Academic literature on the topic 'Para-sexual procedures'

Objetivou-se identificar conhecimentos-procedimentos em relação às doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. Participaram do estudo 366 ACS de quatro municípios do Pará. Estudo exploratório-quantitativo. Resultados quanto aos conhecimentos: há desconhecimentos; algumas DSTs são conhecidas com outros nomes e carregam significados negativos e pejorativos. Quanto aos procedimentos: há cuidados inadequados para prevenção; enfrentam barreiras para serem aceitos pela comunidade; há falta de confiança, que gera silêncio-tabu dos usuários. Conclui-se que há necessidade de ações de educação permanente que aprimorem, ampliem e qualifiquem as informações desses atores do sistema.Descritores: Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis, Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, Educação Permanente em Saúde.Knowledge-procedures community health agents in relation to sexually transmitted diseases: clues for continuing education in AmazoniaThe objective was to identify knowledge-procedures in relation to sexually transmitted diseases. 366 workers participated this study in four municipalities of Pará. That is an exploratory and quantitative study. Results regarding knowledge: there is lack of knowledge, some STDs are known by other names and carry negative and pejorative meanings. As for the procedures: there is inadequate care for prevention, face barriers to be accepted by the community, there is a lack of confidence that generates taboo-silence by the users. It is concluded that there is need for permanent education actions that enhance, extend and qualify the information from these players in the system.Descriptors: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Community Health Workers, Continuing Health Education.Conocimiento-procedimientos de agentes de salud comunitaria sobre las enfermedades de transmisión sexual: pistas para la formación continua en el AmazoniaEl objetivo fue identificar el conocimiento de los procedimientos en relación con las enfermedades de transmisión sexual. 366 trabajadores participaron del estudio en cuatro municipios de Pará. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio cuantitativo. Los resultados en cuanto al conocimiento: hay incógnitas, algunas enfermedades de transmisión sexual se conocen por otros nombres, y tienen un significado negativo y peyorativo. En cuanto a los procedimientos: no hay una atención inadecuada para la prevención, se enfrentan con barreras para ser aceptados por la comunidad. Se concluye que existe la necesidad de acciones de educación permanente para mejorar, ampliar y cualificar la información.Descriptores: Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual, Los Trabajadores Comunitarios de Salud, La Educación Continua de La Salud.

RESUMOObjetivo: traçar o perfil dos casos de violência sexual. Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal, realizado a partir de consulta às fichas de notificação dos casos atendidos em um hospital de referência, no período de 2014 a 2016, arquivadas no setor de vigilância epidemiológica. Coletaram-se dados de identificação da vítima, do agressor e características da violência. Realizou-se a análise descritiva e inferencial e apresentaram-se os resultados em tabelas. Resultados: foram notificados 241 casos, com maior frequência em adultos (34,9%), seguidos por adolescentes (32,8) e crianças (30,3%), do sexo feminino (87,1%) e cor branca (60,2%). Grande parte dos casos ocorreu no domicílio (41,9%). Entre adultos/idosos, prevaleceram agressores desconhecidos (65,2%) e, entre crianças/adolescentes, amigos/conhecidos (42,1%). Os procedimentos mais frequentes foram a coleta de material para exames (64,7%), a profilaxia de DST (60,2%) e o encaminhamento para o Conselho Tutelar e a Delegacia da Mulher. Conclusão: a violência sexual foi mais frequente em pessoas do sexo feminino e atingiu todas as idades. Seus resultados mostram a necessidade de maior comprometimento no preenchimento das fichas de notificação. O estudo contribui para o avanço do conhecimento sobre este tipo de violência ao descrever as principais características de sua ocorrência. Descritores: Violência Sexual; Saúde Pública; Notificação Compulsória; Exposição à Violência; Epidemiologia; Cuidados de Enfermagem.ABSTRACT Objective: to outline the profile of cases of sexual violence. Method: a quantitative, cross-sectional study, based on the consultation of the records of cases treated at a referral hospital, from 2014 to 2016, filed in the epidemiological surveillance sector. Data was collected identifying the victim, the aggressor and the characteristics of violence. The descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out and the results were presented in tables. Results: 241 cases were reported, more frequently in adults (34.9%), followed by adolescents (32.8%) and children (30.3%), female (87.1%) and white (60 ,2%). Most cases occurred at home (41.9%). Among adults / elderly, unknown perpetrators (65.2%) prevailed and, among children / adolescents, friends / acquaintances (42.1%). The most frequent procedures were the collection of material for examinations (64.7%), STD prophylaxis (60.2%) and referral to the Guardianship Council and the Women's Precinct. Conclusion: Sexual violence was more frequent in females and reached all ages. Their results show the need for greater commitment in completing the notification forms. The study contributes to the advancement of knowledge about this type of violence when describing the main characteristics of its occurrence. Descriptors: Sex Offenses; Public Health; Mandatory Reporting; Exposure to Violence; Epidemiology; Nursing CareRESUMEN Objetivo: trazar el perfil de los casos de violencia sexual. Método: estudio cuantitativo, transversal, realizado a partir de consulta a las fichas de notificación de los casos atendidos en un hospital de referencia, en el período de 2014 a 2016, archivadas en el sector de vigilancia epidemiológica. Los datos fueron recolectados por identificación de la víctima, del agresor y características de la violencia. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo e inferencial y se presentaron los resultados en tablas. Resultados: fueron notificados 241 casos, con mayor frecuencia en adultos (34,9%), seguidos por adolescentes (32,8) y niños (30,3%), del sexo femenino (87,1%) y color blanco (60, 2%). Gran parte de los casos ocurrió en el domicilio (41,9%). Entre adultos / ancianos, prevalecieron agresores desconocidos (65,2%) y, entre niños / adolescentes, amigos / conocidos (42,1%). Los procedimientos más frecuentes fueron la de material para exámenes (64,7%), la profilaxis de ETS (60,2%), y el encaminamiento para el Consejo Tutelar y la Comisaría de la Mujer. Conclusión: la violencia sexual fue más frecuente en las personas del sexo femenino y alcanzó todas las edades. Sus resultados muestran la necesidad de mayor compromiso en el llenado de las fichas de notificación. El estudio contribuye al avance del conocimiento sobre este tipo de violencia, al describir las principales características de su ocurrencia. Descriptores: Delitos Sexuales; Salud Pública; Notificación Obligatoria; Exposición a la Violencia; Epidemiología; Atención de Enfermería.

