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Contreras-Medina, Fernando-Ramón. "El signo infográfico en la comunicación digital: de la presencia al vacío." Comunicar 9, no. 17 (October 1, 2001): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c17-2001-12.
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The manipulation and treatment of the images by computer has meant important changes in the semiotic studies on communication. The infographic sign is a different way of looking at the world that draws up a techno-communication phenomenology from its effects on the human experience. Besides these technical transformations in the knowledge of our environment is producing a new epistemologic paradigm based on the discursive construction of the effect of the truth. La manipulación y el tratamiento de las imágenes por ordenador han supuesto importantes cambios en los estudios semióticos sobre comunicación. El signo infográfico es un modo distinto de mirar el mundo que elabora una fenomenología tecno-comunicacional desde sus efectos sobre la experiencia humana. Además, estas transformaciones técnicas en el conocimiento de nuestro entorno están engendrando un nuevo paradigma epistémico basado en la construcción discursiva del efecto de verdad.
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Norich, Anita. "Under Whose Sign? Hebraism and Yiddishism as Paradigms of Modern Jewish Literary History." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, no. 3 (May 2010): 774–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.3.774.
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In 1974 the Yiddish Poet Malka Heifetz Tussman, Born in Russia, Living in California, Published a Small Volume of Poems in Israel. This peripatetic author and text are paradigmatic of the cosmopolitan, multilingual nature of modern Jewish literature. The book, by a woman who was at various times a Yiddish teacher, an anarchist, and a writer of Russian poetry and English essays, was entitled ‘Under Your Sign.’ As the title indicates, the politics and poetics of sign systems are central concerns of this volume. I offer a few stanzas from one of its poems— ‘Widowhood’—to suggest the multiplicity of the signs of Jewish identity and literature. What we see in Tussman's poem, and more dramatically when we supplement it with two English translations, is that although it rails against the ways in which the sign (e.g., letter, word, trope) destroys, it also points to the sign's generative powers. And the poem offers a way of understanding the creative tensions that have dominated critical and creative expressions of modern Jewish literature. Under the signs of “Hebraism” and “Yiddishism,” we encounter two conflicting but equally productive views of Jewish literature, one that posits continuity and another that posits adaptation as the defining characteristic of Jewish culture. Tussman's poem, like these different paradigms of Jewish literary history, enables us to use the sign as a way of overcoming the divide between two languages and two views of the (Jewish and non-Jewish) world. My goal in what follows is not to protest against the reign of the sign on behalf of some notion of Jewish authenticity. To the contrary, I propose yet another sign—structured as a binary—to highlight the ambivalence of the sign “Jewish literature” and to stimulate debate about matters Jewish and what matters to Jews.
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Boroch, Robert. "Rethinking Milton Singer’s semiotic anthropology: A reconnaissance." Semiotica 2018, no. 224 (September 25, 2018): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0119.
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AbstractThe article discusses the possibility of using the cognitive tools of semiotics (theory of signs) for theoretical considerations of social structures from the anthropological perspective. In the literature on the subject, this approach is defined as semiotic anthropology, a term coined by Milton Singer. The article emphasizes the possibilities, untapped within Singer’s work, of further epistemological research within the scope of the “cultural theory of signs” and reduction of the paradigms of research on culture from philosophical and philological as well as anthropological and ethnographic paradigms to a semiotic paradigm, enabling the analysis of meanings of cultural messages (as broadly understood), from architecture and painting and even eating habits (e.g., cooking) to systems of values and literature. In this sense, semiotic anthropology represents the position of “mild holism” and becomes a tool supporting the exploration of culture.
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Annen, Jitka, Isabella Mertel, Ren Xu, Camille Chatelle, Damien Lesenfants, Rupert Ortner, Estelle A. C. Bonin, Christoph Guger, Steven Laureys, and Friedemann Müller. "Auditory and Somatosensory P3 Are Complementary for the Assessment of Patients with Disorders of Consciousness." Brain Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100748.
