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Journal articles on the topic 'Papua New Guinea – Economic policy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Preston, Rosemary. "Refugees in Papua New Guinea: Government Response and Assistance, 1984–1988." International Migration Review 26, no. 3 (September 1992): 843–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600305.

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Melanesian West Papuans have been seeking refuge in Papua New Guinea since Indonesia annexed the province of Irian Jaya in 1962. The slowness of the Papua New Guinean government to respond to the 12,000 who crossed the border in 1984 paved the way for subsequent policy of minimal assistance so as not to jeopardize national security, by antagonizing Indonesia or by exacerbating the jealously of local people. As in other places, the long-term effect for refugees is likely to be social and economic marginalization, combined with insecure residential status.

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2

Kareth, Novana Veronika Julenta. "Penegakan Hukum Oleh Pos Lintas Batas Bagi Para Pelintas di Wilayah Perbatasan Papua dan Papua New Guinea." Balobe Law Journal 2, no. 1 (April 17, 2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/balobe.v2i1.848.

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Introduction: The urgency to organize the border between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and border crossers is based on historical reasons that are more complex than the arrangement of Indonesia's borders with other countries.Purposes of the Research: To overcome these problems, the author proposes the idea of an integrated border management.Methods of the Research: This research uses sociological juridical method with the research location in Jayapura City.Results of the Research: The results of the study show that the border governance policies tend to ignore the cultural identity variable, which then encourages the use of cultural identity to challenge the state's version of dominant conceptions and policies in border governance. This is indicated by the phenomenon of "rat trails" and other cross-border interaction networks that are illegal by the state. Cultural approach in border governance policy is the principle that animates security policy, political policy, and economic policy in border governance. The practical consequence of this study is that border governance must move away from the domination of the economic security approach to an integrated approach.

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3

Batten, Aaron. "Foreign aid, government behaviour, and fiscal policy in Papua New Guinea." Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 24, no. 2 (October 29, 2010): 142–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8411.2010.01264.x.

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4

MIKLOUHO-MACLAY, Niсkolay N. "DIGITALIZATION FORMATION OF THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS." Southeast Asia: Actual Problems of Development, no. 4(57) (2022): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2022-4-4-54-166-175.

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This article presents the main stages of the independent state of Papua New Guinea (PNG). It analyses the first steps in the formation of a democratic government in 1975 and subsequent political reforms, including the provincial government as a stabilization measure. The topic of crime (raskolism), the causes of corruption and intertribal conflicts that the young state faced, and the effectiveness of the fight against it are analyzed, as well as the reasons for restraining economic growth, the foreign policy of the state in the first decade of independent PNG and its relations with Australia.

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5

King, David. "Outstations to primacy: Economic policy, class formation and growth in the towns of Papua New Guinea." GeoJournal 16, no. 2 (March 1988): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02433015.

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6

FERNANDO, Nimal A. "MOBILIZING RURAL SAVINGS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA: MYTHS, REALITIES, AND NEEDED POLICY REFORMS." Developing Economies 29, no. 1 (March 1991): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.1991.tb00199.x.

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7

Sicuri, E., C. Davy, M. Marinelli, O. Oa, M. Ome, P. Siba, L. Conteh, and I. Mueller. "The economic cost to households of childhood malaria in Papua New Guinea: a focus on intra-country variation." Health Policy and Planning 27, no. 4 (June 22, 2011): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czr046.

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Sunarya, Abas, and Sudaryono Sudaryono. "The Strategic Issues Of Economic Development Of Border Area Of Indonesia - Malaysia." CICES 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/cices.v2i2.221.

