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Karmakar, Palash, and Md Golam Kibria. "In-vitro comparative evaluation of quality control parameters between paracetamol and paracetamol/caffeine tablets available in Bangladesh." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 1, no. 5 (2012): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i5.10282.
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Paracetamol is a widely used non-prescription analgesic and antipyretic medicine. The study was conducted to assess the comparative in-vitro quality control parameters through the evaluation of weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution profile between the commercially available tablet brands of paraceta-mol and paracetamol/caffeine combination in Bangladesh. Tablets of five top level manufacturers those have both of the formulations were evaluated in two groups. Both similarities and dissimilarities were found between the groups. All tablets either paracetamol (1.07 to 2.14%) or paracetamol/caffeine (0.98 to 2.09%) showed acceptable weight variation and friability (below 1%). Formulations were somewhat different in their hardness, disintegration time and dissolution profile. All tablets of paracetamol/caffeine were found harder than paracetamol tablets of the same manufacturer. 1 out of 5 for paracetamol and 3 out of 5 for paracetamol/caffeine tablets exceeded the limit of tablet hardness or crushing strength. The disintegration time in 0.1N HCl of paracetamol tablet brands (24 seconds to 4 minutes 52 seconds) were less than the paracetamol/caffeine (6 minutes 33 seconds to 17 minutes 43 seconds) brands. On the other hand in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, paracetamol/caffeine tablets dissolved quickly and showed better release profile than tablets containing only paracetamol. It can be concluded that standard quality control parameters always should be maintained not only for paracetamol or its combination but also for all kinds of medicine for getting better drug products.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i5.10282International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(5): 103-109
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Sipatu, Yayuk Susanti, and Nur Ani. "Formulasi Tablet Paracetamol Menggunakan Pati Biji Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr) Sebagai Bahan Pengikat Secara Kempa Langsung." Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan 5, no. 5 (2023): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v5i5.1951.
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Research has been carried out on the formulation of paracetamol tablets using Durian Seed Starch (Durio Zibethinus Murr) as a binder by direct compression to determine the most effective concentration of binder. This research method uses qualitative methods. The results showed that the average percentage of solute in paracetamol tablets in formulas I, II, and III were 88.3215%, 67.2974%, and 31.5981%, respectively. The results indicated that formula I with a binding agent concentration of 8% met the requirements in the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia, while formulas II and III (10% and 12%) did not meet the specified requirements. The test results for the physical properties of the tablets showed that all formulas met the requirements for size uniformity, weight uniformity, friability, and tablet hardness. While statistical tests using Ansira (Ragam Sidik Analysis) showed that the use of durian seed starch as a binder at concentrations of 8%, 10%, and 12% had no significant effect on the physical properties of the tablets. Keywords: Paracetamol Tablets, Durian Seed Starch, Binders, Direct Felt. Abstrak Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang formulasi tablet paracetamol menggunakan Pati Biji Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr) yang berfungsi sebagai bahan pengikat dan menggunakan tekhnik kempa langsung dengan tujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi bahan pengikat yang paling efektif. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu metode kualitatif. Hasilnya menunjukkan, jumlah persen rata – rata zat terlarut tablet paracetamol untuk formula I,II dan III berturut-turut 88,32 %, 67,29 % dan 31,59 %. Hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pada formula I menggunakan konsentrasi bahan pengikat 8% memenuhi persyaratan dalam Farmakope Indonesia, sedangkan pada formulasi II dan III (10% dan 12%) tidak memenuhi syarat yang ditentukan. Hasil uji sifat fisik tablet menyatakan bahwa semua formula memenuhi persyaratan keseragaman ukuran, keseragaman bobot, kerapuhan dan kekerasan tablet. Sedangkan uji statistik dengan menggunakan Analisis Sidik Ragam menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan pati biji durian sebagai bahan pengikat pada konsentrasi 8%, 10% dan 12% mempengaruhi sifat tablet yang sebenarnya. Kata Kunci: Tablet Paracetamol, Pati Biji Durian, Bahan Pengikat, Kempa Langsung
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Okafo, Sinodukoo Eziuzo, Emmanuel Agbamu, Ogheneyerhovwome Naomi Bazunu, and Ojogbane Joel Onoja. "Evaluation of the Binding Property of Irvingia Gabonesis Gum in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations Produced using Two Different Disintegrants." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIO-MEDICAL SCIENCE 03, no. 02 (2023): 38–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7599070.
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Paracetamol is mainly used as analgesic and antipyretic drug. This study was conducted to evaluate the binding property of Irvingia gabonensis gum (IGG) in paracetamol tablet formulations in the presence of either maize starch or microcrystalline cellulose as disintegrant. IGG was isolated by acetone precipitation of the filtrate from the maceration of the powdered seeds of Irvingia gabonensis (Irvingiaceae) in distilled water for 24 h. Paracetamol granules were prepared using the wet granulation method. They were produced by using various concentration of IGG as binder, maize starch or microcrystalline cellulose as disintegrants and lactose as filler. The different formulations of paracetamol granules were mixed with magnesium stearate and talc and compressed into the respective tablets. The tablets were evaluated based on uniformity of weight, tablet hardness, friability, disintegration time and in vitro drug release. The tablet hardness for the paracetamol tablet formulations ranged from 2.27±0.09 to 8.00±0.54 Kgf. The friability values ranged from 0.21 ± 0.04 to 3.40±0.10%. The disintegration time ranged from 3.00±0.10 to 23±0.50 min. Tablets from all the formulations released up to 70% of their paracetamol contents within 25 min. For all the formulations, as the binder concentration increased the rate of drug release decreased. For tablets prepared using IGG as binder; formulations that contain microcrystalline cellulose as disintegrant had better release profile than those prepared using maize starch as disintegrant. The study shows that IGG have good binding property. Paracetamol tablets formulated using IGG as binder have comparable hardness value but lower disintegration time than those formulated using maize starch mucilage as binder.
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Khan, Azhar Danish. "COMPARATIVE QUALITY EVALUATION OF TWO BRANDS OF PARACETAMOL TABLETS OBTAINED FROM THE MARKET." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (IJPER) 1, no. 1 (2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37021/ijper.v1i1.14.
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Introduction: Paracetamol tablets are very common over the counter (OTC) products among the patients as a good analgesics s. It is the drug of choice in patients that cannot be treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as people with bronchial asthma, peptic ulcer disease, hemophilia, salicylate-sensitized people and children under 12 years of age, pregnant or breastfeeding women. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the quality of the paracetamol tablet formulations those are locally available in India pharmaceutical market manufactured by various pharmaceutical companies with pharmacopeia standards. Materials and Methods: The two popular brands (A & B) of paracetamol conventional tablet of 500 mg strength were chosen. The paracetamol tablets were obtained from the local medical shops. To compare the quality of tablet formulations of different brands various official parameters like friability, hardness, weight variation, disintegration time and dissolution were performed as per the standards mentioned in pharmacopoeia. Result and Conclusion: The result of all these parameters of different brands was in the Pharmacopoeial limits so it could be concluded that marketed pharmaceutical tablets of paracetamol of these brands are safe, effective and efficacious.
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Mek0, Ogochukwu A., Bibiana O. Mudiaga-Ojemu, Chiagoziem P. Ubah, Sylvester O. Eraga, and Magnus A. Iwuagwu. "Investigation into the use of acid modified millet (Pennisetum glaucum) starch mucilage as tablet binder." Journal of Science and Practice of Pharmacy 5, no. 2 (2018): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47227/jsppharm.v5i2.5.
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Purpose: To investigate the binding properties of the modified (acid treated) millet (Pennisetum glaucum) starch mucilage in comparison with maize starch BP on some physical characteristics of paracetamol tablets. Method: Pennisetum glaucumstarch was extracted and subjected to acid modification. Mucilages of the modified starch and maize starch BP was used to prepare paracetamol granules and tablets by wet granulation method at various concentrations. The granules were characterized for their flow properties while the tablets were characterized for their tablet parameters. In vitro drug release and FTIR compatibility studies was carried out on the tablet formulation. Result: The starch extraction and modification processes gave a percentage yield of 53.65 and 58.74 % respectively. Prepared granules were free flowing with Carr’s indices, Hausner’s ratios and angles of repose of ≤15%, ≤1.2 and <31°, respectively. At all binder concentrations, the tablets showed satisfactory hardness (5.15-7.75 kp), friability values (< 1.0 %) and disintegration times (<15 min). The dissolution studies showed that all batches achieved over 70 % drug release in 30 min while the compatibility study revealed no interaction between paracetamol and the modified starch. Conclusion: The results from the study show that modified millet starch when used as a binder in paracetamol tablets exhibited comparable granule and tablet properties with maize starch BP. Keywords: Pennisetum glaucum, modification, starch, binder, paracetamol tablets
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Tijjani, Abubakar Babakura, Hassan Braimah Yesufu, Nafiu Lawan, and Garba T. Mohammed. "Assessment of miligram(Mg) content of some notable analgesics used by residents of Maiduguri Metropolis: evidence from high performance liquid chromatographic technique." Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 10, no. 3a (2024): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i3a.16.
