Dissertations / Theses: 'Paper industry Waste paper'

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Ouadi, Miloud. "Sustainable energy from paper industry wastes." Thesis, Aston University, 2013. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/18499/.

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Secondary fibre paper mills are significant users of both heat and electricity which is mainly derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. The cost of producing this energy is increasing year upon year. These mills are also significant producers of fibrous sludge and reject waste material which can contain high amounts of useful energy. Currently the majority of these waste fractions are disposed of by landfill, land-spread or incineration using natural gas. These disposal methods not only present environmental problems but are also very costly. The focus of this work was to utilise the waste fractions produced at secondary fibre paper mills for the on-site production of combined heat and power (CHP) using advanced thermal conversion methods (gasification and pyrolysis), well suited to relatively small scales of throughput. The heat and power can either be used on-site or exported. The first stage of the work was the development of methods to condition selected paper industry wastes to enable thermal conversion. This stage required detailed characterisation of the waste streams in terms of proximate and ultimate analysis and heat content. Suitable methods to dry and condition the wastes in preparation for thermal conversion were also explored. Through trials at pilot scale with both fixed bed downdraft gasification and intermediate pyrolysis systems, the energy recovered from selected wastes and waste blends in the form of product gas and pyrolysis products was quantified. The optimal process routes were selected based on the experimental results, and implementation studies were carried out at the selected candidate mills. The studies consider the pre-processing of the wastes, thermal conversion, and full integration of the energy products. The final stage of work was an economic analysis to quantify economic gain, return on investment and environmental benefits from the proposed processes.

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López, González Néstor David. "Secagem convectiva de papel reciclado com incorporação de corantes naturais." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266710.

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Orientadores: Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira, Sandra Cristina dos Santos Rocha Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T04:23:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LopezGonzalez_NestorDavid_M.pdf: 6381922 bytes, checksum: e497b1236a95bb6095b1c33957146b02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 Resumo: O papel está presente em muitas das atividades do cotidiano que vão desde usos sanitários, passando pelas embalagens até fins educativos. Este material que teve sua origem há quase 2000 anos, continua sua evolução na procura de alternativas limpas para seu reaproveitamento. Novos processos de reciclagem, secagem e a incorporação de materiais alternativos para melhorar as propriedades do papel fazem desta área de pesquisa a base para a criação de novas tecnologias e produtos com apelo ambiental. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação da reutilização de papel de escritório na forma de papel cartão com adição de extratos corantes naturais Carmim de cochonilha, Cúrcuma e Urucum, implementando um processo de destintagem dos papéis a serem reciclados e secando o papel em um secador convectivo em escala laboratorial para obter papel cartão artesanal colorido. Para isto, foi determinada uma formulação para cada uma das três polpas a serem tingidas com os corantes naturais e construídas as curvas de secagem para diferentes condições de secagem. Efetuou-se uma análise comparativa da qualidade dos papéis obtidos em diferentes condições de secagem e avaliou-se a degradação da cor dos papéis obtidos sob diferentes condições de iluminação. O estudo da secagem mostrou que as polpas fabricadas com cada um dos três corantes apresentaram processos de secagem equivalentes apesar de ter formulações diferentes. Além disso, uma análise estatística mostrou que a velocidade e a temperatura do ar de secagem influenciam positivamente o processo, afetando a duração deste. Na avaliação da qualidade dos papéis verificou-se que esta pode ser afetada por variações nas condições de secagem. Uma menor qualidade foi obtida em papéis secos sob condições mais drásticas de velocidade e temperatura do ar. Os testes de colorimetria realizados nas amostras evidenciaram que as condições de secagem podem modificar a saturação das cores dos papéis, gerando diferenças colorimétricas nos papéis obtidos e apresentando cinéticas de degradação diferentes para cada papel fabricado. Os extratos corantes de Carmim de cochonilha, Urucum e Cúrcuma apresentaram boa estabilidade no teste de abrigo à luz, mas nos testes realizados com luz ultravioleta e fluorescente a estabilidade das cores foi baixa. O carmim de cochonilha se apresentou como o corante com maior estabilidade e poder tintorial. Os corantes naturais analisados nesta pesquisa mostraram potencial para serem utilizados na fabricação de papéis reciclados artesanais Abstract: The paper is present in many everyday activities from sanitary uses, through the packaging until educational purposes. This material was originated almost 2000 years ago, and continues its evolution in the search of environmental alternatives to be reused. New processes to recycling, drying and the incorporation of alternative materials carry out an important role for the creation of new products and new technologies with environmental appeal. In this context, this work aimed the evaluation of office paper in the form of cardboard with the addition of natural extracts dyes such as Cochineal Carmine, Turmeric and Annatto, using a de-inking process of paper and drying in a convective-scale laboratory dryer for obtain a colorful handmade paper card. For this, a formulation was determined for each of the three paper pulp to be dyed with natural dyes, the drying curves were analyzed for different drying conditions, moreover a comparative analysis of the quality of the paper obtained under different conditions of drying was accomplished and the degradation of color paper obtained under different lighting conditions was evaluated. The study showed that drying of the paper pulp manufactured for each of the three dyes present equivalent drying processes, despite that these had different formulations; in addition, a statistical analysis showed that the air velocity and temperature of the drying air have a positively influence in the process. In the study of quality of paper, it has been demonstrated that variations in the drying conditions affects the quality of paper, such as reducing these with the increase in velocity and air temperature. The colorimetric test showed that the drying conditions can change the color saturation of the paper, causing colorimetric differences in the papers obtained and having different degradation kinetics for each paper produced. The extracts of cochineal carmine, Annatto and Turmeric dyes showed good stability under the test of light; however, the stability for the test performed with ultraviolet and fluorescent light. The results using cochineal carmine dye presented greater stability and tinctorial power. Natural dyes tested in this study showed potential to be used in the manufacture of handmade recycled paper Mestrado Processos em Tecnologia Química Mestre em Engenharia Química

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Szeinbaum, Nadia. "Assessment of anaerobic treatment of select waste streams in paper manufacturing operations." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34847.

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The most common strategy for handling paper mill solid waste is typically disposal in landfills. However, several drawbacks are associated with this type of solid waste management, such as increasing costs due to oil price rise, governmental restrictions on land use, and environmental concerns such as leaching of disposed contaminants into groundwater, as well as methane generation of and release to the atmosphere, thus contributing to global warming. An alternative to reduce solids prior to disposal and to recover methane as a renewable fuel is anaerobic digestion, but it is not yet clear whether such an approach is feasible in paper mills. In this study, the anaerobic digestion of paper mill waste streams was evaluated for a paper plant located in Belen, Costa Rica, to investigate up to what extent certain waste streams can be anaerobically digested, to what extent energy can be produced in the form of methane for implementation in a wastewater treatment plant and to evaluate the conditions that will favor methane generation from select waste streams. Batch assays were performed to evaluate the biodegradability of single and combined waste samples under ideal, laboratory conditions. Samples were obtained from the manufacturing plant as well as the wastewater treatment plant at the paper mill under study. The ultimate biodegradability ranged 25 to 85% in terms of volatile solids destruction, corresponding to the waste activated sludge (WAS) and Flotation Cell rejects, respectively. The COD destruction of single samples ranged from 45 to 63%, corresponding to WAS and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) dissolved air flotation (DAF) skimmings, respectively. Methane generation ranged from 80 to 190 ml at 35oC/g COD added for all single samples (excluding underflows). In combination Feed 1 was reduced by 46 and 52% and Feed 2 by 27 and 38%, respectively. Two combinations of two single samples each (Feed 1 and 2), formulated according to plant operational data, and their solids and COD destruction as well as methane generation in semicontinuous flow anaerobic digesters were evaluated at different solids retention times (30, 20, 15, and 7 days). Nutrients (N, and P) availability as well as alkalinity in the plant waste streams were evaluated and minimum supplements were used to support an efficient anaerobic digestion process. The reactors reached stable operation at all retention times evaluated. Methanogenesis was the predominant, terminal metabolic process under anaerobic, mesophilic conditions, but the overall process rate was determined by the hydrolysis of the particulate substrate. Reactors fed with Feed 1 achieved the highest level of destruction, which amounted to 85% of phosphorus that is typically present in paper mill wastes. Alkalinity addition to the feed (3.5 mg NaHCO3/L) was necessary to maintain the reactors pH above 6.9.

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Méndez-Sánchez, Noemi C. Lange Clifford R. "Biodecolorization of paper mills wastewater using anaerobic composting." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1862.

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Bhinge, Deepak. "Color removal from pulp and paper wastes by coagulation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41569.

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Coagulation studies were conducted to determine an appropriate treatment approach to remove color and organic carbon from the pulp and paper wastes from the Union Camp Corporation, Franklin, Va. Based on a preliminary analysis of the data collected during this research, either alum or ferric chloride may be used to remove color from pulp and paper wastes. An effluent with final residual color less than 5 color units can be generated using PAC treatment after flocculating certain waste streams with alum or ferric chloride. Higher molecular weight organics (above 5K mass units) showed a near complete removal by coagulation. It is expected that alum coagulation would involve a lesser cost in pH adjustment as compared to ferric chloride coagulation. Alum sludge dewatered and thickened more rapidly than the iron sludge; however, after mechanical dewatering, the alum cake had a slightly greater moisture content than the sludge produced after ferric chloride coagulation. Master of Science

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Joyce, Jim. "Color and TOC removal from pulp and paper wastes by ultrafiltration." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91035.

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Ultrafiltration studies were conducted to determine a treatment approach to remove color and organic carbon from the pulp and paper wastewaters at the Union Camp Corporation, Franklin, VA. Analysis of data collected during this research indicate that ultrafiltration can produce an effluent with less than 5 color units and less than 5 mg/L TOC (99% and 97% removal respectively). The data also indicate that biotreatment of the wastes prior to ultrafiltration removes the smaller molecular weight organic compounds, making ultrafiltration more effective. Pretreatment by pH adjustment and alum coagulation were not effective in improving ultrafiltration performance. Concentration studies indicate that volume reductions up to 95% may be accomplished without excessive membrane fouling. Membrane cleaning with caustic, hypochlorite and detergent produced identical results. It is expected that ultrafiltration would be a more cost effective method of color and TOC removal than coagulation, and would not require sludge disposal. M.S.

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Johansson, Ingrid, and Walter Deltin. "Utilization of Pulp and Paper Waste Products in the Metal Industry : Initial testing of carbon-containing waste material briquettes." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231792.

