Academic literature on the topic 'Paper preferences'
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Journal articles on the topic "Paper preferences"
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Guan, Zhengfei, and Feng Wu. "Modeling heterogeneous risk preferences." Agricultural Finance Review 77, no. 2 (2017): 324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-03-2015-0016.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a general framework for modeling heterogeneous risk preferences of agricultural producers and identifying the underlying factors that affect risk preferences. Design/methodology/approach This paper nests the risk preference function in a general production decision framework to test and model producers’ risk preferences. The framework allows for both production and price risk, and accommodates potential inefficient behavior. Panel data and the GMM method are used in the empirical estimation. Findings The results in this study confirmed the hypothesis of heterogeneous risk preferences. Farmers are found to have decreasing absolute risk aversion. Both farmer characteristics and socioeconomic factors have significant impact on producers’ risk preferences. The results suggest that ignoring heterogeneity in risk preferences across individuals and how non-wealth variables could affect farmers’ risk preferences could result in biased economic behavior analysis. Originality/value It is generally assumed in the literature that risk preferences are homogeneous among farmers at given wealth. This is a strong assumption and there are abundant evidences that suggest otherwise. This paper makes contributions to the literature by proposing an approach to modeling heterogeneous risk preferences and identifying the factors that affect preferences.
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Fitzsimmons, Zack, and Martin Lackner. "Incomplete Preferences in Single-Peaked Electorates." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 67 (April 13, 2020): 797–833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11577.
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Incomplete preferences are likely to arise in real-world preference aggregation scenarios. This paper deals with determining whether an incomplete preference profile is single-peaked. This is valuable information since many intractable voting problems become tractable given singlepeaked preferences. We prove that the problem of recognizing single-peakedness is NP-complete for incomplete profiles consisting of partial orders. Despite this intractability result, we find several polynomial-time algorithms for reasonably restricted settings. In particular, we give polynomial-time recognition algorithms for weak orders, which can be viewed as preferences with indifference.
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de Boer, Jelle. "A STRAWSON–LEWIS DEFENCE OF SOCIAL PREFERENCES." Economics and Philosophy 28, no. 3 (2012): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267112000259.
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This paper examines a special kind of social preference, namely a preference to do one's part in a mixed-motive setting because the other party expects one to do so. I understand this expectation-based preference as a basic reactive attitude (Strawson 1974). Given this, and the fact that expectations in these circumstances are likely to be based on other people's preferences, I argue that in cooperation a special kind of equilibrium ensues, which I call a loop, with people's preferences and expectations mutually cross-referring. As with a Lewis-norm, the loop can get started in a variety of ways. It is self-sustaining in the sense that people with social preferences have sufficient reason not to deviate.
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Delsing, Marc J. M. H., Tom F. M. ter Bogt, Rutger C. M. E. Engels, and Wim H. J. Meeus. "Adolescents' music preferences and personality characteristics." European Journal of Personality 22, no. 2 (2008): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.665.
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The present paper examined the structure of Dutch adolescents' music preferences, the stability of music preferences and the relations between Big‐Five personality characteristics and (changes in) music preferences. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of music‐preference data from 2334 adolescents aged 12–19 revealed four clearly interpretable music‐preference dimensions: Rock, Elite, Urban and Pop/Dance. One thousand and forty‐four randomly selected adolescents from the original sample filled out questionnaires on music preferences and personality at three follow‐up measurements. In addition to being relatively stable over 1, 2 and 3‐year intervals, music preferences were found to be consistently related to personality characteristics, generally confirming prior research in the United States. Personality characteristics were also found to predict changes in music preferences over a 3‐year interval. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Martins, Paulo, Paula Rodrigues, Carlos Martins, et al. "Preference between Individual Products and Bundles: Effects of Complementary, Price, and Discount Level in Portugal." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 5 (2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14050192.
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This paper aims to (1) compare consumers’ preferences between individual products and bundles as well as (2) investigate some of the factors involved in bundle characteristics that may affect consumer’s preferences. Those factors are complementarity, price level, and discount level. An online survey developed by means of questionnaires were collected from the Portuguese population. Student’s t-tests were used to test the hypothesis formulated and to analyze the consumers’ preferences. The findings corroborate that in a scenario where the bundle does not offer any discounts, preference of individual products is higher. When a 20% discount is assigned to bundles, the overall preference for individual products is still superior. By offering a discount level of 45%, the overall preference for bundles becomes higher. The positive effect of complementarity bundles valuation is confirmed. This is the first approach to evaluate the preferences between bundles and individual products in the Portuguese market. The findings contribute to clarify the customer map within a Business Model Canvas. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the bundle complementarity and discount level effects simultaneously.
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Blasco, Xavier, Gilberto Reynoso-Meza, Enrique A. Sánchez-Pérez, Juan Vicente Sánchez-Pérez, and Natalia Jonard-Pérez. "A Simple Proposal for Including Designer Preferences in Multi-Objective Optimization Problems." Mathematics 9, no. 9 (2021): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9090991.
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Including designer preferences in every phase of the resolution of a multi-objective optimization problem is a fundamental issue to achieve a good quality in the final solution. To consider preferences, the proposal of this paper is based on the definition of what we call a preference basis that shows the preferred optimization directions in the objective space. Associated to this preference basis a new basis in the objective space—dominance basis—is computed. With this new basis the meaning of dominance is reinterpreted to include the designer’s preferences. In this paper, we show the effect of changing the geometric properties of the underlying structure of the Euclidean objective space by including preferences. This way of incorporating preferences is very simple and can be used in two ways: by redefining the optimization problem and/or in the decision-making phase. The approach can be used with any multi-objective optimization algorithm. An advantage of including preferences in the optimization process is that the solutions obtained are focused on the region of interest to the designer and the number of solutions is reduced, which facilitates the interpretation and analysis of the results. The article shows an example of the use of the preference basis and its associated dominance basis in the reformulation of the optimization problem, as well as in the decision-making phase.
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Ahmad, Jaleel. "Diversion et création d’échanges commerciaux dans le cadre du système canadien de préférences tarifaires." Articles 55, no. 1 (2009): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800814ar.
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This paper explores in quantitative terms the potential effects on trade flows as a result of Canadian tariff preferences in favor of the developing countries instituted in 1974. The paper develops a model of trade creation and trade diversion due to preferences based on imperfect substitution, within each product category, between preference-granting, preference-receiving and non-preferred countries. This model depart from the usual assumption of the customs union theory that countries trade in perfect substitutes. The model is then applied to the 1978 trade date under BTN chapters 25 - 99 on a 4-digit classification. One major conclusion of the paper is that the assumption of perfect substitution tends to overstate the magnitude of trade creation and trade diversion, while the method based on less than perfect substitutability seems to offer more realistic estimates of the actual impact of trade preferences.
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Ross, J., E. Holzbaur, M. Wade, and T. Rothrock. "Patient Preferences: Pro Mixed Modes – Epro Versus Paper." Value in Health 17, no. 7 (2014): A515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1592.
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Nielsen, Kirby. "Dynamic risk preferences under realized and paper outcomes." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 161 (May 2019): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.03.016.
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Hayo, Bernd, and Florian Neumeier. "Public Preferences for Government Spending Priorities: Survey Evidence from Germany." German Economic Review 20, no. 4 (2019): e1-e37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12149.
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Abstract Employing data from a representative survey conducted in Germany, this paper examines public preferences for the size and composition of government expenditure. We focus on public attitudes towards taxes, public debt incurrence and public spending in six different policy areas. Our findings suggest, first, that individual preferences for the use of additional tax money can be categorised as either capital-oriented expenditure or public debt reduction. Second, we find that fiscal preferences differ along various dimensions. Specifically, personal economic well-being, economic literacy, confidence in politicians, political ideology and time preference are significantly related to individual attitudes towards public spending, taxes and debt. The magnitude of the effects is particularly large for time preference, economic knowledge and party preference. Third, public preferences for public spending priorities are only marginally affected when considering a public budget constraint.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Paper preferences"
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Brits, Corné. "The influence of designer paper shopping bags on consumer interest and their shopping experience." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/178.