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Diclofenac sodium and paracetamol are Over the counter (OTC) medications used as analgesic and antipyretic agents to relieve pains, fever and headaches. The aim of this work was determine the mg content of paracetamol and diclofenac sodium in selected samples across the Maiduguri metropolis using High Performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. For paracetamol samples an intersil ODS-3V column (150 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 μm pore size) was used at the temperature of 35oC the mobile phase was methanol: water (20:80) using isocratic elution at the flow rate of 2 mL/min, injection volume of 10 μL and a diode array detector. For diclofenac sodium samples, the chromatographic conditions were the same except the mobile phase which was methanol: water (63:37), flow rate of 0.8 mL min, injection volume of 20 μL and column temperature was set at 30 oC. A total of 45 samples were analysed; which comprised of paracetamol tablet, paracetamol syrup and diclofenac sodium tablet which were randomly selected from three different sources; hospital pharmacy, community pharmacy and drug patent stores. The percentage mg content for paracetamol tablets ranged from 48 to 83 % while that of the paracetamol syrups ranged from 72 to 120 % and finally diclofenac sodium tablets ranged from 73 to 174 %. Adopting the United State Pharmacopoeia (USP) as reference for assessment tool, it was observed that all the paracetamol tablet samples failed, 4 out of 15 paracetamol syrup samples failed, and 11 out of 15 diclofenac sodium tablet samples failed. There was statistical significance (p< 0.05) between class of drug and percentage mg content but there was no significance (p< 0.05) between source of drug and percentage constituent. HPLC technique was used successfully for quantitative determination of paracetamol and diclofenac sodium dosage forms.
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Jagadeesh, Kadali, and Nowduri Annapurna. "Quantification of Prochlorperazine and Paracetamol Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Application to Tablets and Stability Studies." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 11 (2019): 2473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22140.
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This study reports a new stability indicating HPLC method using Spursil C18 column as stationary phase, and mixture of 0.1 M Na2HPO4 and methanol (50:50 v/v) as mobile phase for the chromatographic determination of paracetamol and prochlorperazine in tablets and in bulk form. The linearity range is 250-750 μg/mL for paracetamol and 2.5-7.5 μg/mL for prochlorperazine. The limit of detection values are 2.650 μg/mL for paracetamol and 0.175 μg/mL for prochlorperazine. The minor values of the relative standard deviation (≤ 2.0 %) as well as good percent assay values (nearer to 100 %) confirm the high precision and accuracy of the present method. From the degradation study chromatograms found that there was no interference from degradants when paracetamol and prochlorperazine are quantified in tablets through the proposed method. A good agreement between results obtained and labeled claim for the determination of paracetamol and prochlorperazine in tablet samples demonstrates that the proposed method is appropriate to quantify paracetamol and prochlorperazine in tablet formulations.
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Huynh, Thi My Duyen, Huu Nhan Nguyen, and Thi Minh Ngoc Le. "RESEARCH ON THE PREPARATION OF PARACETAMOL 650 MG PROLONGED-RELEASE TABLETS." Tạp chí Y Dược học Cần Thơ, no. 6 (October 20, 2023): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.58490/ctump.2023i6.828.
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Background: Paracetamol is one of the most commonly used active ingredients, even without a doctor's prescription for most people. It has effects on relieving pain and treating fever, especially with an analgesic effect for the elderly who have to suffer from degenerative joint disease. However, the half-life of paracetamol is relatively short, from 1 to 3 hours, so patients need to use it many times a day. The use of large amounts of paracetamol for a long time constantly can cause irreversible liver damage, so the prolonged release dosage form is chosen for the following reasons. Not only does it maintain the therapeutic drug concentration, and help reduce the number of use times but it also limits unwanted side effects. Objectives: the dissolution and the release kinetics of the active ingredient of the reference tablet Tylenol 8 Hour 650 mg were surveyed in order to formulate the paracetamol 650mg prolonged release tablet and there was an in vitro equivalent evaluation between the prepared paracetamol 650mg prolonged release tablet and the reference tablet Tylenol 8 Hour 650 mg. Materials and methods: an active ingredient (paracetamol); excipients are used in double-layer formulations that include an immediate release layer and a sustained release one; an experimental study that used a wet granulation method was conducted on a rotary tablet press. Results: the formulation of paracetamol 650 mg prolonged release tablets with f2, compared with the reference tablets Tylenol 8 Hour 650 mg in all three media with pH of 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8, was greater than 50. Conclusions: the result of the study is one of the most essential bases in order to upgrade to a pilot scale, gradually develop to an industrial scale, test in vivo equivalence, and then bring products with well-made quality and safety to consumers as well as patients.
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Kulkarni, Vaishnavi M., Shubham B. Babare, Sanket K. Joshi, et al. "Formulation and Evaluation of Paracetamol Tablets using Coconut Oil as a Binder." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 1-S (2022): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i1-s.5320.
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Tablets are the medicament with suitable excipients. It comprises a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually pressed or compacted from a powder into a solid dose. The aim of this study was to formulate paracetamol tablets using Coconut oil as a binder in different concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%) and evaluate them with basic parameters. The granules manufactured using the binder had good flow property and compressibility. There are various examples of binders that can be used for tablet formulation. Here the efforts were made to formulate the paracetamol tablets by using coconut oil to check whether the tablet can be formulated and the other evaluation parameters for tablets, thereafter. Using coconut oil as a binder in the end gave satisfactory result as we could formulate a tablet with effective concentration of coconut oil with 1%.Theformulated tablets thereafter were evaluated for the characterization for granules to check such as flow property, bulk density, tap density etc.as well as the tablets were also evaluated for disintegration and dissolution as well.
 Keywords: Paracetamol, Binder, Dry granulation, Excipients, Direct compression, Disintegration, Dissolution
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Zulfa, Elya, and Malinda Prihantini. "Formulasi Tablet Paracetamol dengan Bahan Pengikat Pati Umbi Gembili (Dioscorea esculenta L)." Jurnal Pharmascience 6, no. 2 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jps.v6i2.7351.
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ABSTRAK Pati umbi gembili (PUG) memiliki kandungan utama amilopektin sebesar 75,7%. Amilopektin bersifat lekat dan dapat membentuk gel bila disuspensikan dengan air, sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pengikat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui sifat fisik tablet paracetamol dengan penambahan PUG sebagai bahan pengikat. Proses pembuatan pati dari umbi gembili dilakukan dengan cara basah. Tablet Parasetamol dibuat dengan metode granulasi basah dengan variasi kadar mucilago PUG FI 5%, FII 10%, FIII 15%. Tablet yang dibuat, diuji sifat fisik (keseragaman bobot, kekerasan, kerapuhan dan waktu hancur) dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil uji sifat fisik tablet menunjukkan bahwa seluruh formula yang dibuat memenuhi syarat yang ditetapkan dalam kompendial. Kata Kunci : Parasetamol, pati umbi gembili, bahan pengikat, granulasi basah ABSTRACT Gembili tuber (PUG) starch has a major component of amylopectin of 75.7%. Amylopectin is sticky and can form a gel when suspended with water, so that it can be used as a tablet binding agent in the form of PUG mucilago. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical characteristics in paracetamol tablets of adding PUG mucilago (Dioscorea esculenta) as a binder. The process of making starch from gembili tuber is done by wet. Paracetamol tablets are made by wet granulation method with variations in levels of FI PUG mucilago 5%, FII 10%, FIII15%. Tablets were made, tested for physical properties (weight uniformity, hardness, friability and disintegration time) with descriptive analysis. The test results of the physical properties of tablets indicate that all formulas made meet the requirements set out in the literature Keywords: Paracetamol, gembili tuber starch, binder, wet granulation
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Muhangi, Rodgers, Albert N. Onchweri, Maniga Josephat, Tenywa Mercy, Jacqueline Njeri Muchiri, and Ugwu Okechukwu Paul-Chima. "Effect of Musa acuminata Starch concentration on the Disintegrant Activity of Paracetamol Tablets." IDOSR JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCES 8, no. 2 (2023): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/idosr/2023/10.1.7009.
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Today, tablets are one of the most widely used pharmaceutical dosage forms. Both active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and inactive ingredients such as disintegrants are found in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disintegrants are essential for dissolving the tablet into small particles and increasing the surface area of the API when it is exposed to gastrointestinal fluids. As a result, choosing the right type and concentration of disintegrant is often the most important aspect in determining tablet quality. Effect of Musa acuminata starch concentration on the disintegrant activity of paracetamol tablets was now researched on. Starch from unripe banana fruits was extracted with distilled water and 0.05M sodium hydroxide. Banana starch powder at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% w/w were used to formulate paracetamol tablets by direct compression. Starch powder and tablet properties were evaluated. Increase in concentration of banana starch powder from 5-15% w/w led to a decrease in disintegration time, weight variation, and an increase in friability. The tablets formulated from banana starch at all concentration were comparable to tablet properties in the standard BP 2009. The starch powder pH, true density, bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Hausner’s ratio and Carr’s index were 6.57, 1.51g/ ml, 0.55g/ml, 0.61g/ml, 32.3o , 1.11 and 9.90, respectively. The tablets exhibited disintegration time, weight variation, thickness, and friability values ranging from 0.55-0.44min, 1.66-0.59%, 4-3.39mm, 0.13- 0.55%, respectively. The tablets met acceptable Pharmacopoeia requirements at starch concentration studied. Results revealed that banana starch could be used as a disintegrant in paracetamol tablet formulation due its comparable properties with the standard BP 2009 specifications. Musa acuminata starch when used at concentration of 15% gives optimum disintegrant activity. Keywords: Musa acuminate, Starch concentration, Disintegrant, Paracetamol tablets
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Poonam, Sable Omkar Jadhav* Vaishnavi Keshav Jivrak Disha Harne Sakshi Jaiswal. "Comparative Quality Assessment of 500mg Paracetamol Tablet Brands: Safety and Efficacy Analysis." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 5 (2025): 4501–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15524463.
