested the utilization of silica fabrics on the sensors can provide thermal and fire protection while having no impact to the power line magnetic fields.
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Huntley, Sharon L. "Early detection and monitoring of fuel leaks." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431808.
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SOUZA, LUCIANO SAMPAIO MARTINS DE. "EARLY VULNERABILITY DETECTION FOR SUPPORTING SECURE PROGRAMMING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25822@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Programação segura é a prática de se escrever programas que são resistentes
a ataques de pessoas ou programas mal-intencionados. Os programadores de
software seguro precisam estar continuamente cientes de vulnerabilidades de
segurança ao escrever as instruções de código de um programa. Eles precisam
estar preparados para executar continuamente ações para prevenir ou removê-las
de seus programas. Neste cenário, as técnicas de análise estática foram concebidas
para encontrar vulnerabilidades no código-fonte. No entanto, a maioria das
técnicas existentes são construídas de uma maneira a incentivar a detecção de
vulnerabilidade tardiamente, apenas quando os desenvolvedores já tenham
produzido (e compilado) por completo um ou mais módulos de uma aplicação.
Portanto, esta abordagem, também conhecida como detecção tardia, não promove
programação segura, mas apenas análise retrospectiva de segurança. O atraso na
detecção de vulnerabilidades também é influenciado pela alta taxa de falsos
positivos, gerados pelo casamento de padrões, mecanismo comumente usado por
técnicas de análise estática. Esta dissertação tem dois objetivos. Em primeiro
lugar, nós propomos promover detecção de vulnerabilidades, enquanto o
desenvolvedor está editando cada instrução do programa, também conhecida
como detecção antecipada. A detecção antecipada pode aproveitar o
conhecimento do desenvolvedor sobre o contexto do código que está sendo
desenvolvido, ao contrário da detecção tardia em que os desenvolvedores
enfrentam dificuldades para lembrar detalhes do código vulnerável produzido a
horas ou semanas atrás. Nosso detector de vulnerabilidades é incorporado ao
editor de um ambiente integrado de desenvolvimento de software. Em segundo
lugar, vamos explorar uma técnica criada e comumente utilizada para a
implementação de otimizações em compiladores, chamada de análise de fluxo de
dados, doravante denominada como DFA. DFA tem a capacidade de seguir os
caminhos de um objeto, até a sua origem ou para caminhos onde o seu conteúdo
tenha sido alterado. DFA pode ser adequado para encontrar se um objeto tem um
ou mais caminhos vulneráveis. Para isso, implementamos um plugin Eclipse,
como prova de conceito, para detecção antecipada de vulnerabilidades em
programas Java. Depois disso, foram realizados dois estudos empíricos baseados
em vários sistemas da indústria para avaliar se a segurança de um código fonte
produzido pode ser melhorada através de DFA e detecção contínua de
vulnerabilidades. Nossos estudos confirmaram que: (i) análise de fluxo de dados
reduz significativamente a taxa de falsos positivos, quando comparada com
técnicas existentes, sem prejudicar o desempenho do detector, e (ii) a detecção
antecipada melhora a consciência entre os desenvolvedores e os incentiva a
corrigir vulnerabilidades de segurança prontamente.<br>Secure programming is the practice of writing programs that are resistant to
attacks by malicious people or programs. Programmers of secure software have to
be continuously aware of security vulnerabilities when writing their program
statements. They also ought to continuously perform actions for preventing or
removing vulnerabilities from their programs. In order to support these activities,
static analysis techniques have been devised to find vulnerabilities in the source
code. However, most of these techniques are built to encourage vulnerability
detection a posteriori, only when developers have already fully produced (and
compiled) one or more modules of a program. Therefore, this approach, also
known as late detection, does not support secure programming but rather
encourages posterior security analysis. The lateness of vulnerability detection is
also influenced by the high rate of false positives, yielded by pattern matching,
the underlying mechanism used by existing static analysis techniques. The goal of
this dissertation is twofold. First, we propose to perform continuous detection of
security vulnerabilities while the developer is editing each program statement,
also known as early detection. Early detection can leverage his knowledge on the
context of the code being created, contrary to late detection when developers
struggle to recall and fix the intricacies of the vulnerable code they produced from
hours to weeks ago. Our continuous vulnerability detector is incorporated into the
editor of an integrated software development environment. Second, we explore a
technique originally created and commonly used for implementing optimizations
on compilers, called data flow analysis, hereinafter referred as DFA. DFA has the
ability to follow the path of an object until its origins or to paths where it had its
content changed. DFA might be suitable for finding if an object has a vulnerable
path. To this end, we have implemented a proof-of-concept Eclipse plugin for
continuous vulnerability detection in Java programs. We also performed two
empirical studies based on several industry-strength systems to evaluate if the
code security can be improved through DFA and early vulnerability detection.
Our studies confirmed that: (i) the use of data flow analysis significantly reduces
the rate of false positives when compared to existing techniques, without being
detrimental to the detector performance, and (ii) early detection improves the
awareness among developers and encourages programmers to fix security
vulnerabilities promptly.
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Currie, Gemma Elizabeth. "Diabetic nephropathy : early detection and therapeutic strategies." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8008/.
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The increasing global prevalence of diabetes poses a huge challenge to health services. The diagnosis is accompanied by a reduction in life expectancy, primarily due to cardiovascular disease which is inextricably linked to microvascular complications such as diabetic nephropathy (DN). Microalbuminuria (MA) is generally accepted as the primary clinical hallmark of DN, but despite widespread prescribing of agents blocking the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) in these patients many continue to progress towards end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Clinical trials evaluating early initiation of RAAS blocking agents in untargeted, nonalbuminuric diabetic patients have shown potential for delaying disease progression but these effects are generally counterbalanced by side effects and adverse events associated with these therapies. Discovery of novel biomarkers to identify individuals at highest risk of DN who would stand to benefit most from targeted preclinical intervention would be a significant step towards implementation of personalised medicine in this population. One technique which shows promise is proteomics, based on the concept of separation and quantification of peptides in a biological sample to produce a disease-specific pattern. A panel of 273 urinary peptides (CKD273) has been shown to have potential for identification of nonalbuminuric diabetic patients who are at risk of progression to overt DN. However, many such novel biomarkers are described in the literature and to date none have successfully made the transition from research studies to routine clinical practice. In order to be considered for clinical implementation novel biomarkers are required to be subject to a rigorous evaluation process. In brief there are several key steps beginning with proof-of-concept studies; progressing through validation in independent populations to demonstration of incremental value beyond the current guideline-endorsed tests; thereafter proof of clinical applicability in determining treatment strategies and cost-effectiveness are required. The work contained within this thesis is designed to address each of these aspects with regard to use of the CKD273 proteomic panel as a biomarker for early detection of DN.