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Thesis (M. Tech. (Graphic Design)) -- Central University of Technology, free State, 2010<br>Good package design entails employing appropriate yet attractive graphic attributes such as colour, typography and images with which the consumer can engage. Even the name of a colour plays a considerable part in the success of a new product or brand. Consumers use graphic attributes to associate different products with different income groups, to infer the weight of products and even use it as an indicator of the perceived change in temperature resulting from the use of certain products. Consumers develop colour preferences based on associations they have formed through experience which are influenced by factors such as age, gender, culture and demographics. Colour may also affect consumers’ respond to a product and may even have an effect on their emotional state. In order for consumers to involve themselves with store brands more readily, packaging has to be updated constantly to keep packaging fresh and exciting. A shopping bag, transformed with graphic attributes into a designer shopping bag, can, just as good packaging often does, contribute to the art and science of selling a product or promoting a brand. Consumers prefer designer paper shopping bags with attractive appearances and showed a willingness to even pay for the paper bags. This study determined if consumers will actually purchase a designer paper shopping bag as opposed to just indicate a willingness to do so. Semistructured interviews with 100 subjects provived insight into consumers’ perception of the designer paper shopping bag sold at a store selling higher priced items. Designer paper shopping bags were offered to consumers for sale. Two retail stores in Bloemfontein, South Africa, participated in the study. Consumers could choose whether to buy a designer paper shopping bag or to make use of the plastic bags provided by each of the stores. Consumers prefered to rather purchase a designer paper shopping bag sold at a well-known store, selling branded, higher priced items than purchase one from a store that sells lower priced items of which the brand names are unknown to them. Consumers are more likely to pay for a designer paper shopping bag when the amount spent by them in store is relatively high. It is recommended to introduce new packaging items via marketing strategies such as “buy one get one free” and to not test a new packaging item during a recession as consumers then tend to spend less than usual. Interviewees agree that the colour scheme of the designer paper shopping bag used in the study associate well with the clothes and accessories sold in the store. Subjects suggested a few general ideas, but agree that the illustrations used on the paper shopping bag are appropriate. The majority of the interviewees state that they can read all the typography easily and that they will feel confident when carrying the designer paper shopping bag.
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Coskun, Sirin. "A multiple case study investigating the effects of technology on students' visual and nonvisual thinking preferences comparing paper-pencil and dynamic software based strategies of algebra word problems." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4874.
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In this multiple-case study, I developed cases describing three students' (Mary, Ryan and David) solution methods for algebra word problems and investigated the effect of technology on their solution methods by making inferences about their preferences for visual or nonvisual solutions. Furthermore, I examined the students' solution methods when presented with virtual physical representations of the situations described in the problems and attempted to explain the effect of those representations on students' thinking preferences. In this study, the use of technology referred to the use of the dynamic software program Geogebra. Suwarsono's (1982) Mathematical Processing Instrument (MPI) was administered to determine their preferences for visual and nonvisual thinking. During the interviews, students were presented with paper-and-pencil-based tasks (PBTs), Geogebra-based tasks (GBTs) and Geogebra-based tasks with virtual physical representations (GBT-VPRs). Each category included 10 algebra word problems, with similar problems across categories. (i.e., PBT 9, GBT 9 and GBT-VPR 9 were similar). By investigating students' methods of solution and their use of representations in solving those tasks, I compared and contrasted their preferences for visual and nonvisual methods when solving problems with and without technology. The comparison between their solutions of PBTs and GBTs revealed how dynamic software influenced their method of solution. Regardless of students' preferences for visual and nonvisual solutions, with the use of dynamic software students employed more visual methods when presented with GBTs. When visual methods were as accessible and easy to use as nonvisual methods, students preferred to use them, thus demonstrating that they possessed a more complete knowledge of problem-solving with dynamic software than their work on the PBTs.; Nowadays, we can construct virtual physical representations of the problems in technology environments that will help students explore the relationships and look for patterns that can be used to solve the problem. Unlike GBTs, GBT-VPRs did not influence students' preferences for visual or nonvisual methods. Students continued to rely on methods that they preferred since their preferences for visual or nonvisual solutions regarding GBT-PRs were similar to their solution preferences for the problems on MPI that was administered to them to determine their preferences for visual or nonvisual methods. Mary, whose MPI score suggested that she preferred to solve mathematics problems using nonvisual methods, solved GBT-VPRs with nonvisual methods. Ryan, whose MPI score suggested that he preferred to solve mathematics problems using visual methods, solved GBT-VPRs with visual methods. David, whose MPI score suggested that he preferred to solve mathematics problems using both visual and nonvisual methods, solved GBT-VPRs with both visual and nonvisual methods.<br>ID: 030422900; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 293-303).<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Education
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Oliveira, Adriana Sicuto de. "Uso do espaço por animais confinados: o papel modulatório do enriquecimento ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-21052013-144138/.
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A garantia de bem-estar animal é essencial para assegurar resultados científicos confiáveis, e as técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental, utilizadas nessa busca, não podem ignorar as preferências e necessidades da espécie em questão, tais como o modo de utilização do espaço disponível. Nosso objetivo foi analisar como 35 gatos domésticos (12 machos e 23 fêmeas) utilizam seu espaço e as influências do enriquecimento ambiental nessa questão, visto que tal grupo contempla características de animais de companhia e também de biotério, sendo modelo em diversas pesquisas científicas. A utilização do espaço vertical foi quantificada a partir de filmagens das camas continuamente disponíveis em 4 níveis (0,60; 0,88; 1,16 e 1,46 m) e de refúgios (enriquecimento) em 3 diferentes alturas: 0, 0,5 e 1,0 m. Os resultados indicaram predileção pelas camas mais elevadas (1,46 m); entretanto, houve diferença significativa no tempo de utilização apenas para os refúgios a 0,5m, reforçando a importância de testar e confrontar as preferências dos animais em diferentes circunstâncias. Quanto ao uso do espaço horizontal, a disponibilização de refúgios alterou a distribuição dos animais na área de teste e aumentou comportamentos ativos e passivos. Testamos a escolha entre refúgios descobertos (100%) e com 50% de cobertura e também entre refúgios com aberturas laterais de 25% e 100%. Preferências não identificadas no primeiro teste (100% e 50% descobertas) tornaram-se aparentes quando as aberturas estavam nas laterais: os refúgios com 25% de abertura lateral foram utilizados por mais tempo. Tais resultados podem estar relacionados a ansiedade dos animais confinados, podendo esse teste ser uma potencial alternativa ao labirinto em cruz elevado para estudos de ansiedade com felinos. As diferenças observadas entre machos e fêmeas podem apontar influência diferenciada entre gêneros do confinamento no comportamento de animais castrados. Nossas conclusões ressaltam a necessidade do enriquecimento ambiental bem fundamentado na manutenção do bem-estar animal e sua interferência no uso do espaço.<br>The guarantee of animal welfare is essential to ensure reliable scientific results, and the techniques of environmental enrichment, used in this quest, shall not ignore the needs and preferences of the species in question, such as how to use the available space. Our objective was to analyze how 35 cats (12 males and 23 females), use their space and the influences of environmental enrichment on this issue, since this group includes characteristics of pets and also of laboratory animals, being a model in several scientific studies. The use of vertical space was quantified through the filming of the continuously available beds in four levels (0.60, 0.88, 1.16 and 1.46 m) and the refuges (enrichment) in three different heights: 0, 0.5 and 1.0 m. Our results show that there is a preference for the higher beds (1.46 m); however, significant differences in time use was observed only for refuges in 0.5 m, reinforcing the importance of testing and comparing the preferences of animals in different circumstances. Regarding the use of horizontal space, the availability of refuges changed the distribution of animals in the test area and increased active and passive behaviors. We tested the choice between uncovered shelters (100%) and ones with 50% coverage and also shelters with lateral openings between 25% and 100%. Preferences which were not identified in the first test (100% and 50% uncovered) became apparent when the openings were on the sides: refuges with 25% side opening were used for a longer period. This finding may be related to the anxiety of confined animals, and this test may be a potential alternative to the elevated plus maze for studies of anxiety in cats. The differences observed between males and females may indicate the influence between genders of confinement on the behavior of castrated animals. Our findings highlight the need for well founded environmental enrichment in the maintenance of animal welfare and its interference with the use of space.
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Dupoux, Marion. "Structure of preferences, decision-making and the environment : theoretical and experimental approaches." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100012/document.