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This study aims to compare and evaluate various 500mg paracetamol tablet brands by analyzing several quality control parameters, including weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution tests. Four brands of 500mg paracetamol tablets were selected from the local market. Results showed that the weight variation for all brands was within ±5% of the average weight, while friability was less than 1%. Each tablet brand disintegrated within 15 minutes, and the dissolution rate for all brands met the Indian Pharmacopeia (IP) requirement of at least 85% within 30 minutes. Consequently, it was concluded that paracetamol tablets from different manufacturers are safe and effective for use, though cost variations were noted among brands. Minor differences in physical and chemical properties, such as weight, friability, disintegration, dissolution, and assay, were observed across brands, but these were within acceptable limits. Despite its availability as an over-the-counter medication, the excessive use of paracetamol raises concerns about its quality, authenticity, and marketing. Thus, further research is essential to ensure the consistent safety and efficacy of paracetamol tablets for human consumption.
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Eraga, S. O., D. N. Elue, and M. A. Iwuagwu. "Evaluation of the Direct Compression Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose Obtained from Cassava Fermentation Waste in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations." Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 16, no. 1 (2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpr.v16i1.4.
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Background: Natural materials have gained a lot of significance in the field of drug delivery because of their cost effectiveness and ready availability.Purpose: The study aimed at evaluating the direct compression property of microcrystalline cellulose from cassava fermentation waste in directly compressed paracetamol tablet formulations.Methods: Alkali delignification of the dried cassava fermentation fibres, followed by bleaching and acid depolymerisation was employed in the extraction of α-cellulose and conversion to microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The MCC obtained and Avicel® were used at different concentrations (5.0-15 %w/w) to formulate batches of paracetamol tablets by directed compression. A comparative evaluation of the formulated paracetamol granules and tablets properties were undertaken.Results: The paracetamol granules formulated showed good flowability with Hausner’s ratios of 1.15-1.25, Carr’s indices of 13.10-20.00 % and angles of repose ≤ 34.41°. The formulated tablets showed good hardness (> 5.0 kgf) and disintegration time within 10 min. Only tablets containing 5.0 and 7.5 %w/w of the test MCC failed the BP dissolution test specification for tablets which stipulates that at least 70 % of the drug should be in solution after 30 min.Conclusion: This study has shown that the extracted MCC has direct compression ability evidenced in the mechanical strength of the formulated paracetamol tablets. The tablet properties of the formulated paracetamol tablets revealed pharmaceutically acceptable tablets though they were not comparable with Avicel® at all concentrations and the MCC may serve as an alternative local source for direct compression excipient.
 Keywords: Cassava, microcrystalline cellulose, direct compression, paracetamol, tablets
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J, Jenny. "Penetapan Kadar Parasetamol dalam Sediaan Tablet Secara Spektrofotometri Inframerah." Herbal Medicine Journal 4, no. 1 (2022): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.58996/hmj.v4i1.69.
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Paracetamol is paraaminophenol which is a metabolite of phenacetin and has been used since 1893, paracetamol (acetaminophen) has a working power analgesics, antipyretics, not has anti- inflammatory work power and does not cause irritation and inflammation of the stomach. According to Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health in paragraph 1 article 105, it is stated that pharmaceutical preparations in the form of drugs and medicinal raw materials must meet the requirements of Indonesian Pharmacopoeia or other standard books.Thepurpose of this study was to determine paracetamol levels in tablet preparations with a trade name and generic and to determine the suitability of the requirements of Indonesian Pharmacopoeia.Determination of paracetamol levels by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectrophotometry using methanol solvent in the wave number range 4000 - 650 cm-1.The results showed that paracetamol levels in Sanmol®tablets (102,69±9,35)%; Erphamol®tablets(95,42 ± 0,26)%; Farmadol®tablets (99,67±9,87)%; Biogesic®tablets (96,7±2,14)%; Paracetamol tablets (97,98± 0.29)%. From the method validation, the results of the recovery test was 100,18%, RSD was 0.03%, and LOD and LOQ respectively was 0.0973 mg / mL and 0,3244 mg / mL. These results indicate that the method performed shows accurate and precise results. The results of this study concluded that the determination of paracetamol levels could be carried out by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectrophotometry and the levels of paracetamol tablets had met the requirements.
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Bhatia, Ritika, Rakesh Goyal, and Dilip Agarwal. "Process Validation of Paracetamol tablet as per ICH guidelines." International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies 7, no. 6 (2023): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32553/ijmbs.v7i6.2713.
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Process validation is an integral part of pharmaceutical manufacturing, ensuring that tablets are consistently produced with quality and efficacy in line with regulatory requirements. The International Council for Harmonization ICH) provides guidelines for the systematic validation of manufacturing processes. This research article presents a comprehensive study on process validation for Paracetamol tablets following the ICH guidelines. The article focuses on various aspects of the validation process, including process design, qualification, and continued process verification, with specific emphasis on Paracetamol tablet manufacturing. Experimental studies were conducted to characterize the critical process parameters and assess their impact on the tablet's quality attributes. The article also discusses the use of statistical analysis techniques for data evaluation and demonstrates the establishment of a robust validation protocol for Paracetamol tablet manufacturing. Through the application of the ICH guidelines, this research contributes to ensuring the consistency and reliability of Paracetamol tablets, enhancing patient safety and meeting regulatory expectations.
 Keywords: Process validation, ICH guidelines, Critical process parameters, Critical Process Attribution, Statistical analysis, and validation protocol;
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Gusfarendi and Wintari Taurina. "AMILUM TEST WASTE OF PALM OIL (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) AS A BINDER ON PARASETAMOL TABLETS." JURNAL BORNEO AKCAYA 1, no. 1 (2014): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.51266/borneoakcaya.v1i1.9.
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Palm trunk the waste from rejuvenation of the palm plantation. This research was aim to test starch from palm trunk that used as binder in paracetamol tablet. This research used experimental method, which there was three formulas that used starch from palm trunk as a binder with variety concentrations of the F1(5%), F2(10%), F3(15%) and three comparative formulas that used amprotab as a binder with variety concentrations of the F4(5%), F5(10%), F6(15%). Wet granulation method was used to make the tablet. The tablet has evaluated and was statistical analiyzed One Way Anova. Evaluation of the tablets include weight uniformity test, hardness test, friability test, disintegration test, assay test and dissolution test. The result of evaluation tablets was all formula meet the requirements of tablet. Based on the result it can be used as a binder in paracetamol tablet. The optimum concentration as a binder was 10%.
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Yayehrad, Ashagrachew Tewabe, Tesfa Marew, Motlalepula Matsabisa, and Gebremariam Birhanu Wondie. "Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Ficus vasta Gum as a Binder in Tablet Formulation." BioMed Research International 2023 (August 9, 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8852784.
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Binders are ingredients used in tablet granulation process for tablet cohesiveness which confirms that the tablet remains intact after compression. Natural gums have been employed as disintegrants, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, and binders in tablets. Even though Ficus vasta gum is claimed as a possible pharmaceutical excipient by some phytochemical studies, literature is scanty on its efficacy as a tablet binder. The purpose of this study was to isolate, characterize, and comparatively evaluate Ficus vasta gum as a potential binder in tablet formulation. Gum was extracted from Ficus vasta tree, characterized for physicochemical properties, and applied as a binder in paracetamol granule and tablet formulation. Granules were prepared using 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% w/w concentration of the gum and standard binders (polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 and Starch@1500) by wet granulation. The formulated tablets were then evaluated for tablet quality parameters, and comparison between the test and standard binders was done by ANOVA. The dried crude gum yielded 50.63% (w/w) of a brownish yellow purified gum. The angle of repose, Carr’s index, and the Hausner ratio all complied with the pharmacopoeial recommendations. The gum is compatible with the model drug, paracetamol. The paracetamol granules prepared with Ficus gum binder demonstrated an optimum size range and size distribution with substantial flow and compressibility properties. Ficus gum binder demonstrated significantly higher disintegration time and strength properties than that of similar concentrations of Starch@1500 but lower than polyvinylpyrrolidone ( p < 0.05 ). Ficus gum has better binding properties than starch but lower than polyvinylpyrrolidone. Hence, Ficus vasta gum can be used as an alternative tablet binder in tablet manufacturing.
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Gavali, Prashant* Gangurde Gayatri Dhum Manohar Sonawane Mitesh. "Development And Characterization of Bilayered Tablet of Paracetamol & Diclofenac Sodium." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 3 (2025): 1588–94. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15041971.