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The evaluation of the level of consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) is primarily based on behavioural assessments. Patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) do not show any sign of awareness of their environment, while minimally conscious state (MCS) patients show reproducible but fluctuating signs of awareness. Some patients, although with remaining cognitive abilities, are not able to exhibit overt voluntary responses at the bedside and may be misdiagnosed as UWS. Several studies investigated functional neuroimaging and neurophysiology as an additional tool to evaluate the level of consciousness and to detect covert command following in DOC. Most of these studies are based on auditory stimulation, neglecting patients suffering from decreased or absent hearing abilities. In the present study, we aim to assess the response to a P3-based paradigm in 40 patients with DOC and 12 healthy participants using auditory (AEP) and vibrotactile (VTP) stimulation. To this end, an EEG-based brain-computer interface was used at DOC patient’s bedside. We compared the significance of the P3 performance (i.e., the interpretation of significance of the evoked P3 response) as obtained by ‘direct processing’ (i.e., theoretical-based significance threshold) and ‘offline processing’ (i.e., permutation-based single subject level threshold). We evaluated whether the P3 performances were dependent on clinical variables such as diagnosis (UWS and MCS), aetiology and time since injury. Last we tested the dependency of AEP and VTP performances at the single subject level. Direct processing tends to overestimate P3 performance. We did not find any difference in the presence of a P3 performance according to the level of consciousness (UWS vs. MCS) or the aetiology (traumatic vs. non-traumatic brain injury). The performance achieved at the AEP paradigm was independent from what was achieved at the VTP paradigm, indicating that some patients performed better on the AEP task while others performed better on the VTP task. Our results support the importance of using multimodal approaches in the assessment of DOC patients in order to optimise the evaluation of patient’s abilities.
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SUTJIPTO, VERA WIJAYANTI. "PEMAKNAAN EKSPLOTASI PEREMPUAN MELALUI IKLAN (STUDI KASUS : PONDS VERSI WHITENING CREAM 2015)." Communicology: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 3, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/communicology.031.04.
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Abstract
This research is about the women exploitation in television advertising. Many companies assume that by using women on advertisement, it could increase the sales. The same perception also applies to Ponds products, which become the object of this research, to find out the meaning of women exploitation through advertising, on the Ponds products consumers, especially on Ponds Whitening Cream 2015 advertising, using the version starred by Raisa, Dea Valencia and Zee Zee Shahab. The researcher uses the encoding decoding model from Stuart Hall. The audience reception will be based on feminism and gender theory to analyze the women exploitation on Ponds advertising. The semiotics theory is also used to analyze the sign and symbol on Ponds advertising. This research is a qualitative research. The drawback of this research is the use of two theories on different research paradigm. The decoding encoding theory is usually used on constructivism paradigm, while the feminism and gender theory is commonly used on critical paradigm. The conclusion of this research is, Ponds advertising is still not relieved from women exploitation, although it has tried to reduced the exploitation perception by choosing models that have achievements. The research suggests that if Ponds want to create a new advertising, choose the models that have different physical attributes than the old advertising, e.g. by choosing the one with curly hair and brown skin.
Key words: Advertising, Women Exploitation, Reception
Abstrak
Penelitian ini, mengenai eksplotasi perempuan dalam iklan televisi. Kebanyakan produsen menggangap bahwa dengan menggunakan perempuan pada iklan, dapat meningkatkan penjualan produk mereka. Pandangan yang sama juga pada produk Ponds, terutama pada iklan Ponds Whitening Cream 2015 versi Selebrities Raisa, Dea Valencia dan Zee Zee Shahab. oleh sebab itu peneliti tertarik untuk mengetahui bagaimana pemaknaan eksplotasi perempuan melalui iklan, dikalangan pengguna produk Ponds tersebut, Teori yang peneliti gunakan, antra lain adalah teori model encoding decoding dari Struat Hall. Khalayak ketika melakukan pemaknaan akan berpedoman pada teori feminisme dan gender sebagai rujukan. Peneliti juga menggunakan teori semiotika ketika menganalisis tanda dan simbol pada iklan Ponds. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, dimana data yang peneliti gunakan adalah hasil dari pengamatan, wawancara dan analisis peneliti. Kelemahan penelitian ini menggunakan dua teori yang dipakai pada paradigma penelitian yang berbeda. Teori decoding encoding biasa digunakan pada paradigma konstruktivisme, sedangkan teori femenisme dan gender biasa dipakai pada paradigma kritis. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah iklan ponds pun tidak lepas dari eksploitasi perempuan. Saran dari penelitian ini, sebaiknya Ponds membuat iklan dengan bintang iklan yang mempunyai ciri berbeda dari iklan sebelumnya, seperti bintang iklan yang berambut keriting dan kulit berwarna coklat.
Kata Kunci : Iklan, Eksploitasi Perempuan, Pemaknaan
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van Gaal, Simon, Lionel Naccache, Julia D. I. Meuwese, Anouk M. van Loon, Alexandra H. Leighton, Laurent Cohen, and Stanislas Dehaene. "Can the meaning of multiple words be integrated unconsciously?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1641 (May 5, 2014): 20130212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0212.
