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1

Kolase, Sanjay, Sachin Jagtap, and Pravin Khaire. "Unlocking Natures Secret: Revealing the Culprit Behind Maharashtra Papaya Ringspot Disease." Journal of Advances in Microbiology 24, no. 7 (2024): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2024/v24i7836.

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The papaya ringspot disease (PRSD) in Western Maharashtra, India, it is a big threat to cause complete loss in papaya cultivation and the symptomatology of this disease is still insufficient to identify with accuracy to manage the disease. Therefore, the current research was conducted during year 2020-21 with objective to check the occurrence and severity of disease in five major papaya growing districts (Ahmednagar, Pune, Sangli and Satara and Solapur) by using 0-4 disease rating scale. The further studies on Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were employed for identification of virus ass
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2

MAOKA, Tetsuo. "Studies on Papaya Ringspot Virus." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 62, no. 3 (1996): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.62.220.

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3

Gonsalves, Dennis, Steve Ferreira, Richard Manshardt, Maureen Fitch, and Jerry Slightom. "Transgenic Virus Resistant Papaya: New Hope for Controlling Papaya Ringspot Virus in Hawaii." Plant Health Progress 1, no. 1 (2000): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2000-0621-01-rv.

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Papaya ringspot potyvirus (PRSV) is rapidly transmitted by a number of aphid species and causes the most serious virus disease of papaya worldwide. This article reviews research to develop transgenic papaya using ‘pathogen-derived resistance’, transforming plants with a pathogen's gene. A papaya transformation system was developed and a promising transgenic papaya line was identified. Posted 21 June 2000.
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4

Chang, Loong-sheng, and Chuang Tsai-young. "PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS TOLERANCE AMONG DIVERSE PAPAYA GENOTYPES." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 658f—658. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.658f.

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Open-pollinated progeny from 20 papaya (Carica papaya) cultivars, 2 Carica pubescens and 1 C. goudotiana were evaluated for vegetative growth and for tolerance to papaya ringspot virus under greenhouse and field condition. The artificial inoculation with the viral strain of severe mottle and necrosis symptom type was followed two months after germination. The survival rate and symptom development were significant difference among genotypes. Plant height was negatively correlated with viral survival rate; r =0.58** at greenhouse, and r =0.56** in the field, respectively. The direct ELISA(the co
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5

Azad, Md Abul Kalam, Latifah Amin, and Nik Marzuki Sidik. "Gene Technology for Papaya Ringspot Virus Disease Management." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/768038.

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Papaya (Carica papaya) is severely damaged by the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). This review focuses on the development of PRSV resistant transgenic papaya through gene technology. The genetic diversity of PRSV depends upon geographical distribution and the influence of PRSV disease management on a sequence of PRSV isolates. The concept of pathogen-derived resistance has been employed for the development of transgenic papaya, using a coat protein-mediated, RNA-silencing mechanism and replicase gene-mediated transformation for effective PRSV disease management. The development of PRSV-resistant
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6

Fermin, Gustavo, Valentina Inglessis, Cesar Garboza, Sairo Rangel, Manuel Dagert, and Dennis Gonsalves. "Engineered Resistance Against Papaya ringspot virus in Venezuelan Transgenic Papayas." Plant Disease 88, no. 5 (2004): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.5.516.

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Local varieties of papaya grown in the Andean foothills of Mérida, Venezuela, were transformed independently with the coat protein (CP) gene from two different geographical Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) isolates, designated VE and LA, via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The CP genes of both PRSV isolates show 92 and 96% nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity, respectively. Four PRSV-resistant R0 plants were intercrossed or selfed, and the progenies were tested for resistance against the homologous isolates VE and LA, and the heterologous isolates HA (Hawaii) and TH (Thailand) in greenhouse co
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7

Sharma, S. K., K. K. Zote, U. M. Kadam, S. P. S. Tomar, M. G. Dhale, and A. U. Sonawane. "INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 851 (January 2010): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2010.851.73.

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8

Tennant, Paula, M. H. Ahmad, and D. Gonsalves. "Field Resistance of Coat Protein Transgenic Papaya to Papaya ringspot virus in Jamaica." Plant Disease 89, no. 8 (2005): 841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0841.