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Today, a huge part of waste products from pulp and paper industries ends up in landfill which is both economically and environmentally adversely. This report examines the possibilities of using those products as a slag foamer and fuel in different furnaces in the metal industry. The waste products contain valuable elements, especially carbon. Therefore, there is an increased interest in finding possible use for the waste products in the metal industry. The reuse would contribute to preservation of energy as fossil fuel can be replaced. In the report, two waste materials called mixed biosludge and fiber reject are examined. The experiments are performed with the waste products pressed together with a base material and cement forming a briquette. The requirements examined are strength needed for both transportation and use in furnaces and ability to create a foaming slag. The results in strength were ambiguous, no waste material based briquettes met the set criteria. As of now, the briquettes are probably not strong enough to be transported. No foaming occurred during the experiment, but only one experiment was performed. Therefore, further experiments are needed before any conclusions can be drawn. The briquettes can possibly replace coke and coal in applications where strength is not as important. Nevertheless, it is uncertain if the briquettes affect the steel quality. Idag läggs en stor del av restprodukter från pappers och massaindustrin på deponi, vilket innebär såväl ekonomiska som miljömässiga nackdelar. Den här rapporten undersöker möjligheterna att använda dessa restprodukter som slaggskummare och bränsle i de olika ugnarna inom metallindustrin. Restprodukterna innehåller värdefulla ämnen, framförallt kol. Därför finns det ett ökat intresse för att hitta möjliga användningsområden för restprodukterna inom metallindustrin. Denna återanvändning skulle bidra till energibevarande eftersom fossila bränslen kan ersättas. I den här rapporten undersöks två restmaterial, blandat biologiskt slam och fiberavfall. Experimenten utfördes med dessa restprodukter pressade samman med ett basmaterial och cement till en brikett. Kraven som undersöks är styrka för både transport och användning i ugnarna samt förmågan att skumma en slagg. Resultaten för briketternas styrka var tvetydiga, inga av briketterna innehållande restprodukter satisfierade det uppsatta kriteriet. Styrkan är troligtvis för låg för att transport ska vara möjlig. Ingen skumning skedde under experimentet, men endast ett experiment genomfördes. Därför behöver ytterligare experiment genomföras innan några slutsatser kan dras. Men briketterna tros kunna ersätta koks och kol där styrkan inte är viktig. Men det är osäkert om briketterna påverkar stålkvaliteten.

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Modolo, Regina Célia Espinosa. "Valorization of solid wastes from cellulose and paper industry." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13961.

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Doutoramento em Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente This thesis reports in detail studies of industrial solid wastes valorization as alternative raw materials. All tested wastes are classified as non-hazardous and are generated in the pulp and paper process, including primary sludge, dregs, grits, lime mud and bottom ash (this generated in a process that occurs in parallel to the production of cellulose, whose aim is the production of energy to supply the plant through the combustion of forest biomass in fluidized bed). A detailed general characterization was performed at each waste and according to their characteristics, they were selected some applications in materials with potential use, specifically in Fibercement, Bituminous Mixture for regularization layer and industrial mortars (rendering mortars and cementitious-adhesive). After decided to application each waste was specifically tested to proceed the setting up of formulations containing different content of waste in replacement of the raw conventional material. As an isolated case, the bottom ash was tested not only as an alternative raw material for construction materials, but also it was tested for its use in fluidized bed in which the waste is generated as raw material. Both dregs and bottom ash had undergone special treatment to make possible to obtain a better quality of waste in order do not compromise the final product characteristics and process. The dregs were tested in bituminous mixtures as received and also washed (on the laboratory scale to remove soluble salts) and bottom ash were washed and screened in industrial scale (for removal of soluble salts, especially chlorides and coarse fraction particles elimination - particles larger than 1 mm size). The remaining residues form used in such as received avoiding additional costs. The results indicated potential and some limitations for each application to the use of these wastes as alternative raw material, but in some cases, the benefits in relation to valorization overlap with its limitations in both aspects, environmental and economic. O presente trabalho reporta detalhadamente estudos de valorização de resíduos sólidos industriais como matérias-primas alternativas. Todos os resíduos testados são classificados como não perigosos e são gerados no processo de produção de celulose (pasta) e papel, nomeadamente lamas primárias, dregs, grits, lamas de carbonato e cinzas de fundo, estas geradas num processo que ocorre em paralelo à produção de celulose, cujo objectivo é a produção de energia para abastecimento da fábrica através da combustão de biomassa florestal em leito fluidisado. Uma caracterização geral minuciosa foi realizada a cada resíduo e de acordo com as suas características, seleccionaram-se três aplicações em materiais com potencial de utilização: Fibrocimento, Mistura betuminosa para camada de regularização e argamassas industriais (reboco de projecção e cimento-cola). Após o devido enquadramento do resíduo e aplicação, cada resíduo foi caracterizado especificamente para que se procedesse a definição de formulações contendo diferentes percentuais de resíduos em substituição da matéria-prima convencional. Como um caso isolado, as cinzas de fundo foram testadas, não somente como matéria prima alternativa em materiais de construção, como também testou-se a sua reutilização em leito fluidisado no qual o resíduo é gerado. Tanto os dregs como as cinzas de fundo passaram por um tratamento específico para que fosse possível obter uma melhor qualidade do resíduo com o objectivo de não comprometer as características do produto final e processo. Os dregs foram testados em base tal e qual e lavados em escala laboratorial (para remoção de sais solúveis) e as cinzas de fundo foram lavadas em escala industrial (para remoção de sais solúveis, nomeadamente cloretos) e crivadas em escala laboratorial e industrial para eliminação da fracção grosseira do resíduo (partículas de dimensão superior a 1 mm). Os demais resíduos formam usados em base tal e qual, evitando assim custos adicionais. Os resultados obtidos em cada aplicação indicam potencialidades e limitações relativamente ao uso desses resíduos como matéria-prima alternativa, porém em alguns casos, as vantagens relativamente a valorização se sobrepõem às suas limitações, tanto nos aspectos ambientais, como económicos.

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Neufeld, Josh D. "Development of a quantitative method for functional gene detection in pulp and paper wastewater treatment systems." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33430.

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The recent development of culture-independent methods has revolutionized the study of complex microbial communities such as those present in activated sludge treatment systems. DNA probes that hybridize to genes coding for key enzymes that catalyze microbial processes have been widely used. Can such probes be used to quantify target genes and thus quantify the potential of a microbial community to carry out a reaction of interest? Optimal conditions for DNA extraction, probe validation, hybridization, and activity measurements were determined for the pulp and paper treatment system environment under study. Using gene probes for key denitrification genes (nirS, nirK), the correlation between denitrifiers and denitrification activity in an enrichment culture and activated sludge samples was tested. The same correlation between nitrogen fixation and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in primary clarifiers was assessed using a probe for the gene encoding a component of the nitrogenase enzyme (nifH). This work was successful in establishing the correlation between gene numbers and their corresponding enzymatic activity and thus supports the quantitative hybridization approach for the monitoring of microbial communities. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Ganta, Madhuri. "Anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper mill solid wastes : evaluation of operational parameters and microbial diversity." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/27081.

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Frigon, Dominic. "Molecular and phenotypic characterization of the microbial communities in two pulp and paper wastewater treatment systems." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29803.

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Phylogenetic hybridization and phenotypic fingerprinting were applied to the analysis of bacterial communities in wastewater treatment systems. These approaches were aimed at (i) developing monitoring tools able to foresee operational problems, and (ii) providing the rationale to optimize the operation of bioreactors. The work presented is intended to first describe the community found in two reactors treating pulp and paper mill effluent, and second evaluate the possibilities of these techniques with respect to the development of new monitoring tools. Phylogenetic membrane hybridization showed that the bacterial communities were dominated by Alpha and Beta Proteobacteria, a structure probably linked to the low F:M ratio. Other important factors determining the community structure were the proportion of COD in the high molecular weight fraction, the sludge age, phosphate addition, and the concentration of specific compounds (alcohols, phenols, volatile fatty acids) in the influent. The community structure partly determined the sludge characteristics demonstrating its potential value in the assessment of reactor performance. The results obtained by phylogenetic membrane hybridization suggest that the probes used in a monitoring tool would not need to be targeted to the species level to provide relevant information. However, they also suggest that the technique is more sensitive to changes in population density as opposed to changes in bacterial metabolism. Phenotypic fingerprinting measured a smaller difference between the communities of the two reactors studied than what was measured by phylogenetic membrane hybridization. However, differences in heterotrophic activities observed between the two communities were linked to differences in influent composition.