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What are the limits of unconscious language processing? Can language circuits process simple grammatical constructions unconsciously and integrate the meaning of several unseen words? Using behavioural priming and electroencephalography (EEG), we studied a specific rule-based linguistic operation traditionally thought to require conscious cognitive control: the negation of valence. In a masked priming paradigm, two masked words were successively (Experiment 1) or simultaneously presented (Experiment 2), a modifier (‘not’/‘very’) and an adjective (e.g. ‘good’/‘bad’), followed by a visible target noun (e.g. ‘peace’/‘murder’). Subjects indicated whether the target noun had a positive or negative valence. The combination of these three words could either be contextually consistent (e.g. ‘very bad - murder’) or inconsistent (e.g. ‘not bad - murder’). EEG recordings revealed that grammatical negations could unfold partly unconsciously, as reflected in similar occipito-parietal N400 effects for conscious and unconscious three-word sequences forming inconsistent combinations. However, only conscious word sequences elicited P600 effects, later in time. Overall, these results suggest that multiple unconscious words can be rapidly integrated and that an unconscious negation can automatically ‘flip the sign’ of an unconscious adjective. These findings not only extend the limits of subliminal combinatorial language processes, but also highlight how consciousness modulates the grammatical integration of multiple words.
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Vassilieva, Alexandra, Markus Harboe Olsen, Costanza Peinkhofer, Gitte Moos Knudsen, and Daniel Kondziella. "Automated pupillometry to detect command following in neurological patients: a proof-of-concept study." PeerJ 7 (May 13, 2019): e6929. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6929.
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Background Levels of consciousness in patients with acute and chronic brain injury are notoriously underestimated. Paradigms based on electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may detect covert consciousness in clinically unresponsive patients but are subject to logistical challenges and the need for advanced statistical analysis. Methods To assess the feasibility of automated pupillometry for the detection of command following, we enrolled 20 healthy volunteers and 48 patients with a wide range of neurological disorders, including seven patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), who were asked to engage in mental arithmetic. Results Fourteen of 20 (70%) healthy volunteers and 17 of 43 (39.5%) neurological patients, including 1 in the ICU, fulfilled prespecified criteria for command following by showing pupillary dilations during ≥4 of five arithmetic tasks. None of the five sedated and unconscious ICU patients passed this threshold. Conclusions Automated pupillometry combined with mental arithmetic appears to be a promising paradigm for the detection of covert consciousness in people with brain injury. We plan to build on this study by focusing on non-communicating ICU patients in whom the level of consciousness is unknown. If some of these patients show reproducible pupillary dilation during mental arithmetic, this would suggest that the present paradigm can reveal covert consciousness in unresponsive patients in whom standard investigations have failed to detect signs of consciousness.
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Riès, Stephanie K., Linda Nadalet, Soren Mickelsen, Megan Mott, Katherine J. Midgley, Phillip J. Holcomb, and Karen Emmorey. "Pre-output Language Monitoring in Sign Production." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 6 (June 2020): 1079–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01542.
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A domain-general monitoring mechanism is proposed to be involved in overt speech monitoring. This mechanism is reflected in a medial frontal component, the error negativity (Ne), present in both errors and correct trials (Ne-like wave) but larger in errors than correct trials. In overt speech production, this negativity starts to rise before speech onset and is therefore associated with inner speech monitoring. Here, we investigate whether the same monitoring mechanism is involved in sign language production. Twenty deaf signers (American Sign Language [ASL] dominant) and 16 hearing signers (English dominant) participated in a picture–word interference paradigm in ASL. As in previous studies, ASL naming latencies were measured using the keyboard release time. EEG results revealed a medial frontal negativity peaking within 15 msec after keyboard release in the deaf signers. This negativity was larger in errors than correct trials, as previously observed in spoken language production. No clear negativity was present in the hearing signers. In addition, the slope of the Ne was correlated with ASL proficiency (measured by the ASL Sentence Repetition Task) across signers. Our results indicate that a similar medial frontal mechanism is engaged in preoutput language monitoring in sign and spoken language production. These results suggest that the monitoring mechanism reflected by the Ne/Ne-like wave is independent of output modality (i.e., spoken or signed) and likely monitors prearticulatory representations of language. Differences between groups may be linked to several factors including differences in language proficiency or more variable lexical access to motor programming latencies for hearing than deaf signers.
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Elmessiri, Abdelwahab M. "THE DANCE OF THE PEN, THE PLAY OF THE SIGN." American Journal of Islam and Society 14, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i1.2265.
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According to the Islamic tawhidi paradigm, God, after creating theworld- both humanity and nature- ex nihilo, did not dwell in either ofthem or abandon them completely. God cares for the world but maintainsa distance, a gap that separates Creator from created. This has resulted ina fundamental humanity-nature duality, which is echoed in many otherdualities (e.g., body-soul, male-female). Humanity’s existence isrestricted by this gap’s parameters, but it is also a human space in whichthe individual has the freedom to fulfill a human space and either to fulfillor abort hisher essence and potential. Through the limits imposed bythis space, the individual passes from the state of nature to the state ofculture, from a simple innocence that does not know good or evil to acomplex experience that recognizes their existence. In short, humanitypasses from the embryonic stage, in which the individual is both limitlessand completely determined, with no space separating him/her fromnature, to the divine (rabbani) stage, where he/she is limited but, throughthese very limits, where freedom, dignity, identity, sepamte consciousness,and the abilities to loose and to transcend are gained. Humanity ispart of nature, but not an organic part ...