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By defining a bilayer tablet with a immediate release layer of paracetamol and a sustain release layer of diclofenac sodium, and by evaluating their pre-compression and post-compression parameters, the primary goal of this research project is to create a steady detailing of a NASAID. A bilayer tablet consists of a moment layer for support discharge of diclofenac sodium and a layer for moment discharge of paracetamol. At that point, the bilayer tablet is planned by weighing all necessary fixings and following the coordinated compression strategy. Using a USP disintegration device, the compressed bilayer tablets were evaluated for weight variety, thickness, hardness, friability, and in-vitro sedate discharge. Since it discharges medication up to 82.11% of sedate discharge for bilayer tablets and this group met all assessment criteria, the optimized Detailing table of definitions F5 definition was deemed worthy.
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Balcha Balla, Tamrat, Nisha MaryJoseph, and Anteneh Belete. "In Vitro Evaluation of Native Taro Boloso-I Starch as a Disintegrant in Tablet Formulations." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (December 24, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7576730.
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Introduction. In drug delivery, solid dosage forms, of which tablet is the commonest, are still the leading preferences. An area of research focus in tablet drug delivery is the search for tablet excipients. This study was aimed at evaluating and optimizing native Taro Boloso-I starch as a tablet disintegrant. Methods. The response surface method with central composite design (CCD-RSM) was used for the analysis and optimization of the concentration of native Taro Boloso-I starch and compression force. Wet granulation method was used for the preparation of paracetamol tablets. The response variables considered were tablet crushing strength, friability, and disintegration time. Results and Discussion. Both the native Taro Boloso-I starch concentration and compression force had increasing effect on the tablet breaking force. The friability of the tablets was shown to decrease with increasing levels of the disintegrant concentration. On the other hand, compression force had a decreasing effect on friability in the investigated range. The disintegration time of the tablets was found to decrease with the concentration of the starch. The paracetamol tablets prepared with the optimized levels of native Taro Boloso-I starch and compression force showed tablet breaking force of 116.24 N, friability of 0.153%, disintegration time of 1.36 min, disintegration efficiency ratio of 562.3 N/(%Min), and comparative disintegration efficiency ratio of 13.6 with respect to commercial potato starch. Conclusions. The tablets exhibited improved crushing strength, friability, in vitro disintegration time, and disintegration efficiency ratio which suggest the novel applicability of the native Taro Boloso-I starch as an efficient pharmaceutical tablet disintegrant.
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Saragih, Safitri, Suprianto Suprianto, and Samran Samran. "Analisis Parasetamol Tablet dengan Metode Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR)." Jurnal Indah Sains dan Klinis 5, no. 3 (2025): 24–30. https://doi.org/10.52622/jisk.v5i3.05.
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Background: Paracetamol, a widely used analgesic and antipyretic medication, is commonly prescribed in government healthcare facilities. The FTIR method provides rapid measurements by analyzing spectral graphs that reveal the functional groups within the tested compounds. According to the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia, VI Edition 2020, paracetamol content in tablet formulations must range between 90.0% and 110.0%. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the paracetamol content in tablet preparations and assess their compliance with the 2020 Indonesian Pharmacopoeia standards and the packaging labels. Method: The research was conducted experimentally using FTIR spectroscopy. A solvent mixture of ethanol and distilled water (1:1) was employed, with analyses performed over the wavelength range of 4000–400 cm⁻¹. Results: The paracetamol content was found to be highest in tablet B (100.33 ± 1.003%), followed by tablet A (100.29 ± 1.002%), tablet D (100.24 ± 1.002%), and tablet E (100.14 ± 1.001%), with the lowest levels observed in tablet C (99.69 ± 0.996%). Method validation indicated an RSD value of 0.056%, confirming that the procedure was accurate and reliable. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that the FTIR method is suitable for the quantitative analysis of paracetamol in tablet formulations. Moreover, the results meet the standards outlined in the 2020 VI Edition of the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia.
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Nur Cahyani, Arinda, Adi Susanto, Iva Rinia Dewi, and Iswatun Nurhikmah. "FORMULASI TABLET PARASETAMOL DENGAN KOMBINASI PVP DAN AMILUM UMBI PORANG (Amorphopallus onchopyllus) SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGIKAT TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK TABLET." Jurnal Ilmiah JOPHUS : Journal Of Pharmacy UMUS 4, no. 02 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46772/jophus.v4i02.886.
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Tablets are the most widely used preparations, this is because tablets have advantages that other pharmaceutical preparations do not have, both in terms of production, storage, distribution, and use. This study aims to determine the concentration of PVP and starch from porang tubers which can be used as a binder in the preparation of paracetamol tablets and to determine the combination of PVP and starch from porang tubers as a binder to the physical properties of paracetamol tablets. In this study, 4 paracetamol tablet formulas with PVP binder were made combined with porang tuber starch with a weight of 650 mg per tablet. The binder used was PVP in each formula, namely F1 0%, F2 1%, F3 3%, and F4 5%, and porang tuber starch in each formula was F1 5%, F2 0%, F3 6%, and F4 7%. Tablets were made using wet granulation, the granules obtained were tested for their physical properties. including moisture content, flow time, angle of repose, and compressibility. After the powder mixture was compressed with a hardness between 4-8 kg, the resulting tablets were then tested for their physical properties including weight uniformity, size uniformity, friability, hardness, and disintegration time. The tablets produced from all formulas met the uniformity of weight, uniformity of size, and friability, the hardness that met the physical properties of the tablets was only found in formula I, which was 7.30 kg, and the fastest disintegration time in formula I was 9.6 minutes.
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Patomchaiviwat, Vipaluk, Sontaya Limmatvapirat, Chaisai Sirisapaya, Rohanee Kolae, Kulmanee Anantakul, and Suchada Piriyaprasarth. "Effect of Modified Hydroxypropyl Tapioca Starch and Percentage of Drug Loading on Physical Property of Paracetamol Tablet." Key Engineering Materials 859 (August 2020): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.859.3.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of modified hydroxypropyl tapioca starch (HPTS) and % drug loading on physical property of tablet. Paracetamol was used as model drug because of its poor compressibility. The filler ability of modified HPTS such as hydroxyl propyl oxidized tapioca starch (HPOTS), hydroxyl propyl crosslinked tapioca starch (HPCTS) and pregelatinized tapioca starch (PTS) were evaluated and compared with the commercial starch (Starch 1500®). Tablets were prepared by direct compression method and the percent drug loading were 15, 30, 45, 60, 75%. For modified HPTS, the hardness of the tablets tended to decrease when the concentration of paracetamol increased. At drug concentrations of 15-30%, HPOTS exhibited good performance of tablet as indicated by the high hardness, low friability and acceptable disintegration time. The obtained results were better than HPTS and comparable to Starch 1500®. Moreover, the results revealed that tablet containing PTS provided the highest hardness and prolonged disintegration time (>30 min) while tablet containing HPCTS showed rapid disintegration time (<2 min). Therefore, modified HPTS disclosed promising properties for application as tablet filler
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Vaibhavi, D. Jape Varsha R. Bhati Disha S. Gangule Vaishnavi R. Gangule Snehal N. Nikam. "Formulation And Comparative Evaluation of Marketed Paracetamol Tablets." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 11 (2024): 256–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14042472.
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Many suppliers sell paracetamol tablets as an over-the-counter (OTC) product, commonly used to reduce fever and relieve pain. The main goal of this research was to compare and assess different brands of paracetamol tablets available in the Sangli district. Five different brands of paracetamol tablets were randomly collected from various pharmacies in the area. The research followed official guidelines from books like the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and British Pharmacopoeia (BP) to conduct various quality tests and analyses.Several parameters were evaluated for these brands, including weight variation, friability (how easily the tablet breaks), hardness, drug content, identification tests, disintegration time (how quickly the tablet breaks down), and dissolution profile (how the drug is released in the body). The weight variation and friability tests showed that all brands were within acceptable limits. However, when tested for drug content using UV analysis, none of the brands had less than 95% of the active drug. Overall, each brand showed different results, but all were within the standards set by official guidelines.
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Tambe, Bhavana Dnyandeo. "Formulation and Evaluation of Paracetamol Effervescent Tablet." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 9, no. 4 (2021): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i4.982.
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Oral dosage forms are the most popular way of taking medication, despite having some disadvantages compared with other methods like risk of slow absorption of the medicament, which can be overcome by administering the drug in liquid form, therefore, possibly allowing the use of a lower dosage. However, instability of many drugs in liquid dosage form limits its use. Effervescent technique can be used as alternate to develop a dosage form which can accelerate drug disintegration and dissolution, is usually applied in quick release preparations. The tablet is added into a glass of water just before administration and the drug solution or dispersion is to be drunk immediately. The tablet is quickly broken apart by internal liberation of CO2 in water due to interaction between tartaric acid and citric acid with alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates in presence of water. Due to liberation in CO2 gas, the dissolution of API in water as well as taste masking effect is enhanced Along with the development of new pharmaceutical technique, effervescent tablet are more and more extensively to adjust the behavior of drug release, such as in sustained and controlled release preparations, pulsatile drug delivery systems, and so on. In present work an attempt has been made to formulate an effervescent tablet containing immediate release of paracetamol using various acids and bases. In present work we are used different acids and bases in different concentration. The formulation of tablets was done by using wet granulation as well as dry granulation in that technique wet granulation which was found acceptable. Then formulated tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, and disintegration time . From study it was concluded that F5 shows the better result than the F1, F2, and F3 & F4.