<p>El presente artículo deriva del trabajo de investigación del mismo autor (Gonzales Linares, 2014), que realiza una crítica valorativa sobre las resoluciones de primera y segunda instancia emitidas por el Indecopi entre los años 2006 y 2013. Respecto de denuncias de parte y procedimientos de oficio derivados de casos de discriminación en la prestación de servicios educativos, por motivo de discapacidad, religión, orientación sexual y condiciones económicas. Ello a partir de criterios valorativos preestablecidos y principalmente vinculados a la actuación de la prueba y la imposición de la sanción. <br /><br />Desarrollado el análisis, se obtuvo como resultado que el Indecopi no maneja adecuadamente los recursos procedimentales que le asisten, ni cumple con el requisito de motivar sus resoluciones. El propósito del presente artículo es ofrecer una perspectiva práctico – realista que sirva de instrumento para nutrir futuros debates sobre el tema.<br /><br />This paper is based on research that conducted an evaluative review of the resolutions of first and second instance of Indecopi, issued regarding complaints and ex officio procedures as a result of discrimination in the provision of educational services based on disability, religion, sexual orientation and economic conditions. Two criteria, the evidence presented and the sanction imposed were used.</p><p><br />As a result, the research found that Indecopi mishandle their procedural resources and did not meet the requirement to base their decisions. The purpose of this article is to provide a practical and realistic view of the subject and to contribute to future discussions on the subject.</p>

Purpose: To investigate the in vitro antidiabetic, aphrodisiac and antimicrobial properties of para-propoxybenzoic acid isolated from Acacia auriculiformis stem bark. Methods: Powdered dried stem bark of A. auriculiformis was extracted with 70 % ethanol in water and the dried extract obtained was suspended in water and partitioned with ethyl acetate and n-butanol to give their respective soluble fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction being more active, in terms of in-vitro aphrodisiac, antidiabetic and antimicrobial properties, was subjected to chromatographic separation to obtain C1 identified as parapropoxybenzoic acid, which was also evaluated for in-vitro properties using standard procedures. Results: 4-Propoxybenzoic acid showed a weak aphrodisiac property which was not significantly different (p < 0.05) from that of control (normal saline) for all the sexual parameters tested. The compound exhibited antidiabetic activity by dose-dependently inhibiting the actions of α-amylase with half-maximal concentration (IC50) value of 50 ± 0.45 μg/mL. In this regard, it was comparable to that of the standard, acarbose (30 ± 0.18 μg/mL). In the antimicrobial study, a concentration of 200 μg/mL of the compound gave the highest zone of inhibition of 18 ± 0.23 mm against Vibo cholriae (NCTC 5438) Conclusion: The results indicate that the isolated compound, 4-propoxybenzoic, exhibits good antidiabetic and anti-microbial but weak aphrodisiac properties.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as percepções de pacientes do sexo masculino em tratamento dialítico substitutivo sobre a sexualidade. Método: trata-se de estudo quantitativo, descritivo e exploratório, junto a 39 homens em tratamento hemodialítico. Coletaram-se os dados por meio de questionamentos. Realizaram-se procedimentos para a análise exploratória de dados, apresentados em tabelas e recorte dos registros das falas. Resultados: citaram-se, pela maioria dos entrevistados, alterações no cotidiano devido às limitações físicas e restrições por apresentarem uma doença crônica com prognóstico incerto e por terem que ficar por muito tempo à disposição das sessões de hemodiálise. Relataram-se sobre a sexualidade, queixas sexuais, levando-se a crer que a adaptação à nova rotina, decorrente do tratamento e da limitação, causou prejuízos à vivência sexual do paciente; destacaram-se a disfunção erétil, a ejaculatória e o cansaço físico. Conclusão: torna-se importante o cuidado do enfermeiro para desenvolver atividades que auxiliem na vivência e na aceitação das modificações ocasionadas pela condição crônica englobando não só os pacientes, mas, também, seus familiares, companheiras e amigos, promovendo a atenção integral ao paciente renal crônico, em todas as dimensões do cuidado, incluindo a sexualidade. Descritores: Doença Renal Crônica; Hemodiálise; Sexualidade; Saúde do Homem; Fatores de Risco; Masculinidade.ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the perceptions of male patients in dialysis substitutive treatment on sexuality. Method: this is a quantitative, descriptive and exploratory study, together with 39 men undergoing hemodialysis. The data were collected through questioning. Procedures were performed for the exploratory analysis of data, presented in tables and clipping of speech records. Results: most of the interviewees reported changes in their daily lives due to physical limitations and restrictions because they had a chronic disease with an uncertain prognosis and because they had to remain at the disposal of the hemodialysis sessions for a long time. They reported on sexuality, sexual complaints, leading one to believe that the adaptation to the new routine, due to the treatment and the limitation, caused damages to the sexual experience of the patient; erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory and physical fatigue were highlighted. Conclusion: Nursing care is important to develop activities that help in the living and acceptance of the changes caused by the chronic condition encompassing not only the patients, but also their relatives, partners and friends, promoting integral care for the renal patient chronic, in all dimensions of care, including sexuality. Descriptors: Chronic Renal Disease; Hemodialysis; Sexuality; Men's Health;Risk Factors; Masculinity.RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las percepciones de pacientes del sexo masculino en un tratamiento dialítico sustitutivo sobre la sexualidad. Método: Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, junto a 39 hombres en tratamiento hemodialítico. Se recolectaron los datos por medio de cuestionamientos. Se realizaron procedimientos para un análisis exploratorio de datos, presentación de tablas y recorte de los registros de las charlas. Resultados: Se ha citado, por la mayoría de los entrevistados, alteraciones en el cotidiano debido a las limitaciones físicas y restricciones por presentar una enfermedad crónica con pronóstico incierto y por tener que quedarse por mucho tiempo a la disposición de las sesiones de diálisis. Se relataron sobre la sexualidad, quejas sexuales, llevándose a creer que la adaptación a la nueva rutina, decurrente del tratamiento y de la limitación causó pérdidas a la vivencia sexual del paciente; se destacaron una disfunción eréctil, la eyaculatoria y el cansancio físico. Conclusión: Se torna importante el cuidado del enfermero para desarrollar actividades que puedan auxiliar en la vivencia y en la aceptación de las modificaciones ocasionadas por la condición crónica, englobando no solo los pacientes, pero, también sus familiares, compañeras y amigos, promoviendo la atención integrativa al paciente renal crónico, en todas las dimensiones del cuidado, incluyendo la sexualidad. Descriptores: Enfermedad Renal Crónica; Hemodiálisis; La Sexualidad; Salud del Hombre; Factores de Riesgo; Masculinidad.

