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Acosta, Karel Ismar, Loidy Zamora, Berta Piñol, et al. "Empoasca papayae Oman, 1937 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) the simultaneous vector of phytoplasmas and rickettsia associated with “Bunchy Top Symptom” in Cuba." Anales de Biología, no. 39 (February 8, 2017): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesbio.39.03.
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Ensayos de transmisión mostraron desarrollo de síntomas típicos de BTS en todas las plantas de papaya después de tres meses de post-inoculadas con Empoasca papayae. El fitoplasma identificado en 28 de 45 las plantas inoculadas, presentó, en secuencia de ADN ribosomal 16S, un 99,9% igual al identificado en plantas de campo y con las detectadas previamente en E. papayae en Cuba. Todos son miembros del subgrupo de fitoplasma 16SrI-B. Una rickettsia se identificó en 41 de las 45 plantas inoculadas. Su secuencia parcial del gen sdhA mostró un 100% de identidad con la rickettsia identificada en plantas de campo, E. papayae y las previamente publicadas. Los resultados confirmaron la habilidad de E. papayae para transmitir simultáneamente el fitoplasma y la rickettsia. Transmission trials showed typical BTS symptoms developed in all papaya plants after three months post-inoculated with Empoasca papayae. The BTS phytoplasma was identified in 28 out of 45 inoculated papayas, whose partial 16S rDNA sequence was 99.9% identical to those of the phytoplasma identified in the field-collected papayas, and that previously detected in E. papayae in Cuba. These are all members of the phytoplasma subgroup 16SrI-B. A rickettsia was identified in 41 out of 45 inoculated papayas. It showed a 100% of identity of its partial sdhA sequence to those from the field-collected papayas, E. papayae and the rickettsia previously identified. Results confirmed the ability of E. papayae to simultaneously transmit the BTS phytoplasma and the rickettsia pathogen.
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Le, Khac Hoang, Thi Hoang Dong Tran, Dang Hoa Tran, Tuan Dat Nguyen, and Cong Van Doan. "Parasitoid Wasp Acerophagus papayae: A Promising Solution for the Control of Papaya Mealybug Paracoccus marginatus in Cassava Fields in Vietnam." Insects 14, no. 6 (2023): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14060528.
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Cassava is a valuable export commodity crop that is often attacked by pests, causing economic losses for this crop. The papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus has become a major pest of cassava in Vietnam. The parasitoid wasp Acerophagus papayae has been demonstrated to be the most efficient parasitoid wasp for controlling P. marginatus in many regions. We observed the occurrence of A. papayae in Vietnam, studied the biological characteristics of A. papayae, and investigated its parasitic activity on P. marginatus. The results showed that A. papayae occurred more frequently than Anagyrus loecki, another known parasitoid of P. marginatus. The lifespan of A. papayae was approximately 16 days. In the absence of hosts, a 50% honey solution was an essential diet to increase the longevity of both female and male of A. papayae. The second instar of P. marginatus was a suitable host stage for parasitism by A. papayae. Female A. papayae laid approximately 60.8 eggs within 17 days, mostly during the first 6 to 7 days. These findings suggest that A. papayae has the potential to control P. marginatus, and could inform the development of more effective pest management strategies for cassava crops in Vietnam and other regions affected by this pest.
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García-Cámara, Isabel, Raúl Tapia-Tussell, Anuar Magaña-Álvarez, et al. "Empoasca papayae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)-Mediated Transmission of Papaya Meleira Virus-Mexican Variant in Mexico." Plant Disease 103, no. 8 (2019): 2015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-18-1101-re.
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Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) causes sticky disease in Carica papaya in Brazil and Mexico. Despite its economic importance and the need for effective phytosanitary control, it remains unknown whether any insect is the vector of this virus. The aim of this work was to identify potential insect vectors of the PMeV-Mexican variant (PMeV-Mx) and determine whether these potential vectors are capable of transmitting the virus. Adult insects were collected in papaya fields in the south-southeast region of Mexico and were identified morphologically and molecularly. Their abundance and frequency were determined, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to establish if they carried PMeV-Mx. The Cicadellidae family (Hemiptera) was the most diverse and abundant, and Empoasca papayae was the most abundant species and had the highest virus titers. PMeV-Mx transmission assays were conducted under controlled conditions using E. papayae on C. papaya ‘Maradol’. E. papayae was a carrier of PMeV-Mx at 6 h after exposure, and its viral titer increased with time, peaking at 2.125 pg/μl of PMeV-Mx RNA from 20 ng/µl of cDNA, 5 days after exposure (dae). From 14 days after plants were exposed to insects, PMeV-Mx was detected and quantified in 100% of the evaluated papaya plants, whose viral RNA titer increased from 0.06 (21 dae) to 26.6 pg/μl of PMeV-Mx RNA (60 dae) from 20 ng/µl of cDNA. Three months later, these plants developed sticky disease symptoms, demonstrating that E. papayae is capable of transmitting PMeV-Mx to C. papaya ‘Maradol’.
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Fullerton, R. A., L. Taufa, J. L. Vanneste, J. Yu, D. A. Cornish, and D. Park. "First Record of Bacterial Crown Rot of Papaya (Carica papaya) Caused by an Erwinia papayae-Like Bacterium in the Kingdom of Tonga." Plant Disease 95, no. 1 (2011): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-10-0455.
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Symptoms resembling papaya bacterial crown rot (1,3) attributed to Erwinia papayae were first observed on ‘Waimanalo’ and ‘Solo Sunrise’ papaya on the island of Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga in July 2009. Spreading, dark green, water-soaked lesions formed on juvenile stem tissue and developed into a foul-smelling, wet rot that destroyed large sections of the stem. Coalescing, brown, angular, marginal, and intercostal lesions killed large areas of the lamina. Elongated lesions on petioles resulted in breakage and leaf death. Symptoms on stems typically moved toward the crown with the growing point being killed or the whole crown breaking off at a canker below. Isolations at 28°C on King's medium B (KB) yielded slow-growing, raised, white, mucoid colonies that produced a conspicuous, nondiffusable blue pigment in the medium. Two-day-old suspensions (1 × 108 CFU/ml) of two cultures were injected into juvenile stem tissue, petioles, and laminae of four healthy papaya seedlings of ‘Solo Sunrise’ with a sterile 1-ml insulin syringe. Sterile water was used as a negative control. Typical water-soaked lesions appeared at all bacterial inoculation sites on all plants within 5 days but not on controls. Pigment-producing colonies similar to those used for inoculation were reisolated from four different stem lesions. Bacteria isolated from diseased tissues were gram negative, facultative anaerobes, oxidase negative, nonfluorescent on KB, induced a hypersensitive reaction on tobacco leaves, but could not cause soft rot on potato slices. Those characteristics, combined with blue pigment production, are consistent with the bacterium E. papayae. A partial sequence of the 16S rDNA gene of ~804 bp was amplified from four Tongan isolates (ICMP18248–18251) using primers 27f and 1492r (4). Sequences of these strains were 100% identical to each other (GenBank Nos. HQ286366–HQ286369), 99 and 98% identical to the 16SrDNA sequences of E. mallotivora strains LMG2708 (Z96084.1) and DSM4565 (AJ233414.1) respectively, and 97% identical to the 16SrDNA sequence of E. papayae strain NCPPB 4294 (AY131237.1). E. mallotivora and E. papayae cause different diseases, a leaf spot on Mallotus japonicus (2) and bacterial canker on papaya, respectively. They are closely related and in the laboratory are distinguished by only very few biochemical characteristics (1). E. papayae produces a blue pigment on KB and can utilize arabinose but not mannitol. E. mallotivora does not produce a blue pigment and can utilize mannitol but not arabinose. The four Tongan strains produced a blue pigment and could utilize mannitol and arabinose. Symptoms caused by the strains isolated from Tonga are typical of those caused by E. papayae and the strains identified share most of the characteristics of E. papayae. Because the Tongan strains were able to utilize mannitol as well as arabinose and their 16S rDNA was only 97% similar to E. papayae, these strains are referred to as an E. papayae-like bacterium. The taxonomic position of these isolates will be resolved with techniques such as Multilocus Sequence Typing analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this highly destructive papaya disease in the Kingdom of Tonga and of a pathogen closely related to E. papaya in the country. References: (1) L. Gardan et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 54:107, 2004. (2) M. Goto. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 26:467, 1976. (3) N. H. Maktar et al. New Dis. Rep. 17:4, 2008. (4) F. Martin-Laurent et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2354, 2001.
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Wati, Mega, Aunu Rauf, and Pudjianto Pudjianto. "ASPECTS OF BIOLOGY OF Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), PARASITOID OF THE PAPAYA MEALYBUG." JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 19, no. 1 (2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11952-63.
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Aspects of biology of Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoid of papaya mealybug. Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important parasitoid of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The study was conducted with the objective to determine various aspects of the biology of A. papayae which include the effect of diet on adult longevity, fecundity and progeny, host stage susceptibility and preference, the effect of host stages on immature development, body size, and sex ratio of progenies. Effects of diet on adult longevity was done in the absence of hosts. Fecundity was measured by the number of mealybugs parasitized. Host stage susceptibility and preference were carried out by exposing 2nd and 3rd nymphal instars and pre-reproductive adults of mealybugs to parasitoids. Results showed adult parasitoids fed with 10% honey solution lived almost fourfold longer than those provided only water. A. papayae parasitized 30.1±4.92 mealybugs, with a range of 13-60 mealybugs, during 5.8 days of adult life. In no-choice (susceptibility) and paired-choice (preference) tests, the percentage of parasitized hosts were significantly greater in 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs than in adults. The mean immature developmental time of A. papayae was longer when the parasitoids develop in large host. Developmental time of male parasitoids was shorter than the females. Female wasps which emerged from hosts parasitized at the 3rd instar nymphs and adults were significantly larger than those from the 2nd instar nymphs. Sex ratios of the offspring emerged from hosts that were parasitized as 2nd instars were strongly male-biased, while the later stages yielded more females than males.