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Domingo, Garth Selby. "UF membranes operated on paper machine wastewater : fouling tendencies and characterisation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52595.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: At the Mondi Kraft paper mill in Piet Retief, paper machine effluent is pre-treated by means of dissolved air flotation (DAF) and a mierostrainer prior to ultrafiltration (UF). Despite the rigorous pre-treatment of the effluent, severe fouling of the UF membranes still persisted, resulting in a sharp decrease in operational flux. In an attempt to improve the flux performance of the UF membranes an investigation was launched into the possible causes of membrane fouling. The study yielded the following results: Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric analyses of varIOUS effluent samples collected from different locations at the mill indicated the presence of aromatic compounds. Lignosulphonate appeared to be the main constituent in all the samples analysed. UV-Vis spectrophotometry was also performed on fouling extracted from membranes In order to evaluate the different approaches attempted to reduce membrane fouling. Most of the UV-Vis spectra obtained did not show the absorbance maxima below 210 nm that were seen for the paper machine effluent, DAF product, lignosulphonate and mierostrainer product. This indicated that the compounds with absorbance at lower wavelengths did not foul the membranes to the same extent as the aromatic substances with absorbance maxima between 230 and 400 nm. The influence of pH on the absorption of the various effluent samples was also investigated. An increase in pH resulted in (1) a "shift" in the wavelength scans from a lower to a higher wavelength, suggesting ionisation (deprotonation) with a subsequent delocalization of electrons and (2) an increase in the turbidity. The increase in turbidity which accompanied the Increase in pH could be explained by complex formation between the carboxylate ions, phenolic groups and divalent metal ions present in the effluent. Inductively coupled plasma analyses of several effluent samples with pH values 7 and 13 indicated the presence of significant amounts of Ca2+ ions in the effluent. There was a significant decrease in the Ca2+ levels with an increase in pH, which supported the hypothesis that Ca2+ might contribute to complex formation. This resulted in a decrease in solubility and an increase in turbidity. The addition of a chelating agent (ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid disodium salt) to an effluent solution at pH 13 redissolved the precipitate and considerably reduced the turbidity. The subsequent addition of CaCh again induced precipitation and increased turbidity, confirming the role of Ca2+ in complex formation. Gel permeation chromatographic analyses of mierostrainer product at pH 13 showed the formation of high molecular mass organo-calcium complexes. The exact molecular mass of the complexes present in the mierostrainer product could not be determined by electro spray mass spectrometry because of their poor ionisation ability. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed distinct differences in the membrane surface texture before and after fouling. Furthermore, SEM images of the UF membranes exposed the limited ability of the 30 urn microstrainer, installed downstream from the DAF unit, to remove residual fibres from the DAF product. Static fouling experiments performed on all the flocculants and coagulants used In the paper-making process at the mill showed that none of these substances fouled the UF membranes. Cleaning of the UF membranes with Triton XIOO®, a nOn-IOnIC surfactant, caused a temporary increase in the operating flux to values higher than that of the initial flux. Mechanical cleaning of the UF membrane surface with spongebalIs proved to be one of the most effective and successful methods to prevent flux loss caused by fouling. Pre-coating of the UF membranes with Plutonic" FI08, another non-ionic surfactant, did not promote membrane productivity. Evaluation of various types of membranes indicated that hydrophilic or negatively charged membranes withstood membrane fouling more effectively than hydrophobic UF membranes under the same operating conditions. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: By Mondi Kraft se papier meule in Piet Retief word afloopwater vanaf die papiermasjiene vir hergebruik met behulp van ultrafiltrasie (UF) behandel. Opgeloste lugflotasie (OLF) en mikrosiwwing word as voorbehandeling vir die UF membraanproses ingespan. Ondanks die intensiewe voorafbehandeling wat toegepas word, vind daar geweldige aanvuiling van die UF membrane plaas wat tot die vinnige verlaging in bedryfsfluks aanleiding gee. 'n Ondersoek na die moontlike oorsake van membraan-aanvuiling het die volgende bevindinge opgelewer: Ultraviolet-sigbare (UV-Vis) spektroskopie van water monsters wat by die meule versamel is, het die teenwoordigheid van aromatiese komponente aangetoon, met lignosulfonaat die hoofkomponent in al die monsters wat ontleed is. Ekstrakte afkomstig van aangevuilde membrane is ook met behulp van UV-Vis-spektroskopie geanaliseer om verskeie benaderings te evalueer om 'n afname in membraan-aanvuiling te bewerkstellig. Die oorgrootte meerderheid spektra het nie die absorpsie maksima onder 210 nm aangetoon wat teenwoordig was in monsters van die papier masjien afloopwater, OLF uitvloeisel, lignosulfonaat en mikrosif produkwater nie. Dit het aangedui dat die komponente wat by laer golflengte absorbeer nie die UF membrane in dieselfde mate aanvuil as daardie komponente wat by hoër golflengtes (tussen 230 en 400 nm) absorbeer nie. Die invloed wat pH op die absorpsie van komponente teenwoordig in die onderskeie afloopwatermonsters het, is ook ondersoek. 'n Toename in pH het bygedra tot (1) 'n verskuiwing in die spektra vanaf 'n lae na 'n hoër golflengte vanweë ionisasie (deprotonering) met gevolglike delokalisasie van elektrone en (2) 'n toename in turbiditeit. Die toename in turbiditeit wat verband hou met die toename in pH was verduidelik aan die hand van kompleksvorming tussen die karboksilaat ione, fenoliese groepe en divalente metaal ione in die afloopwater. Induktief gekoppelde plasma analise van verskeie water monsters by pH 7 en 13 het die teenwoordigheid van 'n groot hoeveelheid Ca2+ aangetoon. 'n Verlaging in die vlakke van opgeloste Ca2+ het met die toename in pH verband gehou. Dit het die moontlike verbintenis tussen Ca2+ en kompleksvorming ondersteun wat bygedra het tot die afname in oplosbaarheid en toename in turbiditeit. Die byvoeging van etileendiamientetra-asynsuur-dinatriumsout, 'n kelerings reagens by afloopwater (pH 13) het die presipitaat weer in oplossing gebring en die turbiditeit merkwaardig verlaag. Die byvoeging van CaCh het weer presipitasie geïnduseer, met 'n gevolglike toename in turbiditeit. Hiermee is Ca2+ se rol in kompleksvorming bevestig. Gelpermeasie-chromatografiese analise van die mikrosif produk (pH 13) het die vorming van hoë molekulêre massa organo-kalsium komplekse bevestig. Dit was egter nie moontlik om met behulp van massaspektrometrie die korrekte molekulêre massa van die komplekse te bepaal nie vanweë hul onvermoë om te ioniseer. Atomiese krag mikroskopie en skandeer elektron mikroskopie (SEM) het duidelik die voor en na verskil getoon wat aanvuiling op die membraantekstuur gehad het. 'n SEM foto van die aangevuilde UF membraan het die onvermoë van die mikrosif blootgelê om oorblywende vesels vanuit die OLF produkwater te verwyder. Resultate bekom gedurende passiewe aanvuilingseksperimente het aangetoon dat al die in-proses flokkulante en koagulante wat gebruik word by die papier meule geen bydrae tot die aanvuiling van die UF membrane maak nie. Skoonmaak van die UF membrane met Triton XIOO® bring 'n verhoging in bedryfsvloed teweeg, maar die verhoging, wat hoër as die oorspronklike vloed is, is kortstondig. Meganiese skoonmaak van die buismembrane met behulp van sponsballe blyk die mees effektiewe skoonmaakmetode te wees. Voorafbehandeling van die UF membrane met Plutonic" F 108 het nie die membraanproduktiwiteit verhoog nie. Daar is ook bevind dat hidrofiliese of negatief gelaaide membrane groter weerstand bied teen aanvuiling in vergelyking met hidrofobiese UF membrane onder dieselfde bedryfstoestande.

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Desam, Padmabhushana R. "A system analysis of converting non-recyclable plastic waste into value-added products in a paper industry cluster." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100360.

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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2013. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 59-61). Waste plastic, both industrial and municipal sources, is posing a major environmental challenges in developing countries such as India due to improper disposal methods. Large quantities of non-recyclable plastic waste get collected in paper recycling plants in Muzaffamagar and other regions in India. The plastic waste is typically in the form of protective covers, thin film, binding coils etc., which gets separated from paper during the pulping process. Because of its low value in recycling markets, the plastic waste is currently being burned as a substitute fuel for biomass in meeting the steam generation needs in paper production. Though incineration of plastic along with other solid waste for energy recovery is a common practice in countries like Europe, low technology employed in grate boilers without proper environmental equipment are creating serious problems in this region due to combustion-generated pollution. Instead, pyrolysis technologies in combination with innovative catalysts are evolving in recent years for converting waste plastic into fuel oil, diesel, and LPG. These technologies are proven to be safe and environmental-friendly, while producing value-added products that are in high demand. The primary objective of this research study is to investigate suitable technologies to convert waste plastic that is generated in the Muzaffarnagar paper cluster into value-added products, while considering certain unique requirements such as the ability to handle large quantities of mixed plastic, availability of biomass heating sources, lack of skilled workers, and limited capital and operating costs that play an important role in new technology adoption. Moreover, implementation of a suitable technology subject to economic and social considerations in this region is explored at a system-level. This systems thinking approach is deemed to be suitable for handling such complex problems, where non-technical issues play a crucial role in finding an appropriate solution. by Padmabhushana R. Desam. S.M. in Engineering and Management

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14

Bauer, Elizabeth Nanette. "MODIFICATION OF AN EXISTING BENTHAL MODEL FOR PAPER MILL WASTES." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275443.

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15

Sullivan, Elizabeth Carol. "The use of advanced treatment methods for removal of color and dissolved solids from pulp and paper wastewater." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94476.

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This study investigated the use of activated carbon and ion exchange for the removal of color and dissolved solids from pulp and paper wastewater generated by the Union Camp Corporation mill in Franklin, Virginia. The objective of the treatment was to provide a high quality effluent suitable for direct recycling. This advanced treatment followed pretreatment by lime, alum, or ferric chloride. Required effluent quality was defined as being 5 Pt-Co units color and 75 mg/L chloride. Granular and powdered carbons, manufactured by the Westvaco Corporation, were utilized in the study. The ion exchange resin investigated was Amberlite IRA-68, manufactured by Rohm and Haas. Carbon treatment consisted of batch and column operation; ion exchange column treatment was used. The results of the study indicated that the required effluent quality was achieved by activated carbon and ion exchange treatment of wastewater that had been chemically pretreated. The most successful treatment schemes for the biotreated effluent were pretreatment with 500 mg/L alum or 2500 mg/L lime, followed by carbon column treatment for color polishing and ion exchange for chloride removal. The lime pretreated sample produced an effluent containing less than 5 Pt-Co units color as necessary for reuse, while the alum pretreated sample would require dilution with make-up water or additional treatment (i.e. ion exchange) to obtain recycle quality. The use of ion exchange for chloride removal is not practical due to the preferential exchange for sulfates. Until such time as sulfate can be eliminated from the wastewater source, other methods of dissolved solids removal should be investigated. M. Eng.

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16

Baker, Scott Alan. "Activated sludge biotreatability of pulp and paper bleach wastes : investigation of bleaching options." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21647.

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17

Gauthier, Francis. "Study of coliform bacteria in Canadian pulp and paper mill water systems : their ecology and utility as health hazard indicators." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33401.

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Coliform bacteria have long been used to indicate fecal contamination of food, water, and solid surfaces, and thus the presence of a health hazard. In this study, the in-mill water and external effluent treatment systems of seven typical Canadian pulp and paper mills were shown to support the growth of numerous coliforms, especially Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., and Citrobacter spp . Mill coliforms were shown to be not just simple transients from feedwater or furnish (wood), but to be continuously growing, especially in the primary clarifiers. Therefore, coliforms and fecal coliforms cannot be used as fecal contamination indicators in pulp and paper mill water and effluent treatment systems. N2-fixing coliform populations were detected in mill water systems and were analyzed using N2-fixation assays and nitrogenase gene (nifH) probing. Both active in situ populations and cultured microbial isolates were tested. Active N2-fixation was demonstrated in six primary clarifiers. Measurement of the numbers and composition of the total culturable bacterial community in a primary clarifier revealed that approximately 50% of all aerobic cells contained nifH , of which >90% were Klebsiella. Coliforms growing on MacConkey agar plates from the primary clarifier were all identified as Klebsiella and 100% of these Klebsiella contained the nifH gene. Preliminary estimates indicate that the amount of N2 fixed per day is substantial in some clarifiers.

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18

Donnér, Disa. "Impact on carbon emissions applying the sustainable EffiSludge wastewater treatment concept to the Nordic pulp- and paper industry." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148610.

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The pulp- and paper industry (PPI) faces a great challenge in finding new ways to reduce its overall carbon emissions. Large quantities of water are used in the pulp- and paper making process. In this context, a more sustainable wastewater treatment with a lower carbon footprint is of relevance for the PPI. Applied to a pulp- and paper mill (PPM) in Norway, the ongoing demonstration project “EffiSludge for LIFE” lowers the wastewater treatments (WWT) energy consumption while turning residual waste (bio sludge) into energy by implementing a new wastewater treatment concept. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current carbon footprint from a hypothetical PPM WWT plant, the potential lowering of the carbon footprint when applying the EffiSludge concept and the benefits in a larger scale assuming EffiSludge would be applied at all of the PPMs WWT in the Nordic countries represented by Sweden, Norway and Finland. An estimation of a current and future carbon footprint from one example mill was provided through the construction of one baseline and two case scenarios. Results from a laboratory biomethane potential experiment together with the responses from a survey and contributions from one example mill provided relevant input to the scenarios. The major impact on carbon emissions in the scenarios came from reducing electricity needed to aerate the biological WWT step. The maximum current carbon footprint from the parts of the WWT process included in the baseline scenario was 9.6-13 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp and the estimated future carbon footprint when implementing the EffiSludge concept was estimated as 3.6-5.9 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp. A reduction of 6-8 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp could be expected by implementing the EffiSludge concept. If the EffiSludge concept was introduced in all of the WWTP connected with Nordic PPMs a reduction of the carbon footprint with 55-180 million kg CO2-eq could be expected each year. This would reduce the total carbon emissions from the European PPI with 0.2-0.5 % annually

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Bhathena, Jasmine. "The physical and physiological effects of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation on a pulp and paper mill effluent biotreatment microbial community /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80228.