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex Heyne es un árbol cuyo crecimiento rápido y adaptación a condiciones de estrés hídrico permiten su uso como ornamental en ciudades secas y calientes de los trópicos. Sin embargo, la propagación por semillas se dificulta debido a la dureza de la cubierta seminal, siendo necesaria la aplicación de tratamientos pregerminativos. El objetivo fue describir el proceso de germinación, emergencia y analizar las posibles causas morfoanatómicas de la dormancia en las semillas de P. pterocarpum. Para ello se estimaron los tiempos de germinación (T10, T50, T90), se estudió la fase plantular y se realizaron láminas semipermanentes. Las semillas son elípticas, homogéneas y opacas. Se evidenció la presencia del hilo, micrópilo, funículo, rafe y el lente o estrofíolo ubicados hacia el extremo hilar. El embrión es recto y el eje embrional está conformado por la radícula cónica, anfítropa, con dos cotiledones simples, elípticos, carnosos y endosperma escaso. La germinación fue epígea y fanerocotilar, con el primer par de prófilos bipinnados de ocho folíolos. Las características morfoanatómicas de las semillas proporcionan las estrategias para que la especie pueda propagarse a través del tiempo y el espacio debido a la presencia de la dormancia física, la cual se asocia anatómicamente con el tejido esclerenquimático presentado por la presencia de dos capas de células uniformemente engrosadas, lignificadas y compactas, dispuestas en empalizada, junto a una hilera de osteoesclereidas. Para facilitar los procedimientos a seguir por viveristas y productores durante la propagación sexual de la especie, se recomienda evaluar tratamientos pregerminativos. Palabra clave: Peltophorum pterocarpum, semilla, germinación, dormancia, morfoanatomía. Abstract Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex Heyne is a tree whose rapid growth and adaptation to hydric stress conditions allow its use as an ornamental in hot, dry cities of the tropics. However, the propagation by seeds is difficult due to the hardness of the seminal cover, being necessary the application of pregerminative treatments. The objective was to describe the germination and emergence process and to analyze the possible morphoanatomic causes of dormancy in P. pterocarpum seeds. For this, the germination times (T10, T50, T90) were estimated, the seedling phase was studied and semi-permanent sheets were made. The seeds are elliptical, homogeneous, and opaque. The presence of the thread, micropyle, funiculus, raphe, and the lens or strophiolelocated towards the end of the line was evidenced. The embryo is straight and the embryonic axis is made up of the conical, amphitropic radicle, with two simple, elliptical, fleshy cotyledons and scant endosperm. Germination was epigeal and phanerocotylar, with the first pair of bipinnate prophiles with eight leaflets. The morphoanatomical characteristics of the seeds provide the strategies for the species to spread through time and space due to the presence of physical dormancy, which is anatomically associated with the sclerenchymal tissue presented by the presence of two layers of cells uniformly thickened, lignified and compact, arranged in a palisade, next to a row of osteosclereids. To facilitate the procedures to be followed by nurserymen and producers during the sexual propagation of the species, it is recommended to evaluate pregerminative treatments. Keywords: Peltophorum pterocarpum, seed, germination, dormancy, morphoanatomy.