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Bodle, Sarah J. "Adhesion Based Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1503486302129822.
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FADDA, ANTONIO. "Early detection of colorectal cancer: biomarker discovery." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/249571.
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, with about 1.2 million new cases diagnosed each year. CRC derived from the gradual accumulation of both genetic and epigenetic changes that transform the normal intestinal glandular epithelium into invasive cancer. While the genetic alterations are already used as prognostic and predictive markers, epigenetic alterations are currently the subject of intense research in the biomedical field because are considered as common and early molecular events in carcinogenesis that potentially could be used as molecular markers.
The aims of this study were: to identify the alterations that characterize the CRC methylome; verify that these changes represent early events in the development of CRCs; explore the use of ultra-sensitive molecular techniques to track these alterations in biological matrices suitable for a non-invasive assessment (blood and stool); correlate the methylation alterations with the associated genes expression.
The methylome analysis, conducted by Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip on CRC and adenoma samples, has allowed us to delineate both the CRC methylation profile and that associated with precancerous stages.
The gene-set/pathway enrichment analysis conducted by Toppgene and based on case/control differential methylation analysis results of CRCs and adenomas, allowed the identification of pathways involved in CRC carcinogenesis. The contribution of these pathways had never been widely emphasized and discussed in the literature.
A very important result, emerged from the comparison of the genes belonging to the most altered significant pathways both in CRCs and adenomas, has been the identification of methylation alterations of regions, known as CpG islands, since the earliest stages of precancerous lesion suggesting that the alteration of specific pathways can lead the tumorigenic process. The selection of these regions has allowed us to identify a panel of biomarkers that can discriminate, with high specificity and sensitivity, CRCs and adenomas from peritumoral / normal counterpart. This panel has been extensively validated in silico in over 600 samples. We also evaluated the gene expression associated with these regions; more than 70% of hypermethylated CpG islands correlated with a downregulation in tumor tissue. To evaluate the usefulness of these biomarkers as a potential tool for non-invasive early diagnosis of CRC in clinical practice, we tried to trace through the use of ultra-sensitive techniques (methyl_BEAMING), the hypermethylation of three selected biomarkers in DNA extract from blood and stool. The hypermethylation of these regions, due to the presence of tumoral DNA, has been traced with great sensitivity and specificity in both matrices confirming the usefulness of these regions as possible biomarkers for the early diagnosis and traceability of residual disease of CRC.
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Schanda, Johannes. "Breakthroughts and early event detection : expanding new event detection to new frontiers." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.617008.
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Hosier, Melissa. "Autism and misdiagnosis : is early detection always accurate? /." Full text available online, 2008. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.
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Harrison, Lesley Karen. "Risk markers in the early detection of psychosis." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423443.
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This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the Degree for Doctor of Clinical Psychology at the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham. It comprises clinical work and research involved conducted throughout the duration of the course. Volume I of the thesis is presented in the form of three papers examining potential risk markers of early psychosis; impaired neuropsychological performance and dermatoglyphic anomalies. The first of the three papers is an empirical study that examines the neuropsychological performance in a group of participants, considered to be at ultra-high risk of psychosis, and compares it with that demonstrated by a control group. This paper is prepared for submission to the British Journal of Psychiatry. The second paper is a systematic literature review which examines the literature on dermatoglyphic anomalies associated with schizophrenia. This paper is prepared for submission to the British Journal of Psychiatry. The third paper is an executive summary that has been used to disseminate the main findings of this research to participants and health care professionals. The appendices contain correspondence regarding instructions for authors, ethical approval, assessment instructions, information sheets and consent forms. Volume II of the thesis contains five clinical practice reports that were submitted throughout the course. These reflect the training performed and the clinical work conducted. Clinical practice report one, models on adult placement: 'Formulating the case of a 55-year old woman with obsessive compulsive disorder: Psychodynamic and cognitive perspectives'. Clinical practice report two, small-scale service evaluation on child placement: 'Evaluating User Satisfaction of a Mental Health Drop In Service '. Clinical practice report three, case study on older adult placement: 'A cognitive-behaviouralformulation and intervention for a 67 year old woman with agoraphobia' and clinical practice report four, single-case experimental design on learning disabilities placement: 'A cognitive-behavioural intervention for a 49 year old gentleman with anger-related difficulties ', Clinical practice report five, the abstract for an oral presentation of a case study on specialist forensic placement: 'Cognitive formulation of a 20-year old Sikh male, charged with affray'. All names and identifying details in these reports have been changed to ensure confidentiality.
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Beattie, R. J. "Edge detection for semantically based early visual processing." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26281.
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Leenaars, Petronella Engelina Maria. "Prevention and early detection of sexually transmitted diseases." Amsterdam : Maastricht : Thesis Publishers ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1994. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6593.
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Li, Gerald. "Novel biomarkers for early cancer detection and screening." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43732.
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Early detection and screening have reduced mortality from many cancers, but there remains a need for improved biomarkers of risk. Cytometric DNA ploidy analysis has been used for the detection, treatment, and management of many cancers, but greater clinical utility would come with increased accuracy. Improvements to ploidy-based screening might come from adding complementary biological information.
The first aim combined ploidy with the additional biological information provided by malignancy associated changes as detected by automated nuclear morphometry. In 2249 sputum samples, the resultant biomarker, the Combined Score (CS), correlated with lung cancer risk factors like dysplasia grade, age, smoking status, and p53 and Ki-67 immunostaining. CS is a minimally invasive tool for risk assessment for the presence of precancerous lung lesions and could enrich chemoprevention trials with subjects likely to have high-risk dysplasias.
The second aim complemented ploidy with biological information provided by immunocytochemistry in a double staining procedure. Testing 49 cervical cytology brushings showed addition of Ki-67 immunostaining to distinguish abnormal cells from normal cycling cells did not improve ploidy’s ability to separate high- and low-grade dysplasias. Nevertheless, double staining with Feulgen thionin and immunocytochemistry was shown to be technically feasible, even with antigen retrieval, and might be applicable to other immunocytochemical stains.