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Cette thèse vise analyser les déterminants (objectifs et subjectifs) à l’origine de l'hétérogénéité des évaluations de projets. Dans un premier temps, j'analyserai comment les quantités (objectives) sont incorporées dans l'analyse coût-bénéfice. Le premier chapitre principal traite de la manière dont l'analyse coût-bénéfice est affectée par la distribution temporelle des impacts considérée. À travers l'exemple du changement d'affectation des terres provenant de la production de biocarburants, il ressort que les décisions concernant les projets ayant des impacts environnementaux non constants dans le temps s'appuient sur des valeurs actuelles nettes biaisées, ce qui peut entraîner la mise en œuvre de projets en réalité non souhaitables ou la non-implémentation de projets réellement souhaitables. Ce travail est à la fois théorique et numérique.Ensuite, j'étudie le rôle de la structure des préférences sur la prise de décision individuelle dans un cadre individuel puis un cadre collectif. Au niveau individuel, nous développons un modèle théorique qui permet soit de la substituabilité, soit de la complémentarité entre les biens en fonction du contexte (revenu et qualité de l'environnement). Il en résulte que l'élasticité-revenu du consentement à payer marginal peut être négative dans un contexte de substituabilité inter-biens, ce qui contraste avec les modèles habituels qui ne permettent que des élasticités positives du revenu (le bien environnemental ne peut jamais être inférieur mais est toujours normal). Notre cadre théorique affecte également la façon dont la consommation et la qualité de l'environnement sont actualisées, ce qui est d'autant plus pertinent dans un contexte de chocs sur les revenus. Au niveau collectif, j’utilise une approche expérimentale pour analyser l'effet de l'interaction entre les individus ayant des structures de préférences différentes sur les contributions au bien public. Il en résulte que la substituabilité parfaite est associée à un plus grand nombre de passagers clandestins que la complémentarité. Cependant, une aversion à l'inégalité avantageuse émerge également des individus dont les préférences sont à l'origine d'une parfaite substituabilité vis-à-vis de ceux dont les préférences sont fondées sur la complémentarité<br>This thesis aims at providing insights on the (objective and subjective) determinants of the heterogeneity of project evaluations. At first, I analyze how (objective) quantities are incorporated in the cost-benefit analysis. The first main chapter deals with the way cost-benefit analysis is affected by the time distribution of impacts considered. Through the example of land use change from biofuel production, I find that decisions regarding projects with non-constant environmental impacts rely on distorted net present values, which may result in the implementation of actually non-desirable projects or the non-implementation of actually desirable projects. This work is both theoretical and numerical.Second, I investigate the role of the structure of preferences, i.e. whether private goods and environmental goods are substitutable or complementary in providing utility, on individual decision-making in an individual framework and a collective framework. At the individual level (second main chapter), we develop a theoretical model which allows either for substitutability or complementarity depending on the context (income and environmental quality). It results that the income elasticity of willingness to pay can be negative in contexts of between-goods substitutability, which contrasts with usual frameworks which only allow for positive income elasticities (thus the environmental good can never be inferior but is always normal). Our framework also affects the way consumption and environmental quality are discounted, which is all the more relevant in the context of income shocks. At the collective level (third main chapter), we use an experimental approach to analyze the effect of the interaction between individuals with different structures of preferences on contributions to the public good. It results that perfect substitutability is associated with more free-riding than complementarity. However, an aversion to advantageous inequality also emerges from individuals whose preferences underlie perfect substitutability towards those whose preferences are based on complementarity
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Ribeiro, Taisa Andrade de Souza Silva [UNESP]. "Papel e tela: um estudo sobre preferências das crianças, literatura infantil e narrativas televisivas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143942.
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Previous issue date: 2016-08-02<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Considerando a linha de pesquisa “Processos formativos, Ensino e Aprendizagem”, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da FCT/UNESP, campus de Presidente Prudente/SP, e partindo de investigações realizadas no CELLIJ (Centro de Estudos em Leitura e Literatura Infantil e Juvenil “Maria Betty Coelho Silva”) e atividades desenvolvidas junto ao projeto “Hora do Conto” sobre formação leitora, tem sido possível perceber que, diante dos avanços constatados na contemporaneidade, especificamente no cenário literário, as narrativas, os modos de ler e, consequentemente, os leitores passaram por grandes mudanças. O texto impresso em papel no formato de livro não é mais a única fonte de leitura. Com o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias de comunicação e informação, a televisão se apresenta como um dos meios de comunicação social que veicula narrativas infantis. Nesse cenário se encontra o atual leitor em processo de formação, dividido entre o livro infantil e a televisão, que se relacionam com seu modo de ser, pensar, agir, estar no mundo e vivenciar aspectos da sua vida cotidiana. Em face do exposto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender como ocorre a formação do gosto/interesse leitor do aluno de 2º ao 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola de rede pública do município de Presidente Prudente-São Paulo, no que concerne às narrativas que lhes são postas desde a infância, diante do livro literário como suporte impresso de leitura e da televisão como suporte digital. A pesquisa, de cunho quanti-qualitativo, relacionou as escolhas das narrativas quanto à diversidade de gênero e grupo etário e analisou a qualidade desse material em relação ao conteúdo. Como resultados, foi traçado um perfil do leitor que emana a partir desses textos e identificadas possíveis interferências na constituição do sujeito criança em formação.<br>This study is linked to the research line “Formative processes, Teaching and Learning” from the Graduate Program in Education from the Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT – UNESP, in Presidente Prudente/SP, and it started from researches accomplished at CELLIJ (Centro de Estudos em Leitura e Literatura Infantil e Juvenil “Maria Betty Coelho Silva”) and activities developed with the project “Tale Time” about formation of readers, it has been possible to perceive that toward the ascertained advances in contemporaneity, specifically in the literary scene, the narratives, the ways to read and respectively the readers went through great changes. The text printed in paper in book format is not the only reading source anymore. With new communication and information technologies’ development, the television presents itself like a mean of social communication that conveys children’s narratives. In this scene, the current reader in process of formation is divided between the children’s book and the television, that are related to his/her way of being, thinking, acting, being in the world and experiencing aspects of his/her daily life. Based on the above, this research aimed to understand how the reader’s formation of taste/interest occurs in students from second to fifth grade of elementary school of a municipally-run public school in Presidente Prudente – São Paulo, in relation to the narratives that are made available to them since childhood, toward the literary book as printed support and the television as digital support. The research, with qualitative and quantitative nature, related the choices of narratives about the gender diversity and age group and analyzed the quality of this material in relation to the content. As results we profiled the reader that emanates from these texts and we identified possible interferences in the child’s constitution as a person in formation.
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Margier, Jennifer. "Eliciting healthcare users' preferences for home care versus hospital care in cancer : development of a decision aid integrating a contingent valuation survey." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1314.
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En France le traitement du cancer est principalement dominé par les plateaux techniques hospitaliers, mais ceux-ci sont saturés et jugés trop coûteux. Pour ces raisons, les décideurs publics souhaitent développer des structures alternatives : l’hospitalisation à domicile ou les structures de proximités (SP) comme les maisons de santé pluridisciplinaires. Objectif :-Etudier l’adéquation entre les politiques publiques de santé et les préférences des patients et de la population générale.-Tester l’acceptabilité et la validité de la méthode de l’évaluation contingente (EV) (enquête de Disposition A Payer : DAP) comme moyen d’obtenir les préférences en population générale afin de guider la décision publique.Méthode : Nous avons développé un outil d’information et d’aide à la décision informatisé qui contenait 1. L’information sur les trois options de prise en charge : hôpital, domicile, SP 2. Une enquête de mesure des préférences 3. Des questionnaires socio-démographiques et de recueil de l’expérience de soins 4. Pour la population générale uniquement : une EV.Résultats :L’enquête auprès des patients a été réalisée dans 3 établissements (n=386), celle en population générale a été conduite sur un échantillon représentatif de la Région Rhône-Alpes (n=1001). L’hôpital était l’option préférée pour les deux populations 71% des patients contre 42,6% pour la population générale, suivi du domicile avec 24% pour les patients et 38,8% pour la population générale. L’acceptabilité et la validité de l’EC en population générale semble être confirmée par le faible nombre de protestataires et d’outliers ainsi que par la corrélation entre les DAP, le revenu et les préférences<br>In France, cancer treatments are mainly provided in hospitals but they are expensive, crowded and mainly located around big cities. For these reasons, French public health decision makers wish to develop alternative strategies such as home care and proximity structures (typically GPs, nurses and physiotherapists working together in the same medical office). ObjectivesTo study the adequacy between French health policy and patients’ & general population’s preferences. To test the acceptability and validity of the contingent valuation (CV) method as a mean of obtaining values in the general population to guide public decision makers. Methods: We developed a computerized decision aid composed of: 1. Information on the disease management options: hospital, home care and proximity structures; 2. A survey to measure preferences. 3. A socio demographic and an experience of care questionnaire. 4. For the general population only, a CV survey (willingness to pay: WTP) using a payment card was developed Results: The patients survey has been realized in three hospitals(n=386), whereas the general population survey has been conducted in a representative sample of the Rhône-Alps region (n=1001). Both populations preferred hospital, but the proportions are very different. Indeed, hospital is the preferred option for 71% of patients and only for 42,6% of the general population. Moreover, as compared to patients, the general population more often prefer PS, respectively 18,6% and 5 %. The acceptability and validity of the CV method in the general population seemed to be confirmed by the few rates of protesters and outliers, the correlation between preferences, income and WTP
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Kalisa, Thierry. "Economic valuation of ecosystems and natural resources." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO22004.