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Sudarsono, Agustina Putri Pitarisa, Masithoh Nur, and Yahya Febrianto. "PENGARUH PERBEDAAN SUHU PENGERINGAN GRANUL (40°C,50°C,60°C) TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK TABLET PARACETAMOL." Jurnal Farmasi & Sains Indonesia 4, no. 1 (2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52216/jfsi.v4i1.72.
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Obat yang bersifat analgetik dan antipiretik yang paling banyak dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat adalah paracetamol. Salah satu bentuk sediaannya adalah tablet. Pembuatan sediaan tablet harus melewati berbagai proses, salah satunya adalah pengeringan. Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam proses pengeringan diantaranya adalah suhu yang digunakan untuk pengeringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan suhu pengeringan granul terhadap sifat fisik tablet paracetamol. Penelitian kali ini menggunakan jenis penelitian secara komparatif, yaitu melihat pengaruh perbedaan suhu pengeringan granul terhadap sifat fisik tablet paracetamol. Pembuatan tablet dilakukan dengan metode granulasi basah yang terdiri dari 3 formula. Formula yang digunakan sama hanya yang dibedakan adalah suhu. Suhu pengeringan yang digunakan adalah 40°C, 50°C, 60°C. Parameter yang diuji untuk tablet paracetamol antara lain: organoleptis (bentuk, warna, bau), keseragaman bobot, kekerasan, kerapuhan dan waktu hancur.Hasil rata-rata uji keseragaman bobot antara 508,65-517 ± 0,48-1,88 mg. Hasil uji kekerasan tablet antara 5,04-7,3 ± 0,29–0,43 kg. Hasil uji kerapuhan tablet antara 0,48-0,68 ± 0,042-0,13 %. Hasil uji waktu antara hancur tablet antara 4,17-7,07 ± 5,03-12,01 menit. Hasil uji statistika granul dan sifat fisik tablet menunjukkan bahwa data terdistribusi normal dengan nilai sign. > 0,05, pada uji homogenitas data tersebut homogeny dengan nilai sign. > 0,05. Hasil uji Anova One-Way diperoleh hasil sign. < 0,05 yang artinya ada perbedaan yang signifikan antar formula.
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A R, Chandrasekaran, Chen Yi Han, Alex Chin Yang Chung, Lim Wei Cheang, and Low Sing Ping. "Post–market In vitro Equivalency Evaluation of Paracetamol Tablets in Kedah, Malaysia." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 4, no. 2 (2011): 1403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2011.4.2.5.
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Six brands of paracetamol (acetaminophen) 500 mg tablets have been evaluated using specific quality control tests for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, content, disintegration and dissolution with the aim to assess its bioequivalence. The results obtained have been discussed in details using monographs in United States Pharmacopeia and British Pharmacopoeia. In conclusion, despite some apparent minor differences in tablet hardness and disintegration time profiles, the dissolution characteristics of various paracetamol tablets appears to be similar and not significantly different from various manufacturers.
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Maritha, Vevi, and Kuncara Nata Waskita. "Pengaruh Metode Analisis Tablet Parasetamol Terhadap Nilai Akurasi." Edu Masda Journal 1, no. 1 (2017): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52118/edumasda.v1i1.46.
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Parasetamol adalah senyawa yang memiliki gugus kromofor sehingga dapat dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometri. Metode nitrimetri memiliki kelebihan peralatan yang digunakan sederhana, sedangkan spektrofotometri memiliki kelebihan jumlah sampel yang dianalisis sedikit. Nitrimetri dan spektrofotometri adalah metode analisis yang memiliki nilai akurasi yang tinggi untuk analisis parasetamol dalam sediaan tablet. Analisis Parasetamol menggunakan metode nitrimetri dengan cara diambil 20 tablet parasetamol, dihitung rata-ratanya . timbang sejumlah rata-rata tablet masukkan dalam 20 ml larutan HCl : air (1:2), kemudian stirrer selama 20 menit. Tambahkan 5 gram KBr, 5 tetes tropeolin OO dan 3 tetes metilen blue. Titrasi dengan larutan NaNO2 0,1 M. titrasi dihentikan apabila terjadi perubahan warna dari ungu ke biru terang. Kemudian dihitung kadar parasetamol, replikasi 2 x. Sedangkan analisis parasetamol menggunakan spektrofotometri adalah dengan pembuatan kurva baku baru analisis sampel. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa nilai akurasi analisis parasetamol menggunakan metode nitrimetri adalah 94% sampai dengan 103,48%. Nilai akurasi analisis parasetamol menggunakan spektrofometri adalah 98,8 % sampai dengan 101,79%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa nilai akurasi pada analisis parasetamol masuk dalam range yang dipersyaratkan AOAC. Dari hasil analisis ini metode spektrofometri lebih baik dari pada metode nitrimetri sebab metode spektrofometri memiliki keunggulan dalam hal selektivitas dan sensitivitas. Selektivitas berarti bahwa metode ini dapat menganalisis dengan benar parasetamol, sedangkan sensitivitas adalah dengan kadar yang kecil metode ini dapat mendeteksi. Selektivitas dan sensitivitas yang tinggi pada metode spektrofotometri menghasilkan nilai akurasi yang tinggi dan memenuhi nilai akurasi yang dipersyaratkan AOAC. Hasil analisis data menggunakan uji independen t-test adalah nilai signifikansi 0.970 yang artinya terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara metode nitrimetri dan spektrofotometri terhadapa nilai akurasi. Kata kunci : Metode Analisis, Nitrimetri, Parasetamol, Spektrofotometri ABSTRACT :Paracetamol is a compound that has a chromophore group so that it can be analyzed using spectrophotometry. The nitrimetry method has the advantage of simple equipment, while spectrophotometry has the advantage of a small number of samples being analyzed. Nitrimetry and spectrophotometry are analytical methods that have high accuracy values for the analysis of paracetamol in tablet preparations. Analysis of paracetamol using the nitrimetry method by taking 20 paracetamol tablets, the average was calculated. weigh an average number of tablets put in 20 ml of a solution of HCl: water (1: 2), then stirrer for 20 minutes. Add 5 grams of KBr, 5 drops of tropeolin OO and 3 drops of methylene blue. Titration with 0.1 M NaNO2 solution is stopped when the color changes from purple to bright blue. Then calculated levels of paracetamol, replication 2x. Whereas paracetamol analysis using spectrophotometry is by making a new standard curve analysis of samples.The results of this study indicate that the accuracy of paracetamol analysis using nitrimetry methods is 94% to 103.48%. The accuracy value of paracetamol analysis using spectropometry is 98.8% to 101.79%. This shows that the accuracy value in paracetamol analysis falls within the range required by AOAC. From the results of this analysis the spectropometric method is better than the nitrimetric method. This is because the spectropometric method has advantages in terms of selectivity and sensitivity. Selectivity means that this method can correctly analyze paracetamol, while sensitivity is to a small degree this method can detect. High selectivity and sensitivity in spectrophotometry methods produce high accuracy values and meet the accuracy values required by AOAC. The results of data analysis using independent t-test is a significance value of 0.970, which means that there are significant differences between the nitrimetric and spectrophotometric methods of accuracy. Keyword : Method analysis, Nitrimetri, Paracetamol, Spectrofotometri
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Jannatul, Farhana Md. Najem Uddin* Md. Robiul Islam. "COMPARATIVE IN VITRO QUALITY EVALUATION OF SOME PARACETAMOL TABLETS, COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN BANGLADESH DRUG MARKET." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 01 (2018): 527–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1162266.
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Paracetamol is a widely used non-prescription analgesic and antipyretic medicine. It is one of the most commonly used drugs worldwide with non-prescription sales exceeding 25 thousand million doses per year in the United States of America. The study was conducted to assess the comparative in-vitro quality control parameters through the evaluation of weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution profile among the commercially available tablet brands of paracetamol. To assess the quality, Seven different marketed Paracetamol 500 mg tablet were selected and in-vitro dissolution test, potency, disintegration time was carried out. Other general quality parameters of these tablets like weight variation, hardness, friability were also determined according to established protocols. All the brands comply the requirements of ‘‘United State Pharmacopoeia’’ as they showed acceptable weight variation range. Friability of all brands was less than 1%. No significant differences were founding disintegration time as they disintegrated within 5 minutes. In case of dissolution profile all brands showed better dissolution time as they released more than 60% of drug in 40 minute. The hardness of one brand was within the range 6 kg/cm2 to 10 kg/cm2 . The limitation of the potency must be within 95-105%. All three brands meet this specification. This study suggested that most commercially available Paracetamol tablet in Bangladesh maintain the quality and comply with the USP specifications. It can be concluded that standard quality control parameters always should be maintained not for paracetamol but also for all kinds of medicine for getting better drug products. Key words: Paracetamol, Comparative, Quality control parameters, Evaluation, Potency, Dissolution profile
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Kar, Ayan Kumar, and Banhishikha Kar. "In-Vitro Comparative Dissolution Study of Commercially Available Paracetamol Tablet." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 1 (2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i1.3817.