Motivated by the ability to combine ploidy with immunocytochemistry, the third aim investigated techniques for biomarker discovery pertinent to cervical dysplasia development. Cervical squamous epithelium consists of a continuum of differentiating cells and carcinogenesis disrupts this cell maturation program. Gene expression differences between the basal and superficial epithelial layers and across various grades of dysplasia could catalyze the discovery of novel biomarkers through a better understanding of carcinogenesis. Microdissection and expression microarray analysis of molecular fixative preserved cervical biopsies resulted in the immunohistochemistry validation of four candidate targets showing correlation with dysplasia grade. This work underscores the importance and potential of accounting for heterogeneity within stratified squamous epithelium and constitutes the first report of successful gene expression microarray analysis of microdissected epithelial layers from molecular fixative preserved paraffin-embedded cervical specimens.
Ploidy combined with digital morphometry and immunocytochemistry can generate useful biomarkers of early squamous cell carcinomas.
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MacLellan, Sara Ann. "Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for early cancer detection." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44579.
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Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. Patients diagnosed at an early stage have an improved prognosis and therefore efforts have been made into the development of methods to detect tumors at their earliest stages. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression by interfering with the translation of target mRNAs. Studies have found that miRNAs are present at stable levels in the circulation and that they are differentially expressed in patients with various diseases. In this thesis we used qRT-PCR to assess the utility of 742 serum miRNAs as biomarkers for early cancer detection. In aim 1 we examined the levels of serum miRNAs in patients with high-risk oral lesions. We identified five miRNAs that are significantly deregulated in the serum of these patients compared to demographically matched, non-cancer controls. Additionally, these miRNAs correspondingly decreased or increased after surgical resection of the lesion. In aim 2 we examined the effect of hemolysis, fasting, and smoking on the serum miRNA levels of healthy individuals. We also compared serum miRNA profiles of samples taken from healthy individuals over different time periods. We found that mechanical hemolysis of blood samples simulating blood drawing can significantly alter serum miRNA quantification and should be taken into consideration when identifying endogenous controls and candidate biomarkers for circulating miRNA studies. Fasting, smoking, and a time period up to 17 months between samples were demonstrated to not have a significant effect on the overall serum miRNA profiles of healthy individuals. In aim 3 we compared the miRNA profiles of paired samples collected during surgery from the same patient from a) pulmonary venous effluent draining the tumor vascular bed (tumor associated samples) and b) systemic arterial blood to identify lung adenocarcinoma biomarkers. We found 35 miRNAs that were significantly up-regulated in tumor-associated serum samples. However, when we tested the candidate miRNAs in cancer versus non-cancer peripheral venous blood samples they were not significantly differentially expressed. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate the need for standardized protocols for circulating miRNA studies and provide evidence for the utility of serum miRNAs as biomarkers of disease.
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Ng, Wai-tong, and 吳偉棠. "Early detection and screening of familial nasopharyngeal carcinoma." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41290720.
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Henderson, Geoffrey T. "Early detection of dementia using the human electroencephalogram." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2356.
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Improved life expectancy has led to a significant increase in the number of people in the high-risk age groups that will develop Alzheimer's disease and other dementia. Efforts are being made to develop treatments that slow the progress of these diseases. However, unless a sufferer is diagnosed in the early stages the treatments cannot give the maximum benefit. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a practical, decision support tool that will enable the earliest possible detection of dementia within the large at-risk population. Current techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that are used to diagnose and assess neurological disorders require specialist equipment and expert clinicians to interpret results. Such techniques are inappropriate as a method of detecting individual subjects with early dementia within the large at-risk population, because everyone within the at-risk group would need to be tested regularly and this would carry a very high cost. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a low cost method of assessment. This thesis describes research into the use of automated EEG analysis to provide the required testing for dementia. The research begins with a review of previous automated EEG analysis, particularly fractal dimension measures. Initial investigation into the nature of the fractal dimension of the EEG are conducted, including problems encountered when applying fractal measures in affine space. More appropriate fractal methods were evaluated and the most promising of these methods was blind tested using an independent clinical data set. This method was estimated to achieve 67% sensitivity to probable early Alzheimer's disease and 17% sensitivity to vascular dementia (as confirmed by a clinical neurophysiologist from the EEG) with a specificity of 99.9%.
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Osgood, David Raymond. "The detection of the early stages of fire." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336804.
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Kelly, Kathleen. "The early detection of dyslexia in bilingual pupils." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269563.
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McCreesh, Brendan. "Early detection and monitoring of diabetic macular oedema." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399085.
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Lister, Sarah. "The early detection of social and communication impairments." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390012.
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Mengesha, T. (Tewodros). "ICT-based bracelet for early detection of depression." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2016. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201605221847.
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Information communication technology (ICT) has opened a door for different sectors to benefit from ICT by using its potential tools. Health industry is one sector benefiting from ICT solutions for improving service quality and productivity. By using ICT as a tool, this study raised one of the major social and health concern, depression also known as depressive disorder. The aim of this study was to find the potential ICT based solution for an early detection and monitoring of depression.
Individuals go through different phases of life for instance psychological trauma, sadness, sorrow, grief, unemployment and so on. The different life aspects lead individuals to depression and majority of us are not all fully aware of it. Time to time everyone feels down and gets the blues in reaction to frustration or a disturbing event which lasts a day or two. On the other hand, can last a lifetime and the illness is much more disabling. Blues has never been a cause for suicide but depression is.
The society we live in and the social norms we follow can have an impact to some sort of depression. It is not intentional but unnoticed small acts in our daily life routine can contribute to depression too. To treat depression many practice therapy and/or medical treatments. Depending on the stage of depression some get cured, some still suffer, and some commit suicide. In addition to that, depression is risk factor for coronary artery disease, cardiovascular disease and stroke. It has been proved and witnessed that depressed individuals respond better to treatment at early stage of depression.
By applying design science research (DSR) methodology as an approach, the ultimate goal of this study was to find optimal ICT based solution that can be used to monitor depression at early stage. Literature review was used to gather earlier knowledge on wearable technology and depression itself. While conducting the research, senior citizens are on focus as they are more prone to depression than younger generations.
Criteria-based self-assessment questionnaire and interview are the methods used by physicians to diagnose depression and its stage. This trend is susceptible to misinterpretation and inaccuracy as the diagnosis often depends on patient’s subjective understanding of depression. Based on earlier knowledge, depression types and symptoms are listed on this study. From the major symptoms of depression; loss of interest in activity, stress and insomnia can be monitored using wrist worn device. As an artefact this thesis sets requirements for wearable device that can monitor heart rate, individual’s activity and sleep patterns. The collected data from the wearable device are physical and physiological data set, which can further be used as an additional input by physicians to determine the existence of depression and its current stage. This data input also helps in reducing the risk of misinterpreting diagnosis.