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Ribeiro, Ivan José Antunes, Lucia Helena Signori Melo de Castro, Maria Teresa de Toledo Rica, and Coleis de Toledo Piza Junior. "Ocorrência de Ovulariopsis papayae Bijl em folhas de mamoeiro." Bragantia 47, no. 1 (1988): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0006-87051988000100010.
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É citada pela primeira vez, em nossas condições, a ocorrência de oídio causado por Ovulariopsis papayae Bijl em folhas de mamoeiro (Cacica papaya L.). São descritas a sintomatologia, as características morfológicas do patógeno e o teste de patogenicidade.
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Gardan, Louis, Richard Christen, Wafa Achouak, and Philippe Prior. "Erwinia papayae sp. nov., a pathogen of papaya (Carica papaya)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, no. 1 (2004): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02718-0.
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Bacterial canker of papaya (Carica papaya) emerged during the 1980s in different islands of the Caribbean. Nineteen strains of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria isolated from papaya were compared to 38 reference and type strains of phytopathogenic Enterobacteriaceae and related bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the papaya strains belonged to the genus Erwinia. The DNA G+C content of strain CFBP 5189T, 52·5 mol%, is in the range of the genus Erwinia. The 19 papaya strains were all pathogenic to papaya and were differentiated clearly from type or reference strains of phytopathogenic enterobacteria and related bacteria by phenotypic tests. The papaya strains constituted a discrete DNA hybridization group, indicating that they belonged to a unique genomic species. Thus, strains pathogenic to papaya belong to a novel species for which the name Erwinia papayae sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain CFBP 5189T (=NCPPB 4294T).
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Sakthivel, N. "EF FECTIVENESS OF THREE INTRODUCED ENCYR TID PARASITIC WASPS (ACEROPHAGUS PAPAYAE, ANAGYRUS LOECKI AND PSEUDLEPTOMASTIX MEXICANA) AGAINST PAPAYA MEALYBUG, PARACOCCUS MARGINATUS, INFESTING MULBERRY IN TAMIL NADU." Journal of Biopesticides 6, no. 1 (2013): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.1.71-76.
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ABSTRACT Three exotic encyrtid parasitoids viz., Acerophagus papayae, Anagyrus loecki and Pseudleptomastix mexicana, introduced in India during 2010 under the classical biological control programme against an outbreak of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, an alien polyphagous pest, were evaluated on mulberry in Tamil Nadu. The nucleus culture of these three parasitoids were received from National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Bangalore, mass multiplied and released in mulberry gardens severely infested by papaya mealybug in 6 locations, 3 each at Virudunagar and Tirunelveli districts of Tamil Nadu @ 200 individuals per location during November 2010. An average of 10.4% parasitism and 9.7% reduction in papaya mealybug population was noticed a month after release of parasitoids and the population of the papaya mealybug was decreased gradually corresponding to the increase in percent parasitism @ 2, 3, 4 and 5th months. The population of papaya mealybug from the mulberry garden was almost completely eliminated with 96.6% at 6th month corresponding to 72.2% parasitism. Among the parasitoids released, the highest proliferation and field activity was observed in the case of A. papayae, which accounted for 75.6 – 81.7% parasitization followed by P. mexicana (9.3-24.4%) whereas A. loecki registered comparatively very poor performance (0.7-9.0 %) and its field recovery was not found 4 month after release in mulberry ecosystem of Tamil Nadu, India.
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Victor, Davy Moussango, Ebong Priscille, Voundi Steve, et al. "<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in situ</i> Activity of <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> Essential Oil Against <i>Alternaria alternata</i> and <i>Phomopsis carica-papayae</i>, Causal Agents of Papaya Leaf Diseases." Journal of Plant Sciences 12, no. 2 (2024): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20241202.11.
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Papaya cultivation is considered to be one of the most important fruit-growing activities in Cameroon, and plays a vital role in improving the livelihoods of local producers. However, leaf diseases caused by devastating fungi are a real obstacle to the development of this crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal potential of &lt;i&gt;Cymbopogon citratus&lt;/i&gt; essential oil against &lt;i&gt;Alternaria alternata&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Phomopsis carica-papayae&lt;/i&gt;, fungal agents associated with the deterioration of papaya leaves in the Moungo region of Cameroon. The essential oil of fresh &lt;i&gt;C. citratus&lt;/i&gt; leaves was extracted by hydrodistillation. Analysis of the chemical composition by GC then GC/MS revealed Geranial (45.24%), Neral (35.57%) and Myrcene (7.21%) as the majority compounds. &lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; antifungal tests on mycelial growth by incorporation into agar gave MICs of 900 ppm and 700 ppm against &lt;i&gt;A. alternata&lt;/i&gt; and P&lt;i&gt;. carica-papayae &lt;/i&gt;respectively. The MIC of 700 ppm proved fungicidal on &lt;i&gt;P. carica papayae&lt;/i&gt;, while for &lt;i&gt;A. alternata&lt;/i&gt; the fungicidal effect was obtained at a concentration of 900 ppm. &lt;i&gt;In situ&lt;/i&gt;, the essential oil proved significantly active in inhibiting necrosis caused by the conidial complex of the two pathogens on papaya leaves, with a percentage inhibition of 85.93% at a concentration of 6000 ppm. &lt;i&gt;C. citratus&lt;/i&gt; EO could therefore be used as an alternative to chemical fungicides in the fight against papaya leaf disease pathogens.
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Tsay, J. G., R. S. Chen, H. L. Wang, W. L. Wang, and B. C. Weng. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe diffusa, Oidium neolycopersici, and Podosphaera xanthii on Papaya in Taiwan." Plant Disease 95, no. 9 (2011): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-11-0362.
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Powdery mildew can be found in most papaya (Carica papaya L.) fields during the winter and spring seasons in Taiwan. It usually causes severe yellowing of the leaf lamina and petiole and serious defoliation. Three types of powdery mildew fungi were isolated from papaya leaves in Chiayi City (23.28°N, 120.28°E) at the beginning of 2008. Conidia of the first one were single, globose, hyaline, and 24 to 36 × 14 to 18 μm (average 30.2 × 15.6 μm) without fibrosin bodies and with straight or occasionally flexuous conidiophores at the base. The second one had short pseudo-chains of two to four conidia which were ellipsoidal to ovoid, hyaline, and 24 to 40 × 12 to 16 μm (average 29.7 × 13.4 μm) without fibrosin bodies. The third type had chains of ellipsoidal conidia that were hyaline, 24 to 28 × 12 to 16 μm (average 26.3 × 14.4 μm) and contained fibrosin bodies. To confirm the identity of the three fungi, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primer pairs G1 (5′-TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG GAA GGA T-3′)/Ed2 (5′-CGC GTA GAG CCC ACG TCG GA-3′), G1 (5′-TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG GAA GGA T-3′)/On2 (5′-TGT GAT CCA TGT GAC TGG AA-3′), and S1 (5′-GGA TCA TTA CTG AGC GCG AGG CCC CG-3′)/S2 (5′-CGC CGC CCT GGC GCG AGA TAC A-3′). The alignment of obtained sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. GU358452, 507 bp; GU358451, 580 bp; and GU358450, 455 bp) showed a sequence identity of 100, 99, and 99% with the ITS sequences of Erysiphe diffusa, Oidium neolycopersici, and Podosphaera xanthii (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ378880, EU909694, and GQ927254), respectively. On the basis of morphological characteristics and ITS sequence similarities, these fungi were identified as E. diffusa (Cooke & Peck) U. Braun & S. Takam., O. neolycopersici L. Kiss, and P. xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & S. Takam., respectively (1,3). Single colonies on papaya leaves infected with powdery mildew were identified in the laboratory and maintained on papaya leaves as inoculum. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculations by gently pressing a single colony of each fungus onto leaves of healthy papaya seedlings (cv. Horng-Fe). Five seedlings were inoculated for each fungus and then covered with plastic bags for 2 days. Five noninoculated seedlings served as control. After inoculation, treated plants were maintained separately from the control in different rooms of a greenhouse at 25°C under natural daylight conditions. Seven days after inoculation, typical symptoms of powdery mildew were observed on inoculated plants, but not on noninoculated plants. The same species from diseased lesions following artificial inoculation with each fungus were identified with light microscopy. Papaya was previously described as a host to O. caricae Noack in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world including Taiwan (2). However E. cruciferarum, Golovinomyces cichoracearum, Oidiopsis sicula, O. caricae, O. caricae-papayae, O. caricicola, O. indicum, O. papayae, Ovulariopsis papayae, P. caricae-papayae, P. macularis, P. xanthii, and Streptopodium caricae were reported to infect papaya (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of papaya powdery mildew caused by E. diffusa and O. neolycopersici in the world and the first report of the three fungi found on papaya in Taiwan. References: (1) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:1, 2000. (2) H. S. Chien and H. L. Wang. J. Agric. Res. China 33:320, 1984. (3) L. Kiss et al. Mycol. Res. 105:684, 2001. (4) J. R. Liberato et al. Mycol. Res. 108:1185, 2004.