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On the land, Indonesia is bordered by three countries: Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Timor Leste.Whereas, in Indonesia sea area bordered by 10 countries: India, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,Vietnam, Philippines, the Republic of Palau, Australia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea. Most ofthe border region in Indonesia is still an underdeveloped area with less facilities and infrastructure ofsocial and economic. Formulation of the problem are: 1. How do the condition of the socio-economicand culture in the border of Indonesia - Malaysia? 2. What is the condition of infrastructure in theborder and what is the urgent infrastructure to be built? 3. What are policy and strategy of theIndonesian government of the border of society development between Indonesia (Entikong) andMalaysia (Sarawak)? The purpose of writing are: 1. Comparing the condition of the socio-economicand culture of border both Indonesia and Malaysia. 2. Comparing the condition of the infrastructureof border both Indonesia and Malaysia and determining the infrastructure to be built. 3. Describingthe Indonesian government policy and strategy in development acceleration of economic society in theborder between Indonesia, especially Entikong Sub-District of Sanggau Regency West Kalimantanand Malaysia (Sarawak). Although, the commitment and the governments policy have given a higherpriority in the reorientated development of border, which those of security (security approach) into awelfare orientation (prosperity approach), but overall, the issue of society development in Indonesiaborder, especially the District Entikong Sanggau Regency West Kalimantan and Malaysia (Sarawak)so far can be said that are still not getting proportional attention. The indication, though a variety ofpolicies, regulations or laws relating to efforts to accelerate economic development of border societieshave been made. Various issues and problems are faced by the border, both land and sea borders canbe solved by more focused and targeted on six aspects, these are policy, economic and socio-cultural,defense and security, natural resources management, institutional and management authority, as wellas cooperation inter nations.

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9

Sali, Garry, Mirzi Betasolo, and Eric Gilder. "Creating and Maintaining a Secure and Safe Environment on a Challenged Civilian University Campus in Papua New Guinea." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0078.

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Abstract The article introduces the challenges of maintaining effective security (of both personnel and property) on a 220 hectare rural/suburban University campus, The Papua New Guinea University of Technology, located on the outskirts of Lae, the second-largest city in Papua New Guinea, serves as its main port and manufacturing hub. Since the Independence of Papua New Guinea in 1975, the city of Lae, the University (of approximately 3000 students, and 1500 academic, technical, and administrative and staff) and its surrounding communities have faced increasing pressing security issues, some caused by internal (on campus) and others by external (off campus) factors. After a long, politically motivated student boycott in 2016 (which ended up with destruction of varied University properties and the death of a student), the University has endeavoured to create a safe campus environment by employing quantitative modelling predictive techniques, cost-effective technologies and appropriate social-psychological insights aimed at transcending extant tribal mindsets (the country is noted for having over 800 tribes and languages across its widely space geography of 462,840 Km and approximately 7 million population). Tribal conflict is a constant concern for the police and governing authorities, an inhibitor of balanced social and economic development of the resource-rich country.

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10

Brogan, Brian. "Exchange rate and macro-economic policy in independent Papua New Guinea Ross Garnaut and Paul Baxter, in consultation with Anne Krueger Government of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, March 1983, 248 pp." Public Administration and Development 7, no. 4 (October 1987): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230070409.

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11

Hair, Cathy, Simon Foale, Nicholas Daniels, Peter Minimulu, John Aini, and Paul C. Southgate. "Social and economic challenges to community-based sea cucumber mariculture development in New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea." Marine Policy 117 (July 2020): 103940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103940.

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12

Walton, Grant W., and Husnia Hushang. "The politics of undermining national fee‐free education policy: Insights from Papua New Guinea." Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 8, no. 3 (September 2021): 401–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app5.339.

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13

Childs, John. "Performing ‘blue degrowth’: critiquing seabed mining in Papua New Guinea through creative practice." Sustainability Science 15, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00752-2.

