Academic literature on the topic 'Papaya seeds'
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Journal articles on the topic "Papaya seeds"
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WARDANI, FITRI FATMA, DARDA EFENDI, DINY DINARTI, and Joko Ridho Witono. "Cryopreservation of papaya seeds cv. Sukma, Callina, and Caliso: Effect of loading treatment and immersion time in plant vitrification solution-2." Nusantara Bioscience 11, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n110112.
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Abstract. Wardani FF, Efendi D, Dinarti D, Witono JR. 2019. Cryopreservation of papaya seeds cv. Sukma, Callina, and Caliso: Effect of loading treatment and immersion time in plant vitrification solution-2. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 71-78. Sukma, Callina, and Caliso are papaya cultivars released by the Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. In general, papaya seeds cannot be stored for a long time with a conventional GenBank storage system, even though some of them consider as “orthodox” class of seed. Cryopreservation, storage at an ultra-low temperature (-196 0C) of liquid nitrogen, could be possible for long-term storage of papaya seeds. The experiment conducted to get the necessary of loading treatment and the best immersion time in PVS2 for cryopreservation of papaya seeds cv. Sukma, Callina, and Caliso, so they still had considerable viability. We conducted experiment as factorial in completely randomized design, with the first factor was loading treatment with two levels (with and without loading treatment), and the second factor was immersion time in PVS2 with three levels (15, 30 and 45 min). So, there was six treatment and we used 50 seeds for each treatment. Results showed that the three papaya cultivars gave different responses to the treatment before cryopreservation proved that papayas seed had different characteristics, depending on genotype. For papaya seeds cv. Sukma, loading treatment was not needed and the best immersion time in PVS2 was 15 min. The viability of papaya seeds cv. Callina was low, so we should try another treatment before cryopreservation. For papaya seeds cv. Caliso, loading treatment was needed and the best immersion time in PVS2 was 30 min.
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Marfo, E. K., O. L. Oke, and O. A. Afolabi. "Chemical composition of papaya (Carica papaya) seeds." Food Chemistry 22, no. 4 (January 1986): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(86)90084-1.
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Efendi, Darda, and Mirza R. Putra. "Optimation of In vitro Lateral Shoots Multiplication of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) “Callina” with BAP and NAA." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 4, no. 3 (October 1, 2017): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.4.3.102-107.
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Papaya is a popular fruit and is grown commercially in many subtropical and tropical countries. Papayas are generally grown from seeds; therefore the offsprings are not true-to-type and could come in three sexes, female, male, and hermaphrodite. Clonal propagation is required to obtain to grow true-to-type hermaphrodite papayas. In this research, we developed an in vitro protocol for shoot multiplication from lateral shoots from in vitro germinated papaya seedlings. The in vitro propagated plant materials could potentially be used as a source of papaya micro cuttings, or as scion for papaya grafting. The experiment was set up as a factorial experiment with NAA at 0, 0.1 and 0.5 mg.L-1, and BAP at 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg.L-1 in a completely randomized block design. BAP interacted with NAA in affecting the shoot production per explant. The optimum BAP and NAA concentration to produce lateral shoots was 0.54 mg. L-1 and 0.1 mg.L-1, respectively. Media without NAA reduced the number of lateral shoots and number of leaf per explant at any BAP concentration.Keywords: hermaphrodite, seeds, true to type, clonal propagation, micro cuttings.
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Mosolov, Vladimir V., Alla V. Zymatcheva, and Elena V. Ievleva. "Cysteine proteinase inhibitor from papaya (Carica papaya L.) Seeds." Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen 187, no. 3 (January 1991): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-3796(11)80103-4.
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Jesus, Valquíria Aparecida Mendes de, Eduardo Fontes Araújo, Antônio Augusto Neves, Fábio Lúcio Santos, Luiz Antônio dos Santos Dias, and Roberto Ferreira da Silva. "Ratio of seeds and sodium hypochlorite solution on the germination process of papaya seeds." Journal of Seed Science 38, no. 1 (March 8, 2016): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v38n1151150.
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Abstract: Sarcotesta, a mucilaginous layer found in papaya seeds, negatively affects the germination of papaya seeds and its removal has been manually performed. The use of sodium hypochlorite can be an alternative to manual removal of sarcotesta in papaya seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different active chlorine concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) during 24 hours of immersion, in different proportions (10:200, 50:200, 100:200, 200:200, 300:200, 400:200, 500:200 and 600:200) of seeds number and solution volume (mL) to identify the best combination for an effective remotion of sarcotesta to improve the germination process. Germination test and first count were performed. A completely randomized design with four replications was used. Regression analysis was performed for quantitative variables with significant effect by F-test at 5% probability. Papaya seeds immersion in the ratio of 10 seeds per 200 mL of NaOCl solution (10:200, i.e. 20 mL of solution per seed), at a 2% sodium hypochlorite concentration during 24 hours of imbibition, can be used as an alternative for sarcotesta remotion for freshly harvested papaya seeds, because besides the effective remotion of sarcotesta, this technique improves the germination process.
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Hidayati, Tita Kosima, Yasmiwar Susilawati, and Ahmad Muhtadi. "KEGIATAN FARMAKOLOGIS DARI BERBAGAI BAGIAN Carica papaya Linn. EKSTRAK: BUAH, DAUN, BENIH, UAP, KULIT DAN AKAR." Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 2, no. 3 (September 17, 2020): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v2i3.97.
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Carica papaya (Caricaceae) Linn. (CP) is a popular tropical plant which provide a huge benefit. The fruit is either delicious and healthy while other parts have a great potential medicinal properties. CP are classified as plants that have anti-microbial activity, anti oxidant, anti malaria, anti-ulcer, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-hypertension, anti-fertility, anti-fungal and anti diabetic. Pharmacological activity of papaya plants related to the content of phytochemical compounds of alkaloid, flavonoid , tannin, saponin, enzyme: papain and chymopapain. These phytochemical content have been found in the young leaf, stem bark, dry seeds. Papaya leaf reveal more pharmacologycal activities because that have wide variety of phytochemical contents. In this review will be studied pharmacologycal activities of Carica papaya Linn. extract that obtained from fruit, leaf, seeds, stem bark and root. Besides, their various phytochemical contents are also described.
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Khan, Shafiya, Anand P. Tyagi, and Anjeela Jokhan. "Sex Ratio in Hawaiian Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Variety ‘Solo’." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 20, no. 1 (2002): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp02005.