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Slyvka, Nataliia Oleksyivna, Y. B. Yakubovska, and A. O. Zakrutko. "Early detection of hepatorenal syndrome in liver cirrhosis." Thesis, Збірник тез наукових робіт учасників міжнародної науково-практичної конференції. "Сучасні тенденції розвитку медичної науки та медичної практики". - м. Львів, 25-26 грудня 2015 р, 2015. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11346.
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Slyvka, Nataliia Oleksyivna, Y. B. Yakubovska, and A. O. Zakrutko. "Early detection of hepatorenal syndrome in liver cirrhosis." Thesis, Збірник тез наукових робіт учасників міжнародної науково-практичної конференції. "Сучасні тенденції розвитку медичної науки та медичної практики". - м. Львів, 25-26 грудня 2015 р, 2015. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11328.
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Ng, Wai-tong. "Early detection and screening of familial nasopharyngeal carcinoma." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41290720.
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Zheng, Xue Lin. "A Framework for Early Detection of Requirements Defects." Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366377.
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This thesis is about early detection of requirements defects. Software-centred systems’ defects can cause loss of life, loss of property, loss of data and economic losses. Requirements defects are a major source of system defects. The early detection of requirements defects prevents software-centred systems’ defects, and thus reduces the various types of losses. In the past thirty years, many methods have been developed to detect requirements defects. The most prominent methods include inspections, automated static analysis, simulation, formal specifications and more recently model-checking. Each method has different strengths and weaknesses. The lack of integration of the different detection techniques produces a knowledge gap that causes problems with repeatability, scalability, effectiveness, and efficiency of the detection process. This knowledge gap is enlarged by the lack of a well-specified defect classification scheme that specifies quality rules, collects defects, specifies defect patterns, and classifies the patterns. This thesis proposes a framework for early defect detection based on Behavior trees, a representation which makes it practical to integrate the various detection techniques. Individual requirements are translated one at a time into Requirements Behavior Trees. These Requirements Behavior Trees are then integrated into an Integrated Behavior Tree that can be inspected, statically analysed, model checked and simulated. The framework is based on the hypothesis that if a well-specified defect classification scheme is developed and different types of detectors are integrated to detect patterns that suit their capabilities and if processes are developed to cover the complete requirements lifecycle, then the framework’s detection results will be more effective and more efficient, and the results will be more repeatable and scalable than existing methods. The framework includes a Behavior Trees defect classification scheme. The scheme defines defect patterns for requirements written in English and requirements specified by Behavior Trees. The scheme has a variety of defect patterns. Each defect pattern contains the characteristics of a type of defect. Defect patterns are grouped together based on the quality rules that they violate. This framework and the hypothesis have been tested using four case studies. The results of the case studies found that compared to the Perspective-based Reading method and three conventional requirements analysis methods the framework proposed was more effective and able to detect a broader range of defect types. However, because of the lack of the tool support, the efficiency of the method is still questionable. It should however improve with better tool support.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Information and Communication Technology<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text
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Schillermann, Marcia. "Early Detection and Prevention of Corporate Financial Fraud." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6117.
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The economic cost of financial statement fraud continues to be a problem for organizations and society. The research problem addressed in this study was the limited risk management strategies available for the early detection and prevention of financial statement fraud by corporate managers and auditors. These strategies are important to the proactive prevention of fraud. This study is important to future trustworthiness of financial statements. The purpose of this qualitative, multiple-case study was to explore current early detection and prevention methods in financial statement fraud using a risk management conceptual framework. The research question focused on current fraud detection and prevention policies and risk management strategies that are currently used for proactively detecting and preventing financial statement fraud. Multiple sources of information were used, including examining recent financial fraud scandals, interviews, documents, and past research. The target population was managers and auditors of publicly traded corporations. A purposive sampling procedure was used to select 23 participants, which provided rich data. The qualitative data was coded and analyzed using the concept of risk management, along with triangulation to ensure credibility. The key findings indicated that current practitioners are moving beyond the era of reactive measures born from the past fraud crises and are working toward improved financial statement quality and trust. The results of the study also indicated that future research should include proactive methods of preventing fraud. This study is socially significant because it could enhance the ability to trust financial statement reporting in the future and improve corporate reputations.
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Quintana, Plana Josep. "Computer vision techniques for early detection of skin cancer." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/82072.
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This thesis investigates the problem of developing new computer vision techniques for early detection of skin cancer. The first part of this work presents a novel methodology to correct color reproduction in dermatological images when different cameras and/or dermoscopes are used. Next, the problem of automatic full body mapping is addressed by proposing a mosaicing method based on an on-the-shelf digital compact camera and a set of markers. This method increases the possibilities of total body photography by taking the low-resolution images of a whole body exploration and automatically combining them into a high-resolution photomosaic. The third contribution of this work consists of the development of a full body scanner for acquiring cutaneous images. On one hand, the scanner reduces the long time-consuming examinations done in dermoscopy explorations, and on the other hand, it increases the resolution of total body photography systems.<br>En aquesta tesi s'investiga el desenvolupament de noves tècniques de visió per computador per a la detecció del càncer de pell. La primera part del treball presenta una nova metodologia per a la correcció del color en imatges dermatològiques quan s'utilitzen diferents càmeres i/o els dermatoscops.
A continuació és proposa una solució al problema del registre automàtic d'imatges de cos complert amb la proposta d’un mètode de mosaicing basat en l'ús de càmeres compactes i un conjunt de markers. Incrementant les possibilitats de la fotografia de cos complert mitjançant la combinació automàtica d’imatges de baixa resuloció per a l'obtenció d'un fotomosaic d’alta resolució. La tercera contribució d'aquest treball consisteix en el desenvolupament d'un escàner de cos complert per a l'adquisició d'imatges cutànies. D'una banda l'escàner redueix el llarg temps necessari per a les exploracions dermatoscòpiques, i de l'altre, incrementa la resolució de la fotografia de cos complet.
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Wu, Tao. "Quantitative optical imaging for the detection of early cancer /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECED%202007%20WU.
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Link, Norah K. "Curvature cues and discontinuity detection in early orientation selection." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66000.
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Turner, Richard john. "Early detection of ripple propagation in evolving software systems." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5702/.
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Ripple effect analysis is the analysis of the consequential knock on effects of a change to a software system. In the first part of this study, ripple effect analysis methods are classified into several categories based on the types of information the methods analyse and produce. A comparative and analytical study of methods from these categories was performed in an attempt to assist maintainers in the selection of ripple effect analysis methods for use in different phases of the software maintenance process. It was observed that existing methods are most usable in the later stages of the software maintenance process and not at an early stage when strategic decisions concerning project scheduling are made. The second part of the work, addresses itself to the problem of tracing the ripple effect of a change, at a stage earlier in the maintenance process than existing ripple effect analysis methods allow. Particular emphasis is placed upon the development of ripple effect analysis methods for analysing system documentation. The ripple effect analysis methods described in this thesis involve manipulating a novel graph theory model called a Ripple Propagation Graph. The model is based on the thematic structure of documentation, previous release information and expert judgement concerning potential ripple effects. In the third part of the study the Ripple Propagation Graph model and the analysis methods are applied and evaluated, using examples of documentation structure and a major case study.