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Transgenic papayas (Carica papaya) containing translatable coat protein (CPT) or nontranslatable coat protein (CPNT) gene constructs were evaluated over two generations for field resistance to Papaya ringspot virus in a commercial papaya growing area in Jamaica. Reactions of R0 CPT transgenic lines included no symptoms and mild or severe leaf and fruit symptoms. All three reactions were observed in one line and among different lines. Trees of most CPNT lines exhibited severe symptoms of infection, and some also showed mild symptoms. R1 offspring showed reactions previously observed with parent
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9

Nuhantoro, Irsan, Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat, and Kikin Hamzah Mutaqin. "Penggunaan Pelacak DNA untuk Deteksi Papaya ringspot virus dengan Metode Hibridisasi Asam Nukleat." Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia 14, no. 3 (2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14692/jfi.14.3.89.

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Use of DNA Probe for Detection of Papaya ringspot virus Using Nucleic Acid Hybridization MethodPapaya ringspot caused by Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is one of the most destructive diseases of papaya. The disease had not been found in Indonesia, until disease outbreak in Nangroe Aceh Darussalam was reported in 2012. Since then, the disease spread rapidly in most papaya growing areas in Sumatera, Java and Bali. Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is generally detected using serological or polymerase chain reaction methods. Improvement in detection method is necessary to facilitate a more reliable tool
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10

Kertbundit, S., N. Pongtanom, P. Ruanjan, et al. "Resistance of transgenic papaya plants to Papaya ringspot virus." Biologia plantarum 51, no. 2 (2007): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10535-007-0065-1.

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11

Zimmerman, T. W., and J. A. Kowalski. "236 Breeding and Selection for Low-bearing Papaya in the Virgin Islands." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 482F—483. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.482f.

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Demand for locally produced papaya fruit (Carica papaya) far outweighs the supply in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Due to the high incidence of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), papayas are grown as an annual crop. The need exists in the Virgin Islands for papayas with early production to ensure a marketable crop before being devastated by PRSV. Breeding and selection has been ongoing for 5 years to develop papayas with tolerance to PRSV and fruit production starting at or less than 60 cm from the ground. The height at first fruit set, of 15 papaya cultivars recommended for the Virgin Islands, ranges f
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12

Noa-Carrazana, J. C., D. González-de-León, B. S. Ruiz-Castro, D. Piñero, and L. Silva-Rosales. "Distribution of Papaya ringspot virus and Papaya mosaic virus in Papaya Plants (Carica papaya) in Mexico." Plant Disease 90, no. 8 (2006): 1004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1004.

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We report the results of a survey for the presence of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) along the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean, in 15 federal states of Mexico that account for over 98% of the national papaya production. More than 80 locations were visited in 58 counties. Out of a total of 267 papaya leaf samples, 157 tested positive for PRSV. We tested for the presence of three other viruses because of the occurrence of severe, atypical symptoms in plantations. Only Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) was detected. PRSV was present in every county. PapMV was less frequent, but its ove
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13

Pourrahim, R., Sh Farzadfar, A. R. Golnaraghi, and N. Shahraeen. "First Report of Papaya ringspot virus on Papaya in Iran." Plant Disease 87, no. 9 (2003): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.9.1148b.

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Papaya, a popular fruit crop native to the American tropics, was introduced to the southern tropical provinces of Iran in the 1990s and its cultivation is widely increasing in these areas. During April 2000, severe leaf distortion and mottling were observed on papaya trees (Carica papaya) in Hormozgan Province in southern Iran. Affected trees were stunted and yielded less fruit. Samples of papaya leaf extracts (1:10 wt/vol) in 0.01 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) were mechanically inoculated on indicator host plants, causing local lesions on Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa and ch
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14

Ferreira, S. A., K. Y. Pitz, R. Manshardt, F. Zee, M. Fitch, and D. Gonsalves. "Virus Coat Protein Transgenic Papaya Provides Practical Control of Papaya ringspot virus in Hawaii." Plant Disease 86, no. 2 (2002): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.2.101.