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Fruits from hermaphrodite Hawaiian varieties are of medium size and preferred by consumers all over the world. Seeds obtained from the fruits of selfed hermaphrodite plants produce almost two third hermaphrodite plants and one-third pistillate plants. These plants can not be identified before the onset of flowering. However, there are conflicting reports in scientific literature on sex ratios obtained from selfed seeds from fruits of hermaphrodite plants. Sex ratios of hermaphrodite, pistillate and staminate plants were determined using seeds from selfed hermaphrodite fruits of a Hawaiian papaya (Carica papaya) variety ?solo?. Bagging flowers on hermaphrodite plants during flowering season to avoid contamination from foreign pollen produced self-seeds. Seeds from fruits of many bagged hermaphrodite flowers were pooled together and grown in large plots. A total of 2633 plants were grown and evaluated for their specific sex at the onset of flowering. Of these 1838 were counted as hermaphrodite, 783 pistillate and only 12 staminate plants. This gave a ratio of 2.34 hermaphrodite plants : 1: pistillate plants ignoring 12 staminate plants. This obtained ratio is in disagreement with earlier reported ratio of 2 hermaphrodite plants : 1 pistillate : 1 non-viable zygotes. However, no viable male progeny was reported from hermaphrodite selfed seeds in earlier studies. One of the explanations for the observed changed ratio could be biased seed selection from the seed lot used for planting.
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Sengupta, Rupa, and Jayanta Banik. "COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTIC POTENTIAL OF CUCURBITA MAXIMA (PUMPKIN) SEEDS AND CARICA PAPAYA (PAPAYA) SEEDS." International journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy 4, no. 4 (August 26, 2013): 530–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.04415.
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Xuan Thu, Nguyen Thi, and Dang Duc Long. "Screening of antihyperglycaemic activity of medicinal plant extracts instreptozocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 4 (November 2, 2020): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/17/4/13714.
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Traditional plant used for treatment of diabetes has shown a surging interest in the last few decades. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of 70% (v/v) ethanolic extracts of several untested herbal sources, such as papaya leaves, papaya seeds, fig fruits, fruits of Xanthium strumarium, and leaves of Gomphrena celosioides on blood glucose levels of streptozocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic mice. The results proved that diabetic mice treated with the extracts of papaya seeds, papaya leaves and fig fruits showed significant reduction of the blood glucose levels at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight when compared to control. Antihyperglycemic activity of the papaya leaves (52.38%) and papaya seeds extracts (53.16%) were significantly higher than the extract of fig fruits (27.90%). Furthermore, the α-amylase inhibition assay showed that the extracts of papaya seeds (58,63 ± 0,06 μg/ml), papaya leaves (34,28 ± 0,06 μg/mL) and fig fruits (79,24 ± 0,83 μg/mL) exhibited 50% α-amylase inhibition activity at the mentioned concentrations. The α-glucosidase IC50 of the extracts of the papaya seeds, papaya leaves and fig fruits were found to be 24.36 ± 0,29, 27,60 ± 0,43 and 106,44 ± 1,54 respectively. The results of the study indicate the potential of these extracts to manage hyperglycemia. The histopathological study of the papaya seeds extract has shown to ameliorate the streptozocin-induced histological damage of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
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Azhari, Azhari, Nilva Mutia, and Ishak Ishak. "PROSES EKSTRAKSI MINYAK DARI BIJI PEPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT n-HEKSANA." Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Unimal 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/jtku.v9i1.3073.
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Papaya is the most beneficial fruit for human health. In addition to the fruit that can be consumed, it turns out papaya seeds can also be used. In addition to the seeds used to be planted as well as only being waste, oil can also be obtained from papaya seeds. One method for obtaining papaya seed oil is a method of extracting heat (requires installation in the process), in general the notion of reflux is extraction with a solvent at its boiling temperature point, for a certain time and the amount of solvent adjusted to air temperature. In this research, papaya seed extraction was carried out, percent yield analysis was carried out, and heavy type analysis of papaya seed oil extraction was carried out. The purpose of this study was to study the variation in extraction time of papaya seeds with solvents on the yield of oil produced. This research was carried out by reacting papaya seeds with hexane solvents at 65 ℃. Where the weight of papaya seeds is 50 gr, and the volume of solvents varied by 300 ml, 400 ml, and 500 ml and the reaction time is 120 minutes, 150 minutes, and 180 minutes. The results showed that the largest papaya seed oil was 34.2% at a volume of 500 ml solvent for 180 minutes and a high density of 0.87 gr / ml at a volume of 500 ml solvent for 180 minutes.Keywords: Extraction, hexane, papaya seed oil, reflux
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Papaya seeds"
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Maia, Mariana Ferreira. "Propriedades biológicas das sementes da papaia (Carica papaya L.): valorização de um resíduo alimentar." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/7565.
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Trabalho Complementar apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Ciências da NutriçãoO interesse pelo reaproveitamento dos resíduos alimentares obtidos das frutas e vegetais tem vindo a aumentar nas últimas décadas, não só na defesa do conceito de sustentabilidade como também pelas reconhecidas propriedades biológicas associadas ao aporte nutricional e composição de fitoquímicos descritas nestes sub-produtos. As sementes da papaia são um exemplo. De facto, da fruta, apenas se consome a polpa, sendo a casca e as sementes consideradas sub-produtos que poderão trazer um valor acrescido às indústrias alimentar, farmacêutica e cosmética. Por estes motivos, este trabalho experimental teve como principal objetivo efetuar uma quantificação do teor de fenólicos totais e de flavonoides totais, das sementes da Carica papaya Linn, bem como, avaliar a atividade antioxidante das mesmas. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que o extrato aquoso foi o que permitiu obter maior teor de flavonoides (63,24 mg EC/100g). Em contrapartida, o extrato etanólico foi o que obteve maior teor de fenólicos (981,84 mg EAG/100g). A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada através de dois métodos espectrofotométricos: DPPH• e FRAP. Por ser um antioxidante natural, o uso do ácido ascórbico como controlo permitiu medir a atividade antioxidante dos compostos bioativos presentes nos dois extratos, no sentido de os comparar com um antioxidante natural. Apesar da atividade antioxidante do ácido ascórbico ter sido superior aos dois extratos, pelos dois métodos espectrofotométricos, estes poderão ser utilizados como antioxidantes naturais, sendo que é através do extrato etanólico que podemos tirar maior partido da atividade antioxidante dos compostos bioativos das sementes da Carica papaya L. (416,87 μg/ml pelo DPPH• e 283,52 μg/ml pelo FRAP). Com os resultados obtidos podemos ainda concluir que o teor de compostos bioativos é influenciado por diversos fatores, nomeadamente, o tipo de solvente extrator utilizado. Apesar das sementes da papaia poderem ser utilizados como antioxidantes naturais, tanto na indústria alimentar, farmacêutica e cosmética, torna-se necessário aprofundar as investigações no sentido de avaliar a toxicidade das mesmas.