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Charnley, Richard Michael. "The early detection of recurrent and metastatic colorectal cancer." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277384.
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Lecomber, Andrew Roddie. "Optimisation of dental intraoral radiography for early caries detection." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247963.
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Mandurah, S. M. "Simulation modelling for an early detection of breast cancer." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235215.
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Jones, Simon Keith. "Mathematical modelling for early detection and treatment of cancer." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241869.
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Robinson, Chloe V. "Early detection and establishment assessment of aquatic invasive species." Thesis, Swansea University, 2018. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa47968.
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Aquatic invasive species are drivers of ecological change through directly competing with native counterparts, causing alterations in community structure and acting as vectors for the introduction of novel pathogens. A combination of human-mediated introductions and accidental releases from aquaculture facilities has enabled highly invasive species, including the American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus), Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) and topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) to become established in Great Britain. I assessed the factors which could have facilitated their establishment success and dispersal, including genetic diversity. Novel tools such as environmental DNA and citizen science have been proven effective for detecting and monitoring aquatic invasive species. Yet, the motivation for participation and continued data collection in citizen science initiatives are not clear. I have determined that multiple introductions from different source populations are likely to have contributed to the invasion success of signal crayfish in Great Britain. Secondly, I have developed and employed a quantitative PCR environmental DNA multiplex which has enabled simultaneous detection of non-native pathogens (crayfish plague) alongside native and invasive crayfish species, providing information on the coexistence of native and invasive crayfish in absence of crayfish plague. Application of this assay in water and sediment samples has also highlighted the relative impacts of river barriers on mitten crab and signal crayfish dispersal and demonstrated that similar DNA results can be achieved by utilising both types of samples. I also developed a species-specific DNA assay for topmouth gudgeon which detected its presence despite lack of visual confirmation, emphasising the greater sensitivity of environmental DNA tools. Finally, I designed and launched a citizen science initiative in an attempt to assess distribution and pathogen status of signal crayfish, which highlighted the complexity of ensuring participation for successful invasive species initiatives.
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Mundnich, Batic Karel Bogomir. "Early detection of high volatility clusters using particle filters." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2013. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/115486.
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Ingeniero Civil Electricista<br>El presente trabajo explora y analiza el uso de herramientas de procesamiento de señales que son comunes en áreas de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Pronóstico y Gestión de Salud en el análisis de series de tiempo financieras. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es detectar eventos de alto riesgo en una etapa temprana. De esta forma, el algoritmo propuesto emplea la fuerte relación entre volatilidad y riesgo y detecta clusters de alta volatilidad mediante el uso de la información obtenida de los procesos de estimación a través de Filtro de Partículas.
Para alcanzar el objetivo mencionado, se utiliza la representación de espacio-estado estocástica uGARCH para modelar la volatilidad de retornos compuestos continuamente. Dada la no-observabilidad de la volatilidad, se implementan dos esquemas de Filtro de Partículas para su estimación: los enfoques clásico y sensible al riesgo. Este último incluye el uso de una Distribución de Pareto Generalizada como propuesta para el funcional de riesgo (y distribución de importancia) para asegurar la asignación de partículas en regiones del espacio-estado que están asociadas a variaciones rápidas de volatilidad del sistema.
Para evaluar correctamente el rendimiento de las rutinas de filtrado, se han generado seis conjuntos de datos, donde ambos el estado y las mediciones son conocidas. Además, se ha realizado un análisis de sensibilidad sobre los seis conjuntos de datos, para así obtener los parámetros que permiten la mejor estimación de volatilidad. De estos resultados, se calculan valores promedios de parámetros que son luego utilizados en el esquema de detección.
La etapa de detección explora tres diferentes técnicas. Primero, se propone la utilización de un test de hipótesis entre las estimaciones a priori y a posteriori de las distribuciones de probabilidad del Filtro de Partículas Sensible al Riesgo. Segundo, se utiliza el Discriminante de Fisher para comparar las estimaciones a posteriori de las densidades entre el Filtro de Partículas Clásico y el Sensible al Riesgo. Finalmente, se utiliza la Divergencia de Kullback-Leibler de la misma forma que el Discriminante de Fisher. Los algoritmos propuestos son probados en los datos generados artificialmente y en datos de acciones de IBM.
Los resultados demuestran que el Filtro de Partículas Sensible al Riesgo propuesto supera la precisión del Filtro de Partículas en momentos de alzas no esperadas de volatilidad. Por otra parte, el test de hipótesis empleado en el proceso de filtrado sensible al riesgo detecta correctamente la mayoría de las alzas repentinas de volatilidad que conducen a la detección temprana de clusters de alta volatilidad. Finalmente, los algoritmos de detección propuestos basados en Discriminante de Fisher y Divergencia de Kullback-Leibler llevan a resultados donde la detección no es posible.
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Karunanithy, Robinson. "MICROPARTICLE IMMUNOASSAY METHODS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF OVARIAN CANCER." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2666.
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Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. However, the mortality rate is relatively high, due to in part to the cancer being in an advance stage at diagnosis, since it is often asymptomatic at the early-stage with a ~94% of five-year survival rate if it is diagnosed at a localized stage (stage 1). Early detection of cancer would likely improve the survival rate. Scientists are searching for novel promising methods to detect ovarian cancer at an asymptomatic early stage; also, the method is cheap and user-friendly despite there are various techniques for ovarian cancer detection. Cancer antigen 125 (CA125), a type of serum biomarker that elevates ~50% of women with early-stage and ~80% of women with advanced-stage, is used mostly for screening epithelial ovarian cancer. However, the lack of sensitivity and specificity are known to be the main drawback of CA125. Finding new potential biomarkers that diagnose cancer at a localized stage will significantly reduce the mortality rate. Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is such a biomarker that has a higher sensitivity and specificity compared to all other known biomarkers, and recently it has been approved by food and drug administration (FDA) for clinical applications.In this project, we developed sandwich-type micro particles immunoassay for sensitive detection of HE4 biomarker in plasma. Here, we cross-link elemental particles to a specific functional group of the targeted biomolecules based on a covalent and non-covalent linking chemistry to improve the sensitivity and the selectivity of biomarker detection in which Fe3O4 and SiO2 microparticles were used to conjugate and purify the antibody-antigen in a media. The purified assay with the microparticles was analyzed with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for detection and quantization analysis of the HE4 biomarker. Furthermore, along with LIBS, Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and UV- Vis spectroscopic techniques were utilized to understand the conjugation dynamic and confirm the conjugation process.