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Waaijman, Kees. "inner dimensions of contemplation." STJ | Stellenbosch Theological Journal 6, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17570/stj.2020.v6n2.a20.
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This contribution investigates the inner dimensions of contemplation and the dynamics of the spiritual process. It focusses on six paradigms taken from the Christian tradition: It firstly discusses the contemplative reader that is characterized by the interpretation of signs, read in a protected space, seeking understanding, but at the end leading to the “other” reading, brought about by the divine-human dialogue. The second type of contemplation refers to “the contemplative warrior” which is about contemplative transformation that provides a spiritual defence mechanism against destructive demonic forces. This type of contemplation is practiced by the desert monks. The article then analyses a third contemplation in terms of the Biblical characters of Mary and Martha who represent two different, but unified positions of the contemplative way. The fourth paradigm belongs to the field of modernity: it is about contemplation in discernment that reflects the desire to discern the will of God amidst as a time of doubting and uncertainty. There is, in the fifth paradigm, contemplation in presence. In this part, Brother Lawrence is presented as an example: His concept of contemplation is living in the presence of the Lord in a simple act of love and being loved. The final paradigm is prophetic contemplation, of which Titus Brandsma is an example. He had Elijah as model of inspiration and as an exemplar for imitation. For him this Elijahan contemplation is unified in three layers. The first layer is the ideal of contemplation, the second one is the realization of this ideal in a life of prayer, the third one is the liturgy of hours.
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Pablé, Adrian. "Putting it integrationally." Language and Dialogue 5, no. 3 (December 17, 2015): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.5.3.05pab.
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The present paper responds to two discussion articles previously published in Language and Dialogue 3:2 and 4:2: one by Wolfgang Teubert (“Was there a cat in the garden? Knowledge between discourse and the monadic self”), which is partly a critique of Roy Harris’ integrational epistemology (Harris 2009), and the other, itself a critical reply to Teubert, by Alison Sealey (“Cats and categories — reply to Teubert”). In this paper I adopt an integrational linguistic approach (e.g. Harris 1996, 1998) to Teubert and Sealey’s opposing philosophical views (social constructionism vs. realism), showing how their linguistic theories heavily rely on strategies of decontextualization (‘segregationism’) needed in order to cast themselves in the role of linguistic experts. Unlike the integrational linguist, who regards signs as radically indeterminate, the segregational linguist has to retain determinacy as a fundamental property of the sign — and hence the latter’s insistence that signs are ‘shared’. Both the relativist and the realist working within a segregational linguistic paradigm adhere to a semantic thesis of how words get their meanings that Harris (1980) has termed ‘surrogationalism’, i.e. the belief that words, in their function as names, ‘stand for’ things in the real world, the difference being that Teubert treats ‘reality’ as a discursive community-based construction (i.e. there is no objective reality for homo loquens), while Sealey thinks that material reality is independent of discourse and that words functioning as names of things reflect this to varying degrees.
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Tredinnick-Rowe, John. "The semiotics of breast cancer: Signs, symptoms, and sales." Semiotica 2019, no. 227 (March 5, 2019): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0107.
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AbstractThis paper analyses the immunological response of breast cancer patients through the lens of medical semiotics. From this perspective both psychological and physiological symptoms are treated as a set of transitive signs. The symptomatic journey of breast cancer patients was documented through an ethnographic engagement with a breast cancer charity. This journey consists of diagnosis, treatment and remission, where both the physical and psychological trauma maybe irreversible. Equally the genetic disposition of each patient and the variability of the treatment give rise to a plethora of possible immunological responses. The case study organization provided both therapeutic treatment but also sold oncology products to its patients, matching the products’ composition to the specific immunological responses caused by breast cancer treatment, e.g., brittle skins or hair loss, etc. This paper explores how the varied and transient nature of immunological semiosis is identified and commoditized into an economic process. This challenging social context is of interest from a semiotic stand point because it offers a singular paradigm to explain the evolution of signs and symptoms into sales.
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Prilleltensky, Isaac. "Promoting well-being: Time for a paradigm shift in health and human services." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 33, no. 66_suppl (October 2005): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14034950510033381.