Introducción: la humanización del parto asegura el respeto de los derechos fundamentales, reproductivos y sexuales de la gestante y la familia, reduciendo complicaciones perinatales y morbi-mortalidad materno-infantil. Objetivo: Caracterizar el parto humanizado y las funciones de enfermería en los establecimientos de salud pública. Métodos: diseño documental con revisión bibliográfica sobre humanización del parto para lo cual se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos como: PubMed, Taylor y Francis, LILACS, MEDLINE, BVS, SCIELO, LATINDEX, GOOGLE ACADÉMICO, en idioma español e inglés. Resultados: En base a revisión y análisis de 40 artículos se pudo conocer que el parto humanizado es reconocido mundialmente como una estrategia eficiente para reducir complicaciones perinatales y lograr una maternidad satisfactoria y que a nivel latinoamericano; Brasil, Perú, Argentina, Ecuador, Venezuela y México ya cuentan con iniciativas del sector público, privado y de organizaciones civiles para promocionar parto humanizado, y con ello reducir las tasas de cesáreas, parto instrumentado, morbi-mortalidad materno infantil y lograr una maternidad satisfactoria, segura basada en prácticas no invasivas ni farmacológicas para el alivio del dolor, educación y autorización sobre procedimientos, autonomía, buen trato y respeto por sentimientos y creencias. Conclusiones: En el pato humanizado, el rol de enfermería es esencial sobre todo en los establecimientos públicos en donde se asume maltrato, negligencia o falta de respeto por el parto, por lo que la enfermera está llamada a educar a la parturienta sobre el trabajo de parto y parto. Palabras clave: parto humanizado, atención perinatal, enfermería, recién nacido. ABSTRACT Introduction: the humanization of childbirth ensures respect for the fundamental, reproductive and sexual rights of the pregnant woman and the family, reducing perinatal complications and maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Objective: To characterize humanized delivery and nursing functions in public health establishments. Methods: documentary design with bibliographic review on the humanization of childbirth for which a search was carried out in databases such as: PubMed, Taylor and Francis, LILACS, MEDLINE, BVS, SCIELO, LATINDEX, GOOGLE ACADEMICO, in Spanish and English. Results: Based on a review and analysis of 40 articles, it was possible to know that humanized delivery is recognized worldwide as an efficient strategy to reduce perinatal complications and achieve a satisfactory maternity and that at the Latin American level; Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Ecuador, Venezuela and Mexico already have initiatives from the public and private sectors and civil organizations to promote humanized delivery, and thereby reduce the rates of cesarean sections, instrumented delivery, maternal and infant morbidity and mortality and achieve motherhood, satisfactory, safe based on non-invasive or pharmacological practices for pain relief, education and authorization on procedures, autonomy, good treatment and respect for feelings and beliefs. Conclusions: In the humanized duck, the role of nursing is essential especially in public establishments where abuse, neglect or lack of respect for childbirth is assumed, so the nurse is called to educate the woman in labor about the labor of labor and delivery. Keywords: humanized delivery, perinatal care, nursing, newborn

desproporcionado del precepto penal que castiga las coacciones de los piquetes informativos termina con una serie de recomendaciones al Gobierno para que informe al Comité sobre el devenir de los procedimientos penales todavía abiertos, interesándose, particularmente, por determinadas procedimientos que terminaron con condenas penales.El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión ha dictado seis resoluciones que afectan a España en el período de referencia, sobre los siguientes temas: discriminación de los funcionarios interinos para acceder a complementos económicos solamente destinados para funcionarios de carrera; efectos jurídicos de la reiteración de contratos de duración determinada; calificación de la prestación de servicios de duración determinada; calificación jurídica de relación de servicios profesionales de duración determinada y abono de indemnización por extinción del vínculo contractual; discriminación por razón de edad para el acceso al empleo público (policía); y despido disciplinario en situación de incapacidad temporal de larga duración.En el ámbito del TEDH tres resoluciones han sido relevantes. Una referida a la incorrecta ejecución civil de un bien de los dos ex–esposos por deudas contraídas con la Tesorería General de la Seguridad Social; otra relativa a la incorrecta ejecución de una movilidad de funcionarios, con graves perjuicios para uno de ellos, y una tercera referida a la denegación de una solicitud de asilo basada en ser perseguida la solicitante en su país de origen por su condición sexual.Palabras clave: reprensión penal del derecho de huelga y protección internacional del derecho a la libertad sindical, imposibilidad de acceso del funcionario interino a complementos económicos típicos del funcionario, reiteración fraudulenta de contratos de duración determinada, calificación de la prestación de servicios de duración determinada para diversas administraciones públicas, relación laboral de duración determinada y abono de indemnización por extinción del contrato, discriminación por razón de edad para el acceso al empleo público (policía), despido en situación de incapacidad temporal de larga duración, ejecución de un bien por deudas contraídas con la Seguridad Social, traslado de funcionarios y derecho a renunciar al solicitado y no concedido definitivamente, solicitud de asilo basada en su condición sexual.Abstract: The complaint to the Committee on Freedom of Association regarding the disproportionate use of the penal provision which punishes the coercion of information piques ends with a series of recommendations to the Government to inform the Committee on the evolution of criminal proceedings still open, For certain procedures that ended with criminal convictions.The Court of Justice of the Union has issued six resolutions affecting Spain in the reference period, on the following subjects: discrimination against temporary staff to access economic supplements only for career officials; Legal effects of the repetition of fixed-term contracts; Qualification of the provision of fixed-term services; Legal qualification of relation of professional services of determined duration and payment of indemnification by extinction of the contractual link; Discrimination on grounds of age for access to public employment (police); And disciplinary dismissal in situations of long-term incapacity.Within the scope of the ECHR, three rulings have been relevant. One related to the incorrect civil execution of a property of the two ex-spouses for debts contracted with the General Treasury of the Social Security; One relating to the incorrect execution of a mobility of civil servants with serious detriment to one of them and a third relating to the refusal of an application for asylum based on the applicant being persecuted in his country of origin for his sexuality.Keywords: criminal rebuke of the right to strike and international protection of the right to freedom of association, impossibility of access of the temporary official to economic complements typical of the official, fraudulent repetition of fixed-term contracts, qualification of the provision of services of determined duration for diverse public administrations, fixed-term employment relationship and payment of compensation for termination of the contract, discrimination on grounds of age for access to public employment (police), dismissal in situation of temporary incapacity of long duration, execution of a good for debts contracted with Social Security, transfer of officials and right to waive the requested and not granted definitively, application for asylum based on your sexual status.