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The influence of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation on pulp and paper mill activated sludge (AS) floc properties was studied using a bioreactor fed with synthetic Kraft mill effluent. The bioreactor and synthetic effluent were designed and shown to perform like the real mill system providing the AS, establishing the in vivo relevance of the results. Limitation of either N or P produced inadequate effluent biotreatment, shown by poor BOD5 and suspended solids removal, and by decreased biomass health, performance, and floc settling. Greatly enhanced poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) (but not carbohydrate or extracellular polymeric substances [EPS]) synthesis was the common response of the floc microbial community to N limitation over many days. In contrast, P-limitation increased total carbohydrate and EPS, but not PHB. N limitation, but not P limitation, caused the net floc surface charge to be much more negative, while P-limitation, but not N-limitation, increased the floc bound water content and surface hydrophobicity. Thus, in real pulp and paper mill AS systems, careful manipulation of N or P additions may be useful to optimize the key process of charged polymer-assisted AS dewatering.

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Rothpfeffer, Caroline. "From wood to waste and waste to wood : aspects on recycling waste products from the pulp mill to the forest soil /." Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Soils, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200783.pdf.

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21

Pouliot, Cédrick. "Acetate and poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) metabolism by the activated sludge floc community of a hardwood Kraft pulp and paper mill." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82401.

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This research followed acetate carbon (C) uptake, metabolism, and fate through a typical modern Kraft pulp and paper mill AS system. Freshly collected mill biomass (AS floc suspensions) was placed under conditions representing four key phases of AS biotreatment: (1) initial acetate uptake by aerated starved AS; (2) ongoing acetate uptake; (3) aerobic metabolism of acetate-loaded AS in acetate-stripped effluent; and (4) anaerobic, settled biomass metabolism. Conditions mimicked the mill system as closely as possible. Acetate carbon uptake kinetics and conversion to CO2, growth products, PHB, and secreted metabolites in each of the four phases were measured. The role of PHB synthesis in the initial stripping of acetate from mill effluent and the PHB production potential of this mill AS were also investigated. Results showed that acetate was rapidly taken up by high-affinity systems in the AS. During the initial exposure of mill-starved AS, acetate greatly stimulated AS-O2 uptake, and was quickly converted to PHB and CO 2. Upon depletion of available effluent acetate, as occurs in the downstream sections of the aeration tank, O2-uptake rates decreased and the acetate-C stored in AS-PHB was slowly released as CO2, and partly used for growth. Under secondary clarifier-like anaerobic conditions, the AS released virtually no CO2. However, substantial amounts of PHB were used for growth under anaerobic conditions and a small proportion of the original acetate C exited the cells as organic acids.

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22

Bonfanti, Patricia. "Utilização de pleurotus sajor-caju na redução da concentração de compostos fenólicos presentes no efluente da indústria de papel e celulose." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2007. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/633.

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Efluentes da indústria de papel e celulose (IPC) caracterizam-se por apresentar um alto conteúdo de compostos fenólicos que são prejudiciais para os microrganismos envolvidos nos tratamentos convencionais, necessitando a sua remoção por processos físicos e/ou químicos, antes do encaminhamento para as lagoas aeradas. Neste trabalho foi estudada a capacidade de degradação de fenol e de fenóis totais presentes no efluente da IPC, em cultivo submerso, pela linhagem de Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 utilizada comercialmente para a produção de cogumelos. Também foi avaliado a alteração na concentração de DQO de efluentes da IPC por sistemas bacterianos aerados, após o tratamento fúngico. Foram realizadas análises de atividade de lacases, LiP, VAO e MnP, fenóis totais, pH, cor e DQO. Os estudos de crescimento de fungos e bactérias foram realizados em frascos agitados e em reator de bancada. A formulação do meio de crescimento fúngico continha 92% de efluente da IPC, suplementado com sais, glicose e proteína de soja. Em todos os ensaios observou-se uma diminuição da concentração de fenóis totais do meio, que foi interpretada como decorrente da ação do fungo pela atividade enzimática envolvendo degradação e precipitação, adsorção na massa fúngica e de atividade não biológica, desde que foram detectadas atividades de lacases, LiP, VAO e MnP; foi observado adsorção de fenóis totais pelo micélio; e também diminuição de fenóis totais na ausência de microrganismos. As análises de DQO e fenóis totais dos efluentes referentes aos ensaios com bactérias aeróbias, após o tratamento fúngico, mostraram uma diminuição de DQO mais rápida em relação ao efluente não tratado pelo fungo. A remoção de fenóis totais no processo bacteriano também foi favorecida pela ação fúngica, visto que a remoção dos compostos fenólicos foi superior no efluente tratado pelo fungo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a atividade do fungo da degradação branca Pleurotus sajor-caju PS 2001 pode constituir-se como parte de um processo para tratamento de efluentes da IPC, associado ao tratamento bacteriano. Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-05T19:14:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Patricia Bonfanti.pdf: 6891092 bytes, checksum: 7fae7d894ec3c821ab10cd2e363af938 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-05T19:14:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Patricia Bonfanti.pdf: 6891092 bytes, checksum: 7fae7d894ec3c821ab10cd2e363af938 (MD5) Wastewaters originated at paper and cellulose industries (PCI) are characterized by the presence of the high content of phenolics compounds, which assign prejudicial for the microorganisms involved in the conventional treatments, imposing physical and/or chemical removal before the discharge to the aerobic (secondary) pond. This work deals with the degradation capacity of phenol and total phenols present in the PCI wastewater, in submerged cultivation, by the strain of Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001, commercially utilized for the output of mushrooms. In addition, changes in the COD concentration in PCI wastewaters of aerobic bacterial systems treated with fungus were evaluated. Analyses of activity of laccases, LiP, VAO and MnP, total phenols, pH, colour and DQO were carried out. The fungi and bacteria growth studies were carried out using shaking flask and bioreactor. The formulation of the medium for fungus growth had 92% of PCI wastewater, supplemented with salts, glucose and soy protein. In all trials was observed a reduction in the concentration of total phenols in the medium, that may be caused by the enzymatic activity of the fungus, which involves degradation and haste, adsorption in the fungus mass and non-biological activity due to the fact that activities of laccases, LiP, VAO and MnP were detected; the adsorption of total phenols by the micelles was observed as well as a decrease in the total phenols in the absence of microorganisms. The COD and total phenols trial analyses of wastewaters with aerobic bacteria showed a faster decrease when treated with fungus, compared to the trials without fungus. Furthermore, the removal of total phenols in the bacterial trial was availed by the fungus action due to fact that the removal of the phenol compounds was higher in the wastewater treated with the fungus. Based in the obtained results, it was concluded that the white-rot fungus P. sajor-caju PS 2001 activity can be used as a part of the PCI wastewater treatment associated to the bacterial treatment.

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Gandi, Ravikishor. "Treatments of hemi caustic and extractives streams." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44781.

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Disposal of effluent from pulp and paper industry is one of the major problems faced by entrepreneur in view of increasing environmental standards day by day. In addition to this, industry loses economic value by disposing the effluent or selling it for a low price to other industries. Therefore, to address this problem, in the present study, 2 pulp mill effluents were selected to recover the economic value namely Hemi caustic stream and brown stock filtrate. As far as the recovery of value of hemi caustic stream is concerned, freeze concentration technique was used to recover water in its pure form and membrane separation was used to separate hemi cellulose from effluent so that permeate can be used as a pure source of caustic elsewhere. In addition to this, hemi caustic stream was subjected to acid hydrolysis to convert hemi cellulose into sugars. These sugars can be used to produce bioethanol. As far as the recovery of values of brown stock filtrate is concerned, it was proposed to recycle brown stock filtrate as a source of washing water for brown stock washers in the mill. However, continuous recycling of brown stock filtrate into the process causes building up of extractives in the recycle stream which in turn might deposit on the pulp and affects the quality of the pulp. Therefore, it was decided to separate extractives from the brown stock filtrate before recycle it into the mill. Dissolved Air flotation technique was used to achieve the above mentioned objective. An attempt was made to develop an improved and most reliable version of existing extractives measurement method to quantify the performance of Dissolved air flotation technique.

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24

Duncan, Carla S. "Carbon and nitrogen dynamics on a forest site receiving continual papermill sludge applications : a soil column study /." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10102009-020250/.

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25

Jonsson, Diana. "Methods for measuring mercury in gas ebullition from fiber banks : A literature study." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294107.

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Mercury contamination is an environmental issue with high priority due to its high toxicity. In addition to the atmospheric deposition, several lakes and rivers in Sweden are contaminated as a result from wood and pulp-fiber industries which stretches back 200 years. In Luleå, Sweden, a former groundwood industry, Karlshäll, has contributed to mercury pollution in the sediments of Notviken, a small bay connected to Luleå River and the Bothnian Sea, through release of process water. Industrial release of chemicals and wood pulp have resulted in a special type of sediment called fiber banks. The fiber banks contain high levels of organic matter and very little oxygen which contributes to large gas emissions from the fiber banks, gas ebullition. There is no generally accepted method for examining how mercury contaminants are spread through gas ebullition. The aim of this thesis was to review and find methods for that purpose. Through the literature review several types of methods emerged. Some of them were useful for measuring volumes of gas, whereas others were better designed for collecting gas and analysing it for concentration of elements. There are pros and cons with all methods but the one considered most useful in the case of Karlshäll would be Skarp’s method with active and passive sampling. The passive part includes setting up tents over the fiber bank with a known area, and then calculate the volumes of gas which migrate up through the water during a certain amount of time. The active sampling consists of stirring the fiber bank sediment with a stick and then gather the ascending gas bubbles in a Teflon-bag. The Teflon bag is thereafter sent to a chemical environmental laboratory for analysis of the concentration of elements. This method is the only one of the ones reviewed in this thesis which have been tested in Sweden at sites with gas- ebullition facilitated mercury transport. Although, Varadharajan et al’s (2011) sampling device with automation could be applicable if a long-term, high frequency monitoring programme would be used at Karlshäll. In addition, a sampling device with an integrated carbon-absorption-tube collector for trapping gaseous Hg would be beneficial if the samples can’t handle a long-distance transportation. Thus, the samples could be sent to a local laboratory instead. However, this type of device is not yet invented and would need further studies to develop. Kvicksilverföroreningar är ett stort miljöproblem som räknas till de särskilt farliga ämnena vilka skall fasas ut för att nå miljömålet giftfri miljö. Föroreningarna är mycket giftiga för djur och miljö och det kvicksilver som redan spridits ansamlas och stannar kvar under lång tid i mark, vatten och biota. Utöver den atmosfäriska depositionen så är floder, älvar och sjöar i Sverige förorenade med kvicksilver, ett resultat av en 200-årig industri för tillverkning av pappersmassa och träfiber där kvicksilver varit en del i tillverkningsprocessen. I Luleå fanns det ett träsliperi kallat Karlshäll mellan åren 1912–1962 som släppte ut orenat processvatten innehållandes kvicksilver tillsammans med rester av träfiber till den närliggande viken, Notviken, som är ett inlopp från Lule älv. Industriella utsläpp av kemikalier och träfiber har resulterat i bildandet av en viss typ av bottensediment, kallad fiberbank. Fiberbankarna innehåller höga nivåer av organiskt material i kombination med lite syre vilket bidrar till stora gasutsläpp från fiberbankarna, gasavgång. Det finns ingen vedertagen metod för att undersöka hur kvicksilverföroreningarna sprids genom gasavgång. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och hitta metoder som kan undersöka kvicksilverföroreningarnas spridning via gasavgång. Genom en litteraturstudie och intervju med en entreprenör inom miljöteknik framträdde flertalet olika metoder för att kunna kvantifiera eller mäta kvicksilver i gas från fiberbankar. Några av dem var användbara för att mäta volymer av gas. Andra metoder lämpade sig bättre för att samla in gas för analys av koncentrationer av olika ämnen. Även om alla metoder i viss mån lämpar sig för att undersöka gasavgång från sediment ansågs Jonny Skarps metod som inkluderade både aktiv och passiv provtagning med gasfällor och teflonpåsar vara den mest passande för fiberbankar likt den i Karlshäll. Den passiva metoden innefattar installation av tält över en känd area på sedimentbotten och sen beräkna mängden gas som bubblar upp under en viss tid. Den aktiva insamlingsmetoden bygger på att sediment störs med ett spetsigt föremål, exempelvis ett lod, så att gasbubblor släpper från sedimentet och samlas in med hjälp av en teflon- påse. Teflon-påsen skickas sedan till ett kemiskt laboratorium i Göteborg för analys av innehållet i gasen. Båda dessa provtagningssätt kunde tillsammans mäta mängden kvicksilver ifrån gasen samt volymen av gasen. Denna metod är den enda av de som undersökts i denna uppsats som testats i Sverige på platser med kvicksilver som avgått i gasform från fiberbankar. Dock så är Varadharajan med fleras (2011) automatiserade gas-insamlare ett bra alternativ ifall en hög frekvens av provtagning är nödvändig i kombination med en lång insamlingstid. Denna skulle kunna kombineras med en insamlingsmetod av gasbubblor där det lokala kemilaboratoriet kan analysera innehållet. I detta fall krävs att ett kolfiber-rör är en del av mätinstrumentet. Dock finns det ännu inte något sådant instrument och fler studier behövs för att utveckla ett sådant.