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The promotion of personal, relational, and collective well-being has evolved markedly in the last three decades. However positive and needed, recent developments in health promotion require further conceptual clarification and synergistic applications. To assist with conceptual clarification, this article proposes to distinguish among sites, signs, sources, and strategies of well-being. With respect to applications, progress is discussed along four domains: temporal, ecological, participation, and capabilities. The temporal domain refers to the timing of interventions and entails a continuum from reactive to proactive strategies. The ecological domain pertains to the site of interventions, ranging from person-centered to community-centered. The participation domain refers to voice and choice of citizens and consumers in delivery of services and access to resources. At one end of this continuum there is empowerment, while at the opposite end we see disempowerment and detachment. Finally, the capabilities domain refers to the concentration on either strengths or deficits. This article argues that a singular focus on strength, prevention, empowerment, or community conditions is insufficient. It presents a framework for the conceptual integration of these four approaches, while illustrating the benefits of their synergy and the risks of their fragmentation. It is high time for a paradigm shift in health and human services, and this article argues that only a new approach that focuses on strengths, prevention, empowerment, and community conditions can make considerable progress towards the achievement of well-being for all.
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Fadda, Emanuele. "Saussure and the will." Semiotica 2017, no. 217 (August 28, 2017): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0039.
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AbstractIn his Geneva lectures in November 1891, Saussure stated a sort of “paradox of the will,” saying: “Can linguistic facts be said to be the result of acts of will? That is the question. The current science of language gives a positive answer. However, one should add immediately that … the linguistic act, if I might call it that, is characterized as being the least reflected on, the least premeditated, as well as the most impersonal of all.” This issue – shared with Michel Bréal – remains important in Saussure’s thought until the end, and it is possible to read some of the most important pages of his works in the light of this paradox – a kind of free will problem in a linguistic fashion. Such a focus on the will opens a different perspective on semiology (“For the distinguishing characteristic of the sign – but the one that is least apparent at first sight – is that in some way it always eludes the individual or social will”– as we read in the Course), reassesses the status of notions like “institution” and “arbitrariness” and allows a (critical) comparison with other paradigms in the current debate of social ontology (e.g., Searle’s account).
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Shvedova, Mariiа. "Morphological adaptation of borrowed nouns with final -o in Ukrainian: a corpus-based study." Ukrainska mova, no. 2 (2020): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2020.02.013.
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The paper describes the use of declined and invariable paradigms of borrowed nouns with the final –o (of the type avto ‘car’, bjuro ‘bureau, office’) exemplified by the General regionally annotated corpus of the Ukrainian language (GRAC, uacorpus.org). The texts of different styles from different regions of Ukraine and the diaspora, written from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 21st century, are analyzed. The degree of variability and stylistic markedness of competing morphological forms are shown depending on the time and place of creation of the texts in question. The declension of borrowed words with the final –o was acceptable as an option in Ukraine until about the end of the Second World War, then practically absent in the Soviet texts of 1950–1990, and after 1991 the share of this variant again increases slightly. According to the official norm, in the post-war period in Ukraine the invariable paradigm of the borrowed nouns with the final –o, with the single exception of pal’to ‘coat’, was the only option. The inflected variants were rarely used at this time in Soviet texts, usually as a marker of colloquial style. In the language of the diaspora, the tendency to inflect the borrowed nouns with the final –o is stronger, there was no stylistic difference between the inflected and non-inflected variants. In the modern Ukrainian language in Ukraine, the inflected variants of borrowed nouns in many cases retain stylistic markedness, signalling the Western Ukrainian influence, the diaspora tradition or a sign of departure from the Soviet norm. A study of contemporary Kiev and Lviv newspapers has shown that regional differences in the use of these grammatical variants are virtually absent in nonfiction texts. Normative invariable forms prevail in both editions, therefore, the inflected forms in modern journalism can be considered a purely stylistic variant. Keywords: Ukrainian grammar, diachronic evolution, corpus, declension, morphology, borrowings.
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Pushonkova, O. A. "FRACTURE OF EUROPEAN CULTURAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE XIX–XX CENTURIES: CHANGE OF PARADIGM." UKRAINIAN CULTURAL STUDIES, no. 1 (2) (2018): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/ucs.2018.1(2).08.