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Liu, Bo, Baishu Li, Guoping Zhan, Tao Zha, Yuejin Wang, and Chen Ma. "Forced hot-air treatment against Bactrocera papayae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in papaya." Applied Entomology and Zoology 52, no. 4 (2017): 531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13355-017-0501-4.
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Fanani, Muhammad Zainal, Aunu Rauf, Nina Maryana, Ali Nurmansyah, and Dadan Hindayana. "DINAMIKA POPULASI KUTU PUTIH Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) DAN MUSUH ALAMINYA PADA TANAMAN SINGKONG." JURNAL AGRONIDA 10, no. 1 (2024): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jag.v10i1.12629.
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Kutu putih Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) merupakan salah satu hama yang paling dominan pada tanaman singkong (Manihot esculenta). Hama ini pertama kali terdeteksi di Indonesia pada tahun 2008. Parasitoid Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) merupakan agens hayati eksotik yang potensial mengendalikan kutu putih di banyak negeri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dinamika penekanan populasi P. marginatus oleh musuh alami di lapang. Monitoring dilakukan dengan cara mengamati 50 tanaman contoh setiap bulannya. Peubah yang diamati meliputi insidensi serangan dan populasi kutu putih, persentase parasitasi dan hiperparasitasi serta populasi predator pada tiga kebun singkong selama 12 bulan berturut-turut. Insidensi serangan dan tingkat serangan kutu putih tertinggi masing-masing sebesar 26% dan 64% terjadi pada musim kemarau. Parasitoid A. papayae mampu menekan populasi P. marginatus antara 1-15 ekor per tanaman dengan tingkat parasitisasi 9-16%. Dinamika parasitisasi parasitoid bergantung pada kelimpahan kutu putih di lapangan. Hiperparasitoid yang ditemukan menyerang parasitoid tersebut adalah Chartocerus sp. (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae) dan Prochiloneurus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Hiperparasitisasi Chartocerus sp. pada A. papayae berkisar 0.87-1.05%, sedangkan hiperparasitisasi Prochiloneurus sp. pada A. papayae berkisar 0.47-1.35% per tanaman. Predator Plesiochrysa ramburi dan Cryptolaemus montrouzieri sangat rendah populasinya di lapangan sehingga tidak memberikan dampak yang nyata terhadap fluktuasi populasi kutu putih.
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Dukuh, Isaac K., and Yaw Opoku-Asiamah. "Studies on the Microflora of Ripe Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Fruits in Ghana." International Journal of Technology and Management Research 1, no. 2 (2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v1i2.18.
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The aim of the study is to identify fungi associated with fruit rot of pawpaw both in the field and in storage. Three experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, fungi growing on ripe pawpaw fruits randomly collected from plants on the UCC campus were identified in the laboratory. The position on the fruit the fungi appeared was recorded. The second experiment involved the storage of fruits in insect proof containers in the laboratory to indentify fungi growing onthe fruits and the position on the fruit the fungi appeared. In the third experiment, fruits were washed with 10% solution of Milton 2 before they were stored in insect proof containers. Fungi which grew on them and the position on the fruit the fungi appeared were identified. The survey revealed that Collectotricum gloesporiodes which cause anthracnose was the most frequently occurring fungi in the field in the study area. The most serious fungi diseases of pawpaw in storage were found to be anthracnose, stem end rot and black rot which were caused by Collectotricum gloesporiodes, Phomopsis caricae-papayae andPhoma caricae-papayae. It was demonstrated that surface sterilization with 10% Milton 2 solution increased the shelf life of the stored fruits for 2-3 days.
 Keywords: Carica papaya; Microflora; Milton 2; Surface sterilization; Frequency of occurrence.
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ADNYANA, I. WAYAN DEDI, NI NENGAH DARMIATI, and DWI WIDANINGSIH. "Asosiasi Lalat Buah (Bactrocera spp.) (Diptera : Tephritidae) dan Parasitoidnya pada Tanaman Jambu Biji Kristal (Psidium guajava L.) yang Dibudidayakan di Bali." Agrotrop : Journal on Agriculture Science 9, no. 2 (2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ajoas.2019.v09.i02.p01.
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Association of Fruit Flies (Bactrocera spp.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Their Parasitoid on Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Cultivated in Bali. The study on the association of fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their parasitoid on guava (Psidium guajava L.) cultivated in Bali was conduted in order to know the abundance, attacks percentage and the species of parasitoid associated on guava, cultivated in Bali. The sampling was done intentionally by taking attacked fruit in Musi Village, Buleleng Regency; Pelaga Village, Badung Regency; and Tiga Village, Bangli Regency. The results showed that 3 species of fruit flies were found, namely B. carambolae, B. papayae and B. albistrigata. The percentage and number of adult insect emergence in Musi Village were B. papayae (50.87% ; 2772 imago), B. carambolae (35.18% ; 1803 imago) and B. albistrigata (13.94% ; 741 imago). In Pelaga Village B. carambolae (61.31% ; 2864 imago) dominates and B. papayae only 38.69% and 1801 imago. B. carambolae is also found dominant in Tiga Village (59.08% ; 2303 imago) and B. papayae only 40.92% and 1603 imago. Percentage of damage to guava is 24.27% on average. There are three species of parasitoids found that are associated with fruit flies on guava in Bali, namely Fopius arisanus, Diachasmimorpha sp. and Opius sp. The average parasitic rate is 6.76%. The highest parasitic rate is in Musi Village, Buleleng while the lowest is in Tiga Village, Bangli.
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Pramudi, M. Indar, Retno Dyah Puspitarini, and Bambang Tri Rahardjo. "KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN KEKERABATAN LALAT BUAH (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN BERDASARKAN KARAKTER MORFOLOGI DAN MOLEKULAR (RAPD-PCR DAN SEKUENSING DNA)." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 13, no. 2 (2013): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.213192-202.
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Diversity and phylogeny of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South Kalimantan based on morphology and molecular (RAPD-PCR and DNA sequencing). Seven species of fruit fly was known by morphological identification. The fruit flies were found from trapping with methyl eugenol and fruit collecting at all study sites in South Kalimantan. The results showed that as much as 17 plants were infected by fruit fly. Dendrogram based on morphological identification analyzed by using UPGMA with MEGA 4 program consisted in a group consisting of 5 sub-groups. Bactrocera carambolae and Bactrocera papayae of morphology were still a closely related fruit fly at 0.935. Whereas, based on RAPD result analized by UPGMA using 20 character of DNA based, showed that out of seven species consisted 2 groups, 1st group were B. umbrosa, B. occipitalis and sub-group of B. latifrons. The second group consists of sub-groups B.carambolae, B. papaya, sub-group B. albistrigata and B. cucurbitae. The results of dendrogram from sequencing DNA fruit fly analysis comprised one of group and three sub-groups. The first sub-groups were B. papayae, B. carambolae, B. occipitalis, B.latifrons. The second subgroup were B. cucurbitae and B. umbrosa. While B. albistrigata separate but still one group with another fruit flies. The results of DNA sequencing showed that there were a homology of the seven species of the fruit fly i.e at 83 base pair / bp (C), 101 bp (T), 265 bp (G), 420 bp (A), 432 bp (T), 600 bp (A ). The length of the base pair for B. occipitalis, B. cucurbitae, B. albistrigata, B. carambolae, B. papayae, B. latifrons were respectively 615, 898, 570.969, 898 and 615 bp. The results of morphological analysis and RAPD methods showed difference in the distribution of groups and sub-groups. But based on morphologycal and DNA identification seven species of fruit flies found were all same as the genebank.
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Nery-Silva, Flávia Andrea, José da Cruz Machado, Mário Lúcio Vilela de Resende, and Luiz Carlos de Oliveira Lima. "Metodologia de inoculação de fungos causadores da podridão peduncular em mamão." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 31, no. 5 (2007): 1374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542007000500015.
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A podridão peduncular, uma das principais doenças associadas à pós-colheita do mamão (Carica papaya L.), tem sido pouco investigada no que se refere a aspectos ecológicos e epidemiológicos nas condições brasileiras. Para que estudos sejam conduzidos nas referidas áreas é necessário que se disponham, a priori, de metodologias adequadas que permitam a reprodução dos sintomas dessa doença em condições de laboratório. No presente trabalho, o objetivo foi estabelecer um método de inoculação de frutos de mamão com o intuito de se reproduzir os sintomas da podridão peduncular, por meio de três procedimentos: 1) corte do pedúnculo seguido por deposição de um disco de micélio do fungo; 2) deposição de suspensão de conídios na região do pedúnculo, seguido por ferimento, e 3) aplicação de suspensão de conídios na região peduncular sem ferimento. Foram utilizados os fungos: Phoma caricae-papayae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botryodiplodia theobromae e Fusarium solani, sendo os frutos inoculados, submetidos a temperaturas de 20 e 25ºC. Os resultados indicaram que não houve efeito das temperaturas testadas no desenvolvimento dos fungos, nos diferentes métodos de inoculação. A maior severidade da podridão peduncular (notas de 1 a 5) foi observada em frutos inoculados pelo método de injeção no pedúnculo, independente do patógeno utilizado. Os fungos C. gloeosporioides e P. caricae-papayae foram os que apresentaram as maiores médias de severidade da doença seguido por B. theobromae e F. solani.
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Yong, H. S. "Genetic differentiation and relationships in five taxa of the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, no. 3 (1995): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300036166.