The interest in the reuse of food residues obtained from fruits and vegetables has been increasing in recent decades, not only in defense of sustainability but also for the recognized biological properties associated with the nutritional contribution and composition of phytochemicals described in these by-products. Papaya seeds are one of these examples. In fact, only the pulp is consumed in the fruit, the bark and seeds are considered as by-products that can bring added value to the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. For these reasons, the main objective of this experimental work is to quantify the total phenolic and total flavonoid content in Carica papaya seeds, as well as to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the seeds. The results obtained show that the aqueous extract allows to obtain a higher flavonoid content (63.24 mg CE/100g). On the other hand, the ethanolic extract obtained the highest phenolic content (981.84 mg GAE /100g). The antioxidant activity was evaluated through two spectrophotometric methods: DPPH• and FRAP. As a natural antioxidant, the use of ascorbic acid as a control allowed to measure the antioxidant activity of the bioactive compounds present in both extracts, when comparing them with a natural antioxidant. Although the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid was superior in the two extracts, by the two spectrophotometric methods, these can be used as natural antioxidants, and it is through the ethanolic extract that we can take advantage of the antioxidant activity of the bioactive compounds of the seeds of Carica papaya Linn (416.87 μg/ml by DPPH• and 283.52 μg/ml by FRAP). With the obtained results we can conclude that the content of bioactive compounds is influenced by several factors, namely, the type of solvent extractor used. Although papaya seeds can be used as natural antioxidants, both in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, it is necessary to deepen the investigations in order to evaluate their toxicity.
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Melo, Maria Ladjane Sodré de. "Caracterização, estabilidade oxidativa e determinação do potencial energético do biodiesel derivado do mamão (carica papaya L.): uma fonte não convencional." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7173.
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Previous issue date: 2010-07-23Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The aim of this research was to study the chemical and physical properties of the papaya seeds of three different cultivars produced in Brazil: Sunrise Solo (Hawaii), Golden and Formosa. The chemical composition of the seeds and the extracted oils, physical chemical properties of oils and obtained biodiesel were analyzed to evaluate the industrial use of this disposable residue as renewable energy source. Golden and Solo Sunrise cultivars presented lower fruit weight (391.92 and 590.32 g) compared to Formosa cultivar (1318.16 g) but a higher seed yield of 2.54 and 1.43% respectively against 0.61% of Formosa. The chemical composition of the seeds shown high protein content (23.58 to 25.46 g/100 g), fibers (16.07 to 19.19 g/100 g) and minerals (5.12 to 6.48 g/100 g) among the three cultivars with emphasis on Fe and P (104.18 mg/g and 634.12 mg/g) for the cultivars Golden Sunrise Solo cultivars. The oil content was ± 28%. The major component were oleic acid (69.78%, 70.13% and 72.04%) and palmitic acid (18.95%, 18.89% and 18.20%) respectively for Golden, Sunrise Solo and Formosa cultivars. The acidity index (1.0, 0.98 and 1.03), iodine index (71.30, 70.26 and 70.45) and saponification index (190.2, 190.14 and 189.98) were found form the three papaya variety. Methyl transesterification of the Golden oil was carried out by 0.5% basic catalysis, 1:8 molar ratio, 45°C temperature and the product was identified by TLC, GC-MS, IR and 1H and 13C NMR techniques. The yield of the methyl esters (92.07%), was gravimetrically determined according to the stoichiometry of the reaction. The kinetics of acid catalyzed methyl transesterification using the same oil was evaluated by TLC and the yield of esterification was determined by reducing the acidity index of the reaction medium. The reaction medium used and results found were: 1:9 molar ratio and 80°C temperature the acidity index was reduced from 28 to 3.31 and 3.12 mg KOH/g sample, yielding of 88.18% and 88.86% respectively, at 1.0 and 1.4% catalyst after 8 hours of reaction. In a second stage of the reaction after 2 hours, the acidity index were 1.8 mg KOH / g (1.0% of catalyst) and 1.6 g KOH / g (1.4% of catalyst) with esterification maximum respectively 93.57 and 94.28%. The biodiesel obtained by basic catalysis showed 0.35 mg KOH / g acidity value, 0.88 g/cm3 density, 6.0 mm2 / s kinematic viscosity, 1°C cloud point, -1°C flow point and 62.83 cetane number. The power generation consumption, in L / h, were 0.5837 (B100), 0.5806 (B50), 0.5814 (B20), 0.6122 (B10), 0.6225 (B5) compared to 0.6981 (diesel), indicating its high calorific power. Thermal stability studies showed that the initial temperature of mass loss in TGA (155 ° C) match with the temperature variation of enthalpy by DSC curve and the initial oxidative event shown in non-isothermal curve PDSC indicating superior thermo-oxidative stability comparing to Soybean biodiesel where similar thermal events begin at a temperature of 100 º C. The oxidative stability (25 hours) was evaluated by Rancimat test. This result was confirmed by PDSC, where the variation of the baseline occurred at 54 minutes after reaching the temperature of the isotherm, at 110°C, and any other thermal event was observed during the entire period of the experiment (10 hours), indicating no oxidation reactions. The peroxide index was evaluated 58.4 meq / kg by using an oven (65 ºC) for a period of 25 days, showing a high stability if compared with the sunflower oil biodiesel, which according to the literature and in the same procedures presented a peroxide index of 300 meq / kg in seven days. The rheological study showed a Newtonian behavior and an absolute dynamic viscosity of 5.3 ± 9.1.10-5 m.Pa.s.