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Quality is the most important issue in the pharmaceutical field due to the presence of a drug which is considered as safe and therapeutically active agent. In-vitro evaluation ensures their quality, bioavailability as well as optimum therapeutic activity. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) which are the active metabolites of phenacetin is commonly used for the relief of headaches and pains, and is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu remedies. Paracetamols are available in different brands in Indian market. The main objective of the present study was to conduct the comparative in-vitro dissolution studies of various brands collected from the local market to determine whether all the formulations used were equivalent or significantly different. The calibration curve was constructed covering the concentration range of 1 to 10 mcg/ml at 268 nm by UV spectrophotometer (UV 2203 Double beam spectrophotometer, Shimadzu). Five different brands of Paracetamol of 500 mg conventional tablets from different manufacturers were selected in the study and dissolution testing in Phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 was conducted from each brands for 90 mins by using dissolution testing apparatus USP type-II. The dissolution rate was subjected to various mathematical models like zero order, first order, Higuchi and Hixson-Crowell equations to elucidate the kinetic behavior of drug release from the test samples. Different release kinetics model of all the selected brands was assuring the quality standard of manufacturing.
 Keywords: Paracetamol, Marketed Tablet, In-Vitro dissolution study, Release profile.
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Bui, Van Trung, Cao Son Doan, Thi Thanh Vuong Tong, and Dinh Chi Le. "Development and Validation of a Simple, Green Infrared Spectroscopic Method for Quantitation of Sildenafil Citrate in Siloflam Tablets of Unknown Manufacturing Formula." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2021 (February 13, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6616728.
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A simple, easy-to-implement, and green infrared spectroscopic method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of sildenafil citrate in tablets of unknown manufacturing formula. Homogenized tablet powder with known mass content (%, m/m) of sildenafil citrate was mixed with paracetamol to form standard mixtures with different percentages of sildenafil citrate on the total quantity of sildenafil citrate and paracetamol (designated as R). Unknown tablet samples were finely ground and mixed with paracetamol to form test mixtures having R values about 50%. Infrared spectra of standard mixtures, measured in attenuated total reflectance mode, in the wavenumber zone from 1800 cm−1 to 1300 cm−1 were selected and processed by partial least square regression to form the calibration model for quantitation of sildenafil citrate in unknown samples. Spectral responses of test mixtures and the calibration model were used to determine the exact mass content (%, m/m) of sildenafil citrate in the powder of unknown tablet samples. The method was fully validated in terms of linearity, precision, and accuracy according to the requirements of current guidelines and was proved as reliable and suitable for the intended application.
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Balcha Balla, Tamrat, Nisha Mary Joseph, and Anteneh Belete. "Comparative Direct Compression Property of a Novel Pregelatinized Starch in Paracetamol Tablets." Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2023 (October 4, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5573176.
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Background. Among all the pharmaceutical dosage forms, tablets are still the most preferred and the most commonly used option because of their advantages. The direct compression method of tablet preparation exempts several steps needed in the granulation method. Therefore, the pursuit of better direct compression tablet excipients is evident in contemporary research endeavors. Pregelatinized Taro Boloso-I starch has comparable flow properties and higher compressibility and compactibility than Starch 1500®. However, there is no evidence in the literature regarding the lubricant sensitivity and dilution potential of pregelatinized Taro Boloso-I starch. This study was aimed at performing the in vitro evaluation of paracetamol tablets prepared using pregelatinized Taro Boloso-I starch as a direct compression excipient using paracetamol as a model drug. Methods. Taro Boloso-I starch was pregelatinized, and its properties including amylose to amylopectin ratio, densities, flow properties, swelling power, water solubility index, particle morphology, moisture content, and moisture sorption profile were evaluated. Furthermore, the lubricant sensitivity test, dilution potential study, and compatibility test with the paracetamol drug using ATR spectroscopy were performed. The properties of the directly compressed tablets prepared accordingly were evaluated. The majority of evaluations were performed in comparison with Starch 1500®. Results and Discussion. PGTBIS had a significantly lower amount of amylose than Starch 1500®. In the ATR-IR spectra of the mixture of the paracetamol and pregelatinized PGTBIS, all the major absorbance peaks of the drug were maintained indicating the absence of chemical modifications. PGTBIS showed better flow properties than Starch 1500®. The modified starch was shown to withstand magnesium stearate up to 0.5% concentration. Conclusion. PGTBIS could accommodate higher drug cargo than Starch 1500® with acceptable tablet properties. Accordingly, PGTBIS starch could be taken as a potential direct compression excipient.
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Karishma Jeetendra Kunte, Karishma Jeetendra Kunte, Rutuja Anil Kulkarni Rutuja Anil Kulkarni, SakshiUmakant Kawtikwar SakshiUmakant Kawtikwar, Arpita Ganesh Waghchaure Arpita Ganesh Waghchaure, and Akshay Gadhari Akshay Gadhari. "Formulation and Evaluation of Paracetamol Ip 75 Mg Immediate Release Tablet." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications 10, no. 3 (2025): 271–81. https://doi.org/10.35629/4494-1003271281.
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The aim of the present study was to formulate and develop an immediate release (IR) tablet of paracetamol at a low dose of 75 mg, suitable for paediatric or low-dose adult applications. Paracetamol, a widely used analgesic and antipyretic, requires prompt onset of action, making rapid disintegration and dissolution crucial for therapeutic effectiveness. The formulation was designed using direct compression and wet granulation techniques with various combinations of excipients including microcrystalline cellulose, Binders, and super disintegrant such as croscarmellose sodium. Tablets were evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters including hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time, and in vitro drug release profile. The optimized formulation exhibited rapid disintegration within 5 min and released more than 85% of the drug, complying with pharmacopeial specifications for immediate release dosage forms. The study successfully demonstrates that a 75 mg paracetamol IR tablet can be effectively formulated using standard excipients and techniques, providing a reliable low-dose option with fast therapeutic action
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Pishnamazi, Mahboubeh, Hamid Hafizi, Saeed Shirazian, Mario Culebras, Gavin Walker, and Maurice Collins. "Design of Controlled Release System for Paracetamol Based on Modified Lignin." Polymers 11, no. 6 (2019): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11061059.
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The influence of lignin modification on drug release and pH-dependent releasing behavior of oral solid dosage forms was investigated using three different formulations. The first formulation contains microcrystalline cellulose (MCC 101) as the excipient and paracetamol as the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The second formulation includes Alcell lignin and MCC 101 as the excipient and paracetamol, and the third formulation consists of carboxylated Alcell lignin, MCC 101 and paracetamol. Direct compaction was carried out in order to prepare the tablets. Lignin can be readily chemically modified due to the existence of different functional groups in its structure. The focus of this investigation is on lignin carboxylation and its influence on paracetamol control release behavior at varying pH. Results suggest that carboxylated lignin tablets had the highest drug release, which is linked to their faster disintegration and lower tablet hardness.
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R, Selvi S. "UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method of Paracetamol Tablet Formulation." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (2018): 1749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd17154.
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Eva monica, Rollando Rollando, Rehmadanta Sitepu, Devi Rusvita Khoirul Nisah, Laurensia Nina Irawati, and Sinta Dwi Larasati Listio. "Formulation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet Paracetamol Employing Selected Super-disintegrant." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (2020): 4323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2648.
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The objective of this research was to investigate paracetamol FDT formula with potato starch and xanthan gum or glycine or ac di sol combination that can produce the best tablet quality. The tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. Superdisintegrant such as Glycine, Ac di sol, Xanthan Gum, and Potato Starch Extract was optimized as 1-19 % on the basis of least disintegration time. Binders such as HPMC were optimized along with optimized superdisintegrant concentration. 3,5% HPMC was selected as optimum binder concentration on the basis of least disintegration time. Granule parameters included in the analysis were flowability, angle of repose, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, and loss on drying (LOD). Tablet parameters included in the analysis were hardness, friability, disintegration time, dissolution, wetting time, and absorption ratio. The result was analyzed by Design Expert 11.1.0.1 program to decide the combination of superdisintegrant that can provide the best tablet qualities. The result showed that potato starch 15.162% and xanthan gum 4,838%, potato starch 15,050% and glycine 4,950%, and potato starch 18.390% and ac di sol 1.610%. Combination of superdisintegrant that can provide the best tablet qualities. It was concluded that, by employing commonly available pharmaceutical excipients such as superdisintegrants, hydrophilic and swellable excipients and proper filler, a fast disintegrating tablet of Paracetamol in tablet dosage form, were formulated successfully with desired characteristics.
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Alebiowu, Gbenga, and Oludele Itiola. "Influence of process variables on release properties of paracetamol tablets." Acta Pharmaceutica 57, no. 1 (2007): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10007-007-0006-8.
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Influence of process variables on release properties of paracetamol tablets A 23 factorial experimental design has been used to quantitatively study individual and interaction effects of the nature of binder (N), binder concentration (c) and relative density of tablet (d) on the disintegration time (DT) and dissolution times, t1, t50 and t90, of paracetamol tablet formulations. The factorial design was also used to study the quantitative effects of pregelatinization of starch binders on these parameters, i.e., N, c and d. In general, the most common ranking of the individual effects on DT, t1, t50 and t90 for native/native, pregelatinized/pregelatinized and native/pregelatinized starch binder formulations was c > d > N. For interaction effects, the most common ranking was N-c > c-d > N-d for all formulations. The results generally showed that c can considerably affect DT, t1, t50 and t90 of the tablets.