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The article analyzes the phenomenon of cultural fracture (shift, breakdown), which reflects the nature of transformational processes in the culture of the end of the XIX — early XX century and focuses on the mechanisms of transmission of the cultural and historical experience of mankind. The dynamic character of changes in the European cultural consciousness on the verge of the XIX and XX centuries, the transition from the classical model of cultural interpretation to the non-classical and post-classical, the role of everyday life in the "inalienable" states of culture has been researched. The connection between criticism of culture and correlation between scientific and art world views of the end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX century has been revealed. The consequences of a total cultural fracture in the human consciousness of European culture in the projections of cultural-traumatic discourse are revealed through the conceptual topography of the XX century culture. The culture of everyday life, which arises in the XIX century as a culture of comfort, has become the cause of a collision between alternative spiritual states of culture, which also caused a situation of fracture. The fracture of culture reveal the inner essence of culture and in the conditions of the anthropological crisis form a new dynamic model of the worldview that includes the past and the future at the same time. If in the classical version of the philosophy of culture the crisis is perceived as a source of eschatological sentiment, then in the non-classical one it acquires signs of an existential crisis, which outlines a new type of "split" cultural consciousness. The sharp change in ideological orientations concentrates the attention of researchers on transitional states of culture, which has a huge evaluetive potential, as the need for their inclusion in the dynamism and the logic of cultural development (O. Losev, N. Mankovskaya, G. Knabe, and others). Actualization in the mental field of modern culture of new meanings and metaphorical concepts - "labyrinth", "rhizome", "fold", "crossroads" is the consequence of the continuation of permanent transition, the state of search in situation of uncertainty. The situation of the XX — beginning of the XXI century is not a fracture, because it is rather a deepening of the tendencies that were laid in the late XIX - XX centuries. Of course, fundamentally new phenomena arise, a new topography of culture is formed, in connection with the advent of information technologies appear new types of identity, which acquires signs of "drifting", cultural-traumatic discourse is formed. However, these processes can rather be defined not as a radical "revaluation of values", but as a "dispersal" of new values acquired during the XX century, "improvement" of new formats of the culture of everyday life, the problems of which arise in the XIX century.
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Niżyńska, Joanna. "The Impossibility of Shrugging One's Shoulders: O'Harists, O'Hara, and Post-1989 Polish Poetry." Slavic Review 66, no. 3 (2007): 463–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20060297.
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In this article, Joanna Niżyńska explores the modes used by poets of the bruLion generation (whose debuts coincided with the end of communism) to import Frank O'Hara's poetics into Polish literature and the significance of their doing so. By employing Harold Bloom's concepts of the “anxiety of influence,” “kenosis,” and “daemonization,” Niżyńska analyzes the intergenerational impulses manifested in O'Harism in relation to the Romantic paradigm in Poland's poetic tradition. Niżyńska claims that in turning to O'Hara, such poets as Marcin Świetlicki, Jacek Podsiadło, and Miłosz Biedrzycki engaged in dialectically related modes of revisionary reading of both domestic and foreign traditions. O'Harism is interpreted as a sign of a multifaceted cultural morphogenesis that was simultaneously an act of compensation for Romantic “Polish complexes,” a self-exploration of a new poetic generation in the face of a new political and cultural reality, and a misreading of a foreign source.
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Kondratyeva, E. A., I. A. Avdunina, A. N. Kondratyev, A. U. Ulitin, N. E. Ivanova, M. V. Petrova, E. V. Luginina, and A. V. Grechko. "Vegetative State: Difficulty in Identifying Consciousness and Predicting Outcome." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 71, no. 4 (September 12, 2016): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn728.
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Article consists of literature review, authors experience of the application of neurovisualization and neurophysiological research methods to predict the recovery of consciousness in patients in vegetative state (VS). According to the literature data PET with FDG has higher sensitivity in the detection of signs of consciousness, then functional MRI (fMRI). The method fMRI allows assessing the functional activity of the brain in a state of rest and in response to stimulation with different modalities ― visual, auditory, etc (with the application of active and passive paradigm). A higher specificity in the detection of signs of consciousness have the methodology of fMRI with the active paradigm, at the same time, the absence of signs of consciousness according to the fMRI can not be charged as a basis for the conclusion of a poor prognosis in a particular patient. Neurophysiological tests (EEG, TMS, EP, etc) are more readily available and quite effective. Based on the literature analysis, the authors comes to the conclusion that neurovisualization and neurophysiological tests used in the prediction of the outcome of VS reflects the residual functional activity of different brain areas, in a context of diffuse brain damage, and the recovery of consciousness is usually combined with the restoring of the functional activity off the thalamocortical tracts, which activity, indirectly, is evaluated using these methods. In the authors' opinions, the main disadvantage in the interpretation of the is the lack of a common pathophysiological concept of the organization of brain functions in VS patients. The authors offer for the discussion their concept of stable pathological states of the brain, which is based on the works of Russian pathophysiologists.
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Husain, Khaleel, Mohd Soperi Mohd Zahid, Shahab Ul Hassan, Sumayyah Hasbullah, and Satria Mandala. "Advances of ECG Sensors from Hardware, Software and Format Interoperability Perspectives." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020105.