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Since 1992, Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) destroyed nearly all of the papaya hectarage in the Puna district of Hawaii, where 95% of Hawaii's papayas are grown. Two field trials to evaluate transgenic resistance (TR) were established in Puna in October 1995. One trial included the following: SunUp, a newly named homozygous transformant of Sunset; Rainbow, a hybrid of SunUp, the nontransgenic Kapoho cultivar widely grown in Puna, and 63-1, another segregating transgenic line of Sunset. The second trial was a 0.4-ha block of Rainbow, simulating a near-commercial planting. Both trials were installe
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15

Marler, Thomas E., Michael V. Mickelbart, and Roland Quitugua. "Papaya Ringspot Virus Influences Net Gas Exchange of Papaya Leaves." HortScience 28, no. 4 (1993): 322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.322.

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Leaves of container-grown papaya (Carica papaya L.) plants were inoculated with papaya ringspot virus (PRV) to determine its influence on dark respiration and photosynthesis. Photosynthetic capacity, apparent quantum yield, ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence from dark-adapted leaves, and photosynthetic CO2-use efficiency were reduced by PRV infection. Internal CO2 partial pressure at ambient external CO2 was not affected, but leaf dark respiration was increased by PRV infection. These results suggest that reduced growth, yield, and fruit quality common in PRV-infected papaya plants is c
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16

Gonsalves, Dennis. "CONTROL OF PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS IN PAPAYA: A Case Study." Annual Review of Phytopathology 36, no. 1 (1998): 415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.36.1.415.

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17

Kuan-Chun Chen and Shyi-Dong Yeh. "GENETIC DETERMINANT OF PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS FOR INFECTION OF PAPAYA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 851 (January 2010): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2010.851.24.

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18

Mangrauthia, Satendra K., Viplendra P. Singh Shakya, R. K. Jain, and Shelly Praveen. "Ambient temperature perception in papaya for papaya ringspot virus interaction." Virus Genes 38, no. 3 (2009): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11262-009-0336-3.

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19

Stokstad, E. "Papaya Takes on Ringspot Virus and Wins." Science 320, no. 5875 (2008): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.320.5875.472.

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20

Premchand, Udavatha, Raghavendra K. Mesta, Venkatappa Devappa, et al. "Survey, Detection, Characterization of Papaya Ringspot Virus from Southern India and Management of Papaya Ringspot Disease." Pathogens 12, no. 6 (2023): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12060824.

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Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a significant threat to global papaya cultivation, causing ringspot disease, and it belongs to the species Papaya ringspot virus, genus Potyvirus, and family Potyviridae. This study aimed to assess the occurrence and severity of papaya ringspot disease (PRSD) in major papaya-growing districts of Karnataka, India, from 2019 to 2021. The incidence of disease in the surveyed districts ranged from 50.5 to 100.0 percent, exhibiting typical PRSV symptoms. 74 PRSV infected samples were tested using specific primers in RT-PCR, confirming the presence of the virus. The c
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21

Fan, Heling, Xingxiang Yan, Mingqing Fu, et al. "Interactive Effect of Biological Agents Chitosan, Lentinan and Ningnanmycin on Papaya Ringspot Virus Resistance in Papaya (Carica papaya L.)." Molecules 27, no. 21 (2022): 7474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217474.

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The papaya industry is mainly impacted by viral diseases, especially papaya ringspot disease (PRSD) caused by papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). So far, research on the interaction between Chitosan, Lentinan and Ningnanmycin on PRSD has not been reported. This research studied the controlled and interactive effect of three biological agents, namely, Chitosan (C), Lentinan (L) and Ningnanmycin (N), on PRSV in papaya, individually and collectively. The changes in disease index, controlled effect, Peroxidase (POD), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), growth and development of plants
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22

Cornejo-Franco, Juan F., Edison Reyes-Proaño, Dimitre Mollov, Joseph Mowery, and Diego F. Quito-Avila. "Transmission and Pathogenicity of Papaya Virus E: Insights from an Experimental Papaya Orchard." Plant Disease 106, no. 2 (2022): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-21-1785-re.