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Isaac, Johnson Ajeh, and Kayode Ilesanmi Fasuba. "Finding Use for Sorghum Bicolor Leaf Sheath in Coating Technology." Pharmaceutical Fronts 03, no. 03 (2021): e119-e128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1736235.
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This study aimed to investigate the potential use of aqueous extract of Sorghum bicolor leaf sheath (SBLS) as a coating agent for paracetamol tablets. The mechanical properties of the coated tablets were assessed using crushing strength and friability test, while the release properties of the tablet were evaluated using disintegration and dissolution tests. The physicochemical properties of the coated tablets did not show any striking differences when compared with the uncoated tablet as par compendium specifications, which formed the basis for performing further in vitro dissolution study. Our data showed that SBLS enhanced the hardness and friability of the tablets in a dose-dependent manner. Tablets coated with 3, 5, and 7.5% of SBLS disintegrated in 8.13, 6.25, and 4.13 minutes, respectively, while the uncoated tablet disintegrated in 0.7 minutes. Furthermore, 3, 5, and 7.5% of SBLS-coated tablets exhibited slower release of their active ingredient (releasing 21, 16, and 17%, respectively) than that of the uncoated tablet (releasing 40%) in 5 minutes. Besides, comparison between the dissolution profiles was successfully achieved using difference factor (f1) and similarity factor (f2). The apparent dissimilarity between our coated tablets and the uncoated one led to further study of convolution in vitro–in vivo correlation, with the aim to obtain data that converted into mathematical prediction of in vivo data. For all batches, the percent predictable errors of C max and T max were within the acceptable limit of no more than 10%. In summary, SBLS aqueous extract is a potential and protective coat agent for paracetamol tablets. The in vitro established dissolution of the coated tablets provided scientific information for the prediction of the in vivo plasma drug profile.
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Somnath, Wadghane 1* Rajesh Mokate2 Jayshree Kokat3 Puja Aher4. "Formulation And Evaluation Of Paracetamol Tablet To Assess." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 9 (2024): 669–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13756038.
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Although oral dose forms have several disadvantages, such as delayed beginning of effect due to sluggish absorption, they are still the most commonly used method of administering medication. Although administering the drug in liquid form helps get around this, many APIs only use a certain amount of consistency in liquid form. Effervescent Tablets therefore serve as a substitute dose form. Just before administration, the tablet is put to a glass of drink, and the pharmaceutical solution or dispersion is meant to be consumed right away. Due to the interaction of tartaric and citric acid with alkali metal carbonates or hydrogen carbonate in the presence of water, the tablet breaks apart quickly through internal CO2 release in water. Because of the CO2 gas released, the API dissolves in water. Addition to taste masking effect is enhanced.
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Suprianto, Darwin Syamsul, and Muhammad Deddy Harfiansyah. "Aplikasi Metode Penetapan Kadar Rutin Parasetamol PT. Kimia Farma, Tbk Secara HPLC pada Sediaan Tablet Generik dan Bermerek di Medan." Jurnal Indah Sains dan Klinis 1, no. 1 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.52622/9abdjn64.
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Paracetamol is a drug that is analgesic and antipyretic, which is produced as a generic or branded drug. The research objective was to determine the quality based on paracetamol levels in generic and branded tablet preparations circulating in Medan. The research used HPLC Alliance e2696 UV / Visible Detector 2489, Column µ Bondapak TMC-18: 10 µm 125A 3.9x300 mm, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Agilent 8453. The method used was a routine assay method for paracetamol PT. Kimia Farma. The results showed that the paracetamol content in the tablet dosage was 97.05% - 106.04%, according to the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia Edition V, not less than 90% and not more than 110%.
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Suprianto, Syamsul Darwin, and Deddy Harfiansyah Muhammad. "Aplikasi Metode Penetapan Kadar Rutin Parasetamol PT. Kimia Farma, Tbk Secara HPLC pada Sediaan Tablet Generik dan Bermerek di Medan." Jurnal Indah Sains & Klinis 1, no. 1 (2020): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4445851.
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Paracetamol is a drug that is analgesic and antipyretic, which is produced as a generic or branded drug. The research objective was to determine the quality based on paracetamol levels in generic and branded tablet preparations circulating in Medan. The research used HPLC Alliance e2696 UV / Visible Detector 2489, Column µ Bondapak TMC-18: 10 µm 125A 3.9x300 mm, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Agilent 8453. The method used was a routine assay method for paracetamol PT. Kimia Farma. The results showed that the paracetamol content in the tablet dosage was 97.05% - 106.04%, according to the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia Edition V, not less than 90% and not more than 110%.
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Kundharaju, Ramakurthi, and Chirravuri S. Phani Kumar. "Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Paracetamol Sustained Release 1000 mg Tablets using Banana Starch As Dual-Action Control." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 14, no. 6S (2025): 210–19. https://doi.org/10.52783/jns.v14.2224.
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This study aimed to develop and evaluate sustained release (SR) paracetamol 1000 mg tablets for 12-hour drug release, integrating immediate release (IR) and controlled release (CR) layers. IR layers (300 mg paracetamol) were formulated using banana starch (BS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as release rate retardants. Selected IR and CR layers were combined into 15 SR tablet formulations (SR1-SR15) prepared by direct compression. Evaluation of post-compression parameters and in vitro dissolution in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer showed ten formulations achieved over 90% drug release by 12 hours. Notably, SR1 and SR3, incorporating BS in both IR and CR layers, achieved 97.12% and 95.56% release, respectively. BS demonstrated superior functionality as a disintegrating agent and rate release retardant, with direct compression providing optimal SR tablet performance for sustained therapeutic efficacy.
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Bhowmik, Mithun Chandro, Mir Misbahuddin, and Habiba Akhter Bhuiyan. "Estimation of paracetamol in urine to assess the diurnal variation." Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal 11, no. 2 (2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v11i2.36780.
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<p class="Abstract">The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diurnal variation of the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol by estimating the urinary free paracetamol level after single oral administration of paracetamol (500 mg) tablet to 24 healthy male volunteers (students of a Medical College). The volunteers were given paracetamol tablet at 0800, 1400 and 2000 hours in three different days (two weeks apart) and the urine samples of the volunteers were collected at just before and four hours after paracetamol administration. The samples were analyzed for free paracetamol using HPLC. The mean age was 21.1 ± 1.3 years and the body weight was 63.9 ± 10.9 kg. Three peaks were detected in the HPLC and one of them was identified for free paracetamol (RT= 4.7 min). The urine volume was nearly similar in all three times. After administration at 0800 hour, total free paracetamol excretion was significantly more than at 1400 and 2000 hours (p&lt;0.001). The present study indicates that the dose reduction of paracetamol is required at morning than the afternoon or evening dose. </p>
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Jain, Sajal, Upendra Nagaich, Inderbir Singh, Tanikan Sangnim, and Kampanart Huanbutta. "Study of MCC, Mannitol and SiO2 Based Co-processed Excipient for Improving the Direct Compression Properties of Paracetamol using SeDeM/SeDeM-ODT Expert System." Journal of Current Science and Technology 15, no. 1 (2024): 81. https://doi.org/10.59796/jcst.v15n1.2025.81.
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Co-processed excipients have enhanced functionality attributes required for developing tablet dosage forms by direct compression technology. In the present study, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, and silicon dioxide were developed by dry granulation and proposed as a viable solution for correcting the flowability and compressibility issues commonly encountered in developing paracetamol tablets. SeDeM (12 parameter based) and SeDeM ODT (15 parameter based) expert systems were employed as tools for developing orally disintegrating tablets of paracetamol. SeDeM diagram of paracetamol, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose and co-processed excipients were prepared and parametric index values of 3.9 and 2.01 indicated poor flowability and compressibility properties of paracetamol. The percentage of corrective excipient required to correct the flowability and compressibility of paracetamol was then calculated followed by preparation of SeDeM ODT expert system diagrams. An increase in concentration of silicon dioxide from 1% to 5% in the co-processed excipient resulted in a decrease in dissolution rate due to increased apparent viscosity/ gel-like structure at higher concentrations of silicon dioxide. The study revealed that co-processed excipient sample with 2.5% of silicon dioxide showed the highest IGCB value of 6.39, implying its suitability for the direct compression of tablets.
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Khomin, Nataliya, Taras Hroshovyi, Marjana Vasenda, and Yuliya Plaskonis. "Justification of the choice of excipients for obtaining tablets based on thiotriazoline and paracetamol." Ukrainian Scientific Medical Youth Journal 139, no. 2 (2023): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/usmyj.2(139).2023.121-127.