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AbstractAdult flies from five taxa (Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (formerly ‘Malaysian A’), B. dorsalis (Hendel) sensu stricto, B. melastomatos Drew & Hancock, B. papayae Drew & Hancock (formerly ‘Malaysian B’) and B. propinqua (Hardy & Adachi) of the Bactrocera dorsalis complex were analysed at 17 enzyme loci using horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. Eleven loci—aAdh, Ald, Gpd, Ldh, aMdh, cMdh, Me, Pgm, Pgd, Sod-F, Sod-S—were represented by the most common allele in the five taxa. Of these 11 loci, seven showed intraspecific variation in one or more taxa. Among the five taxa, B. melastomatos could be distinguished from the rest by two loci (Acp and Gpi), while B. propinqua could be separated by four loci (Acp, Est-D, Idh90, Pep-C). Bactrocera dorsalis, B. carambolae and B. papayae did not possess any species-characteristic locus/allele, but B. carambolae could be distinguished from the other two taxa by Idh. The proportion of polymorphic loci in the Malaysian taxa ranged from 0.41 to 0.53. Bactrocera propinqua had the lowest average heterozygosity (H=0.05), while that in B. carambolae, B. melastomatos and B. papayae ranged from 0.09 to 0.11. The genetic identity values indicate closest affinity between B. dorsalis and B. papayae (I=0.99), followed by B. caramboiae (I=0.92), B. melastomatos (I=0.84) and B. propinqua (I=0.69). Bactrocera melastomatos showed closest affinity to B. carambolae (I=0.87) and was most distant from B. propinqua (I=0.64).
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Artani, Ifa Candra, Sri Nopita Primawati, and Agus Muliadi. "IDENTIFIKASI JENIS BACTROCERA PADA TANAMAN JAMBU KRISTAL (Psidium guajava) DI DUSUN PERENDEKAN UTARA DESA GIRI SASAK KECAMATAN KURIPAN KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT." Samota Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 2 (2024): 40–48. https://doi.org/10.29303/sjbios.v3i2.5813.
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Bactrocera merupakan hama yang merusak tanaman jenis hortikultura dan sering menggagalkan panen petani, khususnya tanaman buah dan sayuran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Jenis Bactrocera Pada Tanaman Jambu Kristal (Psidium guajava) di Dusun Perendekan Utara Desa Giri Sasak Kecamatan Kuripan Kabupaten Lombok Barat Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif eksploratif. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah teknik purposive sampling untuk menentukan titik sampling. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu jenis Bactrocera yang ditemukan di Dusun Perendekan Utara Desa Giri Sasak adalah dari jenis Bactrocera Papayae dan Bactrocera Umbrosa. Jenis Bactrocera Papayae yang ditemukan 684 memiliki bentuk ukuran sedang hampir seluruh bagian kepala berwarna kuning kecoklatan, bagian sayap costal tidak berbentuk seperti pancing abdomen. Sedangkan bentuk dari Bactrocera umbrosa yang ditemukan memiliki spot hitam pada muka dan berukuran sedang berbentuk bulat. Bagian sayap mudah dikenal dengan gambaran tiga pita melintang. Sekutum berwarna hitam dengan strip kuning di kedua sisi lateral. kelimpahan yang terdapat pada Bactrocera umbrosa yang hanya berjumlah 28 imago pada tanaman jambu kristal. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengambilan Bactrocera yang didapatkan dengan melakukan pengulangan ke-1, ke-2, dan ke-3 pada 5 titik berbeda, yaitu pada pengambilan pertama jumlah Bactrocera yang didapat pada 5 titik berbeda sebanyak 113 Bactrocera, pada pengulangan ke-2 mendapatkan sebanyak 407 Bactrocera, sedangkan pada pengulangan ke-3 Bactrocera yang didapat sebanyak 192. kepadatan populasi, Bactrocera papayae memiliki kepadatan populasi tertinggi dengan rata-rata populasi 684 imago. Sedangkan kepadatan populasi yang terdapat pada Bactrocera umbrosa yang hanya berjumlah 28 imago pada tanaman jambu kristal. Kata Kunci: Bactrocera, Identifikasi, Bactrocera Papayae, Bactrocera Umbrosa, Jambu Kristal
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Arocha, Yaima, Mercedes López, Berta Piñol, et al. "‘Candidatus Phytoplasma graminis' and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma caricae’, two novel phytoplasmas associated with diseases of sugarcane, weeds and papaya in Cuba." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 6 (2005): 2451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63797-0.
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During 2003, surveys of sugarcane yellow leaf disease and papaya bunchy top-like disease were carried out on plantations in Havana province, Cuba, to determine the roles of weeds and Auchenorrhyncha insects in the epidemiology of these diseases. More than 250 plant and insect samples were collected and indexed by using a nested PCR for phytoplasma 16S rDNA with the generic primer pairs P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2. The PCR products were further characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism using HaeIII, AluI, Sau3AI, Tru9I, HhaI, HpaII and TaqI endonucleases, giving patterns that distinguished them from those of the other reference phytoplasmas analysed. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified the phytoplasmas present in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), Cynodon dactylon L., Conyza canadensis L. Cronq., Sorghum halepense L. Pers., Macroptilium lathyroides L. Urb., Saccharosydne saccharivora (Westwood) and Cedusa spp., and those in papaya (Carica papaya L.) and Empoasca papayae, as two novel provisional phytoplasma species. We propose that these phytoplasmas should be given Candidatus status, as ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma graminis' and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma caricae’, respectively.
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YUDHA, I. KADEK WISMA, I. WAYAN SUPARTHA, and I. WAYAN SUSILA. "Karakteristik Morfologi dan Kelimpahan Populasi Parasitoid (Hymenoptera) pada Hama Invasif Kutu Putih Ubi Kayu, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Fererro (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) di Bali." Agrotrop : Journal on Agriculture Science 10, no. 2 (2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ajoas.2020.v10.i02.p07.
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Morphological Characteristics and Populations Abundance of Parasitoid (Hymenoptera) on Invasive Pests Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Fererro (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Bali. This study aims to know the morphological characteristics of parasitoid, population abundance and distribution patterns of parasitoid associated with P. manihoti on cassava crop in Bali. The study was conducted on all cassava crop in Bali with a field observation method that was determined by taking shoots of cassava plants attacked by cassava mealybug P. manihoti, then cassava mealybug P. manihoti were nurtured, then observation was carried out every day until parasitoid appeared and being identified. The results of the study showed that there were three dominant types of parsitoid that were found to be associated with invasive pest P. manihoti, namely Anagyrus lopezi, Acerophagus papayae and Blepyrus insularis. The abundance of parasitoid populations was dominated by parasitoid A. lopezi with a range of values 48.6–81.8%. Then followed by parasitoid A. papayae 7.7 - 37.1%, and B. insularis 3.4 - 14.3%. The distribution pattern of parasitoid varies in each species, parasitoid A. lopezi spreads in groups categories, Parasitoid A. papayae and B. insularis spread random-regulary on cassava crop throughout on each of the Regencies in Bali.
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Nisha, R., and J. S. Kennedy. "Effect of Native and Non-native Hosts on the Biology of Acerophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff, the Introduced Parasitoid of Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink." Journal of Biological Control 30, no. 2 (2016): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jbc/30/2/14922.
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The bioecology study of any parasitoid using alternative hosts imposes divergent selection pressures on parasitoid populations. In this study, we investigated the bioecology potential of parasitoid <em>Acerophagus papayae</em> Noyes and Schauff on papaya mealybug <em>Paracoccus marginatus</em> Williams and Granara De Willink from different plant hosts. The parameters studied were adult longevity (survival of progeny), fecundity and productivity of female mealybugs and sex ratio of progenies of <em>P. marginatus</em>. The results showed significant differences in bioecology of parasitoid on their natal host (<em>P. marginatus</em> from papaya) compared with the non-natal hosts (<em>P. marginatus</em> from non papaya hosts). It is also compared with honey concentration solution and potato sprouts. The parasitoid is well adapted to the natal host that is papaya compared to others host. However, parasitoids showed a similar high fitness on both natal and non natal hosts. This results could be used to increase the effectiveness of biological control programme on different views.
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Laneesha, M., K. Shankarganesh, Sachin Suroshe, and Bishwajeet Paul. "Effect of temperature on the biology and fitness traits of papaya mealybug parasitoid Acerophagus papayae." Indian Journal of Entomology 80, no. 4 (2018): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00308.5.
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Pike, E. A., and R. J. Corcoran. "BACTROCERA PAPAYAE (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) INCURSION - CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 464 (March 1998): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.464.48.
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PUTRA, I. NYOMAN WIDNYANA, I. WAYAN SUSILA, and I. GUSTI NGURAH BAGUS. "Kelimpahan Spesies Lalat Buah (Diptera: Tephritidae) dan Parasitoidnya yang Berasosiasi pada Tanaman Belimbing (Averrhoa carambola L.) di Kabupaten Gianyar." Agrotrop : Journal on Agriculture Science 9, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ajoas.2019.v09.i01.p01.