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Cette thèse a pour but d'étudier les méthodes d'évaluation des ressources environnementales : la méthode des Coûts de Transport (CT) à préférences révélées et la méthode d'évaluation contingente (EC) à préférences déclarées afin de proposer les contributions suivantes. Dans le chapitre 1, nous montrons qu'il est possible si les données sur les deux méthodes sont disponibles pour les mêmes observations, d'obtenir une meilleure mesure de la disposition à payer (DAP) par la combinaison des deux méthodes en utilisant la technique du maximum de vraisemblance simulé. Dans le chapitre 2, nous montrons qu'une nouvelle approche: le "special regressor" pourrait être une solution pour traiter les problèmes d'endogénéité en EC. En utilisant des données sur la DAP pour réduire les risques subjectifs de mortalité due à la présence d' Arsenic dans l'eau potable , nous montrons que le problème d'endogénéité du niveau subjectif de risque de mortalité peut être réglé efficacement. Enfin dans le chapitre 3, en utilisant une nouvelle enquête sur l'électrification rurale au Rwanda, nous proposons un nouveau design de la méthode d'EC en permettant aux personnes interrogées de choisir entre une contribution en temps ou en argent. Ainsi, en plus de mesurer une DAP classique, nous obtenons aussi une disposition à contribuer du temps mesurée en jours, qui est une mesure aussi voire même plus pertinente que la DAP dans le contexte d'un pays en développement<br>This dissertation aims at investigating the methods of the environmental resources valuation: revealed preferences Travel Cost (TC) method and stated preferences Contingent Valuation (CV) method in order to propose the following contributions. In chapter 1, we show that it is possible if both CV and TC data are available for the same observations, to obtain a better measure of willingness to pay (WTP) by combining the two methods using Simulated maximum Likelihood technique. In chapter 2, we show that the new special regressor approach could be a solution to treat endogeneity issues in CV. Using data on WTP for reducing subjective mortality risks due to arsenic in drinking water, we show that the endogeneity of the subjective mortality risk level can be treated effectively. Finally in chapter 3, using a new survey about rural electrification in Rwanda, we propose a new design for the CV method by allowing people to choose between a contribution in time or in money. Thus, in addition to measure a conventional WTP, we also obtain a willingness to contribute time measure which is as or even more relevant than WTP in the context of a developing country
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Belharet, Mahdi. "L'estimation de la valeur statistique de la vie humaine dans le domaine de la santé : quel fondement normatif pour une estimation monétaire au sein de l'économie du bien-être ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0098.
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La Valeur statistique de la vie humaine (VSVH) est un outil d’analyse économique, qui est définie comme la valeur qu’une personne est prête à payer (CAP) pour réduire le risque de mortalité ou de morbidité. L’intérêt d’un tel outil est d’estimer monétairement le bénéfice social d’un projet d’investissement destiné à réduire le risque, mais aussi d’établir un arbitrage entre plusieurs alternatives. Répondre à l’aléa moral dans un contexte de rareté des ressources est parfaitement adéquat avec la VSVH. Avec l’estimation des personnes de leurs capacités de paiement en fonction de leurs perceptions du risque et de leur niveau de revenu, les personnes sont positionnées comme les seules juges de la valeur de leurs vies. Parce que, les personnes déterminent librement les CAPs en fonction de leurs préférences personnelles et que ces préférences sont intégrées dans la détermination d’un choix social, la VSVH ne contredit pas le cadre normatif d’établissement d’une décision. Néanmoins, le welfarisme comme une source des méthodes d’estimation de la VSVH est en relation directe avec l’utilitarisme. Au final, la valeur estimée par la VSVH est de nature subjective. Dans le domaine de la santé, la VSVH doit dépasser le cadre subjectif d’une estimation pour répondre à l’éthique normative qui décrit la pratique médicale, notamment la prise en considération de l’autonomie personnelle, la notion personnelle de la bonne vie et la notion universelle de la personne. L’objectif de notre travail est de rechercher les arguments d’établissement d’une valeur de référence de la VSVH qui endosse un cadre normatif. Cela nécessite une analyse approfondie au sein de la théorie économique du bien-être<br>The value of statistical life (VSL) is an economic analytical tool, which is defined as the value that a person is ready to pay (WTP) in order to reduce the risk mortality or morbidity. The advantage of such a tool is to monetarily estimate the social benefit of an investment project which is made to reduce the risk, but also to establish an arbitrage between several alternatives. Respond to the moral hazard in a context pertaining to the scarcity of resources, which is perfectly in keeping with VSL. With people’s estimation on their willingness to pay, depending on how they perceive risks and their income level, people are positioned as the sole judges as for the value of their lives. Because people freely determine the WTP depending on their personal preferences and these preferences are included in order to determine a social choice. The value of statistical life doesn’t contradict the normative framework of establishing a decision. Nonetheless, welfarism which is a source of estimating methods of VSL is directly related to utilitarianism. Eventually, the estimated value by VSL is subjective nature. In the health sector, the VSL needs to surpass the subjective framework of an estimation in order to answer the normative ethic which describes the medical practice, especially by taking personal self-sufficiency into account but also the personal notion of a good life and the universal notion of the person. Researching establishing arguments of reference value pertaining to VSL which takes on a normative framework and this is objective when it comes to our work. This theoretically requires an in-depth analysis within the economic theory of well-being
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Marre, Jean-Baptiste. "L'évaluation économique des services écosystémiques marins et côtiers et son utilisation dans la prise de décision : cas d'étude en Nouvelle-Calédonie et en Australie." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0087/document.
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No abstract<br>Coastal and marine ecosystems are some of the most heavily exploited with increasing degradation. This alarming situation appeals for urgent and effective actions. The optimal balance between use and conservation of ecosystems theoretically requires all costs and benefits to be considered in decision-making, including intangible costs and benefits such as non-market use and non-use values. The broad aim of this PhD is to examine how these economic values associated with coastal and marine ecosystem services can be measured, and how the economic valuation exercise may be considered and influence management decision- making.The first analytical part of the thesis focuses on assessing non-market use and non-use values, through econometric methods. The characterization and estimation of non-use values are complex and controversial, especially when the valuation exercise is focusing on individuals who are users of the ecosystem services being considered. An original approach based on a stated preference method, namely choice experiments, is developed then empirically applied in quantifying non-market values for marine and coastal ecosystems in two areas in New Caledonia. It allows the estimation of non-use values for populations of users in an implicit way. An in-depth analysis of the individuals’ choice heuristics during the valuation exercise is also conducted, with a focus on payment non-attendance. This issue is dealt with by comparing multiple modelling approaches in terms of: (1) inferred attendance, in relation to stated attendance; (2) attendance distribution according to several socio-economic variables; and (3) welfare estimates.After noting that the potential influence of economic valuation in decision making is unclear and largely unexplored in the literature, the second major component of this PhD aims to examine if, how and to what extent the economic valuation of ecosystem services, including measures of non-market values, influence decision-making regarding coastal and marine ecosystems management in Australia. Based on two nation-wide surveys, the perceived usefulness of the economic valuation of ecosystem services by the general public and decision-makers is studied, and the reasons why decision-makers may or may not fully consider economic values are elicited. Using a multi-criteria analysis, a part of the surveys also aims at examining the relative importance of different evaluation criteria (ecological, social and economic) when assessing the consequences of a hypothetical coastal development project on commercial activities, recreational activities and marine biodiversity
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Douglas, Jason G. "Towards a New Currency of Economic Criticism." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1466.