Este artigo discute a produção das culturas infantis a partir das experiências de meninos e meninas, de 3 a 5 anos de idade, com a linguagem das histórias em quadrinhos (HQs), tendo como foco as relações de gênero. Reconhece as HQs como uma das produções midiáticas que interfere nos modos de viver das crianças, muitas vezes reforçando estereótipos fundados nas diferenças sexuais. Assim, em uma interlocução com a filosofia, sociologia, sociologia da infância, pedagogia da infância e arte, problematiza como as crianças se apropriam dos quadrinhos, o que deles reproduzem, inventam ou reinventam. Trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado em uma pré-escola municipal localizada na região do Grande ABC Paulista, que teve como procedimentos metodológicos: a observação e registro de campo, os relatos orais das crianças, a análise dos documentos oficiais da Rede Municipal de Educação e da pré-escola, entrevista com quadrinhista e a análise das HQs produzidas pelas crianças. Defende que meninos e meninas participam de maneira ativa na sociedade da qual fazem parte, portanto, não só reproduzem a cultura do mundo adulto, mas ao se apropriarem coletiva e criativamente desta produzem as culturas infantis. Demonstra serem as HQs parte da cultura material da infância, que se constituem em suportes para aspectos simbólicos das culturas infantis, que as crianças compartilham entre si e com os adultos e as adultas, onde se observam padrões e valores identitários sendo negociados; isso revela que elas não só reproduzem estereótipos da cultura heteronormativa, mas transgridem as fronteiras de gênero. Nesse sentido, aponta para o desafio de trazer as crianças para o debate acerca da relação “infâncias, mídia e gênero”, na perspectiva de (re)conhecer como elas fruem, produzem e vão além das imagens midiáticas. “Girls don´t draw cars… but there are girls who do it”: child cultures, gender and comics AbstractThis article discusses child culture-oriented productions based on the experience of boys and girls aged 3-5 with the language found in comics, focusing on gender relations. The article views comics as one of the media products which can be related to child behavior, from the perspective of sexual differentiated stereotypes. It also examines an association with philosophy, sociology, sociology of childhood, early childhood pedagogy and art, in a sense which casts light on how children interact with comics. It shows a case study conducted at kindergarten, in the Greater ABC region, which had methodological procedures: the field observation and recordings; the oral reports of children; analysis of the official documents of the Municipal Administration of Education and the documents of preschool; an interview with a comic artist, and analysis of comics produced by children. It supports that boys and girls actively take part in their societies. In fact, not only do they reproduce the adult world culture, but also produce child cultures. It demonstrates that comics are part and parcel of childhood as a symbolic resource to be shared among adults and children. It points out that identity patterns and values are in the spotlight, suggesting that gender boundaries are to be redrawn. In sum, the article prompts further reflections on childhood, the media and gender.Keywords: Childhood. Gender. Media. “Las niñas no dibujan coches… pero hay niñas que los dibujan”: culturas infantiles, relaciones de género e historietas ResumenEste artículo discute la producción de las culturas infantiles a partir de las experiencias de niños y niñas de 3 a 5 años de edad con el lenguaje de las historietas (comics), teniendo como foco las relaciones de género. Reconoce las historietas como una de las producciones mediáticas que interfiere en la manera de vivir de los niños, muchas veces reforzando estereotipos fundados en las diferencias sexuales. De esta manera, en una interlocución con la filosofía, sociología, sociología de la infancia, pedagogía de la infancia y el arte, problematiza como los niños, se apropian de las historietas, lo que de ellas reproducen, inventan o reinventan. Se trata de un estudio de caso realizado en un kindergarten municipal ubicado en la región del Grande ABC Paulista, que tenían los procedimientos metodológicos: la observación y el campo de registro; los informes orales de los niños; el análisis de los documentos oficiales de la Red de Educación Municipal y preescolar; entrevista con el cómic; y el análisis de los cómics producidos por los niños. Defiende que los niños y niñas participan de manera activa en la sociedad de la cual hacen parte, por lo tanto no sólo reproducen la cultura del mundo adulto, pero al apropiarse colectiva e individualmente de ésta producen las culturas infantiles. Demuestra que las historietas son parte de la cultura material de la infancia, que se constituye en soportes para aspectos simbólicos de las culturas infantiles, que los niños comparten entre sí y con los adultos, donde se observan patrones y valores de identidad siendo negociados; eso revela que ellas no sólo reproducen estereotipos de la cultura normativa heterosexual, pero infringen las fronteras de género. En ese sentido, apunta para el desafío de traer los niños para el debate acerca de la relación “infancias, media y género”, en la perspectiva de (re)conocer como ellas disfrutan, producen y van más allá de las imágenes mediáticas.Palabras claves: Infancia. Relaciones de Género. Media.

Abstract. A medical service’s effort, the real profession is living call for dedicating self on humanity based on 3 (three) standard which must be obedient, including job’s standard, service’s standard, and standard operational procedure (SOP). These three standards are wishes become characteristic of medical workers and other profession to do a special medical action. The special can be seen by the correction given by law which a permission to do medical step for human body. Furthermore, it is proper while attending profession’s duty to respect and always respect of patient’s right based on glorious value, mind and glory. Yet, in practice many abusement are often found in order to taking care of quality of profession and to straighten up the quality of staff, such as: an abusement received by patient on their recovery time after surgery, due to losing an awareness of patient after given by medical procedure, likes any sexual harassment by medical force environment, so that’s why it is necessary to have an effort of a legal protection to the patient as a victim on a criminal law of sexual harassment.Keywords: Legal protection, Sexual Harassment, Medical ServiceAbstrak: Dalam upaya pemberian pelayanan kesehatan, hakikat profesi merupakan panggilan hidup yang mengabdikan diri pada kemanusiaan yang didasarkan pada 3 (tiga) standard yang harus dipenuhi, meliputi Standard Profesi, Standard Pelayanan, dan Standard Operational Procedure (SOP). Ketiga standard inilah yang diharapkan