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AbstractScripted as a sustainable alternative to terrestrial mining, the licence for the world’s first commercial deep-sea mining (DSM) site was issued in Papua New Guinea in 2011 to extract copper and gold from a deposit situated 1600 m below the surface of the Bismarck Sea. Whilst DSM’s proponents locate it as emergent part of a blue economy narrative, its critics point to the ecological and economic uncertainty that characterises the proposed practice. Yet, due its extreme geography, DSM is also profoundly elusive to direct human experience and thus presents a challenge to forms of resistance against an industry extolled as having ‘no human impact’. Against this background, this paper analyses the ways in which ‘blue degrowth’—as a distinct form of counter-narrative—might be ‘performed’, and which imagined (and alternative) geographies are invoked accordingly. To do this it critically reflects upon 2 years of participatory research in the Duke of York Islands focusing on three, community-developed methods of resisting DSM. Practices of counter mapping, sculpture and participatory drama all sought to ‘perform’ the deep-ocean environment imagined as relational whilst simultaneously questioning the very notion of ‘economy’ central to the discourse of ‘blue growth’.

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14

Wright, Huntley. "Economic or Political Development: The Evolution of "Native" Local Government Policy in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, 1945-1963." Australian Journal of Politics and History 48, no. 2 (June 2002): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8497.00258.

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15

Imbun, Benedict Y. "Maintaining land use agreements in Papua New Guinea Mining: ‘Business as usual’?" Resources Policy 38, no. 3 (September 2013): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.04.003.

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16

KANNAPIRAN, CHINNA A. "STABILITY OF MONEY DEMAND AND MONETARY POLICY IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG): AN ERROR CORRECTION MODEL ANALYSIS." International Economic Journal 15, no. 3 (October 1, 2001): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168730100080020.

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17

Bainton, Nicholas, John R. Owen, Simon Kenema, and John Burton. "Land, labour and capital: Small and large-scale miners in Papua New Guinea." Resources Policy 68 (October 2020): 101805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101805.

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Alunaza, Hardi, Ireng Maulana, and Adityo Darmawan Sudagung. "The Pacific Solution as Australia Policy towards Asylum Seeker and Irregular Maritime Arrivals (IMAs) in John Howard Era." Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional 14, no. 1 (May 9, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v14i1.2789.61-75.

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<p>This research is attempted to answer the question of why John Howard used the Pacific Solution as Australian policy towards Asylum Seekers and Irregular Maritime Arrivals (IMAS). By using the descriptive method with a qualitative approach, the researchers took a specific interest in decision-making theory and sovereignty concept to analyze the phenomena. The policy governing the authority of the Australian Government in the face of the Asylum Seeker by applying multiple strategies to suppress and deter IMAs. The results of this research indicate that John Howard used Pacific Solution with emphasis on three important aspects. First, eliminating migration zone in Australia. Second, building cooperation with third countries in the South Pacific, namely Nauru and Papua New Guinea in shaping the center of IMAs defense. On the other hand, Howard also made some amendments to the Migration Act by reducing the rights of refugees. Immigrants who are seen as a factor of progress and development of the State Australia turned into a new dimension that threatens economic development, security, and socio-cultural. </p>

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19

THOMAS, EMMA G., HANNAH E. BARRINGTON, KAMALINI M. LOKUGE, and GEOFFRY N. MERCER. "MODELLING THE SPREAD OF TUBERCULOSIS, INCLUDING DRUG RESISTANCE AND HIV: A CASE STUDY IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S WESTERN PROVINCE." ANZIAM Journal 52, no. 1 (July 2010): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181111000587.

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AbstractHigh tuberculosis (TB) prevalence in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a serious public health concern. The epidemic in this region is exacerbated by the presence of drug-resistant TB strains as well as HIV infection. This presents a public health threat not only locally but also to Australia due to the high potential for cross-border transmission between PNG’s Western Province and the Australian Torres Strait Islands. We present two mathematical models of TB in the Western Province: a simple model of the underlying TB dynamics, and a detailed model which accounts for the additional effects of HIV and drug resistance. The detailed model is used to make quantitative predictions about the impact of expanding the TB case detection rate under the Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course treatment regimen. This paper provides a framework for future investigation into the economic costs and public health benefits of potential TB interventions in this region, with the eventual aim of providing recommendations to guide policy makers in both PNG and Australia.