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Paiva, Samantha Nazaré de. "Compósito cimento-lodo de ETE de indústria de papel para aplicação na construção civil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-12062007-105628/.

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O grande volume de resíduos sólidos industriais gerado pelo setor de celulose e papel e o alto custo do seu manejo estimulam pesquisas em busca de soluções mais adequadas para o seu gerenciamento. Uma alternativa que se destaca neste contexto é o aproveitamento destes resíduos em materiais de construção. Este trabalho visa o aproveitamento do lodo de ETE de indústria de papel na produção de compósitos cimentícios para uso na construção civil. Foi estudada a influência de diferentes teores da adição do lodo de ETE (5%,10%,20% e 30% em massa) em argamassa de cimento e areia, com relação água-cimento de 0,65. Determinou-se para o resíduo: teor de umidade; massa unitária; massa específica; pH; sazonalidade de geração e teor de sólidos fixos e para o compósito: massa específica aparente; absorção de água por imersão; absorção de água por capilaridade; retratibilidade; isolamento acústico; resistência à compressão e análise da microestrutura. O resíduo foi classificado como Classe II A, não inerte e não perigoso, o que indica alto potencial para aproveitamento em materiais de construção. Sua incorporação na argamassa aumentou a absorção de água por capilaridade em 12,76 % e por imersão em 18,93% no traço com 30% de resíduo para a empresa "A". Houve também a diminuição da resistência à compressão com a incorporação do resíduo, entretanto definiu-se o ponto-ótimo de incorporação em 12% para as duas empresas avaliadas, garantindo assim a resistência mínima à compressão de 2,5 MPa, exigência para blocos sem função estrutural. A incorporação de resíduo também apresentou decréscimo na massa específica do compósito de 14% na empresa "A" e de 34% para a empresa "B" para os traços de 30% de resíduo. Os resultados permitem concluir que este compósito é adequado para uso em materiais de construção sem função estrutural. The large volume of industrial solids residues generated by the pulp and paper sectors and its high management cost stimulate research aiming at finding adequate solutions to its management. An alternative that shows high potential in this context is using these residues in building materials. This work aims at studying the use of paper's mills effluent treatment solid waste in the production of cement composites to be used in construction. The influence of adding different sludge proportions (5%,10%,20% and 30% in mass) in cement and sand mortar, with a water-cement relation of 0,65 was studied. The humidity ratio, unit mass, specific mass, pH, generation season and fixed solid concentration for the residue; and specific apparent mass, water absorption by immersion, water absorption by capillarity, acoustic isolation, compression resistance and microstructure analysis for the composite. The residue was classifies as Class II A, not inert and not dangerous, which indicated high potential for use as building materials. Its use in the mortar increased the water absorption by capillarity in 12.76% and in immersion by 18.93% in the trace of 30% residue from company "A". There was also a decrease in compression strength when the residue was incorporated, however the optimal incorporation point was defined in 12% for both evaluated firms, guaranteeing the minimum compression resistance of 2.5 MPa, required for block without structural function. The residue incorporation also presented a decrease in the composite specific mass of 34% for company "B" and 1% for company "A" for the traces of 30% residue. The results allow us to conclude that this composite is adequate for use as building materials with no structural function.

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27

Short, Joe. "Composting and vermicomposting waste paper sludge." Thesis, Open University, 1999. http://oro.open.ac.uk/58000/.

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Increasing legislative and economic pressure to find more sustainable methods of organic waste management has fuelled innovation in biological treatment technology. By-products of paper manufacturing industries provide a large source of organic waste, which is known to have a high environmental impact. This waste paper sludge has been shown to be amenable to biological treatment. Recent research has confirmed that windrow-composting and vermicomposting techniques have potential to treat these wastes and share many economic and environmental benefits. Many authors have suggested that sludge specific composting methods need to be developed and this research aims to provide fundamental data in this respect. The treatment of specific waste paper sludges was investigated through small and larges calee xperimentsw ith the aim of optimising thesep rocessesw ith minimal intervention. Identical samples of a selected waste paper sludge feedstock were used in large scale investigations into the application of each composting technique, and the performance of each process and resulting products was evaluated. Windrow composting and vermicomposting were found to stabilise and enhance waste paper sludge in very different ways, producing unique products. In terms of processing, windrow composting resulted in more rapid rates of stabilisation and although the performance of the vermicomposting process was less effective in these respects, it afforded additional benefits as a treatment of waste paper sludge. Both processes were found to stabilise and enhance waste paper sludge but the selection of one system or the other will depend largely on the objectives of the project and the criteria required of the finished product.

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Jeong, Laila S. (Laila Silvija) 1955. "Competitive advantage in the U.S. paper and paper products industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9283.

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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2000. Includes bibliographical references. Many firms in the U.S. paper converting industry are engaged in the commodity business of manufacturing finished paperboard products from paper stock. Contrary to the typically held mindset, these firms do not have to be relegated to the low margin end of the business. This thesis applies the various dimensions of the Delta Model to the paper converting business of the Chesapeake Corporation to define a new competitive positioning that will attract, satisfy, and retain the firm's customers. The overall objective is to develop the key elements of a new business strategy for Chesapeake upon which the business strategic agenda can be built. A new business model for the firm is presented that is centered on the "Total Customer Solution" and "System Lock-In" options of the Delta Model. The future business scope created by this new competitive positioning is defined and discussed in terms of new products and services, market segments, geographic coverage, and unique corporate competencies. These factors are used to identify three initial market segments that provide Chesapeake important opportunities to offer added-value to customers. Specific value propositions by customer segment are presented. The intent of each value proposition is to engender deep customer relationships that ultimately make Chesapeake successful because its has enabled its immediate customer to serve its own customer in a superior way. by Laila S. Jeong. M.B.A.

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Thomas, Christine. "Waste paper recycling : a community technology approach." Thesis, Open University, 1986. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57015/.

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This research project aims to explore the hypothesis that a Community Technology approach can be considered appropriate for reclamation and recycling activities, and to investigate the opportunities for reclaiming and recycling domestic wastes viably at a 'community' scale. A framework is first established to define a Community Technology approach, and then used to assess the compatibility of reclamation and recycling technologies to this approach. 'Community '-scale reclamation and recycling in Britain, together with some examples from the USA, is examined and the 'state of the art' for both areas of activity described. 'Community'-scale is interpreted as relating to groups of people of less than 10,000, defined as neighbourhoods (of between 100 and 1,000 people) and communities (of 1,000 to 10,000 people). Initial analysis identified only three recycling processes with potential as 'community'-scale activities; all concerned with waste paper recycling. One of these, a neighbourhood-scale technology, was chosen for a detailed feasibility study. The process involves recycling waste paper into sheets of drawing or printing paper suitable for use as 'art' paper, in particular as speciality printing paper, or as sugar paper in schools. The feasibility study was carried out using design and evaluation methods, to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of the process and to investigate what role it might play in the community, in particular in relation to promoting greater community self-reliance. The results show that this technology would not be financially or economically viable as an independent enterprise but indicated additional non-quantified social benefits and hence a possible non-economic role in the community. Some possibilities of educational and job creation roles are explored.

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Lundmark, Robert. "Paper recovery and investment behaviour in the European pulp and paper industry." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Samhällsvetenskap, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17295.

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This thesis consists of an introductory part followed by two self-contained papers both analysing the effect recovered paper has on the locational choice for investments in the European pulp and paper industry. In the first paper we develop a continuous Cobb-Douglas investment model with the purpose of finding and estimating the investment determinants for the European pulp and paper industry, with special focus on the impact of recovered paper. The analysis is carried out within a neo-classical locational framework in which firms minimise the production and transportation costs for both input factors and for output products. We use a panel of data consisting of ten European countries over the period 1978 to 1995. The results suggests that both short and long run aspects of wastepaper recovery tend not to be important determinants of investment activities in the pulp and paper industry, whereas the price of wood pulp and electricity together with existing capacity seem to be more important. In the second paper we employ a different approach to the same problem. In this paper we develop a conditional logit model and compile the number of investment projects that were scheduled to be finished in 16 European countries between 1985 and 1995. In contrast to the first paper, which used continuous data, this model employs discrete data for the dependent variable. A discrete variable counts the actual number of times a certain event has taken place, i.e., the number of investment projects. The same set of determinants as in the first paper is used to ease comparing the two papers. We further break down the investment projects into four paper grades, which allow us to analyse the effects of wastepaper in greater detail. The results suggest that factor input prices in general and the price for wastepaper in particular are neither statistically nor economically significant location determinants for a paper manufacturer. Furthermore, the results suggest that market size and agglomeration effects are more important than the price of raw materials for location. On the basis of the results from the two papers, we can conclude that the price of wastepaper is not an important determinant for the European pulp and paper industry when choosing investment sites. Price driven policies aimed at stimulating paper recovery may therefore fail to achieve increased investments in the industry. At the same time, both papers suggests that agglomeration effects, i.e., existing productive capacity, is an important determinant. The economic significance of the agglomeration coefficients suggests that the power of sunk costs is important. Investments are largely diverted to existing capacity and the ability to attract new establishments is limited. Godkänd; 2000; 20070315 (keni)

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Ammineni, Chandini Muniratnam. "Design of Lignin Sensor for Identification of Paper Grades for an Automatic Waste Paper SortingSystem." NCSU, 2001. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20010907-181312.