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“The Purloined Letter,” Edgar Allan Poe's third and final tale featuring the detective Dupin, has evoked a long history of critical response. Criticism has tended to read the text for its role in the development of detective fiction and as illustrative of various theoretical positions. However, the implications of the “The Purloined Letter,” as a tale of ratiocination, has largely been left unexplored. “The Purloined Letter” explores logical processes of value and exchange, particularly economic exchange, in a manner very similar to what Charles Sanders Peirce will call pragmatism several decades later. Dupin's deductive methods and Peirce's abductive logic express the nature of objects in terms of social systems of preference and perception rather metaphysics. Peirce's classification of signs as icon, index, or symbol provides a framework of signification which can be read in conjunction with “The Purloined Letter” to flesh out the role of materiality and value in the theory of economic criticism. Reading value and exchange as part of a social system of signs, perceptions, and representations of value will serve to expose a penchant for material fetishism in economic criticism and provide a theory of currency, value, and exchange that contextualizes representational and material notions of value within the social and economic system that provides the processes and mechanisms of value determination. The way that the Prefect, the Minister D___, and Dupin each conceptualize the purloined letter as having a different representational relationship with value can be used to demonstrate Poe's abductive framework for economy.
Books on the topic "Paper preferences"
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Uzawa, Hirofumi. Preference, production, and capital: Selected papers of Hirofumi Uzawa. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
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Uzawa, Hirofumi. Preference, production, and capital: Selected papers of Hirofumi Uzawa. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
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Alent'eva, Tat'yana. From the history of American journalism. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1213790.
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The monograph examines the period in the history of the United States immediately preceding the Civil War of 1861-1865. The problem that is at the center of the author's attention is the public opinion of Americans on the most important domestic political issues. The paper analyzes the influence of the newspaper "New York Tribune" on the formation of views, opinions and preferences of Americans. For the first time in Russian American studies, a thorough analysis of the leading periodical of the pre-war period is given, the composition of the editorial staff and the views of journalists are described in detail. Special attention is paid to the founder and publisher of "Tribune" Horace Greeley. The monograph examines both socio-economic problems and the party-political struggle. The most important compromise measures, the Civil War in Kansas, the presidential elections of 1856 and 1860 are evaluated through the prism of the comments of the New York Tribune and at the same time through the perception of its readers. As a result, the monograph creates a multicolored palette of opinions of North Americans, their perception of the situation in the country on the eve of the Civil War. This allows us to expand and deepen our understanding of the causes of the second North American revolution.
 For professionals, students, and anyone interested in the problems of history.
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Betti, Marco, and Carlotta Paola Brovadan, eds. Donum. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-181-5.
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The essays collected in Donum discuss different aspects of Florentine art from the 16th to the 18th century, such as sculptures displayed in gardens and palaces, the collecting preferences and strategies of the Medici family and those of the Tuscan aristocracy, drawings and paintings by local and foreign artists, and baroque wall decoration: these topics are analyzed in light of newly discovered artworks or previously unpublished documents. The common thread binding the papers together is the research method based on the study of archival sources and historical contexts, and on the connoisseurship. The volume gathers art historians who had been involved in the conference held in 2016 in honor of Mara Visonà as well as other scholars educated at the University of Florence.
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Paper or plastic?: Consumer preference study. Arizona Republic/Phoenix Gazette, 1990.
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Mitra, Tapan. Sensitivity of Stationary Equitable Preferences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812555.003.0006.
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The paper studies the sensitivity implications of the class of monotone social preference orders on infinite utility streams which satisfy the axioms of Equity (Finite Anonymity) and Stationarity (Independent Future). The principal result of this investigation is that representability of such preference orders implies a certain lack of sensitivity to the utility stream of any finite number of generations, which we refer to as ‘insensitivity to the present’. Our result points to a fundamental difficulty in implementing the sustainability principle, which requires intertemporal social preferences to reflect fairly the interests of the generations in the present and in the future.
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Ray, Ranjan. The Link between Preferences, Prices, Inequality, and Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812555.003.0007.
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This paper documents the shift in the literature on prices from being exclusively a macro-topic featuring in the study of inflation, national income accounting, and cross-country income comparisons to one that is firmly rooted in micro-involving economic analysis of household behaviour, welfare, and the distributional implications of changes in relative prices. This paper brings together results from some of the recent studies on Indian National Sample Survey data that examine the effect of price changes on inequality and poverty. It also contains evidence on spatial prices in the context of a large heterogeneous country such as India.
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Small Island Developing States. Agricultural Production and Trade, Preferences and Policy (Fao Commodities and Trade Technical Paper). Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FA, 2005.
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Deaton, Angus. The allocation of goods within the household: Adults, children, and gender (LSMS working paper). Population and Human Resources Dept., World Bank, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Paper preferences"
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Zabukovec, Vlasta, and Polona Vilar. "Paper or Electronic: Preferences of Slovenian Students." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28197-1_43.
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Fabbris, Luigi, and Alfonso Piscitelli. "Wine preferences based on intrinsic attributes: A tasting experiment in Alto Adige/Südtirol province." In Proceedings e report. Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-304-8.26.
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Different methods have been developed by researchers in modelling wine consumers purchase behaviour. The quality of a food product is described by a set of characteristics ascribable to the intrinsic and extrinsic product attributes (Olson and Jacoby, 1972). Price, brand, region of origin, grapes and gained awards are the key extrinsic attributes and physical characteristics of the wine such as taste and flavour are intrinsic attributes. This paper addresses the problem of measuring the intrinsic attributes that characterise the wine, based on specific characteristics and the impact on consumers in terms of preferences. To this end, a fractional factorial experiment held on a selection of white wines of the Alto Adige/Südtirol province in Italy. The sensorial experiment involved a voluntary sample of 33 mild wine consumers and concerned 6 grape varieties typical of that territory. For each variety, two producing cellars were selected for a total of 12 evaluated wines. The experiment followed a double-blind administration procedure to the sample and a paper questionnaire was used to elicit the consumers’ opinions on the tasted wines. The results show that intrinsic attributes, such as taste-olfactory intensity, harmony and olfactory complexity, are the drivers used in combination by consumers to rank wines in order of preference.
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Bobbo, Natascia, and Silvia Lazzaro. "Nursing Students’ Future Employment Preferences and the Real Demands of Patients using the Health Services. A Qualitative Study on a Group of Final-Year Students at the University of Padua." In Employability & Competences. Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-672-9.37.
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Increasing life expectancy and the growing number of chronic diseases have changed the kind of patients who need to be assisted. This paper presents a qualitative study conducted with a group of nursing students near graduation, aimed at describing and discussing vocational preferences and desirable healthcare settings for future employment
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Heumader, Peter, Klaus Miesenberger, and Tomas Murillo-Morales. "Adaptive User Interfaces for People with Cognitive Disabilities within the Easy Reading Framework." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58805-2_7.
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AbstractAdaptive user interfaces are user interfaces that dynamically adapt to the users’ preferences and abilities. These user interfaces have great potential to improve accessibility of user interfaces for people with cognitive disabilities. However automatic changes to user interfaces driven by adaptivity are also in contradiction to accessibility guidelines, as consistence of user interfaces is of utmost importance for people with cognitive disabilities. This paper describes how such user interfaces are implemented within the Easy Reading framework, a framework to improve the accessibility of web-pages for people with cognitive disabilities.
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Jost, Patrick, and Monica Divitini. "From Paper to Online: Digitizing Card Based Co-creation of Games for Privacy Education." In Technology-Enhanced Learning for a Free, Safe, and Sustainable World. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86436-1_14.
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AbstractEducation is rapidly evolving from co-located settings to remote and online learning. However, many proven educational tools are designed for collaborative, co-located classroom work. Effective sketching and ideating tools, such as card-based workshop tools, cannot be applied in remote teaching.This paper explores how the paper-based card and playboard metaphor can be digitized for remote student co-creation via video call sessions. Therefore, a card-based toolkit for co-creating educational games is transformed into a digital representation for remote application. In a between-subject trial with two university student groups (n = 61), it is investigated how users perceive ideation/balancing support and applicability of the technology-enhanced card toolset compared to the paper-based variant. Both groups thereby created an analytic game concept for privacy education.The results remarkably revealed that remote co-creation using the technology-enhanced card and playboard in video call sessions was perceived as significantly more supportive for ideation and game concept balancing. Students also felt more confident to apply the digitized card toolset independently while being more satisfied with their created game concepts. The designed educational game concepts showed comparable patterns between the groups and disclosed the students’ preferences on how games for privacy education should be designed and when and where they would like to play them. Conclusively, design implications for digital card ideation toolsets were synthesized from the findings.