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It is well-known that cardiovascular disease is one of the major causes of death worldwide nowadays. Electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor is one of the tools commonly used by cardiologists to diagnose and detect signs of heart disease with their patients. Since fast, prompt and accurate interpretation and decision is important in saving the life of patients from sudden heart attack or cardiac arrest, many innovations have been made to ECG sensors. However, the use of traditional ECG sensors is still prevalent in the clinical settings of many medical institutions. This article provides a comprehensive survey on ECG sensors from hardware, software and data format interoperability perspectives. The hardware perspective outlines a general hardware architecture of an ECG sensor along with the description of its hardware components. The software perspective describes various techniques (denoising, machine learning, deep learning, and privacy preservation) and other computer paradigms used in the software development and deployment for ECG sensors. Finally, the format interoperability perspective offers a detailed taxonomy of current ECG formats and the relationship among these formats. The intention is to help researchers towards the development of modern ECG sensors that are suitable and approved for adoption in real clinical settings.
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Hurley, Carolyn M., Wen Jing Teo, Janell Kwok, Tessa Seet, Erika Peralta, and Shuang Yu Chia. "Diversity from within: The Impact of Cultural Variables on Emotion Expressivity in Singapore." International Journal of Psychological Studies 8, no. 3 (June 26, 2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v8n3p50.
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<p>Culture is intrinsically linked with emotion expression, as culture provides rules regarding how to manage emotions when they occur. Thus far, existing literature has extensively compared norms for emotional expression and suppression, revealing significant differences among culturally distinct but also geographically distant groups (e.g., “collectivistic” Chinese versus “individualistic” U.S. Americans). The present study examines the impact of cultural diversity within Singapore, a heterogeneous Asian nation of 5.4 million residents. Using an expression suppression paradigm, eighty-three participants viewed emotion eliciting video clips and their expressions were analyzed according to the Emotion Facial Action Coding System (EmFACS, Ekman, Irwin, & Rosenberg, 1994) for signs of happiness and disgust. Participants tasked to manage their expression were successful; however cultural indicators such as ethnicity, collectivism, and concern for face affected expressivity under both suppression and natural expression conditions. These results emphasize the importance of exploring culture within national boundaries, as multiple cultural factors (e.g., ethnic groupings, values, and face) influenced expression.</p>
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Hussain, Muhammad Iftikhar, Jingsha He, Nafei Zhu, Fahad Sabah, Zulfiqar Ali Zardari, Saqib Hussain, and Fahad Razque. "AAAA: SSO and MFA Implementation in Multi-Cloud to Mitigate Rising Threats and Concerns Related to User Metadata." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 3012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073012.
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In the modern digital era, everyone is partially or fully integrated with cloud computing to access numerous cloud models, services, and applications. Multi-cloud is a blend of a well-known cloud model under a single umbrella to accomplish all the distinct nature and realm requirements under one service level agreement (SLA). In current era of cloud paradigm as the flood of services, applications, and data access rise over the Internet, the lack of confidentiality of the end user’s credentials is rising to an alarming level. Users typically need to authenticate multiple times to get authority and access the desired services or applications. In this research, we have proposed a completely secure scheme to mitigate multiple authentications usually required from a particular user. In the proposed model, a federated trust is created between two different domains: consumer and provider. All traffic coming towards the service provider is further divided into three phases based on the concerned user’s data risks. Single sign-on (SSO) and multifactor authentication (MFA) are deployed to get authentication, authorization, accountability, and availability (AAAA) to ensure the security and confidentiality of the end user’s credentials. The proposed solution exploits the finding that MFA achieves a better AAAA pattern as compared to SSO.
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Petrilli, Susan, and Augusto Ponzio. "Modelling, dialogism and the functional cycle: biosemiotic and philosophical insights." Sign Systems Studies 41, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2013.41.1.06.
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Charles Peirce, Mikhail Bakhtin and Thomas Sebeok all develop original research itineraries around the sign and, despite terminological differences, can be related with reference to the concept of dialogism and modelling. Jakob von Uexküll's biosemiosic "functional cycle", a model for semiosic processes, is also implied in the relation between dialogue and communication. Biological models which describe communication as a self-referential, autopoietic and semiotically closed system (e.g., the models proposed by Maturana, Varela, and Thure von Uexküll) contrast with both the linear (Shannon and Weaver) and the circular (Saussure) paradigms. The theory of autopoietic systems is only incompatible with dialogism if reference is to a linear causal model which describes communication as developing from source to destination, or to the conversation model governed by the turning around together rule. Dialogism understood in biosemiotic terms overlaps with the concepts of interconnectivity, interrelation, intercorporeity and presupposes the otherness relation. As Uexküll says, the relation with the umwelt in nonhuman living beings is stable and concerns the species; on the contrary, in human beings it is, changeable and concerns the single individual, which is at once an advantage and a disadvantage. Thanks to "syntactics", human beings can construct, deconstruct and reconstruct an infinite number of worlds from a finite number of elements. This distinguishes human beings from other animals and determines their capacity for posing problems and asking questions. The human being not only produces his or her own world, but can also endanger it, and even destroy it to the point of causing the extinction of all other life forms on Earth. The unique capacity for reflection on signs makes human beings responsible for life across the planet, both human and nonhuman. Such reflections shift semiotic research in the direction of semioethics.