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20

Schmidt, Emily, Valerie Mueller, and Gracie Rosenbach. "Rural households in Papua New Guinea afford better diets with income from small businesses." Food Policy 97 (December 2020): 101964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101964.

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21

Robbins, J. C., and M. G. Petterson. "Landslide inventory development in a data sparse region: spatial and temporal characteristics of landslides in Papua New Guinea." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 8 (August 17, 2015): 4871–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-4871-2015.

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Abstract. In Papua New Guinea (PNG) earthquakes and rainfall events form the dominant trigger mechanisms capable of generating many landslides. Large volume and high density landsliding can result in significant socio-economic impacts, which are felt particularly strongly in the largely subsistence-orientated communities which reside in the most susceptible areas of the country. As PNG has undergone rapid development and increased external investment from mining and other companies, population and settled areas have increased, hence the potential for damage from landslides has also increased. Information on the spatial and temporal distribution of landslides, at a regional-scale, is critical for developing landslide hazard maps and for planning, sustainable development and decision making. This study describes the methods used to produce the first, country-wide landslide inventory for PNG and analyses of landslide events which occurred between 1970 and 2013. The findings illustrate that there is a strong climatic control on landslide-triggering events and that the majority (~ 61 %) of landslides in the PNG landslide inventory are initiated by rainfall related triggers. There is also large year to year variability in the annual occurrence of landslide events and this is related to the phase of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and mesoscale rainfall variability. Landslide-triggering events occur during the north-westerly monsoon season during all phases of ENSO, but less landslide-triggering events are observed during drier season months (May to October) during El Niño phases, than either La Niña or ENSO neutral periods. This analysis has identified landslide hazard hotspots and relationships between landslide occurrence and rainfall climatology and this information can prove to be very valuable in the assessment of trends and future behaviour, which can be useful for policy makers and planners.

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22

Scudder, Micah G., Jack Baynes, and John Herbohn. "Timber royalty reform to improve the livelihoods of forest resource owners in Papua New Guinea." Forest Policy and Economics 100 (March 2019): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.12.002.

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23

Walton, Grant W. "Silent screams and muffled cries." Asian Education and Development Studies 5, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-01-2016-0005.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the key causes of and solutions to corruption in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and suggest ways for improving anti-corruption efforts. Design/methodology/approach – This paper comprises a desk-based review of academic literature, policy documents and media. Findings – Fighting corruption in PNG requires an understanding of and response to local political, historic, cultural and economic issues. In particular, anti-corruption actors need to pay attention to: first, the opportunities and threats associated with state politics; second, the structural conditions that cause citizens to support corruption; third, the role of non-state actors in causing corruption; and fourth, ensuring stronger legal responses to corruption that result in prosecutions. Originality/value – This paper highlights key issues which anti-corruption organisations in PNG should address, examines state and non-state causes of corruption, and provides an updated analysis of key drives and solutions to corruption in PNG.

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Banks, Glenn. "Little by little, inch by inch: Project expansion assessments in the Papua New Guinea mining industry." Resources Policy 38, no. 4 (December 2013): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.03.003.

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Hurst, Bree, Juliet Roper, and Michael George. "Can corporations take political roles [and should they]? The case of Papua New Guinea and the extractive industry." Resources Policy 64 (December 2019): 101518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101518.

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Batura, Neha, Olga PM Saweri, Andrew Vallely, William Pomat, Caroline Homer, Rebecca Guy, Stanley Luchters, et al. "Point-of-care testing and treatment of sexually transmitted and genital infections during pregnancy in Papua New Guinea (WANTAIM trial): protocol for an economic evaluation alongside a cluster-randomised trial." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e046308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046308.