Este trabalho descreve as propriedades físicas das sementes de três cultivares de mamão produzidos no Brasil: Sunrise Solo (Havaí), Golden e Formosa, a composição química das sementes e dos seus respectivos óleos, as propriedades físico-químicas do óleo e do biodiesel dele obtido. Tudo isso, tem o objetivo de avaliar o aproveitamento industrial integral desse resíduo totalmente descartável , o qual é uma possível fonte renovável de energia. Os cultivares Golden e Sunrise Solo apresentaram menor peso de fruto (391,92 e 590,32 g) que o Formosa (1318,16 g); possuem, porém, um rendimento de sementes superior de respectivamente 2,54 e 1,43% contra 0,61 % da cultivar Formosa. A composição química das sementes em g/100 g apresentou um teor elevado de proteínas (23,58 a 25,46); fibras (16,07 a 19,19) e minerais (5,12 a 6,48) entre os três cultivares com destaque para os minerais Fe e P, cujos maiores teores foram, respectivamente, os de 104,18 mg/g e 634,12 mg/g para as cultivares Golden e Sunrise solo. O teor de óleo dos três cultivares foi o de ± 28% sendo majoritários os ácido graxos oléico com percentuais de 69,78; 70,13 e 72,04 e palmítico com percentuais de 18,95; 18,89 e 18,20, respectivamente para as cultivares Golden, Sunrise solo e Formosa. Na mesma ordem os índices de acidez : 1,0, 0.98 e 1,03, iodo: 71,30; 70,26 e 70,45 e saponificação: 190,2; 190,14 e 189,98. A transesterificação metílica do óleo do cultivar Golden ocorreu por catálise básica, na razão molar 1:8, temperatura de 45 °C e concentração de 0,5% de catalisador, sendo a conversão identificada pelas técnicas de: CCD, CG-MS, IR e RMN 1H e C13. A taxa percentual de conversão em ésteres metílicos (92,07) foi determinada por gravimetria, de acordo com estequiometria da reação. A cinética da reação de transesterificação metílica por catálise ácida no óleo de alta acidez do cultivar Golden foi avaliada por CCD e o percentual de esterificação da reação determinado pela redução do índice de acidez do meio reacional. Na razão molar de 1:9, temperatura de 80 °C, a acidez baixou de 28 para 3,31 e 3,12 mg de KOH/g de amostra com um percentual de esterificação de 88,18 e 88,86, respectivamente, nas concentrações de 1,0 e 1,4% de catalisador após 8 horas de reação. Numa segunda fase do processo reacional, após 2 horas, a acidez caiu para 1,8 mg de KOH/g (1,0% de catalisador) e 1,6 g de KOH/g (1,4% de catalisador), com esterificação máxima, respectivamente, de 93,57% e 94,28%. O biodiesel obtido por catálise básica apresentou índice de acidez (0,35 mg de KOH/g), densidade (0,88g/cm3), viscosidade cinemática (6,0 mm2/s), ponto de névoa (1 ºC), ponto de fluidez ( 1 ºC) e número de cetano (62,83). O consumo em gerador de energia em L/h mostrou os valores: 0,5837 (B100), 0,5806 (B50), 0,5814 (B20), 0,6122 (B10), 0,6225 (B5) contra 0,6981 (diesel). Os estudos de estabilidade térmica mostraram que a temperatura inicial de perda de massa na curva TG (155°C) coincidiu com o início da temperatura de variação da entalpia pela curva DSC e com o evento oxidativo inicial demonstrado na curva PDSC não isotérmica, demonstrando estabilidade termoxidativa superior ao biodiesel de soja, onde os eventos térmicos similares iniciam na temperatura de 100 ºC. No teste Rancimat, o biodiesel apresentou estabilidade oxidativa elevada (25 horas). Este fato foi confirmado pela técnica PDSC, durante a qual a mudança da linha de base ocorreu aos 54 minutos, atingida a temperatura da isoterma (110 ºC), não sendo registrado nenhum evento térmico (indicativo de reações de oxidação) por 10 horas. No método da estufa após um período de 25 dias a 65 ºC, o índice de peróxido máximo do biodiesel foi de 58,4 meq/Kg, uma estabilidade muito superior ao biodiesel de girassol, que segunda a literatura e nas mesmas condições analíticas apresentou um índice de peróxido de 300 meq/Kg em 7 dias. O estudo reológico demonstrou um comportamento newtoniano com uma viscosidade dinâmica absoluta de 5,3 ± 9,1. 10-5 m.Pa.s.
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Piovesan, Natiéli. "EXTRATOS NATURAIS DE SEMENTES DE MAMÃO PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) E MARCELA (Achyrocline satureioides) E AVALIAÇÃO DA CAPACIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE E ANTIMICROBIANA EM LINGUIÇA DE FRANGO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5723.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe present study aimed to develop natural extracts from papaya seed (Carica papaya l.) and marcela (Achyrocline satureioides) to be used in chicken sausage, evaluating their antioxidant and anti-microbial activities. Firstly, the hydroethanolic extracts were elaborated and the phenolic compounds characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity were accomplished. Then, the papaya seeds and marcela extracts, in 0,5%, 1%, 1,5% and 0,5 and 0,75% respectively were used in the chicken sausage. The analyses accomplished were: centesimal composition (humidity, protein, ash and fat), pH, objective color, lipid oxidation, microbiological and sensory analyses. The results obtained in the extracts in vitro analyses showed that the marcela extract presents greater amount of total phenolic and higher antioxidant activity compared to the papaya seeds extract. The products centesimal composition complied with the Brazilian law. There was no interference of the extracts addition on the pH of the chicken sausage in relation to the control ones. Regarding color, during the storage period the T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments presented higher values for h* in relation to control, indicating a color tendency from red to yellow. At the 42 days of storage of the refrigerated chicken sausage, the samples T3 (1,5% ESM) and T5 (0,75%EM) presented the lowest TBARS values, being respectively 0,485 and 0,448 mg malonaldehyde Kg-1 of sample, representing a lipid inhibition higher than control. The values obtained to Clostridium, Staphylococcus positive coagulase; Salmonella and coliforms at 45° were lower than the ones established by law. However the mesophylls aerobic and the psychotropic microorganisms were lower to 10-6 UFC. g-1 up to 21 days of storage, at 4 °C. The mean values of the scores attributed to color, smell, texture and global appearance did not present significant difference (p<0, 05) among the treatments. The acceptability index presented values higher than 70% for all attributes which is considered good. Then, it is possible to conclude that the addition of papaya seeds (1,5%) and marcela (0,75%) extracts can be used in the chicken sausage manufacture since they have presented antioxidant capacity and may lengthen this meat product s shelf life.
O presente estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver extratos naturais de sementes de mamão papaya (Carica papaya L.) e de marcela (Achyrocline satureioides) para aplicação em linguiça de frango, avaliando suas atividades antimicrobianas e antioxidantes. Primeiramente elaborou-se os extratos hidro-etanólicos e realizou-se a caracterização da composição de fenólicos e da atividade antioxidante in vitro. Após, os extratos de sementes de mamão e de marcela, nas concentrações de 0,5%, 1% e 1,5%, e 0,5% e 0,75%, respectivamente, foram aplicados em linguiça de frango. As análises realizadas nos embutidos foram: composição centesimal (umidade, proteínas, cinzas, gordura), pH, cor objetiva, oxidação lipídica, análises microbiológicas e sensorial. Os resultados obtidos nas análises in vitro dos extratos mostraram que o extrato de marcela apresenta maior quantidade de fenólicos totais e maior atividade antioxidante quando comparada ao extrato de sementes de mamão. A composição centesimal dos produtos estava de acordo com o exigido pela legislação brasileira. Não houve interferência da adição dos extratos sobre pH das linguiças de frango em relação ao controle. Em relação à cor, durante o período de armazenamento, os tratamentos T2, T3, T4 e T5 apresentaram valores superiores para o h* em relação ao controle, indicando uma tendência de cor vermelha para amarelo. Aos 42 dias de armazenamento das linguiças de frango refrigeradas, as amostras T3 (1,5%ESM) e T5 (0,75%EM) apresentaram os menores valores de TBARS, sendo respectivamente 0,485 e 0,448 mg malonaldeído.Kg-1 de amostra, representando uma inibição lipídica superior ao controle. Os valores obtidos para Clostridium, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva; Samonella e coliformes a 45 ºC encontravam-se com valores inferiores aos limites estabelecidos pela legislação. Já a contagem de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos e psicrotróficos foram inferiores a 10-6 UFC. g-1 até os 21 dias de armazenamento, a 4 ºC. Os valores médios das notas atribuídas para os atributos cor, odor, sabor, textura e aparência global não apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos. O índice de aceitabilidade apresentou valores superiores a 70% para todos atributos avaliados, sendo considerado com boa repercussão. Portanto, conclui-se que a adição dos extratos de sementes de mamão (1,5%) e de marcela (0,75%), podem ser utilizadas na elaboração de linguiça de frango, pois apresentaram capacidades antioxidantes, podendo aumentar a vida de prateleira desse produto cárneo.