menjadi ciri khusus dari tenaga kesehatan dan profesi lainnya untuk melakukan suatu tindakan medis tertentu yang mempunyai karakteristik yang khas. Dimana kekhasannya terlihat dari adanya suatu pembenaran yang diberikan oleh hukum yakni diperkenankannya melakukan tindakan medis tertentu terhadap tubuh manusia. Selain itu, sudah selayaknya dalam melaksanakan tugas profesi harus menghormati selalu menghormati hak-hak pasien yang didasari nilai-nilai luhur, keluruhan budi dan kemuliaan demi kepentingan pasien. Namun, dalam prakteknya justru sering terjadi berbagai penyalahgunaan dalam upaya memelihara mutu profesi serta menertibkan mutu para anggotanya, seperti; penyimpangan yang diterima oleh pasien dalam masa pemulihan pasca dilakukannya tindakan medis, dikarenakan hilangnya kesadaran pasien setelah dilakukan tindakan medis, seperti terjadinya pelecehan seksual yang dilakukan kalangan profesi kesehatan, sehingga diperlukan suatu upaya perlindungan hukum terhadap pasien sebagai korban dalam tindak pidana pelecehan seksualKata Kunci: Perlindungan Hukum, Pelecehan Seksual, Pelayanan Kesehatan

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de próstata é a neoplasia sólida mais comum em homens. Na doença localizada, as alternativas de tratamento cirúrgico são a Prostatectomia Radical Retropúbica (PRR), Prostatectomia Radical Perineal (PRP), Prostatectomia Radical Laparoscópica (PRL) e Prostatectomia Radical Robótica Assistida (PRRA). A cirurgia robótica tem recebido atenção de especialistas pelas perspectivas de melhores resultados funcionais, se comparado às demais técnicas, porém não há evidências suficientes na literatura que defina fatores prognósticos para os resultados funcionais. OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores prognósticos para resultados funcionais em portadores de câncer de próstata localizado submetidos à PRRA. MÉTODO: Analisaram-se vídeos de 143 PRRA realizadas de janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2012 no Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Brasil) por um único cirurgião. A potência sexual foi avaliada considerando os parâmetros de dissecção bilateral ou unilateral, nota de dissecção, uso de cautério, uso de tração, uso de pontos hemostáticos no Feixe Vásculo Nervoso (FVN) e dados pré e pós-operatórios. Em relação à continência urinária, considerou-se o comprimento e qualidade do coto uretral, o tamanho do colo vesical e dados pré e pós-operatórios. No pós-operatório, potência sexual foi definida como a capacidade de penetração em mais de 50% das tentativas de intercurso sexual (escore >= 3 na Questão 2 do IIEF-5) com ou sem o uso de inibidores de Fosfodiesterase tipo 5. Continência urinária foi considerada quando não houve necessidade do uso de forros ou, se usados, que fosse no máximo um e apenas como segurança, ou que apresentaram escore zero no ICIQ-SF. RESULTADOS: Observou-se correlação para recuperação da potência com dissecção bilateral do FVN (p=0,001), maior nota de dissecção do FVN no 6º (p < 0,01) e 12º mês (p < 0,01), mediana de nota 9 para dissecção do FVN (p < 0,01), menor idade no 6º (p < 0,01) e 24º mês (p=0,01), idade média de 59 (p=0,007), 58,35 (p=0,02) e 57,7 anos (p=0,005) no 6º, 18º e 24º mês, respectivamente, peso corporal médio de 76,18 Kg (p=0,01), peso prostático com mediana de 31 g (p=0,03), menor valor de Gleason total (p=0,03), Gleason total com mediana de 6 (p=0,009), mediana de 12 fragmentos retirados (p=0,001), menor volume tumoral no 1º (p=0,01) e 18º mês (p=0,02), volume tumoral com mediana de 5,25 (p=0,03), 5,40 (p=0,02) e 5,25 cm³ (p=0,04) no 1º, 18º e 24º mês, respectivamente, tumor unilateral (p=0,02), e ausência de invasão capsular (p=0,02). As variáveis, uso de cautério, tração e pontos hemostáticos no FVN não apresentaram correlação com recuperação de potência sexual. A continência urinária apresentou correlação com maior tempo de cirurgia no 3º (p < 0,01) e 12º mês (p=0,02), mediana de tempo de cirurgia de 3,45 (p=0,001), 3,35 (p=0,04) e 3,30 horas (p=0,04) no 3º, 6º e 12º mês, respectivamente. As variáveis, comprimento do coto uretral, qualidade do coto uretral e tamanho do colo vesical não se correlacionaram com continência urinária, apesar de tamanho do colo vesical mostrar tendência com mediana de 15,92 mm (p=0,054). CONCLUSÃO: As variáveis, dissecção bilateral, nota de dissecção do FVN, idade, peso corporal, peso da próstata, Gleason total, número de fragmentos retirados, volume tumoral, estadiamento tumoral e tempo de cirurgia apresentaram-se como ferramentas úteis para definir fatores prognósticos para resultados funcionais em homens portadores de câncer de próstata localizado, submetidos à PRRA
INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer is the most common solid malignancy in men. For localized disease, surgical alternatives include Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy (RRP), Radical Perineal Prostatectomy (RPP), Radical Laparoscopic Prostatectomy (RLP) and Robotic Assisted Radical Prostatectomy (RARP). The robotic approach has received great attention, due to the perspective of better functional outcomes when compared to the other surgical alternatives; however, there is not enough evidence in the literature to define prognostic factors for functional outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To identify prognostic factors for functional outcomes in prostate cancer patients undergoing RARP. METHODS: We analyzed the video files of 143 RARP performed by a single surgeon between January 2009 and 2012 at Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Sexual potency was evaluated considering unilateral or bilateral dissection, grade of dissection, use of electrocautery, use of traction, and use of hemostatic stitches on the neurovascular bundles (NVB), and pre and postoperative data. Urinary continence was evaluated considering the length and quality of the urethral stump, size of the bladder neck, and pre and postoperative data. Postoperatively, sexual potency was defined as successful vaginal penetration in more than 50% of sexual intercourses (IIEF-5, Question 2, score >= 3) with or without the use of Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Urinary continence was defined as no pad use, or the use of up to one pad for safety, or an ICIQ-SF score of zero. RESULTS: For the sexual potency recovery, we found correlations with bilateral NVB dissection (p=0.001), higher NVB dissection grade at 6º month (p<0.01) and 12º month (p < 0.01), median NVB dissection grade of 9 (p < 0.01), younger age at 6º month (p < 0.01) and 24º month (p<0.01), mean age of 59 (p=0.007), 58.35 (p=0.01) and 57.7 years (p=0.005) at the 6º, 18º and 24º months respectively, median body weight of 76.18 kilograms (p=0.01), median prostatic weight of 31 g (p=0.03), lower total Gleason score (p=0.03), total Gleason with a median of 6 (p=0.009), median of 12 fragments removed at biopsy (p=0.001), lower tumor volume at 1º (p=0.01) and 18º months (p=0.02), median tumor volume of 5.25 (p=0.03), 5.40 (p=0.02) and 5.25cc (p=0.04) at 1º, 18º and 24º months respectively, unilateral tumor (p=0.02), and absence of capsular invasion (p=0.02). Use of electrocautery, traction and hemostatic stitches on the NVB where not significant. Urinary continence showed correlation with longer surgical times at 3º (p < 0.01) and 12º months (p=0.02), median surgical times of 3.45 (p=0.001), 3.35 (p=0.04) and 3.3 hours (p=0.04) at 3º, 6º and 12º months, respectively. Urethral stump length, quality, and bladder neck size did not show correlation with continence, although there was a trend for bladder necks of 15.92 mm (p=0.054). CONCLUSIONS: The following parameters: NVB bilateral dissection, NVB dissection grade, patient age and weight, prostate weight, total Gleason, number of removed fragments, tumor volume, tumor stage, and surgical time are useful prognostic factors for predicting functional outcomes in prostate cancer patients undergoing RARP