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One of the most frequently used analgesics and antipyretics in the world is paracetamol, despite its hepatotoxicity. The analysis of scientific works showed that common application paracetamol with thiotriazoline decrease in its hepatotoxicity. Pharmacologists offer a combined medicine containing the analgesic-antipyretic paracetamol and thiotriazoline with hepatoprotective action. For the specified combination of paracetamol and thiotriazoline, it is necessary to create a rational dosage form - tablets. To this purpose, it is necessary to select excipients, to investigate their influence on the technological parameters of tablets based on thiotriazoline and paracetamol, to substantiate the choice of the best excipients in the development of a tablet medicinal product. In order to develop the optimal composition of paracetamol tablets with thiotriazoline by wet granulation, the following technological operations were used: sieving, weighing, mixing, moistening, granulation, drying, repeated granulation, powdering and pressing. We used excipients that meet the requirements of the SPhU and ensure the fulfillment of all technological indicators of the quality of tableted drugs. For the implementation of the experiment, mathematical planning was used, namely a five-factor plan based on the Hyper-Greaco-Latin square. In the course of research, the dependence of all studied parameters (mass homogeneity, friability, resistance of tablets to crushing and disintegration time) was determined on auxiliary substances that were included in the composition of tablets based on thiotriazoline and paracetamol according to the selected experimental plan. Technological quality indicators of the obtained tablets, namely Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) 101, Arbocel P 290, sodium croscarmellose, Aerosil 200, stearic acid, as a binding solution - 5% starch paste.
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Noval, Noval, Rizka Appriliani, and Husda Oktaviannoor. "Evaluasi Pengaruh Konsentrasi Pati Biji Cempedak (Artocarpus champeden) sebagai Bahan Pengisi pada Formulasi Tablet Paracetamol." Jurnal Surya Medika 6, no. 2 (2021): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v6i2.2127.
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Cempedak plants are widely distributed in Indonesia, one of which is Kalimantan. Cempedak is a tropical plant, so its potential can be used as an additive in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations. Previous studies used cempedak seed starch as a binding agent in tablet formulations. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in concentration and optimum concentration of Cempedak seed starch (Artocarpus champeden) as a filler for Paracetamol tablets. The study used a True Experimental Design design with a posttest-only control group design. Making tablets using the wet granulation method. Data analysis used the one-way ANOVA test followed by the LSD test and the Kruskal-Wallis H test which continued with the Mann Whitney Test as a derivative test of the one-way ANOVA. Granule evaluation includes organoleptic, flow properties, tapping test, and stationary angle test. The results of the evaluation of the granules produced granules produced from each formulation are in accordance with the requirements. Tablet evaluation included organoleptic, uniformity in weight, the hardness of tablet, friability, and disintegration time. The results of the tablet evaluation showed that the maximum concentration of cempedak seeds was found in F1 because it showed the evaluation results that were in accordance with the requirements. In evaluating the uniformity of weight and hardness of tablets with the Kruskal Wallis H test and the Mann Whitney test, the results show that there are differences in each formula with a P-value <0.05. The results of the evaluation of tablet friability and disintegration time with one-way ANOVA test and LSD test showed differences in each formula with a P-value <0.05. Cempedak seed starch (Artocarpus champeden) can be used as a filler in the loading of Paracetamol tablets by the wet granulation method.
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Sulistriyani, Kristin, Desy Nawangsari, and Khamdiyah Indah Kurniasih. "Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Chitosan Sebagai Bahan Penghancur Terhadap Sifat Fisik Sediaan Orally Disintegrating Tablet (ODT) Paracetamol." Jurnal Sehat Mandiri 17, no. 2 (2022): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33761/jsm.v17i2.811.
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An antipyretic analgesic drug called paracetamol is used in children to treat mild to moderate pain and fever. Orally Disintegrating Tablet (ODT), a medicine that dissolves in seconds, was created to help children who have difficulty swallowing tablets. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of changes in the concentration of chitosan as a disintegrant in the formulation of ODT paracetamol. These ODT tablets are made using a wet granulation process. Paracetamol ODT tablets were produced in three formulations with 3.5% chitosan concentration; 7% and 14%. The findings showed that the optimal concentration of chitosan was 3.5%, which had an impact on the physical characteristics and dissolution of tablets. The results showed that paracetamol F1 ODT preparation with 3.5% chitosan concentration was the best formula. This was caused by chitosan with an average weight uniformity test value of 202.65±2.00 mg; uniformity of diameter and thickness 0.831±0.008 cm and 0.343±0.008 cm, hardness 5.4±0.34 kg; brittleness 0.23±0.02; disintegration time 24 seconds; da dissolution 99.56%. The findings for hardness (p= 0.011), friability (p= 0.046), and disintegration time (p= 0.000) all showed significant variation (p 0.05). It was concluded that the disintegration time of the tablets increased with the increase in the chitosan content. It is recommended that further research be conducted for analgesic and antipyretic tests to determine whether the tablets have an effective analgesic and antipyretic effect.
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Mbunwe, Tansah. "Evaluation of Musa acuminata Starch as a Diluent in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations." IDOSR JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ALLIED FIELDS 9, no. 2 (2024): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/idosr/jbbaf/24/92.545910000.
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Tablet formulation, a widely used dosage form, relies on excipients like diluents to ensure product quality. This study investigates the potential of Musa acuminata (matoke banana) starch as a diluent in paracetamol tablets. Starch was extracted from matoke bananas and formulated into three batches using wet granulation, with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w. Comparative analysis was conducted with maize starch. Physiochemical properties of starch and granules, as well as tablet characteristics, were evaluated. Results indicated comparable properties between matoke and maize starches. Tablets formulated with matoke starch exhibited optimal disintegration time, hardness, friability, and weight uniformity, suggesting its potential as a cost-effective and accessible alternative diluent. Keywords: Matoke, Musa acuminate, Starch, Active pharmaceutical and ingredients.
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Gbenga, Bakre Lateef, and Yusuf Taiwo. "Studies of the Effect of Storage Conditions on Some Pharmaceutical Parameters of Powders and Tablets." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, no. 2 (2016): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v14i2.28503.
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This study evaluates the effect of storage conditions on some pharmaceutical parameters of powders (paracetamol, corn starch, tragacanth and polyvinyl pyrrolidone) and tablets (paracetamol, metronidazole and vitamin C). For powdered samples, angle of repose, bulk and tapped densities were determined while the tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability and disintegration before and after exposure to various humidity conditions, radiations from telecommunication mast and sunlight at intervals of 24 hrs & 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The results showed a decrease in the angle of repose for paracetamol, corn starch, polyvinyl pyrollidone and tragacanth powders on exposure to sunlight. There was no significant (p>0.05) change in the tapped and bulk densities under the different storage conditions over the storage period. No organoleptic changes were observed for any of the samples stored under the environmental conditions over the two-month period. All the tablets stored over the two- month period conformed to the official BP standard for weight uniformity. Paracetamol tablets exposed to 93% relative humidity (RH) showed significantly lower reduction (P<0.05) in hardness compared to the other storage conditions. On prolonged exposure of paracetamol and metronidazole tablets to radiation from telecommunication mast, there was a reduction in tablet hardness and the tablets became friable. The observations of the present study reconfirm the role of storage conditions in ensuring the physical stability of pharmaceutical powders and tablets.\Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 14(2): 147-151, 2015 (December)
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Setyono, Bambang, and Fahmi Ardianti Purnawiranita. "Analysis of Flow Characteristics and Paracetamol Tablet Hardness Using 2D Double Mixer of Design Drum Type with Rotation and Mixing Time Variations." Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Science, and Innovation 1, no. 2 (2021): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.jmesi.2021.v1i2.2282.
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One of the tablet manufacturing processes using the wet granulation method is the process of mixing the active ingredient granules, fillers, binders and pelicans. The parameters of the mixing process are important to study because they will affect the physical properties of the tablet. This study studied the effect of the variable duration and the size of the mixing cycle on the physical properties of paracetamol tablets using a 2D double mixer. The results of the analysis and testing showed that the variation of mixing time and the size of the rotation had a significant effect on the flow properties of the granules and the hardness of the tablets. In addition, the optimal parameter results to obtain optimal tablet hardness occurred at 15 minutes of mixing process and 50 rpm of rotation.
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Korir, Patrick Cheruiyot, Ali Mohamed Salim, Josiah Ochieng Odalo, Walyambillah Waudo, and Leonard Mwangi Gitu. "EFFECT OF GRANULE SIZE, COMPACTION PRESSURE AND CONCENTRATION OF MALVA VERTICILLATA MUCILAGE ON THE IN VITRO PROPERTIES OF TABLETS." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 6 (2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i6.25553.
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Objective: To evaluate the effect of binder concentration, granule size and distance between punches on mechanical strength and drug release properties of tablets containing Malva verticillata mucilage (MVM) as a binder.Methods: Paracetamol and lactose were converted into wet coherent masses by a liquid solution containing 1-3% w/w MVM as a binder. Granules containing 2% w/w binder was used to investigate the effect of granule size and distance between punches. Compressed tablets were evaluated for crushing strength, disintegration time and in vitro drug release using pharmacopeial methods.Results: Granules containing MVM were found to be free-flowing and compatible with paracetamol. Mechanical strength and drug release properties of mucilage tablets significantly correlated with the amount of MVM binder. Tablet crushing strength was 3.54-7.12 kg/cm2 while disintegration time 7.13-16.67 min. Compression pressure and granule size had no significant effects on drug release properties of mucilage tablets. Crushing strength of mucilage tablets were higher and significantly different (t(26) = 7.9631, p<0.05) from acacia tablets in the tested variables. The cumulative drug release rate of mucilage tablets was also lower than that of acacia tablets in tested concentrations.Conclusion: Properties of tablets containing 2.5% w/w MVM matched the prescribed pharmaceutical limits and hence M. verticillata root mucilage has a great potential to become a new source of tablet binder.