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1
Fujimura, Daijiro. "LYMAN MILLS AND ITS ENCOUNTER WITH PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS' INVENTORY COSTING CIRCA 1920." Accounting Historians Journal 34, no. 2 (December 1, 2007): 169–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.34.2.169.
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This paper addresses the schedule of cost of goods manufactured and the income statement of Lyman Mills (LM) for the year 1917. They were prepared by CPAs at the request of LM, based on the books of account and its accounting system dating from the 1850s. This system was described, but not perfectly enough, in Johnson and Kaplan's Relevance Lost [1987]. This paper compares the schedule of cost of goods manufactured and income statement prepared by CPAs with the accounts in LM's ledger summarizing its costs and performance. It leads to the conclusion that the traditional accounting system of LM was a complete accounting system different from but comparable to today's accounting systems.
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Tyson, Thomas. "THE NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT OF COST MANAGEMENT AMONG EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY U.S. TEXITLE MANUFACTURERS." Accounting Historians Journal 19, no. 2 (December 1, 1992): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.19.2.1.
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Several authors have suggested that a particular managerial component was needed before cost accounting could be fully used for accountability and disciplinary purposes. They argue that the marriage of managerialism and accounting first occurred in the United States at the Springfield Armory after 1840. They generally downplay the quality and usefulness of cost accounting at the New England textile mills before that time and call for a re-examination of original mill records from a disciplinary perspective. This paper reports the results of such a re-examination. It initially describes the social and economic environment of U.S. textile manufacturing in New England in the early nineteenth century. Selected cost memos and reports are described and analyzed to indicate the nature and scope of costing undertaken at the mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, in the late 1820s and early 1830s. The paper discusses how particular cost information was used and speculates why certain more modern procedures were not adopted. Its major finding is that cost management practices fully measured up to the business complexities, economic pressures, and social forces of the day.
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Joshi, Satish, Ranjani Krishnan, and Lester Lave. "Estimating the Hidden Costs of Environmental Regulation." Accounting Review 76, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2001.76.2.171.
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This paper examines the extent to which accounting systems separately identify all the costs of environmental regulation. We estimate the relation between the “visible” costs of regulatory compliance (costs that firms' accounting systems correctly classify as “environmental”) and “hidden” environmental costs embedded in other accounts. We use plant-level data from 55 steel mills to estimate hidden costs, and we follow up with structured interviews of corporate-level managers and plant-level accountants. Empirical results show that a $1 increase in the visible cost of environmental regulation is associated with an increase in total cost (at the margin) of $10–$11, of which $9–$10 are hidden in other accounts. The findings suggest that inappropriate identification and accumulation of the costs of environmental compliance are likely to distort costs in firms subject to environmental regulation.
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Popovic, Nikola, and Marina Vasilic. "Activity-based costing on the example of prune-drying company." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 59, no. 3 (2014): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1403363p.
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This paper examines the possibility of application of the activity-based costing in a company engaged in drying fruit. Activity Based Costing (ABC) was developed due to the shortcomings of traditional cost accounting systems, which was shown to have serious limitations, on one hand, and due to the need for more accurate cost price, on the other. This is of great importance for business decision making, which requires quality data and information, because the intense technical and technological progress has significantly altered the environment companies operate in. Along with this fact, major changes in cost structure occurred, which reflected through the increase of the indirect cost portion, and decrease of direct labor and material costs. Traditional cost accounting methods allocate indirect production costs using keys which are no longer appropriate for the new circumstances, and therefore typically allocate unreasonably high amount of indirect costs to those products which are produced in larger series. ABC cost accounting system firstly allocates indirect costs to pre-defined activities, and afterwards carries them to cost and profit drivers. The application of ABC costing in Serbia is at the very beginning. Having in mind that the privatization and the restructuring phase in the economy is followed by the establishment of a new management with fresh ideas, this can be a good timing for companies to introduce modern approach and modern methods of cost accounting. ABC method is very convenient for application in service companies, food processing industry, confectionery companies, driers, sugar refineries, breweries, dairies, mills etc.
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HART, PETER W. "Seasonal Variations in Wood: Percieved and Rea Impacts on Pulp Yield." March 2009 8, no. 3 (April 1, 2009): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj8.3.4.
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Over the course of a year, mills experience substantial variations in reported pulp yields per green ton of wood. In the spring, more wood must be consumed to produce the same amount of good-quality pulp. This paper examines the extent of seasonal changes and the seasonal reproducibility of wood moisture in chips. Seasonal changes in the amounts of bark, pin chips, and fines in the chips going to the digester are also examined. Other potential seasonal accounting impacts on reported pulp yield and costs are also considered. Assuming a 1000-TPD mill with a nominal wood cost of $45/green ton, these seasonal changes can account for a variance of almost $600,000/month between the best and the worst operating month. In the worst month, an additional 0.5 green tons of wood per ton of pulp must be processed.
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Wilson, James M. "Performance-based pay: alternative interpretations of the Portsmouth Block Mills’ savings." Journal of Management History 22, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 269–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-04-2016-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse a historic performance-based pay system used in 1803-1810 to reward Marc Isambard Brunel for his innovative engineering designs used in the Portsmouth Block Mills. This was used to ensure that Brunel would continue his work on the project once the design was complete to resolve any problems and make any desirable improvements to the machines and the system as a whole. Design/methodology/approach This research analyses archived correspondence between the project’s initiators: the Navy Board and Samuel Bentham along with the Admiralty as well as Marc Brunel. Basic financial analyses are applied to the historic cost and investment data. Findings The scheme was well designed and successfully kept Brunel involved in the implementation and operational phases of the project. However, there were numerous problems that delayed the project’s completion, thereby creating additional work for Brunel and also delaying and reducing his payments. Brunel was alienated by these developments. Research limitations/implications This research has exploited the archived data as fully as possible, and although there are no known deficiencies in the records, it would be desirable to have more complete and detailed information on the investment in, and operations of, the factory. Practical implications Reward systems should be designed and implemented so that events outside management’s and worker’s control should not disadvantage either group. Originality/value Detailed information about the operations and financial performance of an early factory are analysed in depth. These reveal how management and an innovative engineer interacted regularly over several years with numerous insights on their day-to-day relations.
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Navissi, Farshid, and VG Sridharan. "Determinants of Target Costing Adoption: A Research Note." Journal of Management Accounting Research 29, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-51501.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to advance the theory relating to the determinants of target costing (TC) system adoption by firms. Although the existing literature identifies several factors, it mainly clarifies the circumstances under which TC adoption will add firm value, which refers to a benefit orientation. This paper uses Miles and Snow's (1978) strategy typology to examine the cost orientation of TC adoption, which answers the question as to why firms do not adopt TC even when the existing literature alludes to the benefits of adoption. The paper argues that prospector managers possess the scope to take advantage of the high information asymmetry to avoid TC adoption, because their stock-based compensation increases with volatility in earnings and stock returns. In contrast, defender managers gain increased cash-based compensation with the adoption of TC, which helps achieve greater firm profits. The paper concludes with specific sources of agency problems and several avenues for future research.
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Tyson, Thomas N. "Mercantilism, management accounting or managerialism? Cost accounting in early nineteenth-century US textile mills." Accounting, Business & Financial History 8, no. 2 (July 1998): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095852098330521.
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Zeng, Zhiqiang, Xiaobin Chen, and Kaiyao Wang. "Energy Saving for Tissue Paper Mills by Energy-Efficiency Scheduling under Time-of-Use Electricity Tariffs." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020274.
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Environmental concerns and soaring energy prices have brought huge pressure of energy saving and emission reduction to tissue paper mills. Electricity is one of the main energy sources of tissue paper mills. The production characteristics of tissue paper mills make it easy to decrease energy cost by using time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariffs. This study investigates the bi-objective energy-efficiency scheduling of tissue paper mills under time-of-use electricity tariffs, the objectives of which are makespan and energy cost. First, considering the processing energy cost, setup energy cost, and transportation energy cost, an energy cost model of a tissue paper mill under TOU electricity tariffs is established. Second, the energy-efficiency scheduling model under TOU electricity tariffs is built based on the energy cost model. Finally, on the basis of decomposition and teaching–learning optimization, this study proposes a novel multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and further combined with the variable neighborhood search to solve the problem. The case study results demonstrate that our study of tissue paper mill energy saving is feasible, and the proposed method has better performance than the existing methods.
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Parnell, John A., Zhang Long, and Don Lester. "Competitive strategy, capabilities and uncertainty in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in China and the United States." Management Decision 53, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 402–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-04-2014-0222.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate linkages among competitive strategy, strategic capabilities, environmental uncertainty, and organizational performance in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in China and the USA. Design/methodology/approach – In China, a survey was administered to managers of SMEs in Shanghai and Guangzhou. In the USA, a survey was administered to managers of SMEs in three major cities. Competitive strategy, capabilities, uncertainty, and performance were measured by previously validated scales. Findings – Findings support the integrity Miles and Snow generic strategic typology. Performance satisfaction was significantly lower in firms employing a reactor strategy as opposed to those employing prospector, defender, or analyzer strategies. Additional support was found for the concept of strategic clarity, as businesses reporting moderate strategic clarity had lower levels of satisfaction with performance than those reporting either a single strategy or a combination emphasis on three equal strategies. Practical implications – Chinese SMEs tend to prefer cost-based approaches to their local markets. A differentiation market approach is challenging in most local Chinese economies due to the low wages of most jobs in an economy that is still largely centrally planned. In the USA, more disposable income leads to more market opportunities. While this situation is gradually changing in China, it is not at a point where SMEs feel comfortable pursuing totally differentiated strategies. Originality/value – Several distinctions in competitive strategy, capabilities, and environmental uncertainty between China and the USA are recognized by analysis. Analyzers and defenders in Chinese SMEs tend to follow industry prospectors with lower prices and/or superior service. They might change strategies after gaining a foothold in the market. Performance for SMEs with low strategic clarity often depends on established guanxi with governmental agencies or stated-owned enterprises, a situation very different from that in the USA.
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Campbell, Constance R., Cathy Owens Swift, and Luther(Trey) Denton. "Cheating Goes Hi-Tech: Online Term Paper Mills." Journal of Management Education 24, no. 6 (December 2000): 726–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105256290002400605.
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Hoskin, Keith, and Richard Macve. "The Lawrence Manufacturing Co.: a note on early cost accounting in US textile mills." Accounting, Business & Financial History 6, no. 3 (January 1996): 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585209600000050.
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Muthuraman, Balamurugan, and Abdullah Al Mawali. "Historical Analysis of Income Statement – A Case Study Salalah Mills Company Oman." International Journal of Research in Entrepreneurship & Business Studies 2, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47259/ijrebs.213.
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Purpose of the study: The objectives of the study were to critically analyze the financial performance of Salalah Mills Company (SMC), to examine the income statement position of the company, and to study the profitability position and improvements of Salalah Mills Company.Design/Methodology/Approach: The secondary data was obtained from the annual reports of Salalah Mills Company through the income statement for the period 2015 to 2019. The collected data was analysed using financial ratios involving excel and SPSS, to evaluate the Salalah Mills Company (SMC) profitability. Findings: The study revealed that the reduction in the company's gross profit (profit margin), the pre-tax margin was due to the increase in the cost of goods sold, administrative expenses, the cost of materials consumed, the selling and distribution expenses, and the labour cost. Research Implications: The study suggested that the company should reduce the cost of sales and administrative expenses to achieve an increased gross profit margin. It was also suggested that the company should focus more on marketing. Practical Implications: The study suggested that the company should look for an alternative for raw materials such as buying wheat from the local farmers. It was also suggested that the company should work on finding ways and means to achieve good profits so as to satisfy the shareholders. Originality/value: This research work is of its first own kind as the study focuses on the accounting perspectives of the food company in the Sultanate of Oman. Keywords: Direct cost of sales, Operating Income of the Flour Mills, Income Statement Analysis, Financial ratios, Market share of flour mills.
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Möllersten, Kenneth, Lin Gao, and Jinyue Yan. "CO2 Capture in Pulp and Paper Mills: CO2 Balances and Preliminary Cost Assessment." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11, no. 5-6 (August 29, 2006): 1129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-9026-9.
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Jaijairam, Paul. "Fair Value Accounting vs. Historical Cost Accounting." Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS) 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/rbis.v17i1.7579.
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This paper reviews fair value accounting method relative to historical cost accounting. Although both methods are widely used by entities in computing their income and financial positions, there is controversy over superiority. Historical cost accounting reports assets and liabilities at the initial price they were exchanged for at the time of the transaction. Conversely, fair value accounting quotes the prevailing price in the market. Nevertheless, while both methods of accounting affect financial statements, the impact of fair value accounting on the balance sheet and income statement is extreme due to the potential volatility of the method. Fair value accounting is deemed superior when compared to historical cost accounting because it reflects the current situation in the market whereas the later is based on the past. In addition, in relative terms, fair value accounting provides users with more current financial information and visibility.
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Balachandran, K. R., and Richard A. Maschmeyer. "Accounting for Product Wearout Cost." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 7, no. 1 (January 1992): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x9200700105.
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Maintenance agreements typically take effect when products have survived their warranty periods and begun to wear out. This paper proposes a stochastic model that both describes the breakdown phenomena that affect products and facilitates estimating repair costs during a maintenance agreement period. The model, thus, may be used for pricing decisions. The usefulness of the approach in estimating costs during an arbitrary accounting period is illustrated.
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Chung, Bonhee, Fatimah Mohamed Arshad, Kusairi Mohd Noh, and Shaufique Fahmi Sidique. "Cost analysis of rice milling: a case study of 7 rice mills in Malaysia." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (November 14, 2016): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-05-2014-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the long-run profitability of rice milling operation in Malaysia and see how sensitive it is to changes in paddy purchases, rice recovery ratio and paddy price. Design/methodology/approach Using a purposive sampling technique and semi-structured interviews, seven rice mills in Malaysia were selected to obtain data on operational details and business accounts. The paper provides a qualitative and descriptive account of the rice mill’s profitability by using cost curves, a simple linear regression and the Monte Carlo simulation. Findings The rice milling operation in Malaysia is profitable in the long run, provided that there is a market for by-products. Large private mills have lower average costs, helping them obtain higher profit margins. Public mills that receive a rice miller subsidy are more protected than small private mills that operate without the rice miller subsidy and under price controls. Changes in paddy purchases, paddy price and recovery ratio affect the profitability to varying degrees. Research limitations/implications Incomplete information provided by the interviewees. The analysis result is only a rough estimate. However, it may provide a useful insight into the Malaysian rice milling sector and its competitiveness. Originality/value There are few economic studies of the rice milling sector in Malaysia. However, it plays an important role along the rice supply chain. There is a need for better understanding of the industry in order to obtain economic sustainability and effective policies. This paper provides the gap by providing an insight into the long-run profitability of rice milling operation in Malaysia.
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Dearman, David T., and Michael D. Shields. "Cost Knowledge and Cost-Based Judgment Performance." Journal of Management Accounting Research 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2001.13.1.1.
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This paper reports evidence on how managers' cost knowledge affects their cost-based judgment performance when a volume-based cost accounting system is used and products have diverse resource consumption. The evidence indicates that managers who have activity-based costing (ABC) knowledge content and/or an activity knowledge structure debias the cost information to have relatively good judgment performance. In contrast, managers with only cost-accounting knowledge content have relatively poor judgment performance. The judgment performance model (Libby and Luft 1993) provides the theoretical framework for this paper. Implications of this paper for future research are discussed.
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Adeyemi, Busayo Bidemi, Victor Olusegun Okoruwa, and Adesola Ikudaisi. "Cost efficiency among rice millers in Southwest Nigeria." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 2450–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-06-2015-0137.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the efficiency of rice millers and determine factors influencing cost efficiency in Southwest Nigeria using the cost route approach. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyses cost efficiency of rice millers using primary data collected from 62 respondents through a structured questionnaire. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed for this purpose. The profile of rice millers and mills were derived using the descriptive analysis. Cost efficiency of the millers was obtained using the quadratic cost function analysis, and Tobit regression was used to determine factors that influence cost efficiency. Findings The results showed that cost efficiency indexes range from 1 to 57 percent averaging at 20.2 percent. Large rice mills were found to be most efficient with the mean cost efficiency of 25 percent. Paddy, transport and energy costs contributed positively and significantly (p=0.05 and p=0.01) to cost efficiency. Milling capacity and machine age increase cost efficiency while the distance to purchase paddy and quantity of diesel used reduces cost efficiency. Social implications The paper shows that there is enough potential for rice millers to improve their cost efficiency based on the available technology. This has a direct implication on the economy through the increased domestic production and processing of rice to meet the increasing demand for locally produced rice. Originality/value The paper attempts to bridge the gap in the literature of cost efficiency among rice millers in Nigeria, and specifically in the application of the normalized quadratic cost function in estimating cost efficiency in the rice milling sector in Nigeria.
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A. Crumpton, Michael. "Accounting for the cost of social media." Bottom Line 27, no. 3 (November 4, 2014): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bl-06-2014-0017.
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Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the importance of identifying the cost associated with using social media for library marketing efforts, as well as assessing the effectiveness of social media activities. Design/methodology/approach – This paper references articles and trends on this topic. Findings – With an increase in use of social media activities within libraries, there is clear evidence that creating formal assessment practices and tracking expenditures provides an increase in effectiveness and efficiency of those activities. Originality/value – This paper is written from the author’s own perceptions and actions taken on this topic.
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Anderson, Shannon W., and Henri C. Dekker. "Strategic Cost Management in Supply Chains, Part 2: Executional Cost Management." Accounting Horizons 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2009.23.3.289.
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SYNOPSIS: Strategic cost management is the deliberate alignment of a firm’s resources and associated cost structure with long-term strategy and short-term tactics. Although managers continue to pursue efficiency and effectiveness within the firm, increasingly, improvements are obtained across the value chain, through reconfiguring firm boundaries, relocating resources, reengineering processes, and reevaluating product and service offerings in relation to customer requirements. The first paper in this two-part series reviewed structural cost management in supply chains (Anderson and Dekker 2009). Structural cost management employs tools of organizational design, product design, and process design to create a supply chain cost structure that is coherent with firm strategy. In this second paper of the series we consider executional cost management in supply chains. Executional cost management employs measurement and analysis tools (e.g., cost driver analysis, supplier scorecards) to evaluate supply chain performance and sustainability. Using selected studies in accounting, operations management, and business strategy, we provide an overview of strategic cost management in supply chains, highlight contemporary developments, and suggest directions for future research.
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Davila, Antonio (Tony), and Marc Wouters. "Designing Cost-Competitive Technology Products through Cost Management." Accounting Horizons 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2004.18.1.13.
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As manufacturing innovations spread throughout leading organizations, product development becomes a more important source of competitive advantage. Within product development, cost management receives increasing attention. To date, cost management in new product development focuses primarily on target costing, a management practice used inside the product development process by the development team. Although this practice is appropriate for products competing mainly on costs, it presents several limit ations when factors such as technology, time-to-market, or customer needs are more pressing. Based on observations from a field study of product development cost practices in high-technology firms and evidence from field studies described elsewhere, this paper identifies alternative practices to manage costs during product development. These alternative practices that facilitate cost management around the projects rather than managing costs inside product development projects are: parallel cost management teams, modular design for cost, clearly defined cost management strategies and cost policies, and product portfolio planning. Companies in our sample use them to manage costs during product development, when cost management is most effective, but still keep the attention of development teams focused on the critical success factors of time-to-market, technology, and customer needs.
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Malkov, O. V., I. A. Pavlyuchenkov, and Al A. Smirnov. "Form-Relieving Method for Thread Mills." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 2 (125) (April 2019): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2019-2-83-101.
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The paper presents a form-relieving method for thread mill teeth by means of a grinding wheel rotated about two axes, which significantly simplifies design process for tool manufacturing, since combining rotation angles makes it possible to use the same standard grinding wheel to profile thread mills of several size classes, accounting for acceptable accuracy class for the thread being processed. The algorithm and software proposed, based on the mathematical technique we developed, allow the user to compute the grinding wheel positioning angles to obtain the desired relief angles for a thread mill. We present an example of computing the grinding wheel rotation angles for a set of input data
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Sonnenfeld, David A. "The Ghost of Wesley Vale: Environmentalists' Influence on Innovation in Australia's Pulp and Paper Industry." Competition & Change 1, no. 4 (December 1996): 379–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452949600100403.
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This paper analyzes how a key conflict in Australia's pulp and paper industry became generalized to other sites through environmental action, government regulation, and industry initiative. From 1987–91, Australians debated construction of a new, world-class, export-oriented pulp mill in Tasmania. Rural residents, fishermen, and environmentalists, allied with the Australian Labor Party, succeeded in scuttling the project. Subsequently, the national government launched a major research program, state governments tightened regulations, and industry reduced elemental chlorine use. Any new mills constructed in Australia today would be among the cleanest in the world. This paper is part of a larger, comparative study of technological innovation in the pulp and paper industries of Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The author interviewed industry officials, government regulators, research scientists, and environmentalists; visited pulp and paper mills; attended technical conferences; and conducted archival work in these countries during a 12-month period.
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Duçi, Ejona. "The Relationship between Management Accounting, Strategic Management Accounting and Strategic Cost Management." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 5 (September 5, 2021): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0146.
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The object of the paper is to study the relationship between management accounting, strategic management accounting and strategic cost management. The Aim is to define each of them based on a systematic literature review of different accounting literatures in strategic management accounting, to emphasize the relation between them. The paper attempts to offer definitions of Strategic cost management based on different authors throw the years and also to reveal a relationship that exists between Strategic Management Accounting and other disciplines. The enduring value of contextual view of management accounting and its content emphasizes power and relationship between Management Accounting, Strategic Management Accounting and Strategic Cost Management. The methodology used for this paper is descriptive and comparative based on a systematic literature review from different books and journals, especially Scopus indexed journals taken by Elsevier, emerald insight and other trustable library sources. The paper explores a comparative analysis between management accounting and strategic management accounting. Practical limitations of this paper have been mainly focused on having access to Scopus indexed journals. Also, another limitation encountered is related with electronic library which in our country is very difficult and even impossible to have free access in reading and downloading related papers. The intention was to identify similarities and differences between Strategic Management Accounting and Strategic Cost Management and also the relationship that exists between them. The paper concluded that Strategic management has as its primary goal the efficient use of all resources while focusing on the competitive advantage of an organization. Hence, SMA could be considered as an integral part of the strategic management; an interaction of the management and the SMA techniques is important for the more efficient management of an entity. Received: 19 June 2021 / Accepted: 23 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021
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Moskal, Max. "A hundred years of corrosion in the pulp and paper industry." May 2018 17, no. 05 (June 1, 2018): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj17.05.253.
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Through the decades, the pulp and paper industry greatly expanded production capacity to meet increasing demands. Correspondingly, the cost of corrosion damage soared. The most serious corrosion control challenges were researched and met by university and governmental researchers, and by task groups within the TAPPI Engineering Division’s Corrosion and Materials Engineering Committee. Today, thanks to material and process advances, mills encounter less corrosion than in the past. This overview takes a historical look back, covering many decades, at how corrosion problems have been managed in the pulp and paper industry. Yet, corrosion keeps on going, and today mills appear less able to manage corrosion problems for which known solutions are available. This paper also addresses the significant yet underrated task of optimizing corrosion control management in the present and into the future. Discussion is provided on best practices needed to mitigate new and ongoing corrosion problems.
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PYLKKANEN, VESA, KIM NELSON, MIKHAIL IAKOVLEV, and THEODORA RETSINA. "Flexible pretreatment technology supports production of biobased co-products at pulp and paper mills." March 2015 14, no. 3 (April 1, 2015): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.3.179.
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The AVAP™ biorefinery technology from American Process Inc. is a flexible, cost-effective process for production of cellulose-, sugar-, and lignin-based products from biomass. The process is currently operating at demonstration scale in the southern United States and supplying products to partners for conversion to fuels, biochemicals, and other advanced biobased materials. Engineering for the first commercial facility is underway.
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Edwards, John Richard, Trevor Boyns, and Malcolm Anderson. "BRITISH COST ACCOUNTING DEVELOPMENT: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE." Accounting Historians Journal 22, no. 2 (December 1, 1995): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.22.2.1.
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This paper uses the archival records of three entities successively carrying on coal and ironmaking activities at Staveley between 1838–1900, together with the findings from earlier research, to explore the costing information generated over the period 1690–1900. We find a system of cost accounting, broadly defined, in operation throughout the period, a large measure of continuity concerning its basic features, and innovations made from time to time presumably designed to improve its usefulness. The paper uses the results of this and earlier research to explore the nature of accounting change and draws attention to possible differences in the path of development between countries. Further, we assess the significance of our findings for present ideas concerning the development of cost accounting systems in Britain and the U.S., and argue for a broader view to be taken by researchers into the nature of management accounting's development.
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Al-Najjar, B. "Improved effectiveness of vibration monitoring of rolling bearings in paper mills." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 212, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1350650981541930.
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Rolling element bearing failures in paper mill machines are considered in relation to their critical role in the machine function. The paper discusses these failures according to what becomes damaged and how, and relates them to the vibration spectra and their development over the lives of the bearings. Interpretations of some variations in the vibration signature, i.e. relating vibration amplitude changes and frequency shifts to the deterioration processes involved, are proposed and discussed. The literature was found mainly to confirm this analysis. A new approach to envelope alarming is presented and shown theoretically (logically) to offer later renewal with fewer failures, and therefore lower cost and higher productivity. Deficiencies in data coverage and quality, and the feedback of case study results, are discussed. A model to improve maintenance experience is proposed and discussed. Using vibration to monitor component conditions, the accurate prediction of remaining life requires (a) enough vibration measurements, (b) numerate records of operating conditions, (c) better discrimination between frequencies in the spectrum and (d) correlation of (b) and (c). This is because life prediction depends on the amplitudes of (and) the frequencies generated by the component damage. Much money could be saved because some of the present policies utilize as little as half of the useful life of a bearing.
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Nikolaevna Gerasimova, Larisa, and . "Construction: Innovative Approach to Cost Accounting." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24440.
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Based on the study of existing methods of cost accounting, this paper examines the innovative approach to the calculation of products.The article shows that at the time of the decision on investing in a business project related to the development and construction of a new facility, it is advisable to use the target-costing methodology to forecast the cost of a product. For this purpose, when calculating the cost of a product, it is necessary to consider the market research indicators and the values of cost drivers.The author gives an example of using the “target-costing” method in a construction organization, considering peculiarities of this method in construction.Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the proposed method of cost calculation for a future innovative product allows for an adequate assessment of future costs, which, given a shortage of raw data and the time resource, reduces investment risks.
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Anderson, Shannon W., and Henri C. Dekker. "Strategic Cost Management in Supply Chains, Part 1: Structural Cost Management." Accounting Horizons 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2009.23.2.201.
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SYNOPSIS: Strategic cost management is the deliberate alignment of a firm’s resources and associated cost structure with long-term strategy and short-term tactics. Although managers continue to pursue efficiency and effectiveness within the firm, increasingly improvements are obtained across the value chain: through reconfiguring firm boundaries, relocating resources, reengineering processes, and re-evaluating product and service offerings in relation to customer requirements. In this first paper in a two-part series on strategic cost management in supply chains, we review structural cost management. Structural cost management employs tools of organizational design, product design, and process design to create a supply chain cost structure that is coherent with firm strategy. In the second part of the series we will consider executional cost management, which employs measurement and analysis tools (e.g., variance analysis, cost driver analysis, supplier scorecards) to evaluate supply chain performance. Using selected studies in accounting, operations management, and business strategy, we provide an overview of strategic cost management in supply chains, highlight contemporary developments, and suggest directions for future research.
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Çorapçıoğlu, Gülferah. "Conservation of the traditional water mills in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 6, no. 3 (November 21, 2016): 287–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-02-2015-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to ensure the preservation and sustainability of traditional water mills in Turkey with their original function and to allow these water mills to become heritage for future generations. Design/methodology/approach The study is the original examination of one sample water mill to be conserved, that is chosen from 11 water mills that were determined after the investigation of water mills in of Antalya, in Mediterranean Region. A preliminary study was first performed using the external observation method on 11 horizontal wheel water mills. The water mills to be accorded the highest priority with regards to conservation were selected based on their characteristics. Restoration techniques were then proposed to ensure the sustainability of the traditional production systems while retaining their original function. Findings The decision of water mill with the highest priority of conservation is based on the analysis of “structural damage,” “all seasons accessibility” and “supporting environmental factors.” This water mill was used primarily for grain production and is located on the Doyran River in Antalya. Current circumstance of the sample mill is analyzed, restoration techniques for the purpose of conservation and creation of recreational sites and that enable the presentation of traditional production methods are suggested. Social implications This paper includes implications for the contribution to the region’s cultural identity by developing the region’s infrastructure for cultural and ecological tourism and by ensuring the continuation of traditional production methods and craftsmanship. Originality/value This paper brings a new approach to the identification of water mills and the decision of the water mills to be conserved as a result of field studies.
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Möllersten, K., J. Yan, and M. Westermark. "Potential and cost-effectiveness of CO2 reductions through energy measures in Swedish pulp and paper mills." Energy 28, no. 7 (June 2003): 691–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(03)00002-1.
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White, Bob, and William R. Welke. "Accounting For Salvage And Cost Of Removal." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 9, no. 1 (October 2, 2011): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v9i1.6098.
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The idea of negative salvage has been ignored in almost all industries except the public utility industry, but it has much broader applications. This paper examines the concept of negative salvage, the effect of negative salvage on the calculation of depreciation charges, and the possible accounting options for dealing with this problem. A single unit account is used to illustrate the effect on periodic income of the various matching options.
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Martin, Linda R., and Kathy C. Stevens. "Investment In Cost Accounting Systems: Decision Criteria." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 6, no. 3 (October 21, 2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v6i3.6286.
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A current debate among accountants focuses on the amount of information collected by traditional cost accounting systems. Critics have said that these systems are inadequate because they provide insufficient detail for optimal decision making and have proposed the adoption of more elaborate cost systems. This paper analyzes cost accounting systems from a cost-benefit perspective and find that in some circumstances traditional methods with their aggregated level of detail are economically optimal.
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Yustika, Ahmad Erani. "Transaction costs and corporate governance of sugar mills in Indonesia." Corporate Ownership and Control 6, no. 2 (2008): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv6i2c2p3.
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The sugar industry remains a priority for development in the Indonesian agricultural sector, especially in East Java. However, the performance of the sugar industry in East Java during the two last decades has declined, which is shown in the decreasing volume of production. This study utilized the analysis of transaction cost economics to identify the problems of the sugar mills in East Java – Indonesia. This research compares the transaction costs between state-owned (Ngadiredjo) and privately-owned (Kebon Agung) sugar mills. The study shows that in Kebon Agung Sugar Mill transaction costs are higher than production costs, while in Ngadiredjo Sugar Mill the reverse is true. However, the high transaction costs in Kebon Agung Sugar Mill cannot be attributed directly to inefficient institutions, because Ngadiredjo Sugar Mill incurred high costs for plants, land preparation, and fertilizer, which decreased the proportion of transaction costs. If analyzed in detail, the following facts are revealed: (i) market transaction costs in Kebon Agung Sugar Mill are higher than in Ngadiredjo Sugar Mill. This is because Kebon Agung Sugar Mill has established cooperation with sugarcane farmers in the form of extensions and transport subsidies; and (ii) the political transaction costs proportion in Ngadiredjo Sugar Mill is higher than in Kebon Agung Sugar Mill because of the imposition of many ‘illegal’ fees. There should be management (corporate) reform of sugar mills, both internal and external. Internally, sugar mill management must apply good corporate governance that guarantees the transparency and control of every activity. Nowadays, there is no controlling unit in sugar mill management that supervises corporate activity, so that it is susceptible to manipulation and mark-up. Externally, the relationship between sugar mill management (CEO) and the Board of Directors should be reformulated so that sugar mill management has wide authority to make corporate strategy decisions. Centralization of authority in holding firm (PTPN/PT. RNI) has caused high transaction costs as a result of the long hierarchy in decision-making.
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Martinello, Felice. "Factor substitution, technical change, and returns to scale in Canadian forest industries." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 1116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-181.
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This paper reports estimates of factor substitution, technical change, and returns to scale for three Canadian industries, pulp and paper, sawmills and shingle mills, and logging, using annual data from 1963 to 1982. Each industry's input-demand functions slope down and are inelastic. Factor substitution is not rejected in any of the industries but it is not large. Sawmills and shingle mills show moderate increasing returns to scale, while logging and pulp and paper show very large increasing returns to scale. The technology of the industries is nonhomothetic and cost savings as a result of changes in scale are made mostly on the capital and labour inputs. Technical change is nonneutral, capital using, and labour saving in all industries. Negative technical change is estimated for sawmills and shingle mills and pulp and paper so that all of the productivity gains made over the period of the sample are associated with changes in scale rather than the passage of time. The technical change in all industries is labour saving enough that labour becomes more productive over time, holding everything else constant.
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Kroiss, H. "Water Protection in the Pulp Industry: Austrian and Central European Situation." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1994): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0700.
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The pulp and paper industry in central Europe was for a long period one of the biggest water polluters. During the last 10 years the pollution load to the receiving waters has decreased to such an extent that a compromise between water protection and industrial development is in sight This positive achievement started with a concentration at the production in a relatively small number of mills with modern and cost effective production processes minimizing pollution discharge to the wastewater. Nearly all mills are equipped with biological wastewater treatment plants. Many mills have abandoned chlorine for bleaching, thus solving the AOX problem, some are on the way to doing this. These positive achievements are the result of a water protection and industrial development policy.
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Araujo, Eduardo Nozawa Caetano de, and Homero Delboni Jr. "Development of a method to measure charges in tumbling mills." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 67, no. 3 (September 2014): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672014000300011.
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Tumbling mills are often taken as the object of optimization studies because they are a type of equipment that consume large amounts of energy. Among the current available resources to conduct such studies, mathematic modelling presents great efficiency due to its low cost, speed and reliability. The total charge and grinding media charge are very important variables to conduct modelling exercises that aim at power draw and product size distribution forecasting. However, the common measurement methods require people entering the equipment, which carries a number of adversities related to confined spaces. In this regard, this paper presents the development of a method and the prototype of a device able to measure tumbling mill charges, quickly, precisely, with low cost and, above all, ensuring safety. The result of this work is a method that allows equivalent or superior precision in comparison to the existing methods, whose main aspect is to eliminate the requirement of people entering dangerous environments, such as tumbling mills.
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Ghosh, Ashok, Breland Thornton, and Peter Hart. "Effect of pH and enzymes on strength of recycled fibers during refining." July 2018 17, no. 07 (August 1, 2018): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj17.07.407.
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Recycled fiber-based papermaking in America is experiencing a persistent reduction in the strength of the incoming fiber. To maintain paper strength properties, paper mills respond by increasing basis weight, dry strength, etc. On average, the fiber cost component in recycled paper is approximately 40% of the total manufacturing cost. Increased fiber weight results in higher operating cost and has a negative effect on production rate, especially on dryer-limited paper machines. Increased pH and use of certain enzymes can improve strength during subsequent refining. The ProLab refiner was used to generate laboratory refining curves to evaluate changes in fiber bonding. The effect of pH and enzymes pretreatment on the strength development and change in drainage of recycled fibers with refining was evaluated.
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Buallay, Amina. "Between cost and value." Journal of Applied Accounting Research 20, no. 4 (December 9, 2019): 481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaar-12-2017-0137.
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Purpose There are wide debates about the costs and benefits of sustainability reporting. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between sustainability reporting and a firm’s financial, operational and market performance in order to determine when sustainability reporting benefits a firm and when it adds cost. Design/methodology/approach This study examined 342 financial institutions within the 20 countries that top the list of achievers of sustainable development goals for the 10 years 2007 through 2016, for a total of 3,420 observations. The independent variable is the environmental, social and governance (ESG) score; the dependent variables are performance indicators (return on assets, return on equity and Tobin’s Q). Two types of control variables are used in this study: firm level and country level. Findings The findings deduced from the empirical results demonstrate that, on the one hand, ESG positively affects market performance, which supports value creation theory. On the other hand, ESG negatively affects financial and operational performance, which supports cost-of-capital reduction theory. Research limitations/implications This study aims to find how sustainable disclosure can and does play a role in contributing towards performance of financial institutions to eventually achieve country’s sustainable development goals. Practical implications The study provides insights into the effect of sustainability reporting on different perspectives of business performance, which might be utilised by financial institutions to re-arrange their disclosure policy to be aligned with their strategy. Originality/value This study sheds light on the rare prior studies that relate sustainability reporting to indicators of business performance (operational, financial and market).
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Velasquez, Santiago, Petri Suomala, and Marko Järvenpää. "Cost consciousness: conceptual development from a management accounting perspective." Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 12, no. 1 (April 20, 2015): 55–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-07-2013-0029.
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Purpose – This paper aims to take note of the need to better understand cost consciousness from a management accounting perspective and serves as an exploratory study striving to analyze how the notion has been addressed by management accounting scholars. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents the findings of a thorough literature review identifying the drivers, interpretations, definitions and results which management accounting scholars have associated with cost consciousness. Findings – This paper has synthesized the definitions and interpretations by considering their conceptual broadness and the subjects that cost consciousness characterizes. In addition, various potential drivers of cost consciousness have been identified where management control systems play a major role. Also, this paper summarizes both the positive and negative outcomes which scholars seem to expect from an increase of cost consciousness. Research limitations/implications – Given that no prior work has focused on the conceptual development of cost consciousness, it was necessary to infer most of the interpretations, drivers and results which management accounting scholars have associated to the cost consciousness notion. Originality/value – Cost consciousness is a concept that appears in hundreds of peer-reviewed articles on management accounting. However, only a handful of management accounting scholars have defined or evaluated this concept to a certain degree. As a result, what management accountants believe cost consciousness to be, how it is driven and what result may be expected from it, is nowhere to be found in any synthesized manner. The findings of this paper develop the concept of cost consciousness by illuminating the common use of the construct across various disciplines.
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Baxter, Jane, Martin Carlsson-Wall, Wai Fong Chua, and Kalle Kraus. "Accounting for the cost of sports-related violence." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 32, no. 7 (September 16, 2019): 1956–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-02-2018-3364.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extend the understanding of “the” accounting entity, demonstrating how it is a contestable socio-political construction informed by a nexus of market, state and community actors. Design/methodology/approach A case study method is utilised to follow debate relating to Swedish football clubs’ responsibility for the payment/non-payment of policing costs between 1999 and 2014. The case study uses documentary and interview data, focusing on one of the high-risk Stockholm clubs. Findings The paper makes four main contributions: first, demonstrating how the accounting entity is a changeable and contestable construction; second, outlining how distinctions informing contests about the accounting arena are materialised through accounting calculations and other devices; third, showing the importance of community in a coordinated sense in mediating accounting practices; and fourth, contributing to the literature on accounting and sport, highlighting the importance of state actors in this arena. Originality/value This research draws on original empirical data providing unique insights into debates regarding the responsibility for the payment of police costs in the context of sports-related violence. The authors show the importance of characterising accounting for sporting organisations as a shifting and contestable nexus of market, state and community actors.
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Nomani, Abuzar, and Mohammad Khalid Azam. "Sharīʿah compliant working capital financing_ a case-study of Indian sugar industry." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 3 (January 2, 2020): 674–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-09-2016-0098.
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Purpose This paper aims to assess how Sharīʿah guidelines improve the working capital needs of the Indian sugar industry. Previous studies reveal that the sugar industry in India is in a state of cash deprivation for decades. Finance is not available for expansion, as well as for working capital requirements. Banks have also declined to provide working capital loans to the sugar industry. Design/methodology/approach Lack of working capital management and its impact upon sugar mills profitability are examined based on a sample of six Indian sugar mills and the use of panel data analysis for the period 2011-2015. Findings The regression results suggest the need for reducing the number of days’ account receivables and inventories to a reasonable minimum to maintain the liquidity necessary for the mills, which current mills cannot manage to achieve, and consequently, suffer liquidity problems. Practical implications This paper presents a model of Sharīʿah-compliant working capital financing for cash deprived Indian sugar industry. All the three parties stand to benefit from this arrangement: the farmer will get the price of his crop promptly and at its farmland, sugar mill will secure the required quantity of raw material (sugarcane) without any immediate cash outflow, and the Islamic bank will earn a reasonable mark-up profit from this transaction. Originality/value The study is the first comprehensive effort to explore the possible combination of Islamic banking products subject to the fulfillment of needs of sugar mills and farmers and the application of an Islamic banking instrument in the agriculture sector of India. It also suggests the possible models for financing under a Salam and Murabahah contract.
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Blocher, Edward J. "Teaching Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis." Issues in Accounting Education 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2009.24.1.1.
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ABSTRACT: Cost management has been tied in the past to the concepts of score-keeping, attention directing, and problem solving, but the expectations of accountants in today's world have changed dramatically, extending well beyond these concepts. This paper presents a different way to view cost management. It is not a planning or decision-making focus, but instead a focus on helping the organization be successful, through the implementation of an effective competitive strategy. Strategy is implemented by the appropriate use of cost management methods. The “why strategy?” question is answered by a review of survey findings, a discussion of the potential errors in nonstrategic decision making, and a review of changes at the Institute of Management Accountants that reflect a greater emphasis on strategy, including a new definition of management accounting which focuses on strategy. The paper shows the strategy-based content flowcharts for each of the three courses: management accounting, cost accounting, and advanced management accounting.
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OUADI, MILOUD, JOHN BRAMMER, ANDREAS HORNUNG, and MARTIN KAY. "Waste to power." February 2012 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.2.55.
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There has been a growing trend towards the use of biomass as a primary energy source, which now contributes over 54% of the European pulp and paper industry energy needs [1]. The remaining part comes from natural gas, which to a large extent serves as the major source of energy for numerous recovered fiber paper mills located in regions with limited available forest resources. The cost of producing electricity to drive paper machinery and generate heat for steam is increasing as world demand for fossil fuels increases. Additionally, recovered fiber paper mills are also significant producers of fibrous sludge and reject waste material that can contain high amounts of useful energy. Currently, a majority of these waste fractions is disposed of by landspreading, incineration, or landfill. Paper mills must also pay a gate fee to process their waste streams in this way and the result of this is a further increase in operating costs. This work has developed methods to utilize the waste fractions produced at recovered fiber paper mills for the onsite production of combined heat and power (CHP) using advanced thermal conversion methods (pyrolysis and gasification) that are well suited to relatively small scales of throughput. The electrical power created would either be used onsite to power the paper making process or alternatively exported to the national grid, and the surplus heat created could also be used onsite or exported to a local customer. The focus of this paper is to give a general overview of the project progress so far and will present the experimental results of the most successful thermal conversion trials carried out by this work to date.
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Linnenluecke, Martina, Tom Smith, and Robert E. Whaley. "The unpaid social cost of carbon." Accounting Research Journal 31, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-08-2017-0138.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the complex issue of the social cost of carbon. The authors review the existing literature and the strengths and deficiencies of existing approaches. They introduce a simple methodology that estimates the amount of “legal looting” in the fossil fuel industry as an alternative approach to calculate an unpaid social cost of carbon. The “looting amount” can be defined as society’s failure to charge fossil fuel firms for the damage that their activities cause represents an implied subsidy. Design/methodology/approach The methodology used in this paper combines decisions in the form of policymakers setting carbon taxes and rational investors investing in carbon emission markets. Findings The authors show that the unpaid social cost of carbon in the fossil fuel industry was US$12.7tn over 1995-2013, but may be as high as US$115.5tn. Originality/value Over the same period, the sum of industry profits, emission trading scheme carbon permit and carbon tax revenue totalled US$7tn, indicating the industry would not be viable if it was made to pay for damages to society.
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Shahi, Shashi K., and Mohamed Dia. "Empirical study of the performance of Ontario's pulp and paper mills using bootstrap data envelopment analysis." International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management 31, no. 1 (2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpqm.2020.109330.
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Reichenbach, Ingo Gustav, and Jan C. Aurich. "Application of CAD/CAM and Micro End Mills with 20 to 120 μm Diameter for the Direct Machining of Microstructures in PMMA." Advanced Materials Research 907 (April 2014): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.907.299.
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The use of microfluidic devices brings some benefits such as low reagent consumption, shorter analysis time, portability and cost reduction. The potential of this technology has constantly grown over time and lead to the development of competitive manufacture processes. The production of such microfluidic devices is usually done by molding processes which allow mass production of polymer disposables with a low cost per unit. In a prototype phase these methods are, however, expensive. To overcome the multi-step fabrication the direct milling in polymer is an alternative. In this paper micro structures are directly milled in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with self-developed micro end mills and the proper CAD/CAM integration offering a fast response in manufacturing of complex structures even in the micrometer range The direct milling of structures in PMMA with micro tools-diameter 120 μm is a feasible method to produce a physical prototype. The chosen micro end mills and strategies represent a competitive process in a prototyping level by reducing time to market.
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Zhang, Zhiyong. "Construction of the Multimedia Teaching Platform of Cost Accounting Course Based on EXCEL VBA Program." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 13, no. 05 (April 30, 2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i05.8436.
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there exit some problems in domestic multimedia teaching of “Cost Accounting” course such as the difficulties of achieving teaching objectives and teaching effect, slow control loading, data missing in excel saving page, and data leakage risk, etc. Thus this paper has constructed a multi-media teaching platform for “Cost Accounting” course based on Excel VBA technology. Firstly, the paper has elaborated the theoretical foundation of constructing “Cost Accounting” course multimedia teaching platform. Then the paper has elaborated the methods and procedures of constructing “Cost Accounting” course multimedia teaching platform based on Excel VBA, and displayed the construction results. In addition, the paper has innovatively applied the technology of webpage remote processing classroom Excel. In the end, the paper has applied and verified the teaching effect of the platform in practical teaching. The result shows that the multi-media teaching platform constructed in this paper has greatly improved the teaching effect of“Cost Accounting” course.