Transexualismo é definido como o desejo de viver e ser aceito como pertencente ao sexo oposto. É usualmente acompanhado por sentimento de desconforto ou inadequação em relação ao sexo anatômico, associado a desejo de se transformar cirúrgica e hormonalmente para tornar o corpo o mais congruente possível com o sexo pretendido. Com essa alteração, surge ainda a necessidade de adequação jurídica da pessoa física por meio de processo cível para mudança do nome e do sexo jurídicos, adequando-se, assim, o status civil/social. O objetivo deste trabalho foi observar como os laudos psicológicos poderiam ou não colaborar nas decisões judiciais, de acordo com a análise de sentenças judiciais para mudança de prenome em transexuais masculinos e femininos, submetidos ou não a cirurgia de transgenitalização. Realizamos levantamento por amostragem, que inicialmente caracterizou as variáveis sociais e demográficas dessa população e, posteriormente, sistematizamos os dados encontrados. A população estudada, que pleiteia a mudança do registro civil, foi mapeada a partir de dados de sentenças e processos para mudança de prenome, traçando-se um perfil nacional segundo os critérios definidos pelo SUS. Buscamos a amostra nos quatro centros credenciados para o processo transexualizador (Portaria no 457, de 19 de agosto de 2008). Encontramos 55 sujeitos que entraram com processo de mudança de prenome e/ou prenome e sexo, matriculados/acompanhados nos referidos hospitais. Observamos uma proporção de de 9:2 entre homem para mulher (MTF) e mulher para homem (FTM), semelhante ao que se relata na literatura internacional (4:1). Quanto às sentenças, apenas 5,50% (três) dos processos foram indeferidos, correspondentes a sujeitos do sexo biologico masculino que ainda não haviam sido submetidos à cirurgia. Observamos uma associação entre cirurgia e deferimento da mudança de prenome (p = 0,001). Em apenas 10,90% (seis) sentenças analisadas, havia menção ao laudo psicológico, que, portanto, foi omitido nas demais, 82,10% (49). Quando presentes, os laudos não foram elaborados por profissionais dos centros credenciados para o processo transexualizador, descaracterizandose como objetos deste estudo. Os resultados sugerem que os laudos psicológicos não influem na decisão judicial nos processos de mudança de prenome entre pacientes transexuais e que a realização prévia da cirurgia de readequação sexual está associada a um maior índice de êxito no pleito dos pacientes
Transsexualism is defined as a desire to live and be accepted as a member of the opposite sex, usually accompanied by a sense of discomfort (or inappropriateness) with one\'s anatomic sex, and a wish to have surgical and hormonal treatment to make one\'s body as congruent as possible with one\'s preferred sex. This change triggers the need for legal adjustment of the individual through civil proceedings for change the legal name and sex/gender. This study\'s objective was to observe whether psychological appraisals may or may not influence the judicial decision, by the analysis of the judges\' sentences for the change of forename in transsexual men and women, whether or not they underwent reassignment surgery. We performed a sample study where we initially characterized the social and demographic variables of this population, and then we systematized the data found. The population studied, who presented a plea to change theirs forename at the civil register, was mapped from data of trial sentences. From this data we present a national profile of patients according to criteria for the processo transexualizador, the treatment as laid down by the Brazilian National Health Care System. We seeked our sample at the four centers licensed for the \"processo transexualizador\" (Ordinance 457 of the Brazilian Health Care Ministry, dated August 19, 2008). We have found 55 subjects which entered pleas for changes of forename and / or pleas for changes of forename and sex. This subjects should be registered patients or be monitored at these hospitals. We found a proportion of 9:2 male to female (MTF) and female to male (FTM) patients, this finding is similar to reports from the international literature (4:1). When we analyzed for outcome of the judgments, we found that 5.50% (three) cases were rejected. This three cases belonged to biological male gender and had not yet been submitted to surgery. We observed a association between surgery and plea for first name\'s change (p = 0.001). Only 10.90% (six) of the sentences analyzed mentioned the psychological appraisal, which was omitted in 82.10% (49) of the sentences. We also found that when the psychological appraisals were present they were not issued by professionals working at licensed centers, therefore these did not meet the criteria for the study. Our findings suggest that the psychological appraisals do not affect the judicial decision over the pleas for forename changes among transsexual patients and the prior execution of the reassignment surgery is associated to a higher success rate in the patients\' litigations