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AMMINENI, CHANDINI MUNIRATNAM. Design of Lignin Sensor forIdentification of Paper Grades for an Automatic Waste Paper SortingSystem. (Under the direction of Dr. M. K. Ramasubramanian.)The purpose of this research has been to design a lignin sensor fornon-destructive, real-time identification of waste paper grades, toaid in automating a waste paper sorting process. The sensor iscapable of identifying about 500 papers in one second. It is based onthe principle that fluorescence light emitted from paper followingabsorption of visible light has a wavelength distribution determinedby the chemical composition of the paper. The sensor is the most critical part in waste paper sorting, whichhas hitherto not been automated due to the inability to design asensor that distinguishes paper grades. This sensor is vastlysuperior to all other sensors previously designed for this purposebecause, it does not use the conventional reflective type opticalproperties of paper, and this is the only sensor that can identifyall grades unlike the previous sensors that could identify only whiteledger papers.

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Ng, U.-hong Angela. "Paper balance for Hong Kong : consumption, waste generation, recovery and disposal /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18734911.

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Sivasundaram, Mathumathi. "Glass ceramics from pulp and paper waste ash." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0032/MQ64248.pdf.

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Voigt, Paul George. "Bioethanol production from waste paper through fungal biotechnology." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013447.

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Bioethanol is likely to be a large contributor to the fuel sector of industry in the near future. Current research trends are geared towards utilizing food crops as substrate for bioethanol fermentation; however, this is the source of much controversy. Utilizing food crops for fuel purposes is anticipated to cause massive food shortages worldwide. Cellulose is the most abundant renewable resource on earth and is subject to a wide array of scientific study in order to utilize the glucose contained within it. Waste paper has a high degree of cellulose associated with it, which makes it an ideal target for cellulose biotechnology with the ultimate end goal of bioethanol production. This study focussed on producing the necessary enzymes to hydrolyse the cellulose found in waste paper and using the sugars produced to produce ethanol. The effects of various printing inks had on the production of sugars and the total envirorunental impact of the effluents produced during the production line were also examined. It was found that the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum DSM 769 grown in Mandel's medium with waste newspaper as the sole carbon source at 28 °C for 6 days produced extracellular cellulase enzymes with an activity of 0.203 ± 0.009 FPU.ml⁻¹, significantly higher activity as compared to other paper sources. This extracellular cellulase was used to hydrolyse waste newspaper and office paper, with office paper yielding the highest degree of sugar production with an end concentration of 5.80 ± 0.19 g/1 at 40 °C. Analysis by HPLC showed that although glucose was the major product at 4.35 ± 0.12 g/1, cellobiose was also produced in appreciable amounts (1.97 ± 0.71 g/1). The sugar solution was used as a substrate for Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 1333 and ethanol was produced at a level of 1.79 ± 0.26 g/1, the presence of which was confirmed by a 600 MHz NMR spectrum. It was found that cellobiose was not fermented by this strain of S. cerevisiae. Certain components of inks (the PAHs phenanthrene and naphthalene) were found to have a slight inhibitory effect (approximately 15% decrease) on the cellulase enzymes at very high concentrations (approximately 600 μg/1 in aqueous medium), while anthracene had no effect. Whole newsprint ink was shown not to sorb glucose. The environmental analysis of the effluents produced showed that in order for the effluents to be discharged into an aqueous ecosystem they would have to be diluted up to 200 times. They were also shown to have the potential to cause severe machinery damage if reused without proper treatment.

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James, Aaron. "Development of composites materials from waste paper and plastic." Australian Digital Thesis Program, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20070130.165426/index.html.

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Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, Industrial Research Institute Swinburne - 2006. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Industrial Research Institute Swinburne, Swinburne University of Technology - 2006. Typescript. "August 2006". Includes bibliographical references (p. 361-389).

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Owen, Icarus Jason. "Agronomic consequences of paper mill waste incorporation into soil." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU603180.

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The aims of this thesis were to study the agronomic impact of paper sludge incorporation on agricultural soil. through investigation of crop physiological response to paper sludge incorporation, nutrient cycling, soil parameters, soil moisture retention and then attempting to combine this multidisciplinary approach to the study of paper sludge into one empirical model, or management tool. Paper sludge (from Federal Tait Paper, Inverurie) was characterised to determine its composition and variability. In particular, the concentrations of nitrogen, cellulose and calcite were found to vary greatly. Prior to large scale field scale application and biomass-N studies a preliminary germination trial and biomass-N feasibility study were undertaken. The germination trial assessed the potential for paper sludge incorporation into soil to cause germination failure, due to the production of phytotoxic compounds, (e.g. acetic acid). It concluded that there was no risk of germination failure. However, it also indicated possible crop chlorosis associated with those seedlings grown on soil with paper sludge additions, suggesting N immobilisation. A preliminary biomass-N experiment concluded that large cores were unsuitable for biomass-N determinations and concluded that small sealed flasks with a well homogenised soil and paper sludge matrix would be more suitable for biomass-N determinations. To assess the agronomic effects of paper sludge incorporation into agricultural soil, a series of field experiments were carried out. Soil samples were regularly removed to assess soil parameters (e.g. soil pH). The incorporation of high N-concentrations of paper sludge was associated with no reduction in crop growth, harvest index, grain weight or grain numbers per ear. However, grain N-concentration and straw N-concentration were significantly increased as compared to those plots receiving no paper sludge additions. The increase in grain N-concentration approached that permissible by the malting industry of Scotland. The incorporation of low N-concentration paper sludge into soil was associated with significant decreases in crop growth, harvest index, grain numbers per ear and grain and straw N-concentrations, as compared to grain from those plots receiving no paper sludge additions. The decrease in crop growth and grain and straw N-concentrations suggest that N was limiting crop growth. Supplementary inorganic-N additions reinforced this hypothesise that N was limiting, as inorganic-N additions partly negated the reduction in crop growth associated with those plots receiving low N-concentration paper sludge additions. However, significant crop growth reductions were also associated with those plots receiving lime additions ( 8 t ha-1), suggesting that over liming of the soil could also cause crop growth reductions. As the paper sludge has a calcite component it was not possible to distinguish between the influence of the paper sludge affecting soil-N cycling and soil pH alterations in reducing crop growth. Paper sludge significantly increased soil pH. The moisture release characteristics of soil on plots receiving paper sludge applications were also significantly affected so that soil in plots receiving paper sludge additions held more moisture (at particular moisture tensions) than control soils. The biomass-N / N-immobilisation study demonstrated the rapid rise in biomass-N associated with paper sludge incorporation. Significant increases in biomass-N after 3 days of incubation, were associated with the soil receiving paper sludge. The potential for paper sludge to increase soil biomass-N was clearly demonstrated. To analyse the effect of individual paper sludge components on crop growth, a core experiment investigated the relationship between total biological yield (TBY) and those properties of the paper sludge considered to affect the crop growth (i.e. N-concentration, calcite concentration and cellulose concentration) using multiple linear regression techniques. Statistical modelling of the effect paper sludge incorporation into soil had upon crop TBY, explained 74.3% of the observed variation. The NCON (N-concentration of the paper sludge) variable was the largest influencing factor in determining the TBY (r=0.803).

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Min, Byeongcheol. "Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Fibers in Paper Mill Waste." Thesis, State University of New York Col. of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10270832.

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The waste fines (WF) rejected by paper mill are one of the good resources of lignocellulosic biomass to produce sugars. The potential of hydrolysis yield was around 95% (reducing sugars g/g of digestible fibers). The inhibitory effects of the substrate were studied since the enzyme demand for the hydrolysis was not economically feasible. The major inhibitor of WF was the high portion of ash for enzymatic hydrolysis. The CaCO3 among the ash was the strongest inhibitor with three different inhibiting effects. The first inhibition was related to reduced free enzyme in bulk solution resulted by non-productive enzyme adsorption on CaCO3. The binding mechanism could be explained by the electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interaction between the enzyme and CaCO3. The major mechanism of the enzyme – CaCO3 binding differ with the enzyme – lignin binding which has been reported that the hydrophobic interaction is the major mechanism for the enzyme – lignin binding. The different mechanisms are due to the hydrophobic property: CaCO3 is hydrophilic and lignin is hydrophobic. The application of a nonionic surfactant, Tween 80, could be a solution to free enzyme in bulk solution via competitive bond on CaCO3 with a higher affinity than the enzyme. A study of CaCO3 of particle size and Tween 80 adsorption on CaCO 3 provided evidence of this Tween 80 effect. The second inhibiting effect of CaCO3 was pH level shift decreasing enzyme activity by dissolved Ca2+. pH adjustment (PAD) was tested with addition of acids to make the pH optimum for enzyme activity. PAD with extra acetic acid resulted in a positive effect but sulfuric acid did not improved hydrolysis yields. The combination application of Tween 80 and PAD yielded more than two times as much sugar release compared to the non-treated waste fines with a 10 FPU enzyme dose. The final inhibitory effect of CaCO3 was dissolved Ca2+ reduced of enzyme activity. This effect was supported by the reduction of hydrolysis yield of Avicel and unbleached kraft pulp (UKP), and documentation of particle size increase due to the aggregation of enzyme in the presence of Ca2+. Some other approaches were studied to improve the hydrolysis yield of paper mill waste fines. These included using combinations of adding nonionic surfactant, high consistency hydrolysis, buffer substitution, and deinking flotation. Each method improved the productivity or reduced the cost of production and may be combined in one process to get synergetic effects.

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Ballinger, Christine Beth. "Creative Industries and the Paper Industry A Creative Industries approach to linking visual artists and the paper industry: A Case Study of New Possibilities for Paper." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16083/.

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In the knowledge economy, the 'creative industries' are recognised as a new paradigm. They are industries which use creativity as an intangible asset to generate wealth. The creative industries are described as 'evolving' and their outcomes frequently categorised as 'intangibles'. The thesis outlines what I term a creative industries approach to the engagement of visual artists with industry. The artist-in-industry program, a component of New Possibilities for Paper, was established with an explicit brief to generate creative products and contained an implicit agenda to breed intellectual capital. It was conceived as a means of crossfertilising hitherto siloed sectors -- an arts environment with entrenched attitudes towards the subsidy, proprietorship and authority of creativity and the traditionally conservative paper industry. Establishing creative industries characteristics and indicators to describe and measure creative industries operation in this program required careful consideration, with the characteristics and indicators selected able to recognise trends or changes. The analysis of the seven partnerships confirmed that the artistin-industry program is a creative industries approach upon which future programs between visual artists and the paper industry could be constructed. The research found that the creative industries processes in most need of being addressed, if visual artists are to maximise their benefits, included an understanding and utilisation of intellectual property, knowledge of commercialisation processes and a positive attitude towards commercialisation. For paper companies that invest in R&D, there is recognition that potential tangible and intangible benefits can result from engaging in such partnerships. Additionally, a partnership in which the artist's role (or service) is focused on the industry's customers and contributes to employee knowledge was seen as being of greatest value to the paper industry.