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A study was conducted to investigate epidemiological aspects of papaya virus E (PpVE), a cytorhabdovirus commonly found in papaya (Carica papaya L.) plantings in Ecuador. Besides papaya, PpVE was found in three Fabaceae weeds, including Rhynchosia minima, Centrosema plumieri, and Macroptilium lathyroides, the latter being the species with the highest virus prevalence. Greenhouse experiments showed that in M. lathyroides, single infections of PpVE induce only mild leaf mosaic, whereas in mixed infections with cowpea severe mosaic virus, PpVE contributes to severe mosaic. In papaya, PpVE did not
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23

Saleem, Anam, Zahid Ali, Shyi-Dong Yeh, et al. "Genetic variability and evolutionary dynamics of atypical Papaya ringspot virus infecting Papaya." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (2021): e0258298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258298.

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Papaya ringspot virus biotype-P is a detrimental pathogen of economically important papaya and cucurbits worldwide. The mutation prone feature of this virus perhaps accounts for its geographical dissemination. In this study, investigations of the atypical PRSV-P strain was conducted based on phylogenetic, recombination and genetic differentiation analyses considering of it’s likely spread across India and Bangladesh. Full length genomic sequences of 38 PRSV isolates and 35 CP gene sequences were subjected to recombination analysis. A total of 61 recombination events were detected in aligned co
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24

Vijayalakshmi, G. "Effect of Papaya Ringspot Virus on Nutrients Composition in Papaya (Carica papaya L.)." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6, no. 6 (2018): 1264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7211.

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25

Strange, E. Bruton, Todd C. Wehner, and Zvezdana Pesic-Van Esbroeck. "032 Resistance to Papaya Ringspot Virus in Watermelon." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 446D—446. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.446d.

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Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] is a major crop in the southern U.S., where the most important virus diseases are papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), watermelon mosaic virus-2, and zucchini yellow mosaic. The most economical control of virus diseases of watermelon is probably through genetic resistance. Watermelon has not been screened extensively for resistance to PRSV. The objective of this research was to develop a suitable method for screening watermelons for resistance to PRSV and then to screen the USDA germplasm collection. To date, we have developed an effective m
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26

Hernandez Perez, Ricardo, Dagoberto Guillen Sanchez, Marlene Pérez López, and Enrique Casanova Casio. "Viral inhibitors to control the Papaya ringspot virus on Carica papaya." Ciencia e investigación agraria 44, no. 3 (2010): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rcia.v44i3.1750.

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27

Sharma, Sunil Kumar, and Savarni Tripathi. "Horticultural characterization and papaya ringspot virus reaction of papaya Pune Selections." Indian Journal of Horticulture 76, no. 1 (2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0112.2019.00005.7.

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28

Mohamad Roff, M. N. "DISEASE RATING OF PAPAYA CULTIVARS TO PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS IN MALAYSIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 740 (March 2007): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.740.34.

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29

Sinha, S., Basavaraj ., B. L. Patil, R. K. Jain, and M. Mishra. "Efficient genetic transformation of papaya using RNAi CP gene against papaya ringspot virus." Journal of Applied Horticulture 25, no. 02 (2023): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i02.29.

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Papaya Ring Spot Virus disease is wide spread across papaya growing countries of the world and is one of the major impediments in successful papaya cultivation. Genetically engineered papaya varieties viz., SunUp and Rainbow have already been developed and commercialized in USA using coat protein mediated resistance. However, transgenic papaya conferring resistance to papaya ringspot virus has not been developed in India till date due to lack of suitable genetic transformation protocol for Indian papaya varieties and unavailability of coat protein gene construct for harbouring broad-spectrum r
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30

Bhoyer, Isha, Mina D. Koche, Santoshi Pudake, and N. B. Ninawe. "Physical properties and transmission of papaya ringspot virus." Journal of Applied Horticulture 16, no. 01 (2014): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2014.v16i01.09.

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31

Yeh, Shyi-Dong. "Control of Papaya Ringspot Virus by Cross Protection." Plant Disease 72, no. 5 (1988): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-72-0375.

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32

Olarte Castillo, X. A., G. Fermin, J. Tabima, et al. "Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of Papaya ringspot virus." Virus Research 159, no. 2 (2011): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.011.