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Mngomba, Simon Alfred. "Development of clonal propagation protocols for Uapaca kirkiana and Pappea capensis, two southern African trees with economic potential." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26848.
Full textAbstract:
Experiments were carried out with the objectives of developing propagation protocols for Uapaca kirkiana and Pappea capensis tree species of southern Africa, and evaluating the graft compatibility within U. Kirkiana tree clones, provenances and species. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, fluorescence microscopy and callus fusion methodologies were used to diagnose graft compatibility. Results indicated that U. Kirkiana culture asepsis was achieved with 0.1% w/v mercuric chloride HgCl2) and using pre-conditioned grafted trees. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) improved P. Capensis seed asepsis and germination, and discarding floating seeds improved germination. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2.0 mg l-1 benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.3 mg l-1 casein hydrolysate (CH) was superior in shoot multiplication and 0.5 mg l-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for rooting of P. Capensis microshoots. For somatic embryogenesis, three quarter strength MS medium with 0.05 mg l-1 thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.3 mg l-1 CH, or 0.2 mg l-1 BAP with 0.3 mg l-1 CH, were effective in germination of P. Capensis somatic embryos. For U. Kirkiana lateral shoot explants, shoot multiplication was superior on three quarter strength MS medium with 0.1 mg l-1 BAP and 0.3 mg l-1 CH. Rooting of micro-cuttings (36%) was achieved on ½ MS with 2.5 mg l-1 IBA. RP-HPLC, fluorescence microscopy and callus fusion studies showed that phenolic compounds play a major role in U. Kirkiana graft incompatibility. Less graft compatible combinations showed an increase in phenol deposits above the union and graft incompatibility was more pronounced above the union than below the union. Proliferation of parenchymatous tissues was better below the union than above the union. Fluorescence microscopy showed presence of flavonoids and polymers above the union of less graft compatible combinations. The chromatograms showed that ferulic acid was abundant and responsible for wood discolouration. The chromatograms also isolated ρara-coumaric acids which were predominant above the union of the less compatible combinations. Therefore, ρara-coumaric acids, flavonoids and polymers were implicated in graft incompatibility of U. kirkiana trees. CopyrightThesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted
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Lin, Ya-Shuan, and 林亞萱. "Dormancy Break of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Seeds by Heat and Gibberellins Treatments." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33838440172504334411.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
97
Papaya (Carica papaya L.), an important economical fruit crop in Taiwan, can be propagated by seeds, grafting, cutting and tissue culture, but mainly from seeds. Therefore, the germinability of seeds are vital to the industry. The characteristics of papaya seed germination are slow and asynchronous. Numerous researchers had proposed different kinds of methods to improve papaya seed germination, but the efficiency is significant different and contradictory depends upon cultivars and environment. The problem of poor and asynchronous germination of papaya seeds still exists. Thus, it is important for papaya nursery industry to look for effective methods to increase germination. Fresh papaya seeds harvested from‘Tainung no. 2’fruits at yellow-ripen stage are dormant after removing the sacrotesta and washing. Scarification and H2SO4 treatment have no effect on improving germination. The germination percentage can be achieved to 65% after removing the testa and tegmen, suggested that testa is the main physical constraint to radicle protrusion, instead of limiting the water and air permeability of seed. Fresh papaya seeds were after-ripened at 20℃ for 4 weeks and the water content of seeds decreased to 5.31~12.24%, but couldn’t germinate as well. Papaya seeds can improve germination by treated GA3 and GA4+7 solutions, and the most effective treatment is GA4+7 100 mg/L, implies that the main bioactive GAs for papaya seed germination may be GA4 and/or GA7. Seeds that were after-ripened for 14 days was soaked in 100 mg/L GA4+7 for 24 hours and incubated in Paclobutrazol and Ancymidol solutions. The inhibitory effects of these two inhibitors enhance as the concentration increases, demonstrates indirectly that the ability of papaya seeds to synthesize GAs continuously is quite important. Papaya seeds can’t germinate without adding GAs, implies that the embryo of papaya seed is weak. In addition to the weak embryo and the mechanical constraint of testa, papaya seeds are belonged to physiological dormancy. Although GAs treatment can improve the germination and synchronicity, it’s improper to be put in use due to the 30% abnormal seedlings occurrence. Papaya seed dormancy can be alleviated by hot water immersion treatment. 34, 36, 38, 40℃ hot water immersion treatment can enhance the germination of after-ripened seeds imbibed for 1 day. The best condition is 36℃ treated for 5 hours, and the germination percentage is 58.67%. The efficiency will be better as the imbibition duration before hot water immersion treatment increases to more than 5 days, the germination can be increased to 74%, but there’s no significant difference when the imbibition duration is more than 5 days. Compare the effects of different heat shock treatment, the positive improvement of hot water immersion (36℃, 5h) is better than hot air treatment (36℃, 5h), and after-ripened seeds are more sensitive to heat response than fresh seeds. Seedlings after heat shock treatment are healthy, have no side effects, unlike GAs treatment which will produce abnormal seedlings, and the method can be regarded as a dormancy breaking technology in papaya seedling propagation. In order to figure out the mechanism of heat shock treatment to improve papaya seed germination, we incubated seeds in Paclobutrazol and Ancymidol solutions after 36℃ hot water-immersion treated for 5 hours. 10 μM Ancymidol completely reverse the promoting effect of hot water immersion treatment. Counteracting effects of 10~250μM Paclobutrazol enhance as the concentration increases, implies that hot water immersion treatment should improve papaya seed germination via GAs de novo synthesis. According to the results of endogenous GA1, GA3, GA4, GA7, GA20 and ABA analysis, the GA4 content of hot water immersion treated seeds increases 1.14 times and enhances continuously as incubation time increases, but the heat treatment has no significant effect on endogenous GA3 content, implies that the bioactive form of papaya seed germination is GA4. The ABA contents of papaya seeds is not detected, suggested that ABA may not be the main factor influencing papaya seed dormancy and germination. This is conformed that 10~100 μM Fluridone treatment has no effect on improving germination. In conclusion, we proposed a hypothesis of mechanism how heat shock treatment can improve papaya seed germination. Seeds can restore physiological metabolism during the imbibition period. After heat stimulated, seeds were directly or indirectly induced increasing the rate of endogenous GAs synthesis or inhibiting the rate of GAs breakdown, and the GA4 content increases. Through GA signal transduction to start the degradation and mobilization of seed reserves and weaken the physical constraint of the cell wall of endosperm cap and testa, and then seeds can germinate successfully.