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Abundance of Fruit Fly Species (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Its Parasitoid Associated on Star Fruit Plants (Averrhoa carambola L.) in Gianyar regency. This study was conducted to determine the abundance of fruit flies, and itsspecies of parasitoid on starfruit plants in Gianyar regency. Samples of star fruit attacked by fruit fly was taken purposively. The purpose of this study was to know the abundance, composition, and percentage of damage, kinds of parasitoid and parasitization rate. The results showed that was found 2 kinds of fruit flies, that are Bactrocera. carambolae and B. papayae. B. carambolae was dominant in all districts in Gianyar Regency compare themB. papayae. In Sukawati district was 64%, (492 adults), Blahbatuh district was 59.817% (460 adults), Ubud district was 61.528% (491 adults), Payangan district was 55.476% (390 adults), Tampaksiring district was 55.001% (390 adults), respectively. Meanwhile, B. papayae in Sukawati district was 35.348%, (269 adults), Blahbatuh district was 40.182% (309 adults), Ubud district was 38.471% (307 adults), Payangan district was 44.523% (313 adults) and Tampaksiring district was 40.998% (271 adults), respectively. The average of damage percentage was 86.33%. There are 3 kinds of parasitoids associated on fruit flies in starfruit plants in Gianyar regency. The parasitoid are Diachasmimorpha sp, Opius sp. and Fopius arisanus. The average parasitization rate was 11.12%, with the highest parasitization rate in Ubud district was 12.40% and the lowest in Tampaksiring districtwas 9.58%.
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Bay, Maria Marselina. "Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Lalat Buah (Bactrocera Sp) dan Potensi Parasitoidnya di Kebun Campuran Desa Babulu Selatan, Kabupaten Malaka." Savana Cendana 8, no. 4 (2023): 115–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.32938/sc.v8i4.1978.
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Masyarakat Desa Babulu Selatan Kabupaten Malaka secara umum mengembangkan pertanian berupa tanaman hortikultura. Dalam upaya pengembangannya tidak terlepas dari adanya Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman (OPT) diantaranya adalah lalat buah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan jenis lalat buah (Bactrocera sp) yang berasosiasi dengan tanaman hortikultura dan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan lalat buah (Bactrocera sp) di perkebunan campuran desa Babulu Selatan kabupaten Malaka. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni 2022-Juli 2022 di Desa Babulu Selatan, Kabupaten Malaka. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif untuk mendeskripsikan lalat buah apa saja yang merusak buah-buahan. Koleksi dan identifikasi lalat buah dan parasitoidnya menggunakan perangkap metil eugenol. Pengukuran faktor lingkungan berupa suhu dan kelembaban menggunakan thermohygrometer. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 4 jenis lalat buah yaitu Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera carambolae, Bactrocera umbrosa dan Bactrocera papayae. Hasil analisis data nilai kelimpahan spesies B. dorsalis tertinggi yaitu 0.018 individu m2, nilai spesies B. umbrosa yaitu 0.0132 individu m2 , nilai spesies B. carambolae yaitu 0.0128 individu m2 , sedangkan nilai spesies terendah yaitu spesies B. papayae dengan nilai 0.012 individu m2. Namun tidak ditemukan adanya parasitoid lalat buah dari lokasi penelitian. Pengukuran suhu berkisar 24ºC - 29ºC dan kelembaban berkisar 90%-150%. B. dorsalis paling banyak ditemukan karena mampu hidup dan bertahan pada suhu 26ºC dan kelembaban 90%, sedangkan paling rendah B. umbrosa dan B. papayae karena toleransi suhu 30ºC dan kelembaban 110%.
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Borkakati, Rudra N., Mukul K. Deka, Birinchi Kr Borah, et al. "Studies on the Ecology, Host Interactions, and Management of Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink of Horticultural Ecosystem: A Review." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 27, no. 10 (2024): 1104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i101531.
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Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are significant agricultural pests affecting a wide variety of crops, including cotton, papaya, and ornamental plants. Traditionally, chemical insecticides have been employed for mealybug control, but their overuse has led to issues such as pesticide resistance, environmental contamination, and non-target effects on beneficial organisms. In contrast, biological control methods using natural enemies like parasitoids (Anagyrus loecki, Acerophagus papayae, Aenasius bambawalei) and predators (Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae) have shown promise in reducing mealybug populations while maintaining ecological balance. This review compares the effectiveness of biological control agents with chemical control strategies. Studies have demonstrated the high specificity and eco-friendliness of biological agents, although their effectiveness can vary depending on environmental conditions. Conversely, chemical insecticides offer rapid results but pose significant risks to the environment and biodiversity. The integration of both approaches through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs emerges as a promising strategy for achieving sustainable, long-term control of mealybugs. This review highlights the importance of combining biological control with selective chemical use, offering a comprehensive overview of mealybug management strategies.
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Fu, Felicia Kueh Tai, Megir Gumbek, and Sulaiman Hanapi. "Status and Geographical Distribution of Indigenous and Quarantine Fruit Fly Species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Sarawak." Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (2016): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.276.2013.
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The provision of reliable pest records, one of which is fruit fly record, is one of the vital components under the International Plant Protection Convention. A fifteen-month survey to detect fruit flies using male pheromone lure trapping method was carried out from April 2010 to July 2011. The standard Steiner traps and three types of lures (ME-lure, CUE-lure and Trimed-lure) were used. The traps were placed at every five kilometre interval along the east-west trunk road of Sarawak. The geographical distribution of the fruit fly species was established through Global Positioning System mapping. Twenty species of Dacinae fruit flies which includes nine unknown Bactrocera species were detected along the east-west trunk road of Sarawak. The main species of fruit fly caught in the ME-lure trap were Bactrocera papayae, B. carambolae and B. umbrosa, whereas B. cucurbitae, B. papayae, B. caudata, B. tau, B. apicalis, B. nigrotibialis and B. albistrigata were caught in the CUE-lure trap. The quarantine species, which is species of potential economically importance in Sarawak, B. correcta, B. dorsalis, B. occipitalis and B. zonata were absent in both ME-lure and CUE-lure traps. The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was not detected in the Trimed-lure trap. Out of the twelve identified species, eleven of them were detected along the main road of Sarawak. Bactrocera papayae and B. caudata were abundant, whereas the other species were more prevalent at some locations.
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Schutze, M. K., A. Jessup, and A. R. Clarke. "Wing shape as a potential discriminator of morphologically similar pest taxa within the Bactrocera dorsalis species complex (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, no. 1 (2011): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485311000423.
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AbstractFour morphologically cryptic species of the Bactrocera dorsalis fruit fly complex (B. dorsalis s.s., B. papayae, B. carambolae and B. philippinensis) are serious agricultural pests. As they are difficult to diagnose using traditional taxonomic techniques, we examined the potential for geometric morphometric analysis of wing size and shape to discriminate between them. Fifteen wing landmarks generated size and shape data for 245 specimens for subsequent comparisons among three geographically distinct samples of each species. Intraspecific wing size was significantly different within samples of B. carambolae and B. dorsalis s.s. but not within samples of B. papayae or B. philippinensis. Although B. papayae had the smallest wings (average centroid size=6.002 mm±0.061 SE) and B. dorsalis s.s. the largest (6.349 mm±0.066 SE), interspecific wing size comparisons were generally non-informative and incapable of discriminating species. Contrary to the wing size data, canonical variate analysis based on wing shape data discriminated all species with a relatively high degree of accuracy; individuals were correctly reassigned to their respective species on average 93.27% of the time. A single sample group of B. carambolae from locality ‘TN Malaysia’ was the only sample to be considerably different from its conspecific groups with regards to both wing size and wing shape. This sample was subsequently deemed to have been originally misidentified and likely represents an undescribed species. We demonstrate that geometric morphometric techniques analysing wing shape represent a promising approach for discriminating between morphologically cryptic taxa of the B. dorsalis species complex.
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Pratiwi, Selsa Nisa, Fatimatuzzahra Fatimatuzzahra, Hesti Marniati, and Yunus Isnawan. "Inventarisasi Hama Lalat Buah (Bactrocera spp) di SKP Kelas I Bengkulu Wilker Pulau Baai Dengan Perangkap Methyl Eugenol." Organisms: Journal of Biosciences 2, no. 1 (2022): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/organisms.v2i1.11970.
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This study aims to determine the type of fruit fly (Bactrocera spp) that attacks several fruit plants. Class I Bengkulu. Sampling was carried with random sampling technique. The methods used is descriptive eksploratory. The results of this study were obtained, there are 4 species of Bactrocera spp that attack several fruit plants, namely Bactrocera albistrigata, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera umbrosa, and Bactrocera papayae with characteristics on the abdomen, thorax, and wingsAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis lalat buah (Bactrocera spp) yang menyerang beberapa tanaman buah. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di Stasiun Karantina Pertanian Kelas I Bengkulu dengan teknik random sampling. Metode yang digunakan, yaitu deskriptif eksploriatif. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan 4 spesies Bactrocera spp yang menyerang beberapa tanaman buah, yaitu Bactrocera albistrigata, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera umbrosa, dan Bactrocera papayae dengan ciri utama pembeda terletak pada bagian abdomen, toraks, dan sayap
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Al Rahmat, Syahri Rajab, Elly Liestiany, and Muhammad Indar Pramudi. "Inventarisasi Lalat Buah pada Cabai Rawit (Capsicum frustescens l.) di Desa Karya Maju Kecamatan Marabahan Kabupaten Barito Kuala." JURNAL PROTEKSI TANAMAN TROPIKA 4, no. 3 (2021): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jptt.v4i3.906.