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Iftimescu, Simona, Georgeta Ion, Carmen Proteasa, Romiţă Iucu, Elena Marin, and Mihaela Stîngu. "Closing the Circle: Research and Policymaking in Education." In European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_21.
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Abstract This paper aims to analyse the configuration of factors contributing to research uptake in education, with a particular focus on the Romanian context. One subsequent objective is to identify mechanisms for developing better synergies, not only between educational practice and research but also between these and educational policy. In doing so, the paper argues for shared responsibility among higher education institutions and policymakers for improving the educational system. The paper relies on results from a survey administered to a selected sample of civil servants in the Romanian central administration involved in the planning, evaluation and implementation of public policies in the field of education. Our results address the mechanisms of research uptake and utilisation by the central administration (communication and dissemination strategies, clarity, access and availability of research data, policymakers’ preferences for certain research topics) and the perceived relationship between researchers and policymakers (for example, the strength and nature of the relationship, or policymakers’ general involvement in research studies). The findings of our study pave the way for an in-depth analysis of organizational factors likely to affect research utilisation: research culture and engagement with researchers; the political and managerial context likely to promote research transfer; and the financial context needed to foster quality results.
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Iwamura, Masakazu, Yoshihiko Inoue, Kazunori Minatani, and Koichi Kise. "Suitable Camera and Rotation Navigation for People with Visual Impairment on Looking for Something Using Object Detection Technique." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58796-3_57.
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AbstractFor people with visual impairment, smartphone apps that use computer vision techniques to provide visual information have played important roles in supporting their daily lives. However, they can be used under a specific condition only. That is, only when the user knows where the object of interest is. In this paper, we first point out the fact mentioned above by categorizing the tasks that obtain visual information using computer vision techniques. Then, in looking for something as a representative task in a category, we argue suitable camera systems and rotation navigation methods. In the latter, we propose novel voice navigation methods. As a result of a user study comprised of seven people with visual impairment, we found that (1) a camera with a wide field of view such as an omnidirectional camera was preferred, and (2) users have different preferences in navigation methods.
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Holmström-Hintikka, Ghita, Sten LindstrÖm, and Rysiek Sliwinski. "Preference Logic." In Collected Papers of Stig Kanger with Essays on his Life and Work. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0500-5_19.
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Haselsteiner, Edeltraud. "Gender Matters! Thermal Comfort and Individual Perception of Indoor Environmental Quality: A Literature Review." In Future City. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_9.
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AbstractThe use of technology in construction has allowed a significant increase in comfort and the construction of energy-efficient buildings. However, for indoor environmental comfort, there is no universal standard that fits all. The indoor climate is perceived individually and the requirements are subjectively shaped. In this paper, a literature review is carried out to describe particular aspects relevant to gender. The aim is to raise awareness of these aspects in order to advance equality orientation as an integral part of planning and energy-efficient building concepts. The findings show that thermal comfort is an essential parameter, and up to 3 °C of differences between women and men were found. This difference is most evident in offices where women show a better cognitive performance in a warmer environment, while men do better in colder temperatures. Gender was also found to be an influencing factor of satisfaction with humidity, acoustic conditions, visual comfort, privacy, air quality, health aspects, light preferences, and brightness perception. Moreover, sick-building syndrome is more common among women. In conclusion, the literature confirms that essential indoor environmental quality (IEQ) parameters vary significantly across men and women and should be taken more into account in the practice of building technology.
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Holmström-Hintikka, Ghita, Sten LindstrÖm, and Rysiek Sliwinski. "Choice Based on Preference." In Collected Papers of Stig Kanger with Essays on his Life and Work. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0500-5_22.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Paper preferences"
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Shaobiao Wang, Lu Fang, and Juyong Zhang. "[Demo paper] exploring attractive faces: General versus personal preferences." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmew.2014.6890628.
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Honda, Tomonori, and Erik K. Antonsson. "Preferences and Correlated Uncertainties in Engineering Design." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dtm-48675.
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The Method of Imprecision (MOI) is a multi-objective design method that maximizes the overall degree of both design and performance preferences. Sets of design variables are iteratively selected, and the corresponding performances are approximately computed. The designer’s judgment (expressed as preferences) are combined (aggregated) with the customer’s preferences, to determine the overall preference for sets of points in the design space. In addition to degrees of preference for values of the design and performance variables, engineering design problems also typically include uncertainties caused by uncontrolled variations, for example, measuring and fabrication limitations. This paper illustrates the computation of expected preference for cases where the uncertainties are uncorrelated, and also where the uncertainties are correlated. The result is a “best” set of design variable values for engineering problems, where the overall aggregated preference is maximized. As is illustrated by the examples shown here, where both preferences and uncontrolled variations are present, the presence of uncertainties can have an important effect on the choice of the overall best set of design variable values.
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Cao, Dongxing, Karthik Ramani, Zhanjun Li, Victor Raskin, Ying Liu, and Zhanwei Li. "Developing Customer Preferences for Concept Generation by Using Engineering Ontologies." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28499.
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As customer preference is viewed as a reflection of desires for product features and even future product opportunities, it is crucial for the generation of design concepts. In this paper, a six-stage methodology is described for developing customer preference by using engineering ontology. The methodology mainly focuses upon understanding the product domain knowledge and preference concepts. A modeling process of the preference ontology for searching, indexing, and retrieving domain knowledge is described. The taxonomies of the customer preferences are elicited by classifying specific concepts. The definition of preference concepts and their ontological relationships are extracted. The objective is to allow product designers to generate customer preference ontologies for their specific products. At first, the documents or catalogs of design requirements are normalized by using ontology-based semantic representation. Design specification formalization is required for system input. A model of preference elicitation from customers is proposed based on ontology knowledge for concept generation. Secondly, the attributes of the customer preferences are classified by identifying the root concepts and developing a kind of preference taxonomy as well as their relationships to each other. They are mapped to engineering ontologies for driving high-level preference concept generation. A customer preference knowledge modeling is developed to construct a thesaurus for preference terms within the domain ontology. Finally, the evaluation and analysis are given to describe the validity of concept generation from customer preferences.
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MacDonald, Erin, Richard Gonzalez, and Panos Papalambros. "Preference Inconsistency in Multidisciplinary Design Decision Making." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35580.
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Research from behavioral psychology and experimental economics asserts that individuals construct preferences on a case-by-case basis when called to make a decision. A common, implicit assumption in engineering design is that user preferences exist a priori. Thus, preference elicitation methods used in design decision making can lead to preference inconsistencies across elicitation scenarios. This paper offers a framework for understanding preference inconsistencies, within and across individual users. We give examples of three components of this new framework: comparative, internal, and external inconsistencies across users. The examples demonstrate the impact of inconsistent preference construction on common engineering and marketing design methods, including discrete choice analysis, modeling stated vs. revealed preferences, and the Kano method and thus QFD. Exploring and explaining preference inconsistencies produces new understandings of the relationship between user and product.
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Iordache, Raluca, and Florica Moldoveanu. "A Web Service Composition Approach Based on QoS Preferences (Short Paper)." In 2013 IEEE 6th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications (SOCA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soca.2013.20.
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Li, Minyi, and Borhan Kazimipour. "An Efficient Algorithm To Compute Distance Between Lexicographic Preference Trees." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/262.
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Very often, we have to look into multiple agents' preferences, and compare or aggregate them. In this paper, we consider the well-known model, namely, lexicographic preference trees (LP-trees), for representing agents' preferences in combinatorial domains. We tackle the problem of calculating the dissimilarity/distance between agents' LP-trees. We propose an algorithm LpDis to compute the number of disagreed pairwise preferences between agents by traversing their LP-trees. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient and allows agents to have different attribute importance structures and preference dependencies.
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Grossi, Davide, Wiebe van der Hoek, and Louwe B. Kuijer. "Logics of Preference when There Is No Best." In 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/46.