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Gan, Chai-Hsia, and 顏綵葭. "Factors Influence on Germination of Carica papaya Seeds." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17875501162119003534.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
94
A few seed germination internal factors such as influence of testa and tegmen, moisture content after imbibitions, maturation of fruits and seed size and weight and external environment such as influences of alternating temperature and light were investigate to sought for problem of papaya germination. The testa and tegmen presented markedly delay in germination as a physical resistance to radicle emergence. Tegmen might play a role in seed protection and germination because removal tegmen might cause abnormal seed. Moisture content of dried intact seeds and seedcoat(including testa and tegmen) increase linearly after imbibitions, and reach a plateau in short time. While moisture content of endosperm include embryo were lower but shown water absorption 3 phase. So, the moisture content of endosperm include embryo was the critical point to papaya germination and endosperm play a role in blocking water absorption. Fruit maturation was significant effect in papaya seed germination and germination rate. Seed size of papaya might not significantly effect on germination, while the heavier seed weight were showed better germination. Papaya germinated at alternating temperature 35/25℃ and 35/20℃(12h/12h) were higher than constant 35℃in 12 h photoperiod. Compared the germination of papaya at constant temperature 35℃, 30℃ and 25℃ and alternating temperatures of 35/30℃, 35/25℃, 35/20℃, 30/25℃ and 30/20℃ in darkness, alternating temperature regimes provided higher germination than constant temperatures. Germination percentage at constant temperatures 35℃ and 25℃ was able to increase progressively after transferring to alternating temperature. Continuous 24h light treatment inhibited papaya germination. Germination percentage was not significant difference between darkness or photoperiod 8h and 12h at 30℃ constant temperature. A factorial experiment of temperature regimes (outdoor temperature, fluctuating temperature, alternating temperature and constant temperature); light treatments (with 12 hours light or darkness) and GA3 treatments (with or without pretreated GA3 400mg/L 3 hours). The interaction between temperature, light and gibberellins treatment did not show significant effect on papaya germination, but the temperature had the significant effect on papaya germination.
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Wang, Teng-Hsu, and 王騰旭. "Studies on an N-acetyl Galactosamine Specific Binding Lectin from Papaya (Carica papaya) Seeds." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08938836321836979701.
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博士臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
98
Lectins are carbohydrate recognizing proteins which prevanlently exist in most, if not all, living organisms. For a long time, plant lectins were commonly perceived as ‘antinutrients’, mainly due to their adverse effects of causing non-pathogenic food-borne poisoning when not properly cooked before consumption. However, recent studies exhibited that several lectins have been found to possess anticancer properties and showed promising potential as anticancer agents.This study provides a new strategy to detect the specific carbohydrate binding capability of lectins. A sugar-polymer based enzyme-linked adsorbent assay was established by applying different monosaccharide-polyacrylamide conjugates, including D-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and L-fucose, as capturing agents for screening lectins in biological samples. Four model lectins, concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I), were employed as the comparative lectins against each corresponding sugar. The results suggested that this assay is more sensitive than the conventional hemagglutinating methods. On the screening of specific carbohydrate binding capability from 29 plant materials, a specific N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) binding capability was observed in the crude extracts of papaya (Carica papaya) seeds. The GalNAc specific binding protein was subsequently isolated and designated as CPL (C. papaya lectin). Purification of the lectin involved ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE anion exchange and repeated gel filtration chromatography. Inhibition of CPL causing hemagglutination on human erythrocytes showed that the lectin shows specificity to GalNAc and lactose. Surface plasmon resonance further revealed that the lectin possesses high specificity toward GalNAc with a dissociation constant of 5.5 × 10^-9 M. The lectin is composed of 38- and 40- kDa subunits with molecular mass of ~804 kDa estimated by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. Incubation of CPL with Jurkat T cells showed significant induction of IL-2 cytokine, which suggests that CPL has potent immunomodulatory effects on immune cells.
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Kung, Yen-Lun, and 龔彥綸. "Purification and Biochemical Properties of an N-acetylgalactosamine Specific Lectin from Papaya (Carica papaya) Seeds." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01953600833350933720.
Full textAbstract:
碩士臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
98
Based on our previous study, a novel N-acetylgalactosamine binding protein in papaya seed (Carica papaya lecin, CPL) was discovered by GalNAc-polyacrylamide based enzyme-linked adsorbent assay (Food Chem. 2009, 113: 1218-1225). Papaya seeds with different maturity were collected, and the extracts of seeds in green papaya fruits shows relatively high activity. Further purification of CPL was conducted as following: freeze-dried papaya seeds were ground into powder, extracted with 20 folds (w/v) of 50 mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) at 4°C overnight, centrifuged and collected the supernatant, added ammonium sulfate to 70% saturation. Precipitations were resuspended and dialyzed against PBS, then fractionated by a 50 kDa MWCO ultrafiltration. The retentate was further purified by HiTrap CM FF ion exchange chromatography and Superdex 200 GL gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE and HPLC gel filtration indicated that CPL is a polymer with a molecular mass of 804 ± 30 kDa and composed of two different subunits of 38 and 40 kDa associated by non-covalent bonds. It was heat stable until up to 70oC for 30 min and showed optimum sugar-binding activity from pH 6.0 to 8.0. Also, CPL did not require Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+for its activity. Of various sugars tested, the lectin was best inhibited by GalNAc. CPL agglutinated all trypsinized human RBC types, with a slight preference for the A blood group which immunodeterminant is GalNAc. Based on the specificity, we performed an alternative ripid, simple purification method via GalNAc-Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography column, and gave the lectin with a 6000-fold purification as compared to the crude extract.