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Fernandes, Ninette M. "The Detection of Prefrontal Cortex Development into Early Adulthood." Marietta College / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marietta1164924291.
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Andersson, Martina. "Local, intestinal biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaci, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445701.
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest cancers in the world. The early stage of the disease is usually asymptomatic and therefore screening methods for colorectal cancer need to improve. There is a need for early detection of CRC as treatment is less effective in the advanced stage of the disease. The current standard screening methods are endoscopy and fecal immunochemical blood tests. Endoscopy is a commonly used method to diagnose the patient, but it is costly, time consuming, and rather unpopular for the patients. An alternative could be to develop targeted molecular imaging probes that specifically deliver agents for example magnetic resonance imaging to colon adenomas and adenocarcinomas. This alternative would be non-invasive and able to detect the disease before morphological changes become evident. Biomarkers are used as an objective indicator of an altered biological process. Here, a literature study was conducted to identify protein biomarkers that are overexpressed in early stages of CRC. This study has focused on biomarkers that could be used to target imaging agents to cancerous lesions. Thus, the biomarkers need to be membrane-bound and expressed on the luminal side of the gastrointestinal tract. This will help future research to develop orally administered targeted imaging probes. Furthermore, a smaller literature search was conducted to identify cell and mouse models representing early stages of CRC. This was done to facilitate translational research going from in vitro to in vivo. Ideally the same protein is available in cell lines, mouse models and humans to enable translational research. This work has resulted in the selection of 7 different proteins that are upregulated during early stages of CRC. These proteins are potentially apically located and therefore possible targets for monoclonal antibodies. These findings might lead to a novel way for preventive patient screening and hopefully reduce the mortality for colorectal cancer.
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Hart, Andrew R. "The early detection of colorectal cancer and its prevention." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34100.
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Three cross-sectional surveys of acceptance of faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer screening, one survey of non-acceptors and one randomised controlled trial of an information leaflet were conducted. These were workplace based schemes in the private and public sectors and opportunistic screening using blood donors as a model. Simple educational leaflets explaining the high frequency of colorectal cancer and screening which addressed reasons for non-compliance were investigated. Subjects completed faecal occult blood tests at home and those with positive results underwent colonoscopy. Completion of tests in general practice in those aged 51 to 70 years was 33% (665/2029) in men and 42% (900/2147) in women. In private industry in subjects aged 41 to 65 years, compliance in men was 25% (425/1703) and in women 32% (40/125). In public industry in subjects aged 41 to 65 years compliance was 32% (53/165) in men and 46% (376/820) in women. With opportunistic screening at the blood donor centre compliance in those offered screening aged 51 to 65 years was 66% (75/114) in men and in women 59% (41/70). The health educational leaflets increased awareness of cancer and screening and raised intention to participate in a 100 subjects accompanying patients to hospital clinics. Reasons for non-compliance addressed in the leaflet, were identified from an interview survey of 81 non-compliers in Market Harborough. Common reasons were the unpleasantness of stool collection, lack of appreciation that healthy subjects should participate, fear of further tests and surgery and intercurrent illness. After piloting the leaflet it was tested in a randomised community controlled trial in general practice in subjects aged 61 to 70 years. The leaflet increased compliance in men from 25% (91/360) to 38% (143/381) (X2=12.9, p 0.001), but was ineffective in women (33%, 134/405, vs 34%, 145/425, X2=0.1,ns). Organisers of screening should consider opportunistic approaches and health education leaflets to increase participation. As compliance in this study was lower than in some other programmes, more work is needed to identify other reasons for non-compliance.
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Gomez, Bulla Juliana. "Detection, diagnosis and management of the early carious lesion." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/detection-diagnosis-and-management-of-the-early-carious-lesion(f7ae030d-fe41-4e3d-802a-a3cd8c0e978d).html.
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The current evidenced-based caries understanding, based on biological concepts, involves new approaches in caries detection, assessment, and management that should include non-cavitated lesions. The purpose of the studies presented in this thesis was to investigate the current available evidence on methods to detect non-cavitated lesions (NCCls), the current evidence related to the efficacy of non-surgical caries preventive methods to arrest or reverse the progression of NCCls, the current evidence for the prediction of caries using four caries risk assessment systems/guidelines and a review of the literature related to alternative caries clinical trial methods for oral care products. The purpose of the in vitro studies was to study the performance of different caries detection methods (ICDAS, ICDAS photographs, FOTI, QLF, OCT, Soprolife) in detecting early caries lesions and in particular and to assess the QLF ability to detect changes after remineralisation/demineralisation cycles. The last study was a cross-sectional study aiming to investigate the caries management decisions for early caries lesions among dentists. The results of the systematic reviews (Paper I-IV) suggest a large variation of Sensitivity, Specificity and lack of consistence on the definition of disease among the detection methods assessed. The evidence on Caries Risk Assessment Systems is limited and the current systems seem not to predict future disease. In terms of Caries Management, according to the evidence fluorides continue to be the most effectiveness anti-caries agent. The evidence on abbreviated clinical trials showed excellent discrimination between anti-caries products in short clinical trials with fewer subjects using more sensitive caries detection methods. Paper V, showed that all the caries detection methods assessed in this study, except for OCT (0.65), were strongly correlated with Histology. In papers VI and VII, QLF showed the ability to detect differences between two NaF toothpastes (550 ppm F, 1100 ppm F) and a fluoride placebo treatment in two pH cycling models. Finally, the results of the questionnaire on Caries Related Treatment Decisions (Paper VIII) revealed that 60% of the dentists are practising prevention in occlusal early lesions. However, a large number of dentists are still oriented towards a restorative approach and do not base their treatment decisions on individual caries risk. The main conclusions from this thesis are that: 1) A comprehensive management system should include initial caries lesions; 2) Visual examinations is still the standard method of detection, other methods may be included for monitoring purposes; 3) QLF was able to detect remineralisation of artificial carious lesions and inhibition of demineralisation in sound enamel after two remineralisation/demineralisation pH cycling models; 4) The results of the cross-over study indicate that Colombian dentists have not yet fully adopted conservative treatment for early caries lesions.
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Meissner, Dawn Marie. "Lost in translation the early detection of Asperger syndrome /." Online version, 2004. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2004/2004meissnerd.pdf.