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Salah satu hambatan dalam pembudidayaan tumbuhan cabai rawit merupakan serbuan lalat buah. Penyusutan hasil panen yang diakibatkan oleh lalat buah berkisar 50- 75% apalagi bisa menggapai 100% Tujuan riset ini Mengidentifikasi spesies lalat buah yang menyerang pertanaman cabai rawit. Pada riset ini diperoleh jumlah totalitas lalat buah yang tertangkap 2. 786 ekor. Lahan 1 (1.352 ekor) serta pada lahan 2 (1. 434 ekor). Ada 4 spesies yang teridentifikasi pada lahan cabai rawit, ialah Bactrocera dorsalis, B. papaya, B. carambolae, serta B. umbrosa. B. dorsalis mendominasi dari semua spesies tersebut. Jumlah spesies paling banyak ialah B. dorsalis (858 ekor di lahan 1 dan 866 ekor di lahan 2), B. papayae (368 di lahan 1 dan 393 di lahan 2), B. carambolae (117 ekor di lahan 1 dan 171 ekor di lahan 2), B. umbrosa (9 ekor di lahan 1 dan 4 ekor di lahan 2).
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Huyền, Nguyễn Thỵ Đan, Nguyễn Thị Thủy Tiên, Nguyễn Hiền Trang та Lê Thanh Long. "Đánh giá khả năng kháng khuẩn của Streptomyces spp. đến một số vi khuẩn gây bệnh trên rau quả sau thu hoạch". Tạp chí Khoa học và công nghệ nông nghiệp Trường Đại học Nông Lâm Huế 8, № 1 (2024): 4133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46826/huaf-jasat.v8n1y2024.1078.
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Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện nhằm đánh giá khả năng kháng của 50 chủng xạ khuẩn Streptomyces đối với bệnh đốm đen trên quả cam do Pseudomonas syringae P01 gây ra, bệnh thối mềm trên quả cà chua do Pectobacterium carotovorum Ecc4 và bệnh thối mềm trên quả đu đủ do Erwinia papayae M16 gây ở điều kiện in vitro bằng phương pháp kẻ vạch vuông góc. Có 33, 19 và 17 chủng thể hiện khả năng kháng vi khuẩn tương ứng đối với P. syringae P01, P. carotovorum Ecc4 và E. papayae M16. Trong đó, chủng Streptomyces murinus NARZ thể hiện khả năng kháng mạnh nhất đối với cả 3 chủng vi khuẩn gây bệnh. Khả năng kháng khuẩn của dịch nổi (CFS) thu được từ S. murinus NARZ được xác định bằng phương pháp khuếch tán qua giếng thạch, đường kính vòng kháng khuẩn đạt 20,90 ± 0,91; 23,53 ± 0,79 và 26,52 ± 0,53 mm tương ứng với các vi khuẩn P. syringae P01, P. carotovorum Ecc4 và E. papayae M16. Kết quả khảo sát độ bền nhiệt (30, 60, 90 và 121oC/15 phút) và bền pH (5, 6, 7, 8, 9) của CFS thu nhận từ S. murinus NARZ cho thấy chúng vẫn duy trì khả năng kháng khuẩn tốt khi xử lý ở nhiệt độ 121oC trong 15 phút và pH trong khoảng 5 - 7 đối với cả 3 chủng vi khuẩn khảo sát. Kết quả của nghiên cứu này có ý nghĩa trong việc sử dụng các chủng Streptomyces có khả năng sinh kháng sinh tự nhiên như tác nhân kiểm soát sinh học trong bảo quản rau quả sau thu hoạch.
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Galanihe, L. D., K. M. D. W. P. Nishantha, M. K. S. Anuruddha, and A. Mannakkara. "Host plant preference by the papaya mealy bug, <em>Paracoccus marginatus</em> (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on selected host Plants under laboratory condition." Tropical Agriculturist 166, no. 1 (2018): 32–43. https://doi.org/10.4038/ta.v166i1.105.
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The papaya mealy bug, Paracoccus marginatus has invaded Sri Lanka in 2008 that attacks many host plants, including economically important tropical fruits, vegetables and ornamentals. None of the insecticides has given complete control of the pest and hence, Acerophagus papayae an endo-parasite of P. marginatus was introduced to Sri Lanka in 2009 from Puerto Rico. The parasitoid has recorded more than 90% control of the pest in the locations where the parasitoid was released. This pest has established as a major pest of papaya in the Island at present. Out-breaks of the pest has been reported time to time in certain locations. Therefore, need has aroused for mass rearing and release of the parasitoid to the infested areas during pest out-breaks. Present studies aimed at selecting a more economical and effective host plant than potato for mass rearing of P. marginatus under laboratory conditions. Development time, survival percentage, preference of the different developmental stages of the pest on four different host plants, Hibiscus rosasinensis, Jatropa curcas, Codiaeum sp. and Ipomoea batatas were studied. Lowest developmental time of different nymphal stages, was on Jatropha curcas and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants. Highest survival percentage and highest preference observed from the nymphs reared on Jatropha and Hibiscus plants.
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Rasheed, V. Abdul. "Predatory Potential of Ladybird Beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Parasitisation Level of Encyrtid Parasitoid Acerophagus papayae On Papaya Mealybug." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 5, no. 3 (2017): 690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2974.
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Joa, J. H., B. N. Chung, K. S. Han, S. E. Cho, and H. D. Shin. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera xanthii on Papaya in Korea." Plant Disease 97, no. 11 (2013): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-13-0581-pdn.
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In March 2013, papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Sunrise) plants growing in polyethylene-film-covered greenhouses in Agricultural Research Center for Climate Change located in Jeju City, Korea, were observed severely affected by a powdery mildew. Symptoms appeared as circular to irregular white patches on both sides of the leaves. As the disease progressed, the plants were covered with dense masses of the spores, eventually causing senescence and withering of leaves. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). Hyphae were flexuous to straight, branched, septate, and 5 to 8 μm wide. Conidiophores were 110 to 250 × 10 to 12.5 μm and produced 2 to 5 immature conidia in chains with a crenate outline followed by 2 to 3 cells. Foot-cells of conidiophores were straight, cylindric, slightly constricted at the basal septum, and 55 to 110 μm long. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid-ovoid, measured 22 to 38 × 18 to 21 μm with a length/width ratio of 1.2 to 1.8, and had distinct fibrosin bodies. Chasmothecia were scattered or partly clustered, dark brown, spherical, 80 to 100 μm in diameter, and each contained a single ascus. Appendages were mycelioid, 1- to 5-septate, brown at the base and becoming paler. Asci were sessile, 72 to 87 × 52 to 68 μm, had a terminal oculus of 17 to 23 μm wide, and contained 8 ascospores, each 17 to 23 × 12.5 to 15 μm. The morphological characteristics and measurements were consistent with those of Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff (1). To confirm the identification, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of KUS-F27269 was amplified with the primers ITS5/P3 and sequenced (3). The resulting 443 bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KF111806). The Korean isolate showed >99% similarity with those of many P. xanthii isolates including an isolate on papaya from Taiwan (GU358450). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation tests by gently pressing a diseased leaf onto young leaves of three asymptomatic, potted seedlings (cv. Sunrise). Three non-inoculated seedlings were used as control. Inoculated plants were isolated from non-inoculated plants in separate rooms in a greenhouse at 26 to 30°C. Inoculated leaves developed symptoms after 7 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The fungus present on the inoculated leaves was identical morphologically to that observed on the original diseased leaves, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Powdery mildews of papaya caused by Podosphaera species including P. caricae-papayae have been reported in North America, South America, Hawaii, Africa, Ukraine, Australia, New Zealand, the Cook Islands, India, Thailand, Taiwan, and Japan (2,4). P. caricae-papayae is currently reduced to synonymy with P. xanthii (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by P. xanthii on papaya in Korea. Though papaya is a minor crop in Korea, producing about 300 M/T annually in greenhouses, powdery mildew disease is a threat to safe production of the fruits. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No. 11, CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication, ARS, USDA, retrieved April 9, 2013. (3) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009. (4) J. G. Tsay et al. Plant Dis. 95:1188, 2011.
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Peres, Ângela Pimenta, Renata Silva-Mann, Maria das Graças G. C. Vieira, and José da Cruz Machado. "Variabilidade morfocultural e genética de fungos associados a podridão peduncular do mamão." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 27, no. 5 (2003): 1053–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542003000500012.
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Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, verificar a variabilidade morfocultural e genética de fungos associados à podridão peduncular do mamão (Carica papaya L.). As avaliações morfoculturais foram feitas pelo índice de crescimento micelial e características das colônias, como coloração e tipo de micélio, quando os isolados foram crescidos em diferentes meios de cultura (BDA, MDA e Czapek). A variabilidade genética foi verificada por meio de análises de AFLP. Os isolamentos foram feitos em frutos obtidos de diferentes regiões produtoras do Brasil. Foram estudados oito isolados de cada uma das três espécies mais incidentes (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phoma caricae-papayae e Fusarium solani). Foi verificado que os meios BDA e MDA promoveram um maior e mais rápido crescimento micelial para a maioria dos isolados testados e houve variações nas colorações das colônias desses isolados nos diferentes meios. A análise de AFLP gerou um total de 339 bandas polimórficas, indicando uma variabilidade genética entre os isolados de cada espécie fúngica, com alguns desses microrganismos formando grupos divergentes dos demais. Não foi observada uma correlação entre características morfológicas e análises de AFLP.
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Mefta, Fitriah Sucindra, and Hafiz Fauzana. "Uji Beberapa Dosis Minyak Daun Kemangi Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus sebagai Atraktan terhadap Bactrocera spp. pada Tanaman Cabai." JPT : JURNAL PROTEKSI TANAMAN (JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION) 5, no. 1 (2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jpt.5.1.12-23.2021.