"This PhD thesis embodies research carried out to develop procedures for direct shoot regeneration, micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis with a view to assisting both para-sexual procedures of cultivar improvement for large-scale production of the tomato cultivar Red Coat. " -- abstract. Tomato is a major vegetable crop that has achieved tremendous popularity over the last century. Tomato is normally grown from hybrid seeds. Hybrid seeds are expensive to produce due to their reliance on manual labour. Alternative methods are therefore needed to minimise the cost of production of seedlings. Tissue culture techniques have the potential to meet these requirements. However, these techniques have not been exploited in tomato propagation programmes due to genotypic specificity oftomato for PGRs and other factors. This PhD thesis embodies research carried out to develop procedures for direct shoot regeneration, micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis with the view to assisting both para-sexual procedures of cultivar improvement and for large-scale production of the tomato cultivar Red Coat. A series of experiments has been performed to optimise explant related and physical and chemical factors that affect adventitious shoot regeneration in tomato. The role of chemical factors, such as the type and concentration of plant growth regulators, sugar concentration, mineral nutrients, medium pH, ascorbic acid, activated charcoal and casein hydrolysate on shoot regeneration was studied. Exogenous application of cytokinin was found essential for induction of shoot regeneration; zeatin at 15 JlM was found to be the most suitable cytokinin for shoot regeneration from cotyledonary explants. Tomato tissues were also tolerant to a wide range of medium pH, as most of the traits studied were unaffected by the medium pH. The addition of activated charcoal, ascorbic acid and casein hydrolysate had little effect on shoot organogenesis. Amongst the explant related factors, the type, orientation (placement of explants on the media) and the effect of wounding on the regeneration response were also examined. Amongst the three types of explants studied, cotyledons produced the best shoot response followed by hypocotyl and leaf explants. The explant orientation also affected shoot regeneration. Cotyledons placed in abaxial (lower surface facing down) orientation consistently produced better shoot regeneration response, with a greater number of shoots and taller shoots compared to those inoculated in adaxial (upper surface facing down) orientation. Wounding of cotyledonary explants increased shoot induction and shoot number. However, the shoots obtained from wounded cotyledons were abnormal. Light was not absolutely essential for shoot regeneration in tomato. Furthermore, the shoots that were regenerated in the dark were not etiolated. A maximum shoot regeneration response occurred in the explants exposed to light/dark cycles of 16/8 h compared to 24 h dark and 24 h light. The efficiency of the regeneration protocol that was established for the cultivar Red Coat was tested for nine other commercially important cultivars (Big Beef, Grosse Lisse, Improved Apollo, Pinnacle, Roma VF, Small Fry, Super Sweet, Sweet Bite, Tiny Tim). Marked genotypic variation was observed for shoot regeneration response, shoot number and shoot height. Additional experiments were performed to establish multiplication and rooting protocol for the regenerated shoots of the cultivar Red Coat. In the absence of cytokinin, the explants failed to develop lateral shoots. The cultures raised on the media containing kinetin showed better multiplication rate than those grown on the medium containing zeatin or BA. The genetic fidelity of the regenerated shoots was also established using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The results confirmed similarity between the regenerated and seed-grown plants at the molecular level. Tissue cultured plants were compared with those raised from the seed for morphological, physiological and fruit yield and quality related characteristics. The results suggested similarities between the two types of plants except for density of glandular trichomes on the surface of regenerated shoots. Histological studies were undertaken to elucidate the ongm of shoots from cotyledonary explants. Centres of cell division occurred in pockets through the subepidermal and mesophyll regions of the cotyledon. Meristematic centres in the subepidermal regions became dominant, giving rise to shoot meristems. Development of a micropropagation protocol -another pathway of regeneration, was also investigated using the shoot apex of F1 seedlings of the cultivar Red Coat. The results indicated that the tomato shoot apex could initiate shoots with or without the presence of plant growth regulators, but the highest concentration (5 JlM) of NAA markedly reduced shoot initiation. At the initiation stage, the number of shoots produced per explant was highly dependent on a specific combination of cytokinin x auxin. At the multiplication stage, maximum multiplication (four fold) was achieved in the MS medium containing 15 JlM kinetin and 5 JlM IAA. Maximum root induction (100%) occurred in the MS medium containing 2.5 JlM IBA. The VI successful hardening of the regenerated seedlings also demonstrated the potential for application ofthis protocol in commercial propagation of tomato. The effects of light and BA on somatic embryogenesis of five commercially important hybrid cultivars of tomato cultivars (Big Beef, King Kong, Red Coat, Super Sweet, Sweet Bite) were also investigated. The presence of BA was absolutely necessary for somatic embryogenesis, and the exposure to light improved induction of somatic embryos in these cultivars. The studies presented in the thesis make a significant contribution to the understanding of the role of various factors on shoot regeneration and somatic embryogenesis in tomato. Histological studies helped reveal the origin of shoots, and molecular tests assisted in determining genetic fidelity of tissue cultured plants. Furthermore, a robust micropropagation protocol using axillary branching and somatic embryogenesis has been developed. The effectiveness of these protocols on commercial hybrid cultivars demonstrates a clear feasibility of producing high quality micro plants from a few hybrid seedlings of tomato.

Este trabalho estuda a participação e audição da criança vítima de crime contra a liberdade e autodeterminação sexual em processo penal. Vê-se a evolução sobre a perceção da criança e a crescente valoração da sua palavra, a nível nacional e internacional. Analisa-se a harmonização da proteção da criança vítima com a estrutura do nosso processo penal e os direitos de defesa do arguido. Refere-se a participação da criança vítima de abuso sexual no processo, em particular a tomada de declarações para memória futura. Descreve-se a prática atual no Porto e apresenta-se uma análise crítica. Conclui-se deixando em aberto alguns tópicos de reflexão acerca desta diligência.
This paper studies the participation and hearing of the child victim of a crime against sexual freedom and self-determination in a criminal procedure. It looks at the evolution of the perception of the child and the increasing consideration of the child’s word. It analyses the harmonization of the child’s protection with the structure of the Portuguese criminal procedure and the defendant’s defence rights. It refers to the participation of the chid victim of a sexual abuse in the procedure, in particular the taking of statements for future memory. It describes the current experience in Porto and presents a critical analysis. It concludes leaving some open topics for consideration about this inquiry.