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33

Fernández-Rodríguez, T., L. Rubio, O. Carballo, and E. Marys. "Genetic variation of papaya ringspot virus in Venezuela." Archives of Virology 153, no. 2 (2007): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-007-1091-1.

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34

Guner*, Nihat, Zvezdana Pesic-VanEsbroeck, and Todd Wehner. "Inheritance of Resistance to the Watermelon Strain of Papaya Ringspot Virus in Watermelon." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 811C—811. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.811c.

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Sources of resistance to the watermelon strain of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-W) have been identified within the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) germplasm collection. Inheritance of resistance to papaya ringspot virus-watermelon strain was studied in three C. lanatus var. citroides accessions: PI 244017, PI 244019, and PI 485583. The susceptible parent lines `Allsweet', `Calhoun Gray', and `New Hampshire Midget' were crossed with resistant accessions to develop F1, F2, and BC1 generations for six families. A single recessive gene was found to control resistance to PRSV-W. The gene symbol `prv'
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35

Villanueva-Jiménez, J. A., F. Osorio-Acosta, E. Hernández-Castro, et al. "Integrated management of papaya pests in Veracruz: Papaya ringspot virus, papaya mealybug and mites." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1250 (September 2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1250.10.

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36

Siriwan, Wanwisa, Naoki Takaya, Sittiruk Roytrakul, and Srimek Chowpongpang. "Study of interaction between Papaya ringspot virus HC-Pro and papaya (Carica papaya) proteins." Journal of General Plant Pathology 80, no. 3 (2014): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10327-014-0523-5.

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37

Kung, Yi-Jung, Huey-Jiunn Bau, Yi-Ling Wu, Chiung-Huei Huang, Tsui-Miao Chen, and Shyi-Dong Yeh. "Generation of Transgenic Papaya with Double Resistance to Papaya ringspot virus and Papaya leaf-distortion mosaic virus." Phytopathology® 99, no. 11 (2009): 1312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-11-1312.

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During the field tests of coat protein (CP)-transgenic papaya lines resistant to Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), another Potyvirus sp., Papaya leaf-distortion mosaic virus (PLDMV), appeared as an emerging threat to the transgenic papaya. In this investigation, an untranslatable chimeric construct containing the truncated CP coding region of the PLDMV P-TW-WF isolate and the truncated CP coding region with the complete 3′ untranslated region of PRSV YK isolate was transferred into papaya (Carica papaya cv. Thailand) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to generate transgenic plants with resi
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38

Gonsalves, Dennis, and Steve Ferreira. "Transgenic Papaya: A Case for Managing Risks of Papaya ringspot virus in Hawaii." Plant Health Progress 4, no. 1 (2003): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2003-1113-03-rv.

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In May 1992, Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) was detected in the Puna district of Hawaii Island, the main papaya growing region of the state of Hawaii. By 1994 Hawaii's papaya industry was facing devastating damage from PRSV. Efforts to develop resistant transgenic papaya were started in the mid 1980s and a resistant line was identified in 1991. Two cultivars were developed from this line and were commercialized in 1998. Rainbow, an F1 hybrid from a cross of the transgenic SunUp, and nontransgenic Kapoho are now widely planted and have helped save the papaya industry. In addition, PRSV inocula in
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39

Souza Júnior, Manoel T., Osmar Nickel, and Dennis Gonsalves. "Development of virus resistant transgenic papayas expressing the coat protein gene from a Brazilian isolate of Papaya ringspot virus." Fitopatologia Brasileira 30, no. 4 (2005): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000400004.

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Translatable and nontranslatable versions of the coat protein (cp) gene of a Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) isolate collected in the state of Bahia, Brazil, were engineered for expression in Sunrise and Sunset Solo varieties of papaya (Carica papaya). The biolistic system was used to transform secondary somatic embryo cultures derived from immature zygotic embryos. Fifty-four transgenic lines, 26 translatable and 28 nontranslatable gene versions, were regenerated, with a transformation efficiency of 2.7%. Inoculation of cloned R0 plants with PRSV BR, PRSV HA or PRSV TH, Brazilian, Hawaiian and T
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40

Zhao, Hui, Rui Zong Jia, Yu-Liang Zhang, et al. "Geographical and Genetic Divergence Among Papaya ringspot virus Populations Within Hainan Province, China." Phytopathology® 106, no. 8 (2016): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-15-0111-r.