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Behi, Mohammadreza. "Fabrication of Nanobiosensor for Early Detection of Cancer Biomarker." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20737.
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The common problem with all different forms of cancer is that many people experience the symptoms, and have it diagnosed when it is too late. Nanobiosensors have become essential tools in early cancer biomarker detection and quantification, in which nanoprobe materials and composition play crucial roles in achieving sensitive and stable detection. Although nanobiosensing techniques are proved to be robust and efficient, most of them are time-consuming and still suffer from the lack of accuracy and sensitivity for clinical diagnostics. This thesis aimed to address these shortcomings by developing a new class of hybrid nanobiosensing platform based on low dimensional materials with niche electro-optical properties and favorable surface chemistry. The multifunctional carbon nanomaterials (core optical element), named as Carbon Dots (CDs), were engineered through a systematic hydrothermal reaction to achieve the right affinity features for conjugation to a wide range of macromolecules (e.g., peptides and proteins) and polymers (e.g., hydrogels). The hybrid nanobiosensor arrays (named as PACD) employing a family of helix-loop-helix polypeptides de novo, carbon, and gold nanomaterials were fabricated through a step-wise covalent self-nanoassembly. This method is based on matrilysin-digestible peptides (i.e. JR2EC) that are anchored between gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) cores (~30-50 nm) and carbon quantum dot (CDs) satellites (~2-7 nm). The AuNP–CDs produce ideal optical signals, with noticeable fluorescence quenching effects. Upon peptide cleavage by matrilysin, CDs leave the surface of gold nanoparticles, resulting in ultra-fast (nearly 30 seconds) detectable violet and visible fluorescent signals at the limit of detection of 30 nM. The overall knowledge of the underpinnings of synthesizing low-dimensional materials, synthetic bioreceptors and the modular self-assembled nanoarchitectures will make it possible to aim for a universal-multifunctional platform for multiplex detection of several diseases, targeted drug delivery, and drug discovery.
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Yadav, Sharda. "Serological and Mechanobiological Approaches for Early Detection of Cancer." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/392369.
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Cancer is globally the second leading cause of death. Early diagnosis of cancer is crucial for reducing the associated morbidity and mortality along with the growing cancer burden. In resource-poor settings, cancer is often diagnosed at a late-stage of the disease resulting in lower survival and potentially greater morbidity and higher costs of treatment. Even in countries with a strong health care system and services, many cancer cases are diagnosed at a late stage due to the lack of proper early detection tools. The delay in cancer diagnosis and inaccessible treatment are therefore the critical bottle necks for cancer control. Currently, tissue biopsy is considered as the gold standard technique for the accurate diagnosis of solid tumours. Furthermore, multiple protein biomarkers are used in either diagnosis or therapy monitoring of cancer. However, these techniques are limited either by detection at the later stage or being tedious, costly and time consuming. Moreover, the lack of sophisticated scientific equipment in resource-poor settings leads to an urgent need for developing methods that rely on minimally equipped facilities and deliver sensitive and specific results in a rapid and inexpensive manner. The overall objective of my PhD is to develop simple, inexpensive and accurate platforms for early detection of cancer.
To achieve the above-mentioned objective, my first research endeavour was to develop a cancer diagnostic technique by detection of autoantibodies against tumour associated autoantigens (TAAs). Autoantibodies are produced against TAAs long before the appearance of any symptoms and thus can serve as promising biomarker of cancer. In this study, we used gold embedded magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with the tumour antigen p53. The p53 conjugated nanoparticles were dispersed into the serum of colon cancer sample, where they bound to p53 specific autoantibodies. Electrochemical detection demonstrated the limit of detection as low as 0.02 U ml-1. In addition, spectrophotometric and visual (naked eye) measurements for rapid detection of autoantibodies was performed. Overall, the platform reported had shown excellent analytical performance with high specificity and sensitivity.
In the second part of the thesis, I explored a diagnostic approach for cancer based on biophysical properties of the cells. Cell stiffness is an important marker that changes in metastatic cells. Measurement of cell stiffness may predict the possible metastasis of cells. Here, we used an electromagnetic cell stretching device to apply cyclic strain onto the cells. The effects of stretching forces on cancer cells was first evaluated by morphological examination. I observed that mechanical force applied to cancer cells increased the rearrangement of actin microfilament and enhanced their expression. Cancer cells were also observed to reduce their roundness (as determined by perimeter: area), increasing their length and forming filopodia in the initial stretching cycle. As biophysical clues are present long before the onset of cancer, this work suggested that the rigidity measured with the cell stretching platform can serve as an indicator of the cancer status of cells.
I further investigated the effect of stretching on the expression of RhoA and Rac1 by using ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay) in breast and liver cancer cells. RhoA and Rac1 are member of RhoGTPases and are involved in maintaining homeostasis in cells during mechanical stresses. We noticed that stretching cancer cells induces significantly higher expression of RhoA and Rac1 markers as compared to non-stretched cells and stretched control cells in vitro. This stretching strategy indicate the ability to detect and quantify signals, which are normally too weak to be detected. The major advantage of this platform was the enhancement of the sensitivity of assay by overexpression of the markers. This simple and effective approach ensured a sensitive and inexpensive method to detect cancer protein biomarkers.
Collectively, this thesis reports simple platforms for cancer diagnostics either by estimating the autoantibodies or by exploiting the biophysical cues. Estimating difference in biophysical properties have opened a new avenue on cancer diagnostics research. Extending some fundamental research and further evaluation on a larger cancer type and sample cohort would increase the translational readiness of the platforms reported in this thesis.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Environment and Sc<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text
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Holleran, Shannon. "The Early Detection of Depression from Social Networking Sites." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196085.
Full textAbstract:
Depression has a high prevalence among college students. Because it is a highly private (i.e. experiential) and socially stigmatized mental illness, it often goes undetected in daily life. The basic research question behind this line of research is how students' postings on their social networking websites can be used for the early detection of depression. The current research investigates how well depression can be gauged from MySpace profiles (Study 1) and Facebook profiles (Study 2 & Study 3). Across studies, the results reveal that depression can be assessed with a moderate degree of accuracy. In addition, Study 3 presents evidence that viewing "mini-blogs" allows for similar levels of accuracy compared to viewing an entire profile and the degree to which a person is Extraverted or censors information about themselves (e.g. Impression Management, Public Self-Consciousness) influences the degree of accuracy. Overall, the results speak to the idea that social networking sites can be a cost effective and clinically relevant tool to detecting depression.