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Sułkowski, Bogusław. "„Społeczne ramy kultury” czterdzieści lat później. Pięć modeli komunikacji kulturowej." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 55, no. 2-3 (May 10, 2011): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2011.55.2-3.1.
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Forty years ago Antonina Kłoskowska built up a universal paradigm of three social frames of culture. They included: frame one, i.e. local production of symbolic processes, close to folk culture; frame two — understood as a network of local institutions of culture; frame three — involving a radiation of pan-local centers, in particular a reception of contents transmitted by mass media. A basic sociological criterion of differentiating between these categories includes a type of contact, and adjacency of sender and recipient of symbolic communication. Currently, following years of development of digital means of communication, computer networks and fiber optic technologies, audio-visual systems, mobile telephones, etc. a proposal of frames of culture must be examined again. New media shape new vehicles of expression (e.g. hypertext), but most importantly they inspire specific social relations. Discussion over cultural framework is also triggered by accelerated processes of economic and social transformation, advanced globalization, increase of living standards and dissemination of consumption attitudes, changes in leisure activities of the middle class. In more narrowly understood domain of institutional and professional culture one witnessed the processes of European deregulation and release of culture from state, which in Eastern Europe was accompanied by abolition of censorship and a different model of culture distribution, which is controlled by market and cultural (creative) industry rather than by central government. As a result, the nature of direct communication among people is subject to ongoing transformation. We witness more and more indirect cultural communication (off-line and on-line). Modified and broadened proposal of social frames of culture includes five rather than three paradigms, namely: the culture of indirect communication, the culture of associations and volunteers; the culture of local institutions (public and private), mass culture versus pop culture, cyber-culture, culture of network community. One has to underline that in the new reality of our civilization we can still use analytic principles of Kłoskowska’s typology. First, we can treat spiritual culture as a phenomenon of autotelic semiosis with pragmatic definition of sign; second, while describing social functioning of culture we can use a sociological criterion of contact and adjacency.
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Lefebvre, Cedric, Brian Hiestand, Casey Glass, David Masneri, Kathleen Hosmer, Meagan Hunt, and Nicholas Hartman. "Examining the Effects of Narrative Commentary on Evaluators’ Summative Assessments of Resident Performance." Evaluation & the Health Professions 43, no. 3 (December 26, 2018): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163278718820415.
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Anchor-based, end-of-shift ratings are commonly used to conduct performance assessments of resident physicians. These performance evaluations often include narrative assessments, such as solicited or “free-text” commentary. Although narrative commentary can help to create a more detailed and specific assessment of performance, there are limited data describing the effects of narrative commentary on the global assessment process. This single-group, observational study examined the effect of narrative comments on global performance assessments. A subgroup of the clinical competency committee, blinded to resident identity, assigned a single, consensus-based performance score (1–6) to each resident based solely on end-of-shift milestone scores. De-identified narrative comments from end-of-shift evaluations were then included and the process was repeated. We compared milestone-only scores to milestone plus narrative commentary scores using a nonparametric sign test. During the study period, 953 end-of-shift evaluations were submitted on 41 residents. Of these, 535 evaluations included free-text narrative comments. In 17 of the 41 observations, performance scores changed after the addition of narrative comments. In two cases, scores decreased with the addition of free-text commentary. In 15 cases, scores increased. The frequency of net positive change was significant ( p = .0023). The addition of narrative commentary to anchor-based ratings significantly influenced the global performance assessment of Emergency Medicine residents by a committee of educators. Descriptive commentary collected at the end of shift may inform more meaningful appraisal of a resident’s progress in a milestone-based paradigm. The authors recommend clinical training programs collect unstructured narrative impressions of residents’ performance from supervising faculty.
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Laužikas, Rimvydas. "Unikalumas ir entropija kultūros paveldo informacijoje ir komunikacijoje." Informacijos mokslai 52 (January 1, 2010): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/im.2010.0.3196.
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XX amžiuje prasidėjusi informacinės ir komunikacinės paradigmų plėtra ir besiformuojanti tinklaveikos visuomenė neišvengiamai turi įtakos įvairių veiklos sričių, taip pat paveldo sampratai, paveldosaugos, paveldotvarkos ir paveldo informacijos bei komunikacijos procesams. Šio straipsnio objektas – informacinės ