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1
Zhao, Lin Hui, Jian Cheng Zhang, and Wei Su. "Research on Tool Wear Form in Micro Turn-Milling Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.663.
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In micro machining, turn-milling tool wear is a key factor for part surface quality. This paper carries on experiments on end mills wear in micro turn-milling machining, aiming to research the wear form and provide some reference data for developing wear standard of small diameter end mills. To measure wear condition of end mills, machine vision technique is utilized. This paper designs and sets up an online end mill wear measurement system for a micro turn-milling process center. With a series of experiments on small diameter end mills, wear conditions of different cutting positions are researched. Based on analysis of experiment data, wear characteristics and wear rule for micro turn-milling process are summarized in this paper.
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Myréen, B. "Pulp and Paper Manufacture in Transition." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (1994): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0697.
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The development of pulp and paper production and technology is reviewed with special emphasis on its influence on the waste water discharge. The chemical pulping methods are in a rapid development phase, including novel processes as well as substantial changes taking place in the kraft pulping process. Due to the changing chemical pulping and bleaching practice, the chlorinated organic compounds in the effluent will lose their importance. Research should be focused on the effects of new contaminants introduced in chlorine-free bleaching, and on the natural substances occurring in wood that are causing the remaining toxicity of the effluent from both mechanical and chemical pulp mills. Enhanced recycling of post-consumer paper and board leads to an increased number of deinking plants with new types of discharges. Closure of process water loops are also expected in the near future, which may totally eliminate the process water discharges from modern mills.
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Bo, Wei, Guang Yu Tan, Lin Lin Guo, and Guang Hui Li. "Research on Dynamic Temperature Field Modeling of the Solid Carbide End Mill in High-Speed Milling." Advanced Materials Research 1089 (January 2015): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1089.350.
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Cutting temperature is a key factor in impacting the solid carbide end mill’s life, the rule of solid carbide end mill temperature field is the research focus. In this paper, the solid carbide end mill helical side edge is regarded as a helical coil heat source, the tool chip friction surface is considered as a surface heat source which consists of countless helical coil heat source. Based on heat source method, the model of continuous dynamic temperature field simulation of a solid carbide end mills cutting process is established.
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Wang, X., T. H. Mize, F. M. Saunders, and S. A. Baker. "Biotreatability test of bleach wastewaters from pulp and paper mills." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (1997): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0492.
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Research is focused on an integrated way to simultaneously optimize the bleaching operations and subsequent wastewater treatment for pulp and paper mills. Bleach wastewaters from ClO2-bleached pulping studies at Institute of Paper Science and Technology (IPST) were used as the feed for batch reactors to test and rank the treatability and kinetics. The key aspect of the system is the use of sequential anaerobic/aerobic phases to enhance reductive dehalogenation of chloro-organic materials. Two continuous reactor systems, one operated in an anaerobic-aerobic mode and a second in an aerobic-aerobic mode, received bleaching wastewater obtained from a full-scale plant. Acclimated cultures from both continuous reactors were used to quantify the AOX (Adsorbable Organic Halide) and COD removal from various bleaching wastewaters. In general, the sequential anaerobic/aerobic treatment of bleach wastewater can improve both biotreatability and degradation rates.
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Neitzel, Richard Lee, Marianne Andersson, Helena Eriksson, Kjell Torén, and Eva Andersson. "Development of a Job Exposure Matrix for Noise in the Swedish Soft Tissue Paper Industry." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 62, no. 2 (2017): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxx095.
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Abstract Objectives Noise exposure is a common occupational hazard, but has not been sufficiently characterized in paper mills. We developed a job-exposure matrix (JEM) for noise exposure for use in estimating exposures among Swedish soft tissue paper mill workers. Methods We used a combination of area and personal dosimetry noise exposure measurements made at four soft tissue paper mills by industry and research staff between 1977 and 2013 to estimate noise exposures by department, location, and job title. We then utilized these estimates, in conjunction with information on process and facility changes and use of hearing protection collected via focus groups, to create a seven-category, semi-quantitative JEM for all departments, locations, and job titles spanning the years 1940–2010. Results The results of the 1157 area and personal dosimetry noise measurements indicated that noise levels have generally declined in Swedish paper mills over time, though these changes have been neither uniform nor monotonic within or across the four mills. Focus group results indicated that use of hearing protection has generally increased over time. The noise JEM totals 1917 cells, with each cell representing a unique combination of operation, job title, and single year. We estimated that ~50% of workers at the four mills assessed were exposed at or above the Swedish 8-h average noise exposure limit of an 85 dBA at the conclusion of the study period in 2010. Conclusions Our results highlight the continuing need for hearing loss prevention and noise control efforts at these and similar mills, and the completed JEM now represents a tool for use in epidemiological studies of noise-related health outcomes.
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Hämäläinen, Esa, and Ulla Tapaninen. "Economics of a Nordic paper mill: case study." Industrial Management & Data Systems 110, no. 1 (2010): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635571011008371.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reveal how the prices, costs, and logistics develop in the case mill and how these variables correlate with profits, and finally to give suggestions for improvements.Design/methodology/approachA typical Finnish paper mill is selected for the basis of the case study. The complete data for the mill for the years 2001 to 2007 at a monthly level are used. The data are obtained from the mill's financial management system and transferred to Excel. Statistica 4.1 software is used to run the statistical correlation analyses. The results can be generalized with certain limitations to paper manufacturing located at a long distance from its customers.FindingsThis paper gives an important insight into the economics of the Finnish paper industry. From theory‐building point of view, the empirical process data show that the variation in production lines is minimal, but there are important variations in paper deliveries. A lot can be gained in the logistics processes. Larger volumes delivered in tons also tend to increase profits. From the mill to the consignees, fluctuations in the process and paper sales grow substantially, which indicates longer storage times.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of the case study are based on the data of a single large integrated paper mill in Finland covering the years 2001‐2007, so the results cannot be directly generalized to concern all Nordic paper mills. In May 2005, there was an industrial blackout, which considerably affected the production and deliveries of all Finnish paper mills in that year.Practical implicationsThe competitive advantages of the Finnish paper industry are undermined by low paper prices and costly logistics. The mill managers should increasingly focus on overcapacity and cost issues and also deliver volumes, which all could contribute to higher profits.Originality/valueIn this paper, the Finnish paper industry is studied through a time series, economic geography, and statistical tools. This approach is a novel method and gives new insights into this research object. The mill's economic variables, such as paper prices, profits, and logistics and manufacturing costs, and the characteristics of these issues in a spatial context are studied.
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Rábai, Krisztina. "Jagellonian Ledgers as Sources for Watermark Research and Paper History Studies: The First Papermills of East-Central Europe." Średniowiecze Polskie i Powszechne 12 (December 16, 2020): 324–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/spip.2020.16.14.
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This study is based on the analysis of the paper and the text of royal and princely accounts in which scribes registered the everyday incomes and expenditures of four Jagiellonian courts, located in different parts of East-Central Europe around the turn of the 15th and 16th-century. The period covers the establishment and the very first years of paper mills in Silesia and the Polish Kingdom. Regarding the lack of archival sources preserving the foundation and running of these mills, the cradles of paper-making in East-Central Europe, one should use many different and quite laconic written sources to shed light upon these revolutionary years. Although accounts could preserve mentions of purchasing, trading and using paper, in most cases the textual information is not adequate to reconstruct a detailed and clear image of paper producing; researchers should examine the medium of writing - the paper - itself. Instead of the investigation of single sheets, folded papers, small notebooks and bound books such as accounts proved to be more useful. One can compare the sheets of the volumes and find those traces which lead to the paper mills, the places of their origin. Through the detailed examination of one especially complex and interesting ledger from the courts of Prince Sigismund, the author attempts to demonstrate the opportunities lay in watermark studies. Furthermore, the article purposes to reflect on the huge hiatus clearly perceptible on the field of watermark research and paper history in East-Central Europe and the necessity of developing a database of watermarks reflecting on the history of paper-making in this region.
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Zhu, Pengcheng, Hong Qian, and Tingting Chai. "Research on early fault warning system of coal mills based on the combination of thermodynamics and data mining." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 1 (2019): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219869701.
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This paper presents a fault early warning approach of coal mills based on the Thermodynamic Law and data mining. The Thermodynamic Law is used to describe the working characteristics of coal mills and to determine the multi-parameter vector that characterize the operating state of the coal mill. Data mining technology is applied to analysis the interrelationships among elements of the multi-parameter vector. Then the abnormal boundaries of parameters are calculated based on the distribution of parameters under different working conditions according to the Pauta criterion. Finally, the fault early warning model is implemented combining the abnormal boundaries and the confidence algorithm that can detect the working status of coal mills. Two actual numerical examples are used to illustrate the proposed method is capable of estimating the abnormality of coal mills before the fault happens.
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Sonnenfeld, David A. "The Ghost of Wesley Vale: Environmentalists' Influence on Innovation in Australia's Pulp and Paper Industry." Competition & Change 1, no. 4 (1996): 379–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452949600100403.
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This paper analyzes how a key conflict in Australia's pulp and paper industry became generalized to other sites through environmental action, government regulation, and industry initiative. From 1987–91, Australians debated construction of a new, world-class, export-oriented pulp mill in Tasmania. Rural residents, fishermen, and environmentalists, allied with the Australian Labor Party, succeeded in scuttling the project. Subsequently, the national government launched a major research program, state governments tightened regulations, and industry reduced elemental chlorine use. Any new mills constructed in Australia today would be among the cleanest in the world. This paper is part of a larger, comparative study of technological innovation in the pulp and paper industries of Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The author interviewed industry officials, government regulators, research scientists, and environmentalists; visited pulp and paper mills; attended technical conferences; and conducted archival work in these countries during a 12-month period.
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Sun, Xu Guang, Chang Hai Wang, Cheng Long Feng, and Kai Qiao. "CFD Simulation Research for Laminar Flow Cooling during Hot Strip Mills." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1237.
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This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation research for the interior flow field of laminar cooling during hot strip mills. Based on analysis of the flow field, the interior model of cooling is designed precisely, and the result establishes foundation for improving the control precision of cooling control system.
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Chung, Bonhee, Fatimah Mohamed Arshad, Kusairi Mohd Noh, and Shaufique Fahmi Sidique. "Cost analysis of rice milling: a case study of 7 rice mills in Malaysia." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (2016): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-05-2014-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the long-run profitability of rice milling operation in Malaysia and see how sensitive it is to changes in paddy purchases, rice recovery ratio and paddy price. Design/methodology/approach Using a purposive sampling technique and semi-structured interviews, seven rice mills in Malaysia were selected to obtain data on operational details and business accounts. The paper provides a qualitative and descriptive account of the rice mill’s profitability by using cost curves, a simple linear regression and the Monte Carlo simulation. Findings The rice milling operation in Malaysia is profitable in the long run, provided that there is a market for by-products. Large private mills have lower average costs, helping them obtain higher profit margins. Public mills that receive a rice miller subsidy are more protected than small private mills that operate without the rice miller subsidy and under price controls. Changes in paddy purchases, paddy price and recovery ratio affect the profitability to varying degrees. Research limitations/implications Incomplete information provided by the interviewees. The analysis result is only a rough estimate. However, it may provide a useful insight into the Malaysian rice milling sector and its competitiveness. Originality/value There are few economic studies of the rice milling sector in Malaysia. However, it plays an important role along the rice supply chain. There is a need for better understanding of the industry in order to obtain economic sustainability and effective policies. This paper provides the gap by providing an insight into the long-run profitability of rice milling operation in Malaysia.
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Needleman, Ruth. "John Hinshaw, Steel and Steelworkers: Race and Class Struggle in Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002. 320 pp. $75.50 cloth; $25.95 paper." International Labor and Working-Class History 65 (April 2004): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904420134.
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Richly descriptive and well documented, Steel and Steelworkers: Race and Class Struggle in Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh by John Hinshaw makes a significant contribution to the growing body of historical research on steel unionism in the twentieth century. Over the past few years, a number of new studies have broadened our understanding of unionization and work practices in the nation's steel mills, by examining in greater detail the patterns of organization in specific mills and mill towns.
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Бубликов, Юрий, Yuriy Bublikov, Алексей Верещака, Aleksey Vereshchaka, Максим Оганян, and Maksim Oganyan. "Multilayer composite coatings for end mills: design methodology and application features." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2014, no. 3 (2014): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23230.
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The paper presents the results of research on improving the efficiency of end mills based on the application of functional coatings. The data on justifying the choice of composition, structure, architecture and properties of multilayer composite coatings for application to carbide end mills for machining of heat resistant alloys and structural steels are considered.
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Mosakowski, Zachariasz, Dariusz Brykała, Maciej Prarat, Daria Jagiełło, Zbigniew Podgórski, and Piotr Lamparski. "Watermills and windmills as monuments in Poland - protection of cultural heritage in situ and in open-air museums." Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo 8, no. 3 (2020): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46284/mkd.2020.8.3.2.
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This paper presents the results of research on the history of the protection of mills as objects of cultural heritage on Polish lands. First, the spatial distribution of over 20,000 mills at the beginning of the previous century is characterized, then the main actions undertaken for their protection in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are discussed. Merely 3.4% of mills that worked in the past are now protected as monuments and recorded in the national register. Most of them remain in their original locations (in situ), and another 71 windmills and 22 watermills have been relocated to open-air museums. These specific institutions face a particularly important task involving the necessity to retain the original functionality of the mills.
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Kumar, Virendra, Purnima Dhall, Rita Kumar, Yogendra Prakash Singh, and Anil Kumar. "Bioremediation of Agro-Based Pulp Mill Effluent by Microbial Consortium Comprising Autochthonous Bacteria." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/127014.
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Small-scale agro-based pulp and paper mills are characterized as highly polluting industries. These mills use Kraft pulping process for paper manufacturing due to which toxic lignified chemicals are released into the environment. Lack of infrastructure, technical manpower, and research and development facilities restricts these mills to recover these chemicals. Therefore, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the emanating stream is quite high. For solving the above problem, four bacteria were isolated from the premises of agro-based pulp and paper mill which were identified as species ofPseudomonas, Bacillus, Pannonibacter, andOchrobacterum. These bacteria were found capable of reducing COD up to 85%–86.5% in case of back water and 65-66% in case of back water : black liquor (60 : 40), respectively, after acclimatization under optimized conditions (pH 6.8, temperature 35°C, and shaking 200 rpm) when the wastewater was supplemented with nitrogen and phosphorus as trace elements.
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Jia, Dong Kai, Fei Xiao, and Shi Wu. "The Research of Impact Ball End Mills Geometric Parameters on Processing Stable Region." Applied Mechanics and Materials 274 (January 2013): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.274.136.
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In this paper, modal analysis of ball end mills is modeled by finite element to work out natural frequency and chatter model in tooling system and to calculate the limit curve of stability in single degree freedom system. The effect of cutter flute length and cutter tooth number on maching stability area is also discussed. The results of research show that steady critical cutting depth of milling system declines while the cutter flute length increases, but the trend is not linear, which shows increase partly. An engineering optimization design is made on milling cutter geometrical parameters based on this conclusion.
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Virkola, Nils-Erik, and Kristiina Honkanen. "Wastewater Characteristics." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (1985): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0001.
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Forceful measures have been taken in the past decade to reduce the pollution loads of pulp and paper mills. Besides more effective external waste water treatment, internal arrangements have been made to reduce pollution loads, e.g. by closing water systems. New processes and technically improved machines and equipment have made it possible to utilize raw materials and chemicals more efficiently. This has also reduced the pollution loads of the mills. In the 1970s, pollution loads were restricted by environmental laws and regulations in many countries, and the restrictions will become tighter during the 1980s. This will require much research and development. In this paper, characteristics of effluents (BOD, suspended solids, colour, TOC, COD, toxicity) discharged from chemical and mechanical pulping processes and from paper and board mills are presented in general terms and by mill department. Process developments and effects of these developments on pollution loads are described and future trends are discussed.
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Sarlin, T., S. Halttunen, P. Vuoriranta, and J. Puhakka. "Effects of Chemical Spills on Activated Sludge Treatment Performance in Pulp and Paper Mills." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 11-12 (1999): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0728.
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The aim of this research was to study the effects of chemical spills on activated sludge metabolic activity and settleability. On-site, laboratory-scale tests were carried out at three pulp and paper mill activated sludge plants. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal were used for monitoring of metabolic inhibition. The effects of chemicals on 30-min settled sludge volume were studied. Accidental release reports from five pulp and paper mills were analysed. Thirty-four chemicals were selected to the laboratory tests. Of the tested chemicals 2 biocides, monochloro acetic acid, soft soap and turpentine inhibited the OUR of the sludge and thus, had an acute toxic effect on the activated sludge. The biocides and disperging agent reduced DOC removal. Aluminium sulphate and optical brightener had a negative effect on sludge settleability and thus, they may cause losses of activated sludge from treatment plant. In conclusion, maximum possible spill of the five chemicals may reduce the performance of the activated sludge.
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Heck, Stefanie, Franca Bianchini, Nicole Y. Souren, Corinna Wilhelm, Yvonne Ohl, and Christoph Plass. "Fake data, paper mills, and their authors: The International Journal of Cancer reacts to this threat to scientific integrity." International Journal of Cancer 149, no. 3 (2021): 492–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33604.
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Kuma, Hideki, Hisao Fukuoka, and Misuzu Komatsu. "A Quantitative Analysis of Mine Mills by 3D Laser Scanner." Materials Science Forum 983 (March 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.983.73.
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This research proposes a novel method of recording the features of mine mills digitally by 3D laser scanner and its application. This method enables to obtain their shape features in short time independent of the expert's drawing skill. It also enables to evaluate the shape feature values, such as the position of the center of gravity, based on the obtained 3D digital data. In addition it may be possible to get a clue to clarify the process of varying the shape of mine mills. The mine mills described in this paper are remains discovered in the mountains of Yu-no-oku gold mine locating in Minami Kuma County in Yamanashi prefecture, Japan.
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Góralczyk, Mateusz, Pavlo Krot, Radosław Zimroz, and Szymon Ogonowski. "Increasing Energy Efficiency and Productivity of the Comminution Process in Tumbling Mills by Indirect Measurements of Internal Dynamics—An Overview." Energies 13, no. 24 (2020): 6735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246735.
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Tumbling mills have been widely implemented in many industrial sectors for the grinding of bulk materials. They have been used for decades in the production of fines and in the final stages of ore comminution, where optimal levels for the enrichment particles’ sizes are obtained. Even though these ubiquitous machines of relatively simple construction have been subjected to extensive studies, the industry still struggles with very low energy efficiency of the comminution process. Moreover, obtaining an optimal size for the grinding product particles is crucial for the effectiveness of the following processes and waste production reduction. New, innovative processing methods and machines are being developed to tackle the problem; however, tumbling mills are still most commonly used in all ranges of the industry. Since heavy equipment retrofitting is the most costly approach, process optimization with dedicated models and control systems is the most preferable solution for energy consumption reduction. While the classic technological measurements in mineral processing are well adopted by the industry, nowadays research focuses on new methods of the mill’s internal dynamics analysis and control. This paper presents a retrospective overview of the existing models of internal load motion, an overview of the innovations in process control, and some recent research and industrial approaches from the energy consumption reduction point of view.
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Luo, Zhong Ping, and Ya Lin Yao. "Research and Development of a New Laboratory Mill." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 2895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.2895.
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This paper studies a new mill, which is developed particularly for the laboratory scale, with respect to the problems of low efficiency and bad adaptability of mills commonly used in laboratories. The paper briefly introduces the machinery construction, working principle, performance characteristics and grinding test methods. The main shaft of the mill is driven to rotate by the motor drive variable-speed system (speed control system), it could be equipped with cylinders of different volumes, the working speed and grinding intensity are adjustable; running cycle time is automatically controlled and adjustable, which eliminate the adverse effects caused by manual control errors. The results show that this machine could change the dosage scale of test materials in a large range, facilitate the grinding materials tests of different ores and different scales, and greatly improve the test efficiency and equipment’s adaptability.
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Diciuc, Vlad, and Mircea Lobonțiu. "A Review of the Main Modeling Methods for Ball Nose End Milling Processes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 657 (October 2014): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.657.93.
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The ball nose end mills are highly used for complex sculptured surfaces in 3-5 axes milling. The modeling of the cutting process using ball nose end mills is more complex than in the case of simple end mills due to the fact that the cutting speed varies continuously along the cutting edge. By tilting the cutting tool relative to the surface to be machined, the modeling is getting more complicated due to the large number of input variables. This paper presents a review of the main modeling types, underlining the specificity, the advantages and disadvantages for each type in comparison to an own research on a parametric CAD model. There are also recommendations made towards the modeling process, based on the results obtained by the authors.
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Qu, Zhen Yao, and Qiang Wang. "Improvement Research on Furnace Flue Tube of Three Medium Dryer System Used by Fan Mills." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 3301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3301.
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Pulverizing system equipped by fan mills uses three medium (ie. low-temperature furnace smoke, high-temperature furnace smoke, hot air) for drying coal, especially in large-scale plants burning lignite. A constantly increasing unit capacity leads to a more complicated design for pulverizing system, with a heavier weight of furnace smoke tube. This paper focuses on a research of water-cooled membrane flue tube instead of traditional inner and outer insulation tube through experiments like changing water side parameters to replace the low-temperature flue pipe from three medium to two medium (ie. adjustable-temperature furnace smoke, hot air). This paper studies heat transfer coefficient of water-cooled furnace smoke pipe at different flow rate and flue gas temperature though a established water-cooled furnace smoke pipe test bed. It is using a certain mathematic method to obtain dimensionless relationship among Nu, Re, Pr and obtain the dimensionless rule equation of water-cooled furnace smoke tube.
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Habets, L. H. A., and J. H. Knelissen. "Application of the UASB-Reactor for Anaerobic Treatment of Paper and Board Mill Effluent." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (1985): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0005.
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Within the holding of Bührmann-Tetterode NV, 7 Dutch paper and board mills are operating, all of them using mainly waste paper as raw material. While three of them completely closed their watercircuits, two other mills put into practice biological waste water treatment namely anaerobic and anaerobic/aerobic. Number 6 is realising an anaerobic plant this year and for number 7 research is still being carried out, dealing with several unfavourable aspects. In September 1981 research for anaerobic treatment (UASB reactors) was started. After good results had been achieved on laboratory scale (301), further investigations were started on semitechnical scale (50 m3). In both cases the anaerobic seed sludge granulated after a while and loadings up to 20 kg COD/m3.d could be handled. COD-removal was 70 per cent, even when the hydraulic retention time was only 2.5 hours. In April 1983 a 70 m3 practical scale UASB reactor was started up at the solid board mill of Ceres. In October 1983 a full scale plant was started up at Papierfabriek Roermond. This plant consists of a 1,000 m3 UASB reactor and a 70 m3 gasholder. It has been designed and constructed by Paques BV and is used for pretreatment of effluent, in order to reduce the loading of the activated sludge plant. Besides energy savings on the oxygen input, about 1 million m3/year of biogas is being generated and is used for steamproduction. Both plants are working satisfactorily. Investment costs appeared to be relatively low. At Ceres, pay-out time is 1.5 year, while at Papierfabriek Roermond waste water treatment is cheaper than before, although capacity is doubled.
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Li, Hong Jie, Qing Xue Huang, Chang Jiang Ju, Xiu Lian Gong, and Jian Mei Wang. "Research on Rolling Force Model Based on Distributed Cooperative Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 299 (February 2013): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.299.93.
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Three-stand mills continues produced of multi-layer composite steel plate, multiple L2 servers together computing to complete the tasks, serviced to many models in whole automated production process. In this paper, multi-embedded systems distributed and cooperative control program takes instead of multi L2 server mode, one L2 data collection and record server was remained. An example of rolling force model is used to discuss the control architecture, Sims simplified formula. The experiment and numerical results show that the control architecture is capable of reliable operation, and the accuracy of the target is no less than 94%.
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Radic, Dejan, Marko Obradovic, Miroslav Stanojevic, Aleksandar Jovovic, and Dragoslava Stojiljkovic. "A study on the grindability of Serbian coals." Thermal Science 15, no. 1 (2011): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1101267r.
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Thermal power plants in the Republic of Serbia are making considerable efforts and even more considerable investments, not only to maintain electricity production at maximum design levels, but even to additionally increase the power output of existing generating units. Capacities of mills used in pulverized coal preparation are identified as one of the main constraints to achieving maximum mill plant capacity, while coal grindability is seen as one of the factors that directly affect capacities of the coal mills utilized in thermal power plants. The paper presents results of experimental investigation conducted for the purpose of determining Hardgrove grindability index of coal. The investigation was conducted in accordance with ISO 5074 and included analysis of approximately 70 coal samples taken from the open pit mine of Kolubara coal basin. Research results obtained indicate that coal rich in mineral matter and thus, of lower heating value is characterized by higher grindability index. Therefore, analyses presented in the paper suggest that characteristics of solid fuels analyzed in the research investigation conducted are such that the use coals less rich in mineral matter i. e. coals characterized by lower grindability index will cause coal mills to operate at reduced capacity. This fact should be taken into account when considering a potential for electricity production increase.
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MAYR, MELANIE, RENE ECKHART, IVAN SUMERSKIY, et al. "Flippr° — an industrial research project in Austria." March 2015 14, no. 3 (2015): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.3.209.
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Flippr° (Future Lignin and Pulp Processing Research) is a cooperative research project on biorefinery issues, funded by three universities and four pulp and paper mills in Austria. Efforts focus on establishing know-how about structural chemistry of cellulose fibers and lignin for more efficient use of these two major raw materials streams. Several subprojects are related to product innovations for use of lignin, fibers, and fines inside and outside the pulp and paper sector. Research toward added-value use is based on existing industrial production processes to achieve rapid realization. In addition to technical developments, ecological and economical perspectives are addressed by respective subprojects. Preliminary results, such as the establishment of quicker fundamental lignin analysis, are the basis for further investigation on lignin use by the industry partners. The method for high throughput analysis is nearly finalized; it will allow screening of industrial lignin sources in a reasonable time. Research on fibers and fines shows that a differentiated view on technological properties opens up a wide variety of process improvements for papermaking.
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Jansson, Kaj, Seppo Järvinen, Raili Koponen, and Armi Temmes. "Control of Nutrient Discharges – Practical Experiences." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (1994): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0727.
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Metsä-Serla has studied the possibilities of controlling phosphorus and nitrogen discharges from its five activated sludge plants for several years in cooperation with various research programmes. Phosphorus in waste waters has been found to originate mainly from wood, nitrogen mainly from process chemicals. Efficient sludge separation is crucial for nutrient removal, but is usually not sufficient to meet the new stringent limits. The levels of soluble nutrients need to be lowered as well. With few exceptions control of nitrogen discharges is dependent on the daily adjustment of nitrogen dosage to the activated sludge plant This is also the case for phosphorus control at paper mills. Efficient control of phosphorus discharges at pulp mills, on the contrary, can only be achieved by measures within the pulp production process. Optimization of the nutrient dosages requires a rather large amount of analytical measurements of the purification process at the mill, which can be problematic especially for small production units. The nutrient control strategies for pulp and paper mills, as well as the problems of secondary wastes produced by the purification processes are discussed.
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Cançado, Paulo H. D., Taciany Ferreira, Eliane M. Piranda, and Cleber O. Soares. "Sugarcane stems as larval habitat for the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) in sugarcane plantations." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 6 (2013): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013000600009.
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Outbreaks of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, cause losses for livestock producers located near sugarcane mills in Brazil, especially in southern Mato Grosso do Sul. The sugarcane mills are often pointed by local farmers as the primary source of these outbreaks; some mills also joined the farmers in combating the flies. Brazilian beef cattle production has great economic importance in similar level to bio-fuel production as ethanol. In this context, the wide-ranging knowledge on the biology and ecology of the stable fly, including larval habitats and their reproduction sites is extremely important for further development of control programs. This paper aims to report the occurrence and development of S. calcitrans larvae inside sugarcane stems in three municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul. The sugarcane stems give protection against bad weather conditions and insecticide application. In this way, for sustainable sugarcane growth specific research concerning this situation should be conducted.
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Salaheldin, Salaheldin Ismail, Hesham Fawzy Abbas, and Mohamed Abdelghaffar Seif. "The Implementation of Continuous Improvement (CI) Methodology." International Journal of Online Marketing 5, no. 4 (2015): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijom.2015100101.
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This study aims to identify the expected benefits of continuous improvement (CI) implementation, to determine the critical success factors that contribute to CI implementation and to detect the expected problems that impede the implementation of CI programmes at Al-Sindian Paper Mills. The data analysed in this article was collected from a mail questionnaire sent to all staff who worked on a CI (Six Sigma) project at Al-Sindian Paper Mills. The findings of this study indicate that specialised training is necessary for master black and green belts, implementation of the CI requires a quality assurance and also CI approach is not only concerned with selecting a method and forming teams, but extends to covering the enhancement of improvement skills for operators. Finally avenues for future research were provided.
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Budiarti, Gita Indah, Dika Fajariyanto, and Okta Hendratno. "Quality Improvement of Recycled Paper with Extracted Xylan from Corncobs." Key Engineering Materials 849 (June 2020): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.849.67.
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Several Indonesian paper mills utilize used paper as feedstock as the price is much cheaper and abundant availability, but the strength of the paper product tends to decrease. Xylan which is extracted from corncobs is a potential additive for upgrading the quality by modifying the fibre surface. This research studies the effect of sodium hydroxide concentration for extraction to produce an acceptable strength of paper product. The extraction process is at temperature of 90°C for 2 hours in a stirred tank reactor and the xylan product is deposited with 10 N acetic acid at pH of 4.5 - 5.0. Using 16% of NaOH concentration, the extraction produces 21.82% yield of xylan. With addition of this xylan product at mass ratio between xylan and corncobs of 5% increases 30.1% of the tensile strength and 31.83% of the tire strength. The optimum concentration of the use of NaOH in xylan extraction was at 16% NaOH with the largest xylan yield obtained at 21.82%.
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Luo, Zong An, Guo Dong Wang, Xiang Hua Liu, Jian Ping Li, Li Jun Wang, and Fu An Hua. "Development and Application of Experimental Facilities for Steel Forming." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 1428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.1428.
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In order to meet the demand of steelmakers, series of experimental facilities such as thermo-mechanical simulator, pilot hot rolling mills, controlled cooling system, pilot cold rolling mills, simulator for continuous annealing of strips, and hot-dip galvanizing simulator have been developed and applied by the RAL. These instruments can be used to simulate different processing technologies of steel forming which include continuous casting, hot rolling, controlled cooling, cold rolling, annealing and surface treatment(such as coating), etc. They provide unique research means for the R&D activities of China’s iron and steel industries. The characteristics, experimental functions, performance parameters and application of these facilities are introduced in the paper.
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Bu, Yong Hui, Jie Liu, Kai Ning Zhou, and Ke Yu. "Application of Photocatalytic Oxidation Technology in the Treatment of Wasterwater from Papermaking Mills." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.296.
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Chinese paper companies wastewater emissions, has become an important source of pollution. This article describes the sources of the paper industry wastewater, the main pollutant, the status and shortcomings of conventional treatment technology research. The study progress and applications of photocatalytic oxidation reaction in the treatment of wastewater from pulp and papermaking process were reviewed. The potential advantages and the development trend of photocatlytic oxidation reaction in the fields of effluent treatment were discussed.
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Lancaster, Thomas. "Academic Discipline Integration by Contract Cheating Services and Essay Mills." Journal of Academic Ethics 18, no. 2 (2020): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10805-019-09357-x.
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AbstractContract cheating services are marketing to students at discipline level, using increasingly sophisticated techniques. The discipline level reach of these services has not been widely considered in the academic integrity literature. Much of the academic understanding of contract cheating is not discipline specific, but the necessary solutions to this problem may need to vary by discipline. This paper reviews current knowledge about contract cheating services at the discipline level, including summarising four studies that rank the relative volume of contract cheating within different academic disciplines. The reviewed studies show high volumes of contract cheating transactions in the disciplines of Business and Computing. Examples of discipline level contract cheating research and service advertising are provided. The main contribution of the paper is an analysis of the discipline level reach by contract cheating services as seen through an analysis of Google search results from the United Kingdom. This analysis of 19 discipline groups uses measures of organic search engine results, paid results and competition. Three discipline groups are shown as currently being heavily exploited by essay mills; these are: (1) Architecture, Building and Planning, (2) Computer Science and (3) Law. In addition, the discipline group of Creative Arts and Design is shown to be at risk of future exploitation. The paper recommends that academics are made aware about continual change in the contract cheating industry including the involved marketing taking place at discipline level. The paper concludes with a call to action for academia to develop discipline specific solutions to contract cheating.
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Camargo, Italo Leite de, Rogério Erbereli, João Fiore Parreira Lovo, and Carlos Alberto Fortulan. "Planetary Mill with Friction Wheels Transmission Aided by an Additional Degree of Freedom." Machines 7, no. 2 (2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines7020033.
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Processing in planetary ball mills is well suited to a large number of applications because they are easy to operate and versatile, grinding faster than other mills. Research related to planetary mills are mainly about the process evaluation, and there are few studies on the mechanical design of such equipment. This paper describes the decision process in the design of an innovative planetary mill in which design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA) principles were used to provide compact equipment made of simple and standardized parts. We developed a friction wheel mechanism with an additional degree of freedom that improves transmission and facilitates assembly, reducing the need for adjustment. It can be applied to different equipment that relies on planetary motion or rotating devices. A prototype was built, and its grinding performance surpasses that of other types of traditional mill. The mean particle size of alumina powder was reduced from 4.2 µm to 0.9 µm in 60 minutes.
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Wang, Jian Chen, and Xiao Lei Deng. "The Design of Rolling Mills’ Automatic Control System Based on PLC." Key Engineering Materials 546 (March 2013): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.546.25.
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The rolling mill is a kind of mechanical equipment which rolls steel ingot or billet continuously into steel. This paper selected 1150 blooming mill as research subject. In order to realize the automatic control of 1150 blooming mill, hydraulic screw-down devices and the automatic control system of hydraulic screw-down position are used, and Siemens PLC is chose as the control system's main control unit. Then industrial control technologies are used, such as DC digital controller, touch screen, photoelectric-interrupter type position sensor.
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Wu, Shi, D. K. Jia, X. L. Liu, Y. C. Jiang, and Y. F. Li. "Research of Cutter Geometric Parameter Effect on Machining Stability Area in High Speed Milling Process." Advanced Materials Research 188 (March 2011): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.188.150.
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In this paper, modal analysis of ball end mills is modeled by finite element to work out natural frequency and chatter model in tooling system and to calculate the limit curve of stability in single degree freedom system. The effect of cutter flute length and cutter tooth number on limit curve of stability in single degree freedom system is also discussed. The research results show that steady critical cutting depth of milling system declines while the cutter flute length increases, but the trend is not linear, which shows increase partly. An engineering optimization design is made on milling cutter geometrical parameters based on this conclusion.
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Mobarak Hossain, Mohammad, and Nasrin Sultana Nishu. "State-Owned Jute Mills in Bangladesh: Problems and Possible Way-Out." International Journal of Business and Management 16, no. 4 (2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v16n4p63.
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Historically, jute is known as the golden fibre of Bangladesh, a leading cash crop and major export item for Bangladesh. Unfortunately, the production and export of jute have been declining since the 1970s due to the various internal and external problems. The Bangladesh government has recently declared to shut down the production at all state-owned jute mills. This paper aims to determine the reasons behind the state-owned jute mills failure and feasible solutions to unravel the problems. An in-depth interview with 10 (ten) industry experts was conducted to collect primary data. Secondary information has been collected from different books, websites, articles and newspapers. The demand for various and versatile jute products has been increasing globally over the last two decades. Still, in Bangladesh, the jute sector's development is no longer satisfactory to retain its glorious position towards the world because of having some major problems such as mismanagement and corruption of BJMC, lack of modern machinery, lack of skilled workers, weak marketing and government policies etc. Most state-owned jute mills under BJMC are stuck in dishonesty and lavishness alongside ageing infrastructure. They have been incurring losses for years, turning profits in just four of the last 48 years. Reform and restructuring of BJMC, modernizing factory with the latest technology, providing enough training to employees, investment in research work, improvement in the production process, efficient marketing strategy and appropriate government policies might help the state-owned jute mills to regain its position in the national and international market. There are no reasons to shut down the production where reformation is adequate to make the state-owned jute mills profitable. At least, the time to shut down state-owned jute mills is not right due to the Coronavirus pandemic.
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Liu, Gui Rong, and Jun Liu. "Research on Service Modes of Steel Processing and Distribution Centers in China." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 3020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.3020.
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Steel processing and distribution centers in China have been constructed by iron and steel enterprises, by warehousing enterprises, by steel circulation enterprises, or by end users. These centers connect steel mills with end users, which’s logistics service level affects the competitive advantages of steel supply-chain. So their common characters, problems and development tendency are analyzed in this paper. Based on this analysis, three service modes with cases are proposed, such as integrated logistics service mode, comprehensive logistics service mode, integrated value chain logistics service mode. Which one mode has been adopted, these centers should take some measures to improve service level and reduce costs. Four measures are put forward for these centers, respectively mastering the dynamic market situation, designing market oriented service mechanism, optimizing the supply chain, re-engineering business process.
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Walker, Sherry L., Kathleen Hedley, and Edward Porter. "Pulp and Paper Environmental Effects Monitoring in Canada: An Overview." Water Quality Research Journal 37, no. 1 (2002): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2002.003.
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Abstract Environmental effects monitoring (EEM) is a requirement for pulp and paper mills in Canada discharging effluent directly into receiving environments under the Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations of the Fisheries Act. The objective of the EEM program is to assess effects on fish, fish habitat and the use of fisheries resources by humans, potentially affected by the deposit of mill effluent in aquatic receiving environments. The information provided by the monitoring program will contribute to assessing the adequacy of the regulations. Difficulties encountered in the first round of monitoring led to an extensive science review of key components and resulted in improvement to process, scientific defensibility of the monitoring data and site-specific flexibility of the EEM program. The second cycle of EEM was, overall, markedly more successful than Cycle 1. However, problems were still evident for fish surveys conducted in marine and estuarine environments. The adoption of improved alternative monitoring approaches (e.g., caged bivalves, mesocosms) should alleviate many of these problems. An overview of the EEM program, results to date, alternative monitoring approaches, and research priorities to fill data gaps are presented.
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Jammulamadaka, Nimruji. "Bombay textile mills: exploring CSR roots in colonial India." Journal of Management History 22, no. 4 (2016): 450–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-07-2016-0039.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the Bombay textile mills of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to provide an account of the roots of business–society relationship in India and contribute to postcolonial perspectives on corporate social responsibility (CSR). This search is premised on the understanding that India has embarked on industrialisation from a set of productive relations that differ from European feudalism. Design/methodology/approach The data for this study have been obtained from published works on Bombay Textile Mills such as Chandavarkar (1994, 2008), Morris (1965), Wolcott (2008) and Clark (1999) and some Annual Reports of Bombay Mill Owners Association. Further Kydd (1920) has been used for history of factory legislation in India. Findings Evidence suggests that practices in mills were informed by notions of custom and fairness, which resulted in flexible hours, socially acceptable wage outcomes and work sharing. Individual reputations built through use of discretion within networks of patronage spanned both workplace and neighbourhood, interlinking the social, ethical, political and economic lives of owners, jobbers and workers. Jobbers’ authority was earned in return for providing support to a production process, mirroring Birla’s (2009) “layered sovereignty” differing markedly from delegated managerial authority. Workers’ share in surplus value was important along with autonomy, both of which were negotiated through customary networks and protest. Research limitations/implications The paper suggests that a postcolonial approach to CSR implies an expansive notion of responsibility that goes beyond a Western focus on wages to encompass worker autonomy and countervailing power. Postcolonial accounts of CSR history can only be understood as emerging from a triadic interaction of imperial interest, subordinated native business and native societal relationships. This contrasts with conventional approaches that look at CSR’s emergence simply as a process internal to that society. Account of Indian CSR trajectory is in part a journey of native business from responsible practices to a messy tessellation of legal exploitation and illegal customary concerns. Practical implications The findings of this paper suggest that it is possible that customary practices of care and concern might still be surviving in Indian business even if only in the illegal and informal realm. Thus CSR programs in the Indian context might be useful to bring to centre stage these customary practices. Originality/value This study documents the evolution of business–society relations in a post-colonial context and shows how they are different from the Western trajectory.
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Diciuc, Vlad. "A Comparison between the Wear of the Ball Nose End Mill Generated in 4 Axes Milling and in 5 Axes Milling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 371 (August 2013): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.371.106.
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Ball nose end mills are being extensively used for 3-5 axes milling processes but research is still being conducted on the behavior of this type of tool and on the factors that influence its lifespan. The current paper presents the comparative study results of the tool wear, tool life and machined surface quality when 4 axes milling and 5 axes milling annealed C45 workpiece.
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Majid, Jamila. "IMPACT OF GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES ON EMPLOYEES’ PREFERENCES FOR ENGAGEMENT - ENABLERS AND DRIVERS AT FEROZE1888 MILLS LTD." IBT Journal of Business Studies 13, no. 1 (2017): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46745/ilma.jbs.2017.13.01.03.
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The aim of this study is to identify the impact of generational differences on employee preferences for engagement - enablers and drivers at feroze1888 mills ltd. To conduct this research, Employee Engagement Drivers have been identified through the research paper named as ‘The Drivers of Employee Engagement- a diagnostic model' which was presented by Institute of Employment Studies in 2003, while the Employee Engagement Enablers have been extracted from the research paper ‘Engaging for Success- Enhancing performance through employee engagement’ published in 2009 by MacLeod and Clarke. The identified variables in terms of Enablers and Drivers have then been evaluated with respect to preferences of three generations for them which includes Baby Boomers, Gen X and Gen Y. Stratified Random Sampling has been used for this research resulting in a total sample size of 208 respondents comprising of 3 strata groups based on the 3 generations. For data Integration and analysis, one-way ANOVA has been used to find out the results in categorical form for the purpose of creating a comparison between the three groups. Having some of its hypothesis rejected while majority getting excepted, the research has concluded that ‘yes there do exist some difference amongst the 3 generations in their preferences for the Enablers and Drivers’. This research can be useful for organizations who consider the Engagement of each of their employees equally important regardless of the age bracket to which they belong. This research can provide them an insight about which areas of Employee Engagement are to be kept in focus to engage their young, middle aged and senior employees.
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Wilson, James M. "Performance-based pay: alternative interpretations of the Portsmouth Block Mills’ savings." Journal of Management History 22, no. 3 (2016): 269–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-04-2016-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse a historic performance-based pay system used in 1803-1810 to reward Marc Isambard Brunel for his innovative engineering designs used in the Portsmouth Block Mills. This was used to ensure that Brunel would continue his work on the project once the design was complete to resolve any problems and make any desirable improvements to the machines and the system as a whole. Design/methodology/approach This research analyses archived correspondence between the project’s initiators: the Navy Board and Samuel Bentham along with the Admiralty as well as Marc Brunel. Basic financial analyses are applied to the historic cost and investment data. Findings The scheme was well designed and successfully kept Brunel involved in the implementation and operational phases of the project. However, there were numerous problems that delayed the project’s completion, thereby creating additional work for Brunel and also delaying and reducing his payments. Brunel was alienated by these developments. Research limitations/implications This research has exploited the archived data as fully as possible, and although there are no known deficiencies in the records, it would be desirable to have more complete and detailed information on the investment in, and operations of, the factory. Practical implications Reward systems should be designed and implemented so that events outside management’s and worker’s control should not disadvantage either group. Originality/value Detailed information about the operations and financial performance of an early factory are analysed in depth. These reveal how management and an innovative engineer interacted regularly over several years with numerous insights on their day-to-day relations.
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Wiciak-Pikuła, Martyna, Paweł Twardowski, Agata Felusiak, and Szymon Orłowski. "Tool wear evaluation based on vibration analysis during milling of MMC using diamond coated end mills." Mechanik 93, no. 1 (2020): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2020.1.2.
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The aim of the research was to analyze the wear of the end mills based on the measurement of mechanical vibration accelerations. The VBB index was used as the tool wear criterion, which was measured until a specific maximum wear was obtained. The paper compares the tool wear values at different cutting speeds and determines the possibility of predicting the state of the tool wear based on the measurements of mechanical vibration accelerations.
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Videla, S., and C. Diez. "Experiences of wastewater treatment in Chilean forest industry." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (1997): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0523.
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The present situation of water treatment facilities in the forest industry of Chile is briefly described. Some data of the Chilean pulp mill production and the present level of water pollution are shown. This paper is the result of five years of applied research conducted to study and evaluate liquid effluent treatment from pulp, paper and board mills. We describe laboratory results corresponding to three industrial mills that we have studied. The first case presented in this paper corresponds to a bleached Kraft pulp mill with a fiber line consisting in a MCC digester, a delignification unit and four steps in bleaching. In this mill the effluents are treated in an extended lagoon and the suspended solids are settled in a primary treatment. Lab scale lagoons were installed to developed start up strategies and to determine optimal operational efficiencies. The second case that we present is a paper mill, with primary treatment in an air flotation unit used for separating suspended solids. A technical economical analysis was necessary to burn solid sludge in order to improve energy balance. Finally, the third case we have studied corresponds to a hardboard mill effluent. In this case, high COD, mainly as colloidal solids, characterize this effluent. Laboratory experiences were made using a system of two sequential aerated lagoons.
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Sheetal and Rajiv Kumar. "Rethinking on growth mechanism of Indian sugar industry." Journal of Asia Business Studies 13, no. 3 (2019): 412–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-12-2016-0182.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to revisit the growth mechanism of Indian sugar industry by deploying quantitative and qualitative metaphors. Design/methodology/approach The research paper has been composed through comprehensive primary research survey using a structured questionnaire, and qualitative discussion following semi- structured interviews with industry professionals on emerging issues across the whole value chain of sugar industry. Respondents regarding primary survey were selected using the purposive sampling, and this collected quantitative information has been verified on the lenses of multiple stream modelling (MSM). Findings To support the data analysis, MSM – a policy-making framework has been developed which found that government being a central construct exerts a profound presence across whole value chain; in suppliers’ mechanism, marketing of sugar and sugar mills’ infrastructural expansions. Nationwide uniformity in sugar policy instead of states’ monopolistic policies, rational and mutual benefits-based decisions collectively by the government, mills management and sugarcane growers, and diversification in production processes are enumerated as the proposed solutions against the chronical industry problems. Practical implications This study enriches extant Asian sugar industry literature. For policymakers, the proposed results should be of help in identifying specific policies to support the competitiveness of local systems and individual manufacturing companies in the Indian sugar industry suggesting that the development of growth mechanisms can contribute simultaneously to improve the financial, market and operational performance of both individual firms and supply chains. Originality/value Cyclicality in production, rising sugarcane farmers’ problems and resulting severe financial distress of mills are some of the topical issues of Indian sugar industry, and the study has explored these issues factually, quantitatively and qualitatively in proximity of industry professionals and described in this depository with the help of document analysis.
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Oliveira, C. R., C. M. Silva, and A. F. Milanez. "Application of ultrafiltration in the pulp and paper industry: metals removal and whitewater reuse." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (2007): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.219.
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In the pulp and paper industry, the water use minimization is a constant target. One way to reduce water use is to recycle the effluent in a closed-cycle concept. In paper mills, the main source of liquid effluent is the so-called whitewater, which is the excess water, originated from pulp stock dewatering and other fibre contaminated water. This research studied the reuse of paper mill whitewater after membrane ultrafiltration (UF) in the paper machine and in the pulp bleach plant of an integrated mill. Contaminant removal and flux behaviour of the UF system were evaluated. The treatment by ultrafiltration was technically feasible and the treated whitewater had good potential to be reused in some processes in the paper machine. The reuse of ultrafiltered whitewater in the bleaching plant was not recommended because of the high level of soluble calcium present in this stream. Therefore, a combined treatment of the whitewater using the principle of precipitation and ultrafiltration was proposed showing good results and enabling the use of the treated whitewater in the bleach plant.
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Ravai-Nagy, Sandor, Ioan Paşca, Mircea Lobontiu, and Mihai Banica. "Experimental Research of Effective Cutting Speed Influence on Surface Roughness in Ball End Milling of C45 Material with Hardness 54 HRC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.27.
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In the context of the increasingly frequent use of curved surfaces in the design of products surrounding us, ball end mills are at present the only usable tools in the cutting of complex surfaces, either concave or convex. This aspect, once correlated with the need to reduce the surface roughness, which means an increase in the cost of processing, directs our research to those on the milling with ball end mill. In this way we can identify the optimum cutting data in terms of costs to ensure the prescribed surface roughness. The paper is based on a set of experiments on the correlation of roughness with the parameters of the cutting process, for the C45 material treated with heat at 54HRC. The paper presents a part of a complex industrial research in this area and is complementary to the published works [1, 2]