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IntroductionLeft untreated, sexually transmitted and genital infections (henceforth STIs) in pregnancy can lead to serious adverse outcomes for mother and child. Papua New Guinea (PNG) has among the highest prevalence of curable STIs including syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis, and high neonatal mortality rates. Diagnosis and treatment of these STIs in PNG rely on syndromic management. Advances in STI diagnostics through point-of-care (PoC) testing using GeneXpert technology hold promise for resource-constrained countries such as PNG. This paper describes the planned economic evaluation of a cluster-randomised cross-over trial comparing antenatal PoC testing and immediate treatment of curable STIs with standard antenatal care in two provinces in PNG.Methods and analysisCost-effectiveness of the PoC intervention compared with standard antenatal care will be assessed prospectively over the trial period (2017–2021) from societal and provider perspectives. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios will be calculated for the primary health outcome, a composite measure of the proportion of either preterm birth and/or low birth weight; for life years saved; for disability-adjusted life years averted; and for non-health benefits (financial risk protection and improved health equity). Scenario analyses will be conducted to identify scale-up options, and budget impact analysis will be undertaken to understand short-term financial impacts of intervention adoption on the national budget. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis will be conducted to account for uncertainty in key model inputs.Ethics and disseminationThis study has ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of the PNG Institute of Medical Research; the Medical Research Advisory Committee of the PNG National Department of Health; the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of New South Wales; and the Research Ethics Committee of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Findings will be disseminated through national stakeholder meetings, conferences, peer-reviewed publications and policy briefs.Trial registration numberISRCTN37134032.

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Simard, Nittya S. M., Thane A. Militz, Jeff Kinch, and Paul C. Southgate. "Shocks within a Pacific island fishery: A historic study of events impacting the mother-of-pearl fishery in Papua New Guinea." Marine Policy 143 (September 2022): 105173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105173.

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Tuffaha, H., K. Radford, A. Chai, S. Rutherford, N. Harris, and P. Scuffham. "PNS23 Setting Health Priorities in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries in the ASIA-Pacific Region: The Case of Papua New Guinea." Value in Health Regional Issues 22 (September 2020): S84—S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2020.07.442.

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Kupriyanov, Alexey V. "Indian South Pacific turn: causes and possible consequences." Asia and Africa Today, no. 12 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750017783-3.

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Until recently, Oceania was on the periphery of Indian foreign policy. This was due to a number of historical, political and economic reasons: the polities of Oceania historically weren’t a part of the Indian Ocean world; they gained independence too late, and the volume of India's trade with most of them is insignificant. The situation began to change after Narendra Modi came to power in 2014, but this process soon stalled. However, in recent months, there has been a sharp surge in Indian interest in Oceania. In the author's opinion, this is due to three processes: India's desire to enlist the support of its solar energy initiatives, the awareness of the weakness of its strategy of containing China in the Indian Ocean and and the formation of a triple informal alliance with the participation of India, Australia and France, which seems beneficial for these countries. The article analyzes the main imperatives and tasks of India, shows the process of their changes. The author points out that Fiji has historically played a major role in Indian politics in Oceania, but notes that in the near future Indian interest in Papua New Guinea and Tonga, two other island countries with their own armed forces, will grow. The article describes the existing interaction between India and the countries of the South Pacific and promising fields of cooperation. The author notes that Indian expansion in the region opens up new prospects for Russia and puts before it the question of formulating its own Indo-Pacific strategy, which would be combined with the Indian vision.

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KWAN, DONNA, HELENE MARSH, and STEVEN DELEAN. "Factors influencing the sustainability of customary dugong hunting by a remote indigenous community." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 2 (June 2006): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906002992.

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The sustainability of indigenous customary hunting and fishing in remote areas can be influenced by human factors operating at global as well as regional and local scales because of the hybrid nature and sectoral interactions of the local economic environment. The internationally significant population of dugongs (Dugong dugon or seacow) in Torres Strait between Australia and Papua New Guinea supports an important indigenous fishery. The economic, socio-cultural and environmental factors that influenced hunting activity in 1998 and 1999 by the members of the community of Mabuiag Island were investigated to inform the sustainable management of the fishery. The landed catch during the eight months March to October of 145 dugongs in 1998 and 170 dugongs in 1999 potentially provided the community with an average of 290 g of dugong meat per person per day. Fifty-seven per cent of adult males on the island participated in dugong hunting, but more than half the catch in each year was caught by only two hunters. The probability of at least one person from the community going dugong hunting in 1998 and 1999 was 0.59 ± 0.02 per day. This probability was influenced by local environmental factors, including the abundance of dugongs in the traditional hunting grounds (affected by wind speed, year, season and lunar day) and the size of the commercial crayfish catch (which is influenced by the global market price, as well as local conditions). Although dugong hunting remains a very important part of the islanders’ contemporary culture and customary economy, the capacity to hunt dugongs is facilitated by the ease with which some hunters move between the state, commercial and customary sectors of their local economy. The complexities of the economic, social and cultural environments need to be considered in planning for the sustainable harvesting of threatened species by remote indigenous communities.

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McPhail, Ken, Robert Ochoki Nyamori, and Savitri Taylor. "Escaping accountability: a case of Australia’s asylum seeker policy." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 29, no. 6 (August 15, 2016): 947–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-03-2014-1639.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address two questions: first, what contracts, instruments and accounting activities constitute Australia’s offshore asylum seeker processing policy in practice? Second, how are notions of legitimacy and accountability mediated through the network constituted by this policy? Design/methodology/approach – The paper is located in the critical interpretivist approach to accounting research. It is based on an exhaustive documentary analysis. Policy documents, contract documents, records of parliamentary inquiries (Hansard) and legislation were analysed drawing on a network policy perspective. Findings – The paper finds that the Australian Government has sought to escape its accountability obligations by employing a range of approaches. The first of these approaches is the construction of a network involving foreign states, private corporations and non-government organizations. The second is through a watered down accountability regime and refusal to be accountable for the day-to-day life of asylum seekers in offshore processing centres through a play with the meaning of “effective control”. Yet while the policy network seems designed to create accountability gaps, the requirement within the network to remain financially accountable undermines the governments claims not to be responsible for the conditions in the detention camps. Research limitations/implications – The paper focuses largely on the period starting from when Kevin Rudd became Prime Minister to the death in Papua New Guinea of asylum seeker Reza Barati on 17 February 2014. Earlier periods are beyond the scope of this paper. Practical implications – The paper will result in the identification of deficiencies inhuman rights accountability for extra-territorialized and privatised immigration detention and may contribute towards the formulation of effective policy recommendations to overcome such deficiencies. The paper also provides empirical data on, and academic understanding of, immigration detention outsourcing and offshoring. Social implications – The paper will inform debate regarding treatment of unauthorized maritime arrivals and asylum seekers generally. Originality/value – The paper provides the first detailed and full understanding of the way Australia’s offshore asylum seeker processing policy is practiced. The paper also provides an empirical analysis of the way national policy and its associated accountability mechanisms emerge in response to the competing legitimacy claims of the international community and national electorate.

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32

International Monetary Fund. "Papua New Guinea: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 98, no. 18 (1998): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451831610.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Papua New Guinea: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 00, no. 137 (2000): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451831672.002.

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Howes, Stephen, Rohan Fox, Maholopa Laveil, Bao H. Nguyen, and Dek Joe Sum. "2019 Papua New Guinea economic survey." Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 6, no. 3 (September 2019): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app5.287.

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35

May, Ronald. "Papua New Guinea in 2015." Asian Survey 56, no. 1 (January 2016): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2016.56.1.123.

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In 2015 Papua New Guinea marked its fortieth year of independence. But while the predictions of more pessimistic commentators in 1975 have been avoided, for many Papua New Guineans celebrations were muted; despite the country’s rich resource developments, for many people there has been little change in social and economic circumstances.

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May, Ronald. "Papua New Guinea in 2018." Asian Survey 59, no. 1 (January 2019): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2019.59.1.198.