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Knutson, Kristina Parks. "Enzymatic Biobleaching of Recalcitrant Paper Dyes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7959.

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Modern manufacturing processes assume efficient utilization and recycling of natural resources whenever possible. Over the past decade paper recycling has progressed from 33.5% in 1990 to just above 48% in 2002.1 Indeed, for certain select grades, (newspaper and old corrugated containers) greater than 70% is currently being recycled. In contrast, mixed office waste and colored directory papers are often underutilized. A major difficulty in recycling these grades of paper is the problems associated with decolorizing the dyes present in the paper.2 Of the commonly used paper dyes, the stilbene dye Direct Yellow 113 and methine dye Basazol 46L are notorious4 for poor bleachability with the commonly used chemical bleaching agents including chlorine dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and sodium dithionite. The ability of white-rot fungi to decolorize colored effluents containing textile dyes is currently the subject of intensive research efforts. The secreted enzymes involved in dye decolorization include manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and laccase. Laccase, a lignolytic enzyme, has also been studied for many years for the biobleaching of wood pulps. The ability of laccase to delignify pulp is greatly enhanced by the addition of small molecule mediators such as 2-2´ azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT). This research project focused on applying laccase combined with a mediator to decolorize C.I. Direct Yellow 11 and Basazol 46L. Three mediators were tested: ABTS, HBT and violuric acid. Laccase/ABTS was most effective with 60% of the color being removed. The level of color removal was maintained at 60% even when ABTS concentration was lowered from 5 mM to 0.01 mM. When laccase/1 mM ABTS was applied to Direct Yellow 11 in solution, the majority of color loss occurred within 60 minutes. The ability of soybean (SBP) and horseradish (HRP) peroxidases and laccase to decolorize Direct Yellow 11 and Basazol 46L in solution was also examined. The results demonstrated that these two recalcitrant dyes could be effectively decolorized by enzymatic treatments by horseradish peroxidase, soybean peroxidase, and laccase with ABTS as mediator. SBP is effective from pH 4.5 to 8.5. The stilbene dye Direct Yellow 11 responded to both SBP and laccase/ABTS. For the methine dye Basazol 46L, SBP was a more effective treatment than HRP or laccase/ABTS. Basazol 46L responded quickly to SBP treatment with 74% reduction in signal intensity within 5 minutes. To evaluate the effectiveness of laccase/ABTS treatment, pulp dyed with Direct Yellow 11 and three commercial colored pulps were subjected to seven different bleaching treatments. These treatments consisted of 1)laccase/ABTS; 2)laccase/ABTS followed by alkaline extraction; 3)laccase/ABTS followed by bleaching with sodium dithionite; 4)oxygen bleaching; 5)oxygen bleaching followed by dithionite treatment; 6)alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching; and 7)alkaline peroxide bleaching followed by dithionite treatment. The best results were obtained by including reductive bleaching with sodium dithionite. For Direct Yellow 11 dyed pulp, laccase/ABTS followed by dithionite yield comparable reduction in color to oxygen or peroxide followed by dithionite.

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Zhang, Feng. "Price Behavior of Paper and Paperboard Industry." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7266.

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This paper presents a model of the probability of price response to the previous periods inventory absolute and relative level for U.S. paper and paperboard industry. The initial part of the paper contains a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon. The proposed framework indicates that the inventory level plays an important leading role in the price adjustment. The model is then estimated with monthly data extending from 1980 to 1999. The LPM and Probit models are used to estimate the effect of absolute and relative inventory level on the probability of price variations. The estimated results are in agreement with the oligopolistic market condition of U.S. paper and paperboard industry, showing the price upward adjustment is sticker and rigid than the price downward adjustment while the output level is indifferent to the previous months inventory fluctuation.

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Snyder, Bret Alan. "De-inking toner-printed paper by selective agglomeration /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9886.

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Keet, Charleen. "Sappi : the story of paper." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53579.

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Mini-study project (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this dissertation is to attempt to analyse and evaluate the successes and mistakes Sappi Limited made when global ising the organisation from the inception of the organisation to the end of the millennium. It is very unique for a South African company to globalise from a South African base and it is the aim of this dissertation to analyse the steps such a company would follow to have success. Only a limited number of South African case studies exist in the field of strategic management and the writer will aim to structure this case study in such a manner that it will serve South African students in the field of Strategic Management. The study will start with the inception of the organisation and will describe the events that led to the globalisation of Sappi Limited as well as the financial results due to these events. This will be followed by a number of questions and answers. The focus will fall on the time frame 1980 to 2000 seeing that this is the time frame during which the greatest number of globalisation activities took place. The writer will aim to evaluate, with the limited information at hand, the company from a strategic management point of view and construct these facts into a practical case study for fellow students in the field of strategic management. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie proefskrif is om die strategiese suksesse en foute wat Sappi Beperk gemaak het tydens die globalisering van hierdie maatskappy vanaf die onstaan van hierdie maatskappy tot en met die einde van die millennium te evalueer. Dit is uiters uniek vir 'n Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappy om vanaf 'n Suid-Afrikaanse basis te globaliseer en die doel van hierdie werkstuk is om te ondersoek watter stappe hierdie maatskappy gevolg het ten einde sukses te behaal al dan nie. Daar bestaan slegs 'n beperkte aantal Suid-Afrikaanse gevallestudies in die veld van Strategiese Bestuur en dit is die doel van skrywer om te poog om die gevallestudie so te struktureer dat dit gebruik sou kon word vir Suid-Afrikaanse studente in die veld van Strategiese Bestuur. Die studie begin met die ontstaan van die maatskappy en vertel van die gebeure wat gelei het tot die globalisering van Sappi Beperk sowel as die finansiële resultate wat bereik is as gevolg van hierdie gebeure. Hierna is daar 'n aantal vrae gestel en beantwoord. Die fokus van die ontleding is vir die tydperk 1980 tot 2000 aangesien dit die tydperk is waarin die grootste globaliseringsprojekte geskied het. Dit is die doel van die skrywer om met die beperkte inligting beskikbaar, die maatskappy uit 'n strategiese oogpunt te evalueer en hierdie feite dan saam te voeg ten einde 'n praktiese gevallestudie daar te stel vir die gebruik van mede studente in hierdie veld van bestuur.

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Malm, Catharina, and Mika Silfver. "Investigating the complex problems of waste paper at Larsson Offsettryck." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-95276.

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Waste paper is a big problem in the graphic arts business, both from an environmental point of view and from a financial one. Since focus is often put on obtaining low costs and high production speed, the work of reducing the amount of waste paper becomes a secondary issue for many companies. In this master thesis we have looked for reasons for waste paper generation in the beginning of the printing process, the adjustment phase, by studying the printing press Heidelberg Speedmaster CD 102-5 at the printing house Larsson Offsettryck AB in Linkoping. We have found suggestions on how to reduce the amount of waste paper by observing and interviewing the staff members at Larsson Offsettryck AB, measuring print quality and perform analyses based on the theoretical knowledge we have obtained through our studies at Linkoping University. For our test printings we used one coated paper quality, Tom&Otto Silk 150 g, and one uncoated paper quality, Maxi Offset 170 g. To analyse the printing result we used both objective and subjective evaluations. The result from our study is that the adjustments made in the beginning of the printing process, to achieve correct colour level, can be finished earlier than the printing press indicates. A total of 40-60 sheets can be saved for each adjustment. According to our research the number of sheets per adjustment at Larsson Offsettryck AB today is approximately 140, which means that the number of adjustment sheets for Larsson Offsettryck AB can be decreased by roughly 35 % through this simple alteration of the printing process. We have also examined the ICC profiles used at the printing house and concluded that the grey balance for uncoated paper is not satisfactory and should be improved. Pappersmakulatur ar ett stort problem inom den grafiska branschen, bade ur miljoperspektiv och ur en ekonomisk synvinkel. Eftersom fokus ofta laggs pa att halla laga priser och hog produktionshastighet blir arbetet med att minska mangden pappersmakulatur en sekundar fraga for manga foretag. I detta examensarbete har vi sokt orsaker till makulaturuppkomst i borjan av tryckprocessen, installningsfasen, genom att studera tryckpressen Heidelberg Speedmaster CD 102-5 pa tryckeriet Larsson Offsettryck AB i Linkoping. Vi har tagit fram forslag pa hur mangden makulatur kan minskas genom att observera och intervjua personalen pa Larsson Offsettryck AB, mata tryckkvalitet och utfora analyser baserade pa den teoretiska kunskap vi inforskaffat under var utbildning vid Linkopings universitet. For vara testtryckningar har vi anvant oss av en bestruken typ av papper, Tom&Otto Silk 150 g, och en obestruken typ av papper, Maxi Offset 170 g. For att analysera vara resultat har vi anvant oss av bade objektiva och subjektiva utvarderingsmetoder. Vara resultat visar att de justeringar som gors i borjan av tryckprocessen, for att astadkomma ratt fargbalans i tryckpressen, kan avslutas tidigare an vad tryckpressen indikerar. Under varje justering kan 40-60 ark sparas. Enligt var undersokning kravs det idag omkring 140 ark per justering pa Larsson Offsettryck AB, vilket innebar att antalet installningsark kan minskas med cirka 35 % genom denna enkla forandring av tryckprocessen. Vi har aven undersokt Larsson Offsettryck AB:s ICC-profiler och slutit oss till att den grabalans som aterfinns i profilen for obestruket papper inte ar optimal och kraver forbattring.

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Rezaee, Arash [Verfasser]. "Analysis of Waste Paper Processing through Disc Screen / Arash Rezaee." Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138178608/34.

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Okeyinka, Oriyomi M. "The applicability of recycled waste paper as lightweight building materials." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/620495.

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In this era of increasing standard of living and rapid growth of civil engineering construction, environmental issues pertaining to natural resources depletion, global warming, energy crisis, waste pollution and greenhouse gas emission have been major issues of concern throughout the world and most especially in the construction industry. This research was conducted to investigate the applicability of recycled wastepaper as lightweight building materials with focus on contributing to sustainability in the creation of the built environment. The major aim was to develop an eco-friendly lightweight non-loadbearing block from recycled wastepaper without the use of cement as binder. This study specifically addressed the drawback of low strength development that usually occur with increasing wastepaper content in the existing cement-based-wastepaper blocks. It also indirectly addresses; the environmental impacts associated with the construction industry (including; high consumption of natural resources, greenhouse gas emission, high energy consumption and so on), the environmental pollution resulting from unsustainable waste generation, and the generic drawback of high water absorption that plagues wastepaper-based blocks. To achieve this, research methods including; laboratory experimentation and simulation modelling were employed. The research outcome is an eco-friendly block unit designated as Cement-less Wastepaper-based Lightweight Block (CWLB) which contains 75% waste content and exhibiting properties that satisfy the requirements for application as non-loadbearing lightweight blocks in building construction. CWLB displayed compressive strength that far outweighs those recorded for the existing cement-based wastepaper blocks available in the literature. The properties recorded for the optimal CWLB includes; 2.71 MPa average compressive strength, 901.5 kg/m3 average density, 0.19 W/m.k thermal conductivity, 989.9 m/s ultrasonic pulse velocity, 0.0026 g/m2.S0.5 average coefficient of capillary water absorption and 883.38 MPa estimated elastic modulus. The approximate compressive strength of 2.38 MPa and 1.58 MPa were respectively predicted and recorded for the solid and hollow finite element model samples of CWLB. The impressive satisfactory properties of CWLB for the intended application and its eco-friendliness in terms of natural resources conservation and improved compressive strength suggests that CWLB shall indeed serve as a more sustainable alternative to the reigning/existing cement-based-wastepaper blocks and to the conventional masonry blocks of the same category. Amongst other things, future work will address the validation of the approximate compressive strength predicted for the solid and hollow CWLB insitu samples in order to take further the subject matter.