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Well-behaved preferences (e.g., total pre-orders) are a cornerstone of several areas in artificial intelligence, from knowledge representation, where preferences typically encode likelihood comparisons, to both game and decision theories, where preferences typically encode utility comparisons. Yet weaker (e.g., cyclical) structures of comparison have proven important in a number of areas, from argumentation theory to tournaments and social choice theory. In this paper we provide logical foundations for reasoning about this type of preference structures where no obvious best elements may exist. Concretely, we compare and axiomatize a number of ways in which the concepts of maximality and optimality can be generalized in this general class of preferences. We thereby expand the scope of the long-standing tradition of the logical analysis of preference.
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Zafari, Farhad, Rasoul Rahmani, and Irene Moser. "Proposing a Highly Accurate Hybrid Component-Based Factorised Preference Model in Recommender Systems." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/185.
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Recommender systems play an important role in today's electronic markets due to the large benefits they bring by helping businesses understand their customers' needs and preferences. The major preference components modelled by current recommender systems include user and item biases, feature value preferences, conditional dependencies, temporal preference drifts, and social influence on preferences. In this paper, we introduce a new hybrid latent factor model that achieves great accuracy by integrating all these preference components in a unified model efficiently. The proposed model employs gradient descent to optimise the model parameters, and an evolutionary algorithm to optimise the hyper-parameters and gradient descent learning rates. Using two popular datasets, we investigate the interaction effects of the preference components with each other.We conclude that depending on the dataset, different interactions exist between the preference components. Therefore, understanding these interaction effects is crucial in designing an accurate preference model in every preference dataset and domain.Our results show that on both datasets, different combinations of components result in different accuracies of recommendation, suggesting that some parts of the model interact strongly. Moreover, these effects are highly dataset-dependent, suggesting the need for exploring these effects before choosing the appropriate combination of components.
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Lee, Benjamin D., Stephanie C. Thompson, and Christiaan J. J. Paredis. "A Review of Methods for Design Under Uncertainty From the Perspective of Utility Theory." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28721.
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In this paper, we present a review of methods for design under uncertainty. Specifically, we examine Reliability-Based Design, Robust Design, and Risk-Informed Design from the perspective of utility theory. Although these methods account for uncertainty, they differ from utility theory in that they limit the types of preferences that can be expressed. Limitations on the types of preferences that can be expressed can be valuable to designers because they reduce the effort required to elicit preference. However, the value of these methods for a particular design scenario depends greatly on the appropriateness of the preference model they implicitly impose. As such, they should be used with caution; they should not be applied when the associated preference models are not reasonable approximations of the designer’s true preferences. To help designers decide when the methods are appropriate, we identify the preference models by formulating the methods in a common framework of utility theory. The methods are then critically examined and compared based on their costs and the value they add to the design process.
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Kulok, Michael, and Kemper Lewis. "Preference Consistency in Multiattribute Decision Making." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84764.
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A number of approaches for multiattribute selection decisions exist, each with certain advantages and disadvantages. One method that has recently been developed, called the Hypothetical Equivalents and Inequivalents Method (HEIM) supports a decision maker (DM) by implicitly determining the importances a DM places on attributes using a series of simple preference statements. In this and other multiattribute selection methods, establishing consistent preferences is critical in order for a DM to be confident in their decision and its validity. In this paper a general consistency check denoted as the Preference Consistency Check (PCC) is presented that ensures a consistent preference structure for a given DM. The PCC is demonstrated as part of the HEIM method, but is generalizable to any cardinal or ordinal preference structures. These structures are important in making selection decisions in engineering design including selecting design concepts, materials, manufacturing processes, and configurations, among others. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated and the need for consistent preferences is illustrated using a product selection case study where the decision maker expresses inconsistent preferences.
Reports on the topic "Paper preferences"
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Arifin, B., B. Swallow, Suyanto, and R. Coe. A conjoint analysis of farmer preferences for community forestry contracts in the Sumber Jaya watershed, Indonesia ICRAF Working Paper no. 63. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp15527.pdf.
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Diop, M., B. Kaya, A. Niang, and A. Olivier. Les espèces ligneuses et leurs usages: les preferences des paysans dans le cercle de Segou, au Mali ICRAF Working Paper no. 9. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp5071.pdf.
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Terzyan, Aram. Failed Europeanization? Belarus and Armenia Between Russia and the EU. Eurasia Institutes, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47669/eea-1-2020.
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This paper explores the core challenges and opportunities of the Europeanization processes taking place in Belarus and Armenia. It argues that despite the constraining effects of “competing governance provider” Russia, the interests, perceptions, and preferences of the domestic elites are critical to the implementation of the EU policies in Belarus and Armenia. Thus, it offers a more dynamic structure- agency interplay approach to account for the dynamics of Europeanization in the EU-Russia contested neighbourhood. The article enquires into integration without membership dynamics between the EU and Eastern neighbours in the light of the Russian-dominated Eurasian integration.
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Fan, Li, and Veronica Mendizabal Joffre. The Gender Dimension of Sustainable Consumption and Production: A Microsurvey-Based Analysis of Gender Differences in Awareness, Attitudes, and Behaviors in the People’s Republic of China. Asian Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200401-2.
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Using microsurveys conducted in the People’s Republic of China over the past 2 decades, this paper explores the individual preferences among men and women toward sustainable consumption and production—the concept of doing more with less and decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation. The study finds that women exhibit greener living and working habits than men. However, women—regardless of education, rural–urban setting, or age—are impacted by time poverty, low political participation, limited awareness, gender norms, and, for younger and older women, financial limitations. To encourage and increase women’s capacity in shaping environmental solutions, economic and political gender gaps must be addressed and awareness on the impact of consumption needs to be strengthened.
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Anglade, Boaz, and Julia Escobar. Effect of Violence against Women on Victims and their Children: Evidence from Central America, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003157.
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This paper presents a systematic overview of the evidence of violence against women in the Central America, Mexico, Panama, Haiti, and Dominican Republic region and examines its impact on the well-being of women and their children. Population-based surveys show that violence against women remains a widespread issue in the region. The proportion of women who have experienced physical or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime varies between 13% and 53%; Panama has the lowest rate while Mexico and El Salvador have the highest. The percentage of women who have experienced violence within private spheres ranges between 17% and 24%. Also, homicidal violence targeting women remains a major problem in the region. Using a novel propensity score reweighting technique, we assess the impact of violence on a series of outcome variables related to a womans health and socioeconomic condition. We find evidence that violence against women negatively affects victims reproductive and physical health as well as their fertility preferences. We also find evidence that violence against mothers has an adverse effect on childrens advancement in school and overall health.
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Balali, Vahid, Arash Tavakoli, and Arsalan Heydarian. A Multimodal Approach for Monitoring Driving Behavior and Emotions. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1928.
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Studies have indicated that emotions can significantly be influenced by environmental factors; these factors can also significantly influence drivers’ emotional state and, accordingly, their driving behavior. Furthermore, as the demand for autonomous vehicles is expected to significantly increase within the next decade, a proper understanding of drivers’/passengers’ emotions, behavior, and preferences will be needed in order to create an acceptable level of trust with humans. This paper proposes a novel semi-automated approach for understanding the effect of environmental factors on drivers’ emotions and behavioral changes through a naturalistic driving study. This setup includes a frontal road and facial camera, a smart watch for tracking physiological measurements, and a Controller Area Network (CAN) serial data logger. The results suggest that the driver’s affect is highly influenced by the type of road and the weather conditions, which have the potential to change driving behaviors. For instance, when the research defines emotional metrics as valence and engagement, results reveal there exist significant differences between human emotion in different weather conditions and road types. Participants’ engagement was higher in rainy and clear weather compared to cloudy weather. More-over, engagement was higher on city streets and highways compared to one-lane roads and two-lane highways.
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Sabogal-Cardona, Orlando, Lynn Scholl, Daniel Oviedo, Amado Crotte, and Felipe Bedoya. Not My Usual Trip: Ride-hailing Characterization in Mexico City. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003516.
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With a few exceptions, research on ride-hailing has focused on North American cities. Previous studies have identified the characteristics and preferences of ride-hailing adopters in a handful of cities. However, given their marked geographical focus, the relevance and applicability of such work to the practice of transport planning and regulation in cities in the Global South is minimal. In developing cities, the entrance of new transport services follows very different trajectories to those in North America and Europe, facing additional social, economic, and cultural challenges, and involving different strategies. Moreover, the determinants of mode choice might be mediated by social issues such as the perception of crime and the risk of sexual harassment in public transportation, which is often experienced by women in large cities such as Mexico. This paper examines ride-hailing in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City, unpacking the characteristics of its users, the ways they differ from users of other transport modes, and the implications for urban mobility. Building on the household travel survey from 2017, our analytical approach is based on a set of categorical models. Findings suggest that gender, age, education, and being more mobile are determinants of ride-hailing adoption. The analysis shows that ride-hailing is used for occasional trips, and it is usually done for leisure and health trips as well as for night trips. The study also reflects on ride-hailings implications for the way women access the city.