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Purkayastha, Mitana. "Investigation into opportunities for early detection of oral cancer." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9080/.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Early detection strategies for oral cancer aim to decrease the mortality rates and improve outcomes of the disease through early diagnosis and treatment. Guidance and regulatory bodies have an expectation that general dental practitioners will be able to promptly detect and refer patients with suspected oral cancerous lesions. However, the opportunities for early detection of oral cancer in primary dental care settings (particularly considering the low overall volume of the disease, the potentially increasing incidence rates, and the possibility of certain communities exhibiting particularly high rates) have not yet been investigated. This thesis examines the feasibility of early detection of oral cancer in primary dental care services, and undertakes risk-stratification to identify “high-risk” communities that can be utilised to target future early detection efforts. It further explores potential or missed opportunities for early detection in dental and other healthcare settings (both primary and secondary care), and assesses the feasibility of exploring routes to diagnosis. Aim: The aim of this thesis was to investigate opportunities for the early detection of oral cancer in Scotland by measuring the current burden of the disease, examining the feasibility of early detection in a dental setting, and exploring the potential role of alternative health care settings in early detection efforts. Methods: Descriptive epidemiological and data linkage cohort studies utilising national routine administrative health datasets were undertaken. The descriptive epidemiological analysis included all cases of head and neck cancer diagnosed between 1975 and 2012 and registered on the Scottish cancer Registry and annual midterm population estimates. These data were used to examine the incidence trends between 1975 and 2012 and the projected burden up to 2025 by individual subsites (oral cavity cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, and laryngeal cancer), age, sex, health board region, and socioeconomic status. The cohort study included all patients diagnosed with oral cancer between 2010 and 2012 and registered on the Scottish Cancer Registry. The individual patient data were linked to NHS dental service activity in the two years prior to diagnosis, and this linked cohort dataset and published NHS Scotland dental workforce and registration and participation statistics were used to examine dental attendance rates and the feasibility of early detection of oral cancer in the primary dental care setting. The individual patient data from the cohort were also linked to the hospital outpatient, hospital inpatient/day case, primary dental care, and general practitioner prescription databases. These four healthcare services were selected based on data availability. The linked data were used to examine all healthcare service contacts made by the cohort in the two years prior to referral. Additionally, a preliminary exploration of the referral period (defined as the one-month period prior to diagnosis) was also undertaken. Results and conclusions: The findings of this thesis showed that the incidence rates of head and neck cancer had increased in Scotland between 1975 and 2012, and this appeared to be largely driven by a dramatic rise in the rates of oropharyngeal cancer in recent decades. This burden was predicted to continue to rise up to 2025, with the rates of oropharyngeal cancer bypassing the rates of oral cavity cancer, which were expected to exhibit only a modest increase. Males, individuals above 60 years of age, and those from the most deprived areas of Scotland consistently exhibited the highest rates of cancer, irrespective of subsite. Moreover, an almost dose-like effect was seen to exist, with the rates of cancer increasing with the level of deprivation. Therefore, contrary to previous reports that oropharyngeal cancer exhibited an inverse socioeconomic profile, Scotland country-level data showed that those from the most deprived areas consistently bore the greatest incidence burden of head and neck cancer. Despite these increasing trends, the overall burden of oral cancer in Scotland was relatively low, and just over half of the cohort examined in this thesis had not contacted a general dental practitioner in the two years prior to diagnosis, thus automatically limiting opportunities for early detection. Dentists were estimated to potentially encounter one patient with oral cancer every 10 years, one patient with oral cavity cancer every 17 years, and one patient with oropharyngeal cancer every 25 years. Therefore, strategies for early detection must consider the rarity of oral cancer incidence and the poor dental attendance patterns of patients, and the expectations of dentists in these efforts must be tempered. These results also highlight the importance of improving access and uptake of dental services among those at the highest risk of developing oral cancer (i.e. those from the most deprived communities). When examining the linked cohort data and undertaking a look-back analysis of their healthcare service contact history, just under half (45%) of the patients diagnosed with oral cancer were seen to have actually visited a primary care dental service clinic in the two years prior to the start of the referral period. However, the majority of the patients with oral cancer had contacted one of the four healthcare services examined (hospital outpatient, hospital inpatient/day-case, primary dental care, and general practitioner prescription) at least once over the same period, suggesting that there were potential or missed opportunities for the early detection of oral cancer in primary dental care and alternative healthcare settings. The proportions of patients contacting the four services increased closer to the start of the referral period, as did the mean number of contacts made with each service. Although not all of these instances would have necessarily been associated with missed opportunities for early detection, it was highly likely that there were potential or missed opportunities amongst at least some of the patients with oral cancer. The two most common services contacted most recently before the start of the referral period were general practitioner prescription and hospital outpatient, and there was a possibility that these services were the sources of referral. The hospital specialties contacted most frequently during the one-month referral period were ENT, oral surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and general surgery, suggesting that these contacts were likely to have been associated with the signs and symptoms of oral cancer. While no significant opportunities for the early detection of oral cancer in hospital or secondary care settings were identified, these findings demonstrated considerable potential in other primary care settings, particularly general medical practices and community pharmacies.
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Price, Capri Ann. "Early Detection of Corrosion via Hydrogel-based Spectroelectrochemical Sensors." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4637.
Full textAbstract:
The backbone of the industrialized world is comprised of refined, zerovalent metal, a material which thermodynamically favors an oxidative return to more chemically stable states. There are many methods used to slow or delay this process, such as protective coatings, sacrificial anodes, and alloys, but no method can entirely prevent corrosion. This body of work instead proposes detecting the earliest chemical markers of corrosion: that is, metal ions as they solubilize from a metal surface. Such information would allow maintenance personnel to make informed decisions about the necessity or lack thereof of preventive maintenance, and intervene before advanced damage has a chance to occur.
This dissertation finds that hydrogel-based sensors are capable of such detection and offer a multisensory response, with colorimetric, electrical, volumetric and vibrational changes. Both the colorimetric and electrical trends were calibrated and used for quantification of metal ions both in solution and directly from metal substrate surfaces. Observing how the hydrogels responded to various metal ions contributed to a greater understanding of how ion-headgroup associations can affect the sensory responses of a hydrogel, something that can be exploited in future sensor work. The ability of the sensors to detect ions directly from metal surfaces allowed for an investigation of the protective quality of fatty acids as corrosion inhibitors. A range of chain lengths were tested using the hydrogels, and the comparison to current characterization techniques showed good correlation. This accessible technique, beyond contributing to the current meager literature of fatty acids as corrosion inhibitors, can also allow for the determination of acceptable benchmarks of corrosion, information that is sorely needed to efficiently steward global infrastructure.