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Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) severely affects the global papaya industry. Transgenic papaya has been proven to have effective resistance to PRSV isolates from Hawaii, Thailand, Taiwan, and other countries. However, those transgenic cultivars failed to show resistance to Hainan Island isolates. Some 76 PRSV samples, representative of all traditional papaya planting areas across five cities (Wen Chang, n = 13; Cheng Mai, n = 14; Chang Jiang, n = 11; Le Dong, n = 25; and San Ya, n = 13) within Hainan Province, were investigated. Results revealed three genetic diversity groups (Hainan I, II, and I
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41

Hamim, Islam, Maher Al Rwahnih, Wayne B. Borth, et al. "Papaya Ringspot Virus Isolates From Papaya in Bangladesh: Detection, Characterization, and Distribution." Plant Disease 103, no. 11 (2019): 2920–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-18-2186-re.

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Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is the major constraint to papaya (Carica papaya) production in Bangladesh. Disease symptoms occurred in 90 to 100% of the plants surveyed. Full-length genomes of PRSV strains from severely infected papaya plants were determined using the Illumina NextSeq 500 platform, followed by Sanger DNA sequencing of viral genomes obtained by reverse-transcription PCR(RT-PCR). The genome sequences of two distinct PRSV strains, PRSV BD-1 (10,300 bp) and PRSV BD-2 (10,325 bp) were 74 and 83% identical to each other, respectively, at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. PRSV BD-
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42

Bau, Huey-Jiunn, Ying-Huey Cheng, Tsong-Ann Yu, et al. "Field Evaluation of Transgenic Papaya Lines Carrying the Coat Protein Gene of Papaya ringspot virus in Taiwan." Plant Disease 88, no. 6 (2004): 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.6.594.

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Four transgenic papaya lines expressing the coat protein (CP) gene of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) were evaluated under field conditions for their reaction to PRSV infection and fruit production in 1996 to 1999. Plants were exposed to natural virus inoculation by aphids in two adjacent fields in four different plantings at the same sites. None of the transgenic lines showed severe symptoms of PRSV whereas control nontransgenic plants were 100% severely infected 3 to 5 months after planting. In the first and second trials, 20 to 30% of the transgenic plants showed mild symptoms consisting of co
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Noguchi, Akio, Kosuke Nakamura, Kozue Sakata, et al. "Interlaboratory Validation Study of an Event-Specific Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection Method for Genetically Modified 55-1 Papaya." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 96, no. 5 (2013): 1054–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.12-442.

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Abstract Genetically modified (GM) papaya line 55-1 (55-1) is resistant to papaya ringspot virus infection, and is commercially available in several countries. A specific detection method for 55-1 is required for mandatory labeling regulations. An event-specific real-time PCR method was developed by our laboratory. To validate the method, interlaboratory validation of event-specific qualitative real-time PCR analysis for 55-1 was performed in collaboration with 12 laboratories. DNA extraction and real-time PCR reaction methods were evaluated using 12 blind samples: six non-GM papayas and six G
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Morales-Payan, Jose P., Gonzalo Morales-Salazar, and Bielinski M. Santos. "Effect of Exogenous Gibberellic Acid on Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV)-Infected Papaya." HortScience 32, no. 4 (1997): 603B—603. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.603b.

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Field and container experiments were conducted in the Dominican Republic to determine the effect of gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) rates on papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)-infected seedlings and adult plants of `Cartagena Ombligua' papaya. The apical region of PRSV-infected and PRSV-uninfected plants was sprayed with GA3 aqueous solutions at rates 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. PRSV-uninfected adult plants and seedlings produced longer internodes as GA3 rates increased. Adult PRSV-uninfected plants flowered normally at any GA3 rate. PRSV-infected seedlings and adult plants also responded to GA3 sprays, bu
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Davis, Michael J., and Zhentu Ying. "Development of Papaya Breeding Lines with Transgenic Resistance to Papaya ringspot virus." Plant Disease 88, no. 4 (2004): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.4.352.