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Andreasen, Eugenia, and Victoria Nuguer. Capital Flow Management Measures and Dollarization. Inter-American Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002905.
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This paper studies from an empirical and theoretical perspective the systemic and bank-level effects of imposing reserve requirements (RR) in foreign currency in an economy with a heavily dollarized financial system. The paper empirically characterizes banks responses to the RR carried out by the Peruvian Central Bank since 2008 with the objective of stabilizing the financial market and meeting its policy targets. The results suggest that the RR is effective in reducing the overall level of credit in the economy and that banks response in terms of credit and deposits is very heterogeneous depending on their ex ante preference for foreign funding ratio, i.e., the ratio of deposits in dollars to total loans. Motivated by the empirical insights, the paper builds a DSGE small-open-economy model with financial frictions à la Gertler-Karadi-Kiyotaki, where bank heterogeneity and financial dollarization are introduced to evaluate the effectiveness of the differential RR in reducing financial dollarization and improving financial resilience.
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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Pamela Andrea Cardozo-Ortiz, Clara Lía Machado-Franco, et al. Reporte de Sistemas de Pago - Junio de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.2021.
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El Banco de la República, con el Reporte de Sistemas de Pago, entrega un panorama completo de la infraestructura financiera local, siendo este un producto importante de la labor de seguimiento a dicha infraestructura. Las cifras contenidas en este reporte corresponden al año 2020, período de pandemia durante el cual las medidas de confinamiento para aliviar la tensión sobre el sistema de salud generaron para Colombia, al igual que en la mayoría de los países, una fuerte reducción de la actividad económica y el consumo. Desde el comienzo de la pandemia, la Junta Directiva del Banco de la República adoptó las decisiones necesarias para otorgar al mercado amplia liquidez en pesos y dólares, garantizar la estabilidad de los mercados, proteger el sistema de pagos y preservar la oferta de crédito. El pronunciado crecimiento de los agregados monetarios reflejó la mayor preferencia por liquidez, la cual fue atendida oportunamente por el Banco de la República. Las decisiones adoptadas se realizaron mediante diferentes operaciones, las cuales fueron compensadas y liquidadas en la infraestructura financiera. Después de la introducción, la segunda sección del presente reporte de pagos analiza la evolución y el desempeño de las diferentes infraestructuras financieras. Se destaca que el sistema de pagos de alto valor CUD registró en 2020 un mayor dinamismo que el año anterior, principalmente por el aumento de los depósitos remunerados que en promedio diario realizó la Dirección General de Crédito Público y del Tesoro Nacional (DGCPTN) con el Banco de República, así como una mayor actividad del mercado de simultáneas de deuda pública. Consecuentemente con el crecimiento de la actividad en el CUD, el Depósito Central de Valores (DCV) registró una mayor actividad por el aumento del mercado monetario de deuda pública y por las colocaciones por parte del Gobierno Nacional en el mercado primario. El valor de las operaciones compensadas y liquidadas por intermedio de la Cámara de Riesgo Central de Contraparte (CRCC) continúa creciendo, jalonado principalmente por los contratos non delivery forward (NDF) peso/dólar. Con respecto a la CRCC, es oportuno mencionar que a partir de finales del año pasado esta cámara se encarga de administrar los riesgos y de compensar y liquidar las operaciones del mercado de contado peso/dólar, debido a la fusión con la Cámara de Compensación de Divisas de Colombia (CCDC). Así mismo, a partir del último trimestre del año 2020 la CRCC se encarga de compensar y liquidar el mercado de renta variable, labor que venía desempeñando la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (BVC). En la sección tres se entrega una visión integral de los pagos en el mercado de bienes y servicios, es decir, de las transacciones efectuadas en el circuito de personas naturales y empresas no financieras. Durante la pandemia las transferencias electrónicas inter e intrabancarias, que en su mayoría son originadas por empresas, registraron un incremento tanto en número como en valor de operaciones frente a 2019. Por su parte, los pagos con tarjetas débito y crédito originados principalmente por personas naturales mostraron un comportamiento decreciente con respecto a 2019. Los pagos realizados con cheques siguen disminuyendo, presentando una tendencia a la baja muy pronunciada en el último año. Como complemento a la información sobre transferencias electrónicas, el reporte incluye en esta sección un sombreado sobre la caracterización de la población con cuenta de ahorro y corriente, empleando los datos de la encuesta del Banco de la República sobre percepción de uso de los instrumentos de pago en 2019. Se incluye también un recuadro sobre la evolución transaccional de una billetera móvil provista por una sociedad especializada en depósitos y pagos electrónicos (Sedpe), mostrando que desde su creación a finales del año 2017 ha incremento en el número de usuarios y el valor de las transacciones, con especial velocidad durante la pandemia. Adicionalmente, se presenta un diagnóstico sobre los efectos de la pandemia en los patrones de pago de la población, fundamentado en datos sobre el uso del efectivo en circulación, sobre los pagos con instrumentos electrónicos, y sobre el consumo y la confianza del consumidor. Se concluye que el desplome en el índice de confianza del consumidor y la caída en el consumo privado dieron lugar a cambios en los patrones de pago de las personas. Las compras con tarjetas de crédito y débito disminuyeron, mientras que los pagos por bienes y servicios mediante transferencia electrónica aumentaron. Estos resultados, junto con el considerable aumento del efectivo en circulación, podrían proveer indicios a favor de un posible atesoramiento del papel moneda con motivo precaución por parte de las personas y de un mayor uso del efectivo como instrumento de pago. Se incluye, además, un recuadro que presenta los principales cambios que se introdujeron en la regulación del sistema de pagos de bajo valor en el país mediante la expedición del Decreto 1692 de diciembre de 2020. La cuarta sección se refiere a las importantes innovaciones y cambios tecnológicos que se han observado en el sistema de pagos al por menor. Se destacan cuatro temas en esta línea. El primero se constituye en un punto clave para la construcción de la infraestructura financiera de pagos inmediatos. Consiste en el diseño e implementación de los llamados esquemas superpuestos, los cuales son un desarrollo tecnológico que permite una comunicación abierta entre los diferentes agentes de la cadena de pagos, logrando una alta interoperabilidad entre diferentes proveedores de servicios de pago. El segundo tema explora los avances en el debate internacional sobre la emisión de moneda digital por parte de los bancos centrales (CBDC por su sigla en inglés), con el fin de entender su posible impacto en el sistema de pagos de bajo valor y en el uso del efectivo. El tercer tema está relacionado con nuevas formas de iniciación de pagos, tales como los códigos QR, la biometría o la tecnología de comunicación de campos cercanos (NCF por su sigla en inglés). Estos cambios, aparentemente pequeños, pueden tener efectos importantes en la experiencia del usuario con el sistema de pagos de bajo valor. El cuarto tema, finalmente, es el crecimiento de los pagos vinculados con la telefonía móvil y el internet. El reporte finaliza en la sección cinco con una reseña de dos trabajos de investigación aplicada realizados en el Banco de la República en el año 2020. El primero analiza el nivel patrimonial de la CRCC, reconociendo el rol relevante que esta infraestructura ha adquirido en la compensación y liquidación de varios mercados financieros en el país. Se exploran los requerimientos de capital para las entidades de contrapartida central establecidos en algunas jurisdicciones, se identifican los riesgos que se busca cubrir desde la perspectiva del servicio que este tipo de entidades ofrece al mercado y aquellos asociados a su actividad corporativa. Se analizan los niveles patrimoniales de la CRCC a partir de lo observado en la regulación de la Unión Europea y se concluye que la CRCC cuenta con un esquema de anillos de seguridad muy similar al observado en la experiencia internacional y que su nivel patrimonial es superior al exigido por la regulación colombiana, siendo suficiente para cubrir otros riesgos. El segundo trabajo de investigación identifica y cuantifica las fuentes que utilizan las entidades participantes en el CUD para cumplir con sus obligaciones diarias contraídas en el mercado financiero local, y con su uso como herramienta de monitoreo de la liquidez intradía en condiciones normales. Leonardo Villar Gómez Gerente General