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Fruit flies, Bactrocera spp., are the primary pests on chili plants (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus). A safe and effective control uses traps combined with an attractant from basil leaf oil (Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus). This study aimed to determine the attractiveness of basil leaf oil against fruit flies at several different doses. This research was carried out in Organic Chemistry Laboratory STIFARM Padang, in Tabek Patah Tanah Datar area West Sumatra, and in the Pest Disease Observation and Development of Biological Agents Laboratory, Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, from June to August 2020. The treatment was in the form of different doses of basil leaf oil, which was 0,5 ml per trap, 1.0 ml per trap, 1.5 ml per trap, 2.0 ml per trap, and 2.5 ml per trap. The experiment used a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. This study found two species of fruit flies around chili plants, namely Bactrocera papayae and Bactrocera carambolae, which were dominated by male B. papayae. The traps containing 1.5 ml of basil leaf oil attracted the most fruit flies. Temperature and humidity significantly affect the abundance of individual fruit flies.
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M, LANEESHA, SACHIN S. SUROSHE, BABASAHEB B. F, and K. SHANKARGANESH. "Papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): A new threat to agri-horticulture ecosystem." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 3 (2020): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i3.101448.
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The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive insect pest of Central American origin that has become a serious threat to about 60 plant species belonging to more than 22 families across the globe. The average life cycle of P. marginatus lasts between 15–32 days depending on host plant species and it can complete about 11–13 generations per year, depending on the temperature and relative humidity. It is of considerable economic importance and causes major losses to both agricultural and horticultural crops. In India, papaya mealybug became a major pest in 2009 with a devastating outbreak in south India. Even though several control methods, such as cultural, chemical, legal and biological control, have been adopted to tackle the problem, only chemical and biological control methods have been widely practised for its management. About 17 predators and 8 host specific parasitoids have been reported to give effective control of P. marginatus. However, the parasitoid Acerophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) has played a predominant role in suppressing P. marginatus, with percentage parasitism in several countries between 75–81%. Owing to papaya mealybugs' polyphagy, wide climatic adaptability and ecological plasticity, it clearly has the potential to invade new areas and host plants and is likely to cause much damage in the future. In this paper, the origin, distribution, taxonomy, bio-ecology, host range, natural enemies, management practices and the possible effects of climate change on P. marginatus are critically reviewed. The information gathered will guide the management of this difficult to control insect pest.
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Nisha, R., and J. S. Kennedy. "Ecological coevolution of parasitoid, Acerophagus papayae noyes and Schauff on papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and granara de Willink." Journal of Entomological Research 41, no. 2 (2017): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-4576.2017.00025.1.
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Muttardy, F. "ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE IMMATURE STAGES MORTALITY OF Bacrocera papayae." Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology 3, no. 5 (2012): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2012.83783.
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Alyaminy, Ishmah Humaidatul Aminah Zaim, Khaerul Ihwan, Dwi Kartika Risfianty, et al. "Morphometric Anatomical Points of Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Complex) using Generalized Procrustes Analysis Model." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 24, no. 2 (2024): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v24i2.7229.
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This study aims to analyze the morphometric anatomical wings of the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Complex. The species used in this study consisted of 11 (eleven) species. The analysis technique of the wings of Bactrocera dorsalis Complex, i.e. the right wing of each individual was analyzed using Morphometric landmarks with 15 anatomical points. Digital images of wings are scaled in size and scale using Adobe Photoshop CS3 software. The results of anatomical point digitization are processed into MorphoJ software v. 1.06b. Digitization data of anatomical points of wing shape was collected using Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA). The results of the Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) showed that there was a grouping of each species. The grouping of Bactrocera dorsalis complex wing types is based on the similarity of the percentage of cumulative values of CVA1 and CVA2 tests. Groups B. carambolae, B. minuscula, B. occipitalis, B. papayae, B. floresiae, B. philippinennsis, Bactrocera sp. 23, Bactrocera sp. 25, and Bactrocera sp. 26 grouped because they have similarities in wing venation. The difference in wing venation is found in Bactrocera sp. 27 and B. sumbawaensis because they are far from the group B. carambolae, B. minuscula, B. occipitalis, B. papayae, B. floresiae, B. philippinennsis, Bactrocera sp. 23, Bactrocera sp. 25, and Bactrocera sp. 26.
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DREW, R. A. I., and D. L. HANCOCK. "Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae)." Zootaxa 5190, no. 3 (2022): 333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2.
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The genus Bactrocera Macquart comprises a large group of some 750 species distributed across the Asia-Pacific and Afrotropical regions. Most of these have been described and revised by Drew (1989), Drew & Hancock (1994) and Drew & Romig (2013, 2022). A taxonomic study of such a large and diverse group of species provides valuable information that can be used in the elucidation of concepts on biogeography and evolution that are presented in this paper. While a wider discussion of this genus and its many complexes of sibling species awaits a future publication, in this paper we discuss the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex in light of current knowledge of biogeography and evolution in the Asia-Pacific region. Within the dorsalis complex, 70 species were recognized in South-East Asia by Drew & Romig (2013) and eight listed for Papua New Guinea and Australia by Drew (1989). Seventy-nine species are now included in this paper. Within this complex, two major groups occur, one with species responding to methyl eugenol and the other to cue lure. The 34 non-cue lure responding group of species are discussed, most of which respond to methyl eugenol and seven of which are recognized as having pest status, namely, B. carambolae Drew & Hancock, B. caryeae (Kapoor), B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. kandiensis Drew & Hancock, B. occipitalis (Bezzi), B. ochroma Drew & Romig and B. papayae Drew & Hancock. An eighth species, Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White is included in this discussion on the basis of its molecular similarity to B. dorsalis. The remaining group of 45 species, mostly cue lure-responding and including the pest species B. pyrifoliae Drew & Hancock and B. syzygii White & Tsuruta, are also discussed. Morphological and ecological data are presented for each pest species and their biosecurity risks assessed. In addition, new data based on further research on the male aedeagus have demonstrated that B. carambolae, B. occipitalis, B. papayae and B. invadens are markedly different from B. dorsalis in the dimensions and shape of the glans and preglans appendix. Based on this evidence, and that presented by Drew & Romig (2016), the withdrawal of B. papayae and B. invadens from synonymy with B. dorsalis by Drew & Romig (2016) remains valid, while the similarity in aedeagus characters between B. papayae and B. philippinensis further supports the synonymisation of these two species. The remainder of the 34 non-cue lure responding species are distributed from the Indian subcontinent, across South-East Asia, Papua New Guinea and north-eastern Australia, some with restricted geographic distributions and specific host plant species. Comments on the reliability of molecular phylogenies in the Dacini are included, with the published mitogenome of ‘Dacus longicornis’ regarded, on morphological evidence, as data based on a misidentification of Dacus (Mellesis) polistiformis (Senior-White), and the recent synonymy of B. albistrigata (de Meijere) with B. frauenfeldi (Schiner) considered to be based on insufficient evidence.
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SUSILA, I. WAYAN, and I. WAYAN SUPARTHA. "Jenis dan Peranan Parasitoid dalam Mengendalikan Populasi Lalat Buah (Bactrocera dorsalis Complex.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) yang Menyerang Buah Mangga (Mangifera indica L) di Kabupaten Buleleng." Agrotrop : Journal on Agriculture Science 10, no. 1 (2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ajoas.2020.v10.i01.p04.
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The Role of parasitoid in controlling the population of fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis Complex.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) who attacked mangoes (Mangifera indica L) in Buleleng Regency. Thisresearch was conducted with the aim of knowing the role of parasitoids in controlling the population of fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis Complex.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mango plants (Mangifera indica L.) in Buleleng Regency. Field research was carried out at the Buleleng mango plantations while laboratory research was carried out at the Integrated Pest Management and Plant Disease Laboratory from April to July 2019.Field research was carried out at the Buleleng mango plantations while laboratory research was carried out at the Integrated Pest Management laboratory and was carried out from April to July 2019. Determination of the location of sampling is done diagonally and fruits infested larvae was taken purposively. The results showed that there were three species of fruit flies that attacked mango in Buleleng Regency, namely B. carambolae, B. papayae and B. occipitalis with an abundance of B. carambolae 39.3%, B. papayae 64.4% and B. occipitalis 0.3% and found three types of parasitoids namely Fopius sp, Diachasmimorpha sp. and Opius sp. The role of parasitoids in controlling fruit flies is still low when viewed from the parasitization rate of the three parasitoids namely Fopius sp. (2,24%), Diachasmimorpha sp. (1,9%), and Opius sp. (0,46%).
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Arum, Eka Kartika, Moch Affandi, and Sucipto Hariyanto. "DIVERSITY OF FRUIT FLIES (TEPHRITIDAE: BACTROCERA SPP.) IN CAMPUS C OF AIRLANGGA UNIVERSITY, SURABAYA, INDONESIA." TREUBIA 47, no. 2 (2020): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/treubia.v47i2.3982.