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Lin, Mei-Hua, and 林美華. "The Re-examination of Viability Test and Storage Behavior of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78405999585410134435.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
農藝學系
86
Due to their dormancy character and low germination rate, germination test of papaya seeds is not only time-consuming, but may under-estimate their true viability. In addition, papaya seed is not able to tolerate both dry and low temperature conditions, hence making preservation of the germplasm difficult. The object of this thesis is to improve the electrical conductivity and TTC test methods that are alternative ways to determine the viability of papaya seed rapidly, and to investigate in more details the storage behavior of papaya seeds under freeze temperature and low seed moisture content. The moisture content of papaya seeds, in between 3.70% to 11.64%, did not interfere with the results of both the electrical conductivity and TTC test methods. As high as 70% of the dead papaya seeds that were obtained by accelerated aging stained positively by TTC test. These data were explained by the action of the hard inner seed coat. A new TTC test procedure was developed. It was shown that 18-22 hrs soaking of papaya seeds at 25℃, followed by another 14-22 hrs imbibition of the embryos, distinguished the viable from the accelerated-age seeds. The new procedure stained the viable embryo into red or orange color, while the dead embryo pink or white. Those imbibition schemes of longer or shorter seed soaking time under- or over- estimated the germination percentage of the samples respectively. The new procedure was examined with 54 samples of various sources. It was shown that the germination percentages were always higher than 85% for those samples with viability higher than 90% as estimated by the new TTC test method. During imbibition, the electrolyte-leaching rate of papaya seed rapidly decreased immediately after soaking. However, only those of aged seed revealed a second phase, which was 24th - 48th hr of imbibition, of high leaching rate. This second phase was founded to be more stable at 25℃, and could be revealed distinctly by sample size of 50 seeds and soaking media of 50 ml de-ionized water. The correlation between germination percentage and the amount of leachate conductivity of the second phase as tested by the above conditions can be improved further, if those samples which containing empty seeds were eliminated. Papaya seeds were sensitive to low temperature and they were better kept under temperature over 0℃ with moderate moisture contents. The seed of ''Tainung no.2'', with moisture content 3.7%-11.64%, lost viability after storing at -25℃ for 6 months, while unexpectedly, 70% of the seeds of ''Sunrise'', with moisture content 3.98%-9.23%, were still viable after storing at -25℃ for 7.5 months. The new TTC test, but not the electrical conductivity test, proved reliable in estimating the viability of those papaya seeds that was freeze-stored.
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Wang, Hsin-Yi, and 王欣怡. "Studies on the purification and properties of chitinase from papaya (Carica papaya, Tainung No.2) seeds." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rqpupp.
Full textAbstract:
碩士靜宜大學
食品營養研究所
98
A chitinase was purified from lyophilized powder of mature papaya seeds through successive steps of buffer extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephacryl S-100 HR gel filtration, Polybuffer exchanger PBE 94 chromatofocusing and Sephacryl S-100 HR gel filtration. By these steps, the purity of the enzyme was increased 152 fold and the recovery of enzyme activity was 17.5％. The purified chitinase catalyzed the hydrolysis of both chitin and chitosan. The optimum pH for CM-chitin hydrolysis was 4.5, the optimum temperature was 50℃, the Km was 1.88 mg/mL and the Vmax was 1.08 μmol GlcNAc/min/mg, whereas the optimum pH for AE-chitosan hydrolysis was 6, the optimum temperature was 50℃, the Km was 1.20 mg/mL and Vmax was 0.130 μmol GlcN/min/mg. The purified chitinase was thermally stable after holding at 30-50℃ for 60 min. However, at temperatures higher than 50℃, the enzyme activity decreased significantly. The initial heat inactivation of the enzyme followed first-order reaction kinetics. The half-life values of thermal inactivation for the enzyme varied from 51.5 to 3.4 min at 60-70℃. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was pH 4.6, as estimated by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis and zymogram staining. The molecular mass of the enzyme was 31.6 kDa, as estimated by gel filtration. This value was close to that estimated by SDS-PAGE (33.1 kDa), indicating the purified chitinase was a monomeric enzyme. The purified chitinase was deemed to be a class III chitinase because it was recognized by a polyclonal antibody raised against 30 kDa chitinase from jelly fig achene, as examined by Western immunoblotting. The purified enzyme was not fully homogeneous, there was some contamination with trace amounts of a minor isoform of chitinase (28.3 kDa), as analyzed by SDS-PAGE and chitinase activity staining. The minor isoform was not recognized by anti- (jelly fig chitinase) antibody. Chemical modification agents, including diethyl pyrocarbonate (2.5 mM), Woodward’s reagent K (50 mM), N-bromosuccinimide (5 mM) and N-acetylimidazole (2.5 mM) significantly inhibited the activity of the purified chitinase, implying that imidazole groups from histidine, carboxyl groups from aspartic acid and glutamic acid, indole groups from tryptophan and phenolic groups from tyrosine were located at or near the active site of the enzyme. The purified chitinase catalyzed the hydrolysis of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives. However, the enzyme had greater activity toward chitin than toward chitosan. The major product of ethylene glycol chitin hydrolysis catalyzed by the enzyme was chitin oligomer with chain length of 4.
Books on the topic "Papaya seeds"
1
Benoiton, Sandra Hanks. Papaya-- and other seeds: A collection of short stories and poems. Mahe, Seychelles: Splaytoes Pub. Seychelles, 2008.
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Yeomans, Lien. Green Papaya: New fruit from old seeds : how I seduced Australia with my food. Milsons Point, NSW: Random House Australia, 2001.
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The Holy See's teaching on Catholic schools. Manchester, N.H: Sophia Institute Press, 2006.
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The Papacy and the Middle East: The role of the Holy See in the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1962-1984. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.
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Bunson, Matthew. The pope encyclopedia: An A to Z of the Holy See. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks, 1995.
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The Vatican and Italian fascism, 1929-32: A study in conflict. Cambridge (Cambridgeshire): Cambridge University Press, 1985.
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Pattenden, Miles. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797449.003.0001.
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A pope’s legitimacy—and the authority of papal officials—derived from his election. But the election process itself generated practical, logistical, legal, and political problems which all parties with a stake in the election’s outcome had to negotiate. The chapter lays out the book’s overall contention, namely that the papal office’s elective nature was as important in shaping papal history in the early modern period as the pope’s twin identities of temporal prince and universal pastor. It seeks to introduce the unique issues and complications of papal elections and the inherent difficulties that new popes faced in establishing themselves after an election. It also starts a discussion of decision-making within a political elite, in this case the one which occupied the highest levels of the Counter-Reformation Catholic Church.
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Reinerman, Alan J. Austria and the Papacy in the Age of Metternich: Revolution and Reaction, 1830-1838. Catholic Univ of Amer Pr, 1990.
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The Papacy and the Middle East: The Role of the Holy See in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1962-1984. University of Notre Dame Press, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Papaya seeds"
1
Tan, Seok Shin. "Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Seed Oil." In Fruit Oils: Chemistry and Functionality, 615–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12473-1_31.
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Ke–nan, Ye, Huang Junchao, and Li Baojian. "Hybrid Papaya Artificial Seed Production for Experimental Field." In Biotechnology in Agriculture, 411–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1779-1_79.