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Unuofin, Frank Oshioname. "Optimization of the vermidegradation of cow dung – waste paper mixtures." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021276.

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Vermicomposting is an eco-friendly waste management strategy. Its successful performance necessitate that key functioning parameters like earthworm stocking density, nutrient enrichment be established for each target waste/waste mixture. One main target waste mixture in South Africa, and in the University of Fort Hare in particular is waste paper mixed with cow dung and rock phosphate (RP) for phosphorus (P) enrichment. This study was carried out to address the following specific objectives, to determine (i) the effect of Eisenia fetida stocking density on the bioconversion of cow dung waste paper mixtures enriched with rock phosphate, (ii) an optimum application rate of low grade South African Rock Phosphate and time required for efficient vermicomposting of cow dung-waste paper mixtures, and (iii) to determine if the phosphorus in RP is responsible for improved biodegradation during the vermicomposting of cow dung-waste paper mixtures. Results of this study revealed that bioconversion of cow dung waste paper mixtures enriched with RP was highly dependent on E. fetida stocking density and time. The stocking density of 12.5 g-worms kg-1 feedstock of the mixtures resulted in highest earthworm growth rate and humification of the waste mixture as reflected by a C: N ratio of < 12, polymerization index (PI) or humic acid/fulvic acid ratio of > 1.9, and a humification index of >13 for the cow dung waste paper mixtures. A germination test carried out also revealed that the resultant vermicompost had no inhibitory effect on the germination of tomato, carrot, and radish. Extractable P increased with stocking density up to 22.5 g-worm kg-1 feedstock, suggesting that for maximum P release from RP enriched wastes, a high stocking density should be considered. Informed by an earlier study which demonstrated that RP improved vermidegration, a follow up study was done to determine the optimum amount of rock phosphate necessary for efficient vermidegradation of cow dung waste paper mixtures while ensuring a phosphorus rich vermicompost. The results showed that addition of RP at rates ≤ 1% P as RP efficiently enhanced the bioconversion of cow dung waste paper mixtures as reflected by low C: N ratio, high polymerization index (PI), HI and HR used as maturity indicators for matured compost. Final vermicompost products obtained at minimum amounts of RP application rates resulted highly humified vermicompost with finer morphological structure, with no inhibitory effect on the germination of tomato, carrot, and radish similar to the ones obtained at higher RP rates. The findings suggest that 1%P as RP application rate is optimum for efficient vermidegradation of cow dung waste paper mixtures. Since P or Ca happen to be the most prevalent elements in most rock phosphate used for compost enrichment, a study was carried out to determine if P or Ca in RP is predominantly responsible for the improved biodegradation of cow-dung waste paper mixture observed during vermicomposting. Phosphorus sources in form of triple superphosphate (TSP), phosphoric acid (PHA) and Ca in form of calcium chloride (CaCl2) salt were compared with rock phosphate. The results from the study indicated that TSP, a water soluble P source, resulted in greater and faster degradation of the waste mixtures than RP while the Ca source had the least effect. With TSP incorporation the compost maturity C: N ratio of 12 was reached within 28 days while RP, PHA and CaCl2 needed 42, 56 and more than 56 days, respectively. The results indicated that P was largely responsible for the enhanced bioconversion of the waste mixtures. This appeared linked to the effect of P to stimulate microbial growth as reflected by higher microbial biomass carbon levels where water soluble P sources were applied. The C: N ratios of the final vermicomposts at day 56 were 10, 11.5, 13, 14, and 23 for TSP, RP,PHA, Control (No P added) and CaCl2 treatments, respectively. Although TSP gave superior superior performance, RP may still be the preferred additive in the vermicomposting of cow dung waste paper mixtures as it is cheaper and produces mature compost in a shorter period of 8 weeks. Generally, the results of this study have shown that the vemidegradation of cow dung waste paper mixtures can be optimized through adoption of an E. fetida stocking density of 12.5g- worm kg-1 and an RP incorporation rate of 1% P as RP. However, higher rates of RPincorporation may be adopted where final vermicomposts with higher P fertilizer value are desired. Phosphorus appears to be the RP constituent responsible for its ability to enhance the vermidegradation of cow dung waste paper mixtures. Future studies should explore the effectiveness of other P-bearing minerals for their effectiveness in enhancing vemidegradation.

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47

Ng, U.-hong Angela, and 吳如虹. "Paper balance for Hong Kong: consumption, waste generation, recovery and disposal." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253842.

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Ryder, Kathryn. "The development of paper-based materials from low-grade apparel waste." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-development-of-paperbased-materials-from-lowgrade-apparel-waste(9aef77c7-57ac-4cf1-8d4b-0d6952dd4f19).html.

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The recycling rate of post-consumer apparel waste is low. This is compounded by our limited understanding of the fibre recovered from apparel waste and a lack of development in novel applications. Motivated by the growing rate of accumulation in unwanted clothing, this study focused on a number of integrated research themes aimed at understanding the nature of reclaimed cotton fibre, its use in paper-based materials and its utilisation in apparel related applications. Initially, the investigation characterised reclaimed cotton fibres from two different recovery machines (pinned air-layer and cutting mill). The results showed that neither process was capable of producing adequate fibre quality for fine yarn manufacture. The fibres exhibited extensive surface damage, length shortening and an increase in length distribution. After the initial characterisation, studies were undertaken to investigate the use of paper technology to increase the possibility of using reclaimed fibre in apparel. Strength is an important property in apparel related applications, therefore, the strength of reclaimed cotton-based paper was enhanced. The effects of a 4% sodium hydroxide pre-treatment on the beating performance and resultant sheet properties of reclaimed fibre pulp were investigated. At low beating levels, the results showed a significant 35% and 39% increase in tensile strength and energy absorption, respectively. With the treatment it is, therefore, possible to obtain a strong paper with high bulk, which can be further utilised to improve surface softness. Optimum dry and wet strength enhancement of the resultant paper was obtained with the combined addition of 1% carboxymethyl cellulose and 2% polyamideamine-epichlorhydrin. The development of wet strength was vital in order to facilitate uniform twist insertion in subsequent paper yarn manufacture. This study was one of the first to test the viability of using reclaimed cotton fibre in the production of paper yarns suitable for apparel manufacture. The wet-strengthened reclaimed-fibre paper was slit into 3 mm width ribbons, dampened, then twisted into yarns. The resultant yarns (46–193 tex) were uniform but lacked sufficient strength for use in weaving and knitting processes. Analysis of a commercial paper yarn, OJO+ , suggested that strength could be improved if fibre orientation was increased in the machine direction. A further application, in the form of a jacket, was trialled. The focus here was to test sewability using a variety of seam and stitch formations to sew together denim-derived cotton paper. A simple design using lap seams with straight stitching was established as the most effective construction. The final jacket satisfied industry requirements on seam strength and efficiency, however, further investigation into improving comfort and wear-ability will be essential.

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Backlund, Per. "Återvinning av dryckeskartonger : En studie som syftar till att öka återvinningsgraden av Tetra Paks förpackningar i Indonesien." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-90672.

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People of the modern world consume more than they ever used to do. Because of the close correlation between consumption and the amount of waste, the waste volume is also expected to increase. The purpose of this study is to examine if some measures in the recycling process from Sweden could be implemented in Indonesia. In fact, Indonesia is one of the countries in which the waste management system is struggling. Tetra Pak, one of the world leading producer of food packaging, is studied in this report. Tetra Paks recycling rate of their beverage cartons is relatively low, 8.42 %, in Indonesia compared with their recycling rate in other countries. To answer the purpose, information was collected from scientific reports, by interviews carried out in both Sweden and Indonesia and by study visits in Indonesia. The results of the study shows that there are measures which could be made in the recycling process to increase the recycling rate in Indonesia. School projects and deposit systems could increase the collection rate and a drumscreen and a buffertank could make the recycling process more profitable for the papermills. There is also some alternative end products which could make the whole recycling process more public visible. One of the conclusions of this study is that the paper mills should adjust their drumscreens, this to increase the fibre yield which is crucial for the recycling value. Another conclusions is that Tetra Pak should consider to initiate a recycling business by their own, in order to reduce the burden on the environment.

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Lundqvist, Stina, and Tove Peterson. "Risks in the Swedish Forest, Paper & Packaging Industry." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1319.

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Background: In today’s more challenging business environment companies operating in a global market are faced by uncountable numbers of risks. The foundation of this report is based on the scenario of risks within one of the most important industries for the Swedish economy, namely the Forest, Paper and Packaging (FPP)industry. Sweden is one of the most forested countries in Europe and despite being a small country Sweden alone stands for 7 percent of the world’s total FPP production. However, it has been argued that the FPP industry might be in the midst of change where several articles and reports have commented on the upcoming challenges within the industry.Problem discussion & Purpose: Globalization, shifting economical paradigm, a rising interest for sustainability, increased raw material prices and tougher market conditions have in combination lead to a change in today’s view of how to handle risks. FPP companies have to deal with countless number of issues facing business today and the question of how to manage risks across organizations are becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this thesis is to identify risks faced by the Swedish FPP industry and thereafter assess the most crucial risks impact and likelihood of occurrence and how they are linked to the dilemma of holding forestland or not.Method: This study has its origin in interprevitism along with the ontological assumptions of constuctionism. An abductive research approach has been applied that has features from both deduction and induction. The study has applied the three research strategies; descriptive, explanatory and exploratory study in order to produce a true representation, describe relationships and in the same time seek new insight into the researched phenomena. A qualitative research strategy was applied where several semi-structured interviews were carried out, with respondents selected through a purposive sample of the Swedish FPP industry. Thereafter complementary material was sent out in form of a self-administrative questionnaire regarding the identified risks and their significance.Theoretical framework: Consist of general theories concerning macro environment and risk analysis theories for understanding industries along with previous reports concerning the FPP industry. In order to determent the nature and scale of the risk the Risk radar model will be applied along with an assessment of impact and likelihood of occurrence.Conclusion: The Swedish FPP industry today faces the following risks; Globalization & Shift of Capital to the Emerging Markets, Overcapacity, Foreign Exchange Impact & Currency Risks, Export & Import Taxes, Raw Material, Energy & Transportation Costs, Sustainability & Increased Environmental Awareness and Climate Change & Unforeseen Events. Out of these risks the most crucial where proven to be Raw Material and Energy & Transportation Costs hence there high impact and likelihood of occurrence. Given the pros and cons of holding forestland in relation to the most crucial risks identified the ownership of forestland can be seen as a strategic way of educing the threat from these risks, turning them into opportunities.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paper industry Waste paper'

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