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This research aims to get information about the species of host plants and fruit flies, composition and structure of community, distribution pattern, and impact of environmental factors to fruit flies in Campus C, Airlangga University. Research was conducted from August to November 2019. A modification of Steiner trap with methyl eugenol 1.5 ml bait was installed in nine sites. Each Steiner trap was placed on a mango tree 1-2 meters above ground level. Trapped fruit fly specimens were collected after one week. Four replications were made, with intervals between two periods of installation. As many as 682 host plants of the fruit flies were found at the study site consisting of 25 species from 15 families. Results showed that 1121 individuals of Bactrocera fruit flies were found, consisting of 6 species, namely B. carambolae, B. dorsalis, B. minuscula, B. papayae, B. occipitalis, and B. musae. The most abundant species was B. carambolae (62.8%), followed by B. dorsalis (22.8%), B. minuscula (8.4%), B. papayae (4.5%), B. occipitalis (1%), and the lowest was B. musae (0.5%). B. occipitalis has an even distribution pattern, while five other species have aggregated distribution patterns. The diversity index at nine locations ranged from 0.855 (low) to 1.328 (moderate). B. carambolae and B. dorsalis were the dominant species. The presence of fruit flies was influenced by environmental (humidity, temperature, sunlight intensity, wind) and host plant factors.
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Prasetia, Hendra Adi, Slamet Budiawan, Salbiah, Ade Syahputra, Murni Indarwatmi, and Wayan Murdita. "New Proposed Dose of Irradiation to Control Fruit Flies (Diptera:Tephritidae) and its Influence to Super Red Pittaya (Hylocereus costaricensis) Quality." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 30, no. 4 (2023): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.30.4.612-620.
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As one of the important pests, fruit flies derived from Tephritidae family have caused the worst consequences in losing the economic value of fresh horticultural commodity including on the dragon fruits. As a prospective quarantine treatment, gamma irradiation has been thrived to eliminate totally the appearance of those adults’ flies with less impact on the fruit quality degradation. In this study, a series of irradiation dosages were examined to both the third instar larvae (subsequently from Bactrocera papayae, B. cucurbitae and B. carambolae) infesting fruits and the non-infested ones afterwards at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 Gy. For a number of the infested fruits, a series of observations were persisted in at room temperature (27±1°C) until two weeks of the post-treatment period. Whereas the non-infested fruits were stored at 11±1°C for 17 days of the storage. Results showed that B. papayae required the highest recommended dosages (the effective dose = 248.4 Gy; the minimum dose = 225.1 Gy; the maximum dose = 279.6 Gy) for achieving LD0.99 rather than the other tested spesies. There were also no significant differences among each of the non-infested fruits in terms of altering of the observed physical attributes. This result has become a distinct indication that a higher dose value than the generic one is mostly recommended both for phytosanitary irradiation and stabilization of fruit quality.
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Hee, Alvin K. W., Yue-Shin Ooi, Suk-Ling Wee, and Keng-Hong Tan. "Comparative sensitivity to methyl eugenol of four putative Bactrocera dorsalis complex sibling species – further evidence that they belong to one and the same species B. dorsalis." ZooKeys 540 (November 26, 2015): 313–21. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.6099.
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Males of certain species belonging to the Bactrocera dorsalis complex are strongly attracted to, and readily feed on methyl eugenol (ME), a plant secondary compound that is found in over 480 plant species worldwide. Amongst those species is one of the world's most severe fruit pests the Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis s.s., and the former taxonomic species B. invadens, B. papayae and B. philippinensis. The latter species have been recently synonymised with B. dorsalis based on their very similar morphology, mating compatibility, molecular genetics and identical sex pheromones following consumption of ME. Previous studies have shown that male fruit fly responsiveness to lures is a unique phenomenon that is dose species-specific, besides showing a close correlation to sexual maturity attainment. This led us to use ME sensitivity as a behavioural parameter to test if B. dorsalis and the three former taxonomic species had similar sensitivity towards odours of ME. Using Probit analysis, we estimated the median dose of ME required to elicit species' positive response in 50% of each population tested (ED<sub>50</sub>). ED<sub>50 </sub>values were compared between B. dorsalis and the former species. Our results showed no significant differences between B. dorsalis s.s., and the former B. invadens, B. papayae and B. philippinensis in their response to ME. We consider that the Bactrocera males' sensitivity to ME may be a useful behavioural parameter for species delimitation and, in addition to other integrative taxonomic tools used, provides further supportive evidence that the four taxa belong to one and the same biological species, B. dorsalis.
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Hadwen, WL, A. Small, RL Kitching, and RAI Drew. "Potential suitability of North Queensland rainforest sites as habitat for the Asian papaya fruit fly, Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Australian Journal of Entomology 37, no. 3 (1998): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1998.tb01575.x.
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AM, Shakila Larasati, Radix Suharjo, Tri Maryono, Imam Masyuda, and Farhan Taha. "Karakterisasi penyebab penyakit kanker batang pada pepaya (Carica papayae L.) di Kecamatan Limau, Kabupaten Tanggamus, Lampung." Jurnal Proteksi Agrikultura 1, no. 1 (2024): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpa.111-13.
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This study aims to determine the pathogen characteristics of papaya stem cancer and identify alternative host plants other than papaya. The research was conducted from October 2020 to May 2021 in the Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology and the Laboratory of Plant Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. Four bacterial isolates suspected to be the cause of papaya stem cancer in Limau (Tang 2(1), Tang 2(2), Ptl 1(2), Ptl 2(2)) were used in this study. Bacterial characterization was determined based on the results of biochemical tests. The results showed that the bacterial isolates were gram-negative, fermentative, lecithinase-negative, soft rot-negative, and hypersensitivity-negative, and did not produce fluorescence on King's B media. All isolates were positive for the arginine dihydrolase test, except for Tang 2(2) and Ptl 1(2). All isolates showed a negative reaction in the casein test, except for Tang 2(2). All isolates were able to grow at 39 °C or 40 °C. All bacterial isolates were able to utilize mannitol, L-tartrate, and mannitol, but not ascorbic acid. The results of the host range test showed that the bacteria were able to infect and cause symptoms in eggplant, chickpeas, luffa, and long beans. A pathogenicity test was conducted on 2-month-old papaya seedlings (cv. Calina). The results showed that all four bacterial isolates from Limau caused stem cancer symptoms in the papaya seedlings.
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Nisha, R., and J. S. Kennedy. "Chemical ecology of Acerophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff Vis-à-Vis Gas Chromatography." Indian Journal of Entomology 80, no. 2 (2018): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00066.4.
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Al-Jaradi, Asma, Issa Al-Mahmooli, Rhonda Janke, Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura, Nadiya Al-Saady, and Abdullah M. Al-Sadi. "Isolation and identification of pathogenic fungi and oomycetes associated with beans and cowpea root diseases in Oman." PeerJ 6 (December 13, 2018): e6064. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6064.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to characterize fungal and oomycete species associated with root diseases of Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, V. radiata and Vicia faba in Oman. Root samples were collected from plants suffering from weakened growth and yellowing symptoms. Fungal species were isolated on 2.5% potato dextrose agar amended with 10 mg l−1 rifampicin and 200 mg l−1 of ampicillin and identification was based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene (ITS rRNA), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF), beta-tubulin (TUB), calmodulin (CMD), actin (ACT). Isolations yielded 204 fungal isolates belonging to nine different genera, with most isolates belonging to Alternaria and Fusarium. Molecular identification revealed that the isolates belong to 20 fungal species, the most dominant of which was Alternaria alternata. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on each plant species. The inoculations on P. vulgaris revealed that Pythium aphanidermatum induced rotting, damping-off and wilt symptoms while Fusarium equiseti induced yellowing symptoms on the leaves. Rhizoctonia solani produced lesions and root rot on Vigna unguiculata while Curvularia muehlenbeckiae and Curvularia caricae-papayae produced root lesions on the roots of V. unguiculata and V. radiata, respectively. Alternaria alternata produced brown symptoms on the tap root of Vicia faba. P. aphanidermatum resulted in a significant reduction in the fresh weight, dry weight and shoot length of Phaseolus vulgaris. The study shows that several fungal species can be found associated with the roots of beans and Vigna unguiculata in Oman and can result in varying disease symptoms. This is the first report of root lesions produced by Curvularia muehlenbeckiae on the roots of V. unguiculata and by C. caricae-papayae on V. radiata worldwide.
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Salinas, Irene, Juan José Hueso, Danilo Força Baroni, and Julián Cuevas. "Plant Growth, Yield, and Fruit Size Improvements in ‘Alicia’ Papaya Multiplied by Grafting." Plants 12, no. 5 (2023): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12051189.
Full textAbstract:
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the few fruit crops still propagated by seeds. However, its trioecious condition and the heterozygosity of the seedlings make urgent the development of reliable vegetative propagation procedures. In this experiment, we compared, in a greenhouse sited in Almería (Southeast Spain), the performance of plantlets of ‘Alicia’ papaya originated by seed, grafting, and micropropagation. Our results show that grafted papayas were more productive than seedlings papayas (7% and 4% for total and commercial yield), while in vitro micropropagated papayas were the least productive (28 and 5% less in total and commercial yield than grafted papayas, respectively). Root density and dry weight were both higher in grafted papayas, while the seasonal production of good quality, well-formed, flowers was also enhanced in grafted papayas. On the contrary, micropropagated ‘Alicia’ plants yielded less and lighter fruit despite these in vitro plants blooming earlier and setting fruit at desirable lower trunk height. Less tall and less thick plants and reduced production of good quality flowers might explain these negative results. In addition, the root system of micropropagated papaya was more superficial, while in grafted papayas, the root system was larger and had more fine roots. Our results suggest that the cost-benefit ratio does not favor the choice of micropropagated plants unless elite genotypes are used. On the contrary, our results encourage more research on grafting, including the search for suitable rootstocks for papaya.