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Papaya (Carica papaya) was transformed via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with four constructs containing either the unmodified or modified coat protein (CP) gene of Florida isolate H1K of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). The CP genes were in the sense orientation (S-CP), antisense orientation (AS-CP), sense orientation with a frame-shift mutation (FS-CP), or sense orientation mutated with three-in-frame stop codons (SC-CP). In all, 256 putative transgenic lines with the CP constructs were inoculated mechanically with PRSV H1K. None of the lines was immune to PRSV; however, highly resistan
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Siar, S. V., G. A. Beligan, A. J. C. Sajise, V. N. Villegas, and R. A. Drew. "Papaya ringspot virus resistance in Carica papaya via introgression from Vasconcellea quercifolia." Euphytica 181, no. 2 (2011): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-011-0388-z.

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Conover, R. A., R. E. Litz, and S. E. Malo. "‘Cariflora’—a Papaya Ringspot Virustolerant Papaya for South Florida and the Caribbean." HortScience 21, no. 4 (1986): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.4.1072.

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Abstract ‘Cariflora’ is a dioecious papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivar, tolerant of infection by papaya ringspot virus (PRV), that has been developed for south Florida and the lowland Caribbean region. ‘Cariflora’ produces good quality, round fruit with sweet yellow flesh and an agreeable aroma. This papaya is particularly suitable for commercial plantings because of the small size of its fruit, but it also could be useful to home growers. ‘Cariflora’ is being released for grower trial by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of the Univ. of Florida.
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Zambrana-Echevarría, Cristina, Lorriane De Jesús-Kim, Rocio Márquez-Karry, Dimuth Siritunga, and David Jenkins. "Diversity of Papaya ringspot virus Isolates in Puerto Rico." HortScience 51, no. 4 (2016): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.4.362.

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Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) devastates papaya production worldwide. In Puerto Rico, papaya fields can be completely infected with PRSV within a year of planting. Information about the diversity of the Puerto Rican PRSV (PR-PRSV) population is relevant to establish a control strategy in the island. The coat protein gene (cp) of PRSV was sequenced from 62 isolates from different regions in Puerto Rico. The viral population of PRSV in Puerto Rico has 4% nucleotide and 5% amino acid diversity. Analysis of the coat protein (CP) amino acid sequence showed a variable amino terminal (N-terminal) regi
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LIMA, ROBERTO C. A., MANOEL T. SOUZA JR., GILVAN PIO-RIBEIRO, and J. ALBERSIO A. LIMA. "Sequences of the coat protein gene from brazilian isolates of Papaya ringspot virus." Fitopatologia Brasileira 27, no. 2 (2002): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582002000200009.

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Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is the causal agent of the main papaya (Carica papaya) disease in the world. Brazil is currently the world's main papaya grower, responsible for about 40% of the worldwide production. Resistance to PRSV on transgenic plants expressing the PRSV coat protein (cp) gene was shown to be dependent on the sequence homology between the cp transgene expressed in the plant genome and the cp gene from the incoming virus, in an isolate-specific fashion. Therefore, knowledge of the degree of homology among the cp genes from distinct PRSV isolates which are present in a given ar
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THIRUGNANAVEL, A., T. N. BALAMOHAN, G. KARUNAKARAN, and S. K. MANORANJITHAM. "Effect of papaya ringspot virus on growth, yield and quality of papaya (Carica papaya) cultivars." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 85, no. 8 (2015): 1069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v85i8.50852.

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The field experiment was conducted during 2008 – 2010 to study the effect of papaya ringspot virus – type P on growth, yield, and quality of papaya (Carica papaya L.) varieties under PRSV infected conditions at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Significant variation was observed for disease score, DAS-ELISA, tree growth, fruit parameters, yield, and quality characters among the varieties evaluated. The results revealed that all the papaya varieties tested were ELISA positive and PRSV adversely affected the growth, yield and quality of papaya varieties. Among the cultivars eva
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