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Sani, Muhamad Shirwan Abdullah, Jamilah Bakar, Russly Abdul Rahman, and Faridah Abas. "Effect of Temperature on Antibacterial Activity and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of Carica Papaya Seed Extract." In Multifaceted Protocols in Biotechnology, Volume 2, 117–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75579-9_8.
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Rodríguez, Sergio, Iramis Vargas, Asterio Hijuelo, Frederique Loumeto, Juan J. Silva, Jorge Pérez, Quirino Arias, et al. "Analysis of the Effect of Scarification Process on Papaya (Carica papaya Lin.) Seeds Germination." In Seed Dormancy and Germination. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88012.
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Abdulazeez, Mansurah A., and Ibrahim Sani. "Use of Fermented Papaya (Carica papaya) Seeds as a Food Condiment, and Effects on Pre- and Post-implantation Embryo Development." In Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, 855–63. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-375688-6.10101-x.
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"Seed Production." In Papaya, 89–96. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18955-9.
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"Papaya: Carica papaya L." In Seed Storage of Horticultural Crops, 63–70. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439800072-13.
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Adolph Akatsuka, Neal K. "Is the Transgene a Grave?" In Food and Power in Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824858537.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the controversies that surround the introduction of transgenic papaya on Hawaii Island, in the wake of the devastation caused by the ring spot virus in the 1990s. It critically examines the respective positions of industry proponents and anti-GM activists, and cautions against the tendency of essentializing GM papayas as either a savior or harbinger of destruction. While both positions raise valid underlying concerns, they both tend to overlook the more difficult challenges of managing smallholder papaya industry in a global market. On the one hand, the benefits and costs of GM papayas are unevenly distributed. On the other hand, he sees a problem in anti-GMO activists’ push for “pure” agriculture, pointing out that the line between “pure” and “impure” and “natural” and “unnatural” are always ambiguous.
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Rennie, Kriston R. "Rome’s orbit." In Freedom and protection, 59–87. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526127723.003.0004.
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A monastery’s relationship with Rome raises fundamental questions about its origins and nature. Exemption privileges form an important part of this story – a connecting link between the centre in Rome and the Christian periphery. This chapter questions the monastery’s impetus for seeking special exemption from Rome by examining the practice’s development from the papal perspective. It seeks to understand the gravitational pull of ‘Rome’s orbit’, which reveals the precedent, pragmatism, and vision of early medieval popes in the organization and governance of religious life. Formulating the popes’ attitude towards, and involvement in, western monasteries, this chapter explains why the granting of monastic exemptions became so pronounced a feature of papal government in the early Middle Ages.
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Crook, Tony. "eip." In Anthropological Knowledge, Secrecy and Bolivip, Papua New Guinea. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264003.003.0004.
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Three young brothers were bouncing up and down on the wobbly verandah of their house in Bolivip, rejoicing the name of their newly acquired hunting dog. These boys had yet to be shown either the residential men's house or the yolam cult house, and remained wanang am alin (‘those of the women's house’). Taros grow head down, bottom up – but once harvested and severed, the corm's flat top is spoken of as the taro's ‘head’. They are planted offset at a slight angle. Walking through the old garden where his mother and grandmother were lifting taros, one of Recky's teenage rejoicers paused by a growing plant and described the taro leaf as a face, with ears, eyes, nose, and tongue. The now-successful gardener explained that the taram was shaped by Afek following and copying the image of her genitals. Listening to those taram mouth-harp songs of birds, women, and water, Recky's follower–owner father explained how the Feranmin man was following the same path that he himself used when out hunting marsupials with his dog. Angkaiyakmin knowledge it seems is necessarily the result of combined persons and takes the form of persons combined.
Conference papers on the topic "Papaya seeds"
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Quartey, A., A. Oppong, I. Ayensu, J. Apenteng, D. Mintah, and C. Ikeani. "Synergistic in-vitro anthelmintic potentials of Vernonia amygdalina Delile stem and Carica papaya Lin. seeds." In GA 2017 – Book of Abstracts. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608436.
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Hidayat, Habibi, Muhammad A. Auliya, and Revita Anggreyani. "Isolation and identification of probiotics bacteria as a producer of protease enzyme from fermentation of papaya seeds." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5065044.
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Hariyanti, Rizky Arcinthya Rachmania, Mutia Karinah, and Hadi Sunaryo. "In Silico Analysis of the Phytochemical Compounds in Carica papaya Seeds for Optimizing the Inhibitors of HMG-CoA Reductase." In 1st Muhammadiyah International Conference on Health and Pharmaceutical Development. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008240501230132.
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Anwar, M., M. G. Rasul, and N. Ashwath. "A comparative study of engine performance and emission characteristics of biodiesels produced from the waste seeds of papaya and stone fruit." In 2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Engineering (REPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/repe48501.2019.9025112.
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Anwar, M., M. G. Rasul, and N. Ashwath. "Optimization of biodiesel production process from papaya (Carica papaya) seed oil." In 2017 IEEE 7th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems (ICPES). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpesys.2017.8215935.
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Muntholib, Dwi Sulistyaningrum, Subandi, and Siti Marfu’ah. "Identification of flavonoid isolates of papaya (Carica papaya L.) seed and their activity as pancreatic lipase inhibitors." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON METALLURGY AND MATERIALS (ISMM2019): Exploring New Innovation in Metallurgy and Materials. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0003456.
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Anwar, Mohammad, Mohammad G. Rasul, Nanjappa Ashwath, and Muhammad M. K. Bhuiya. "Ternary or binary blend? A case study using papaya seed oil biodiesel." In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (ICME2019). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0039519.
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Ma, Ruoying, Youmei Li, Xuetian Rao, Jinhong Cai, Linhe Wu, Zheng Wang, and Bo Zhang. "ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTIONS OF CARICA PAPAYA SEED RESIDUE." In 2016 International Conference on Biotechnology and Medical Science. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813145870_0085.
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García-Cano, Jesús, and Lourdes Taberna Arana. "RESECCIÓN ENDOSCÓPICA DE LESIONES POLIPOIDEAS DE LA PAPILA DE VATER." In 40 Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Endoscopia Digestiva (SEED). Madrid (España): Arán Ediciones, S.L., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17235/reed.supl3vol110.1114/2018.
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Nilugal, Kiran Chanabasappa, Santosh Fattepur, Visallani Veerapandian, Fadli Asmani, May Florence Dela Cruz Bacayo, Ibrahim Abdulah, and Eddy Yusuf. "Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Effect of Papaya Juice in Combination with Cumin Seed in Ethanol Induced Peptic ulcers in Experimental Rats." In Bromo Conference, Symposium on Natural Products and Biodiversity. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008358000940101.
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