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Papua New Guinea experienced another challenging year, with a major earthquake impacting oil and gas projects, rioting and inter-clan fighting in the highlands, and economic decline, but Prime Minister O’Neill survived, and the country raised its international profile with the hosting of the 2018 APEC summit meeting. Closer ties between Papua New Guinea and China raised some concerns in Australia, which moved to strengthen its presence in Papua New Guinea and the region.

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37

Thompson, Herb. "Economic theory and economic development in papua new guinea." Journal of Contemporary Asia 21, no. 1 (January 1991): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472339180000061.

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Turner, Mark M., Raymond Goodman, Charles Lepani, David Morawetz, Barry Shaw, and Helen Hughes. "Economic Development in Papua New Guinea: The New Orthodoxy." Pacific Affairs 59, no. 3 (1986): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2758330.

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39

Hess, Jim, and Theodore Levantis. "Papua New Guinea: Employment, Wages, and Economic Development." Pacific Affairs 74, no. 2 (2001): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2672109.

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40

Lodewijks, John. "Employment and Wages Policy in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Industrial Relations 30, no. 3 (September 1988): 381–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568803000303.

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41

Crossley, Michael. "Curriculum Policy and Practice in Papua New Guinea." Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 20, no. 2 (January 1990): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305792900200204.

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42

Philpott, Malcolm. "Papua New Guinea: Developing a National Communication Policy." Media Information Australia 68, no. 1 (May 1993): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9306800110.

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43

DRYDEN, RICHARD. "A Report from Papua New Guinea." Bioethics 4, no. 4 (October 29, 2007): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.1990.tb00095.x.

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44

Thompson, Herb. "Environment and Development: The Forests of Papua New Guinea." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 6, no. 2 (July 1995): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9500600203.

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Abstract:

The uniqueness and importance of island tropical moist rainforests, such as that of Papua New Guinea is well recognised. It can be safely argued that tropical islands with their rainforests and adjacent coral reefs may well comprise the most biologically rich complexes of ecosystems on the planet. Therefore, those who pursue economic growth or developmental processes on these islands must be particularly cognizant of the environment. This paper examines, with particular reference to Papua New Guinea, the relationship between development and the environment. Papua New Guinea incorporates the largest continuous tract of lowland tropical moist rainforest in the Southeast Asia/Pacific region. The forestry sector in Papua New Guinea is described. This is followed by a conceptualisation of the environmental/economic dilemma. It is then argued that economic criteria and legal/juridical policies, used by international agencies and the State to resolve the problem of forest degradation, have proved to be a failure in Papua New Guinea. Those people most affected, villagers and peasants, have no control over the incursion of international capital and are forced or enticed to sell off their own and future generation’s customary land rights. Social relationships have been commercialised in a most effective manner. In return the villagers receive roads without maintenance, schools without teachers and royalty agreements without payment. To date no consensus has yet been achieved on the relationship between the protagonists of economic growth and those of ecological or social sustainability

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45

MacPherson, Stewart. "Social work and economic development in Papua New Guinea." International Social Work 39, no. 1 (January 1996): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087289603900105.

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González-Álvarez, I., M. Sweetapple, I. D. Lindley, and J. Kirakar. "Hydrothermal Ni: Doriri Creek, Papua New Guinea." Ore Geology Reviews 52 (August 2013): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.10.001.

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Campos-Outcalt, Doug, and William Newbrander. "Decentralization of health services in Papua New Guinea." Health Policy and Planning 4, no. 4 (1989): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/4.4.347.

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Axline, W. Andrew. "Policy implementation in Papua New Guinea: Decentralisation and redistribution." Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 26, no. 1 (March 1988): 72–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662048808447532.

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Avalos, Beatrice. "Ideology, Policy and Educational Change in Papua New Guinea." Comparative Education 29, no. 3 (January 1993): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305006930290305.

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50

Duncan, Ron, and Ila Temu. "Papua New Guinea: longer term developments and recent economic problems." Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 9, no. 2 (November 1995): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8411.1995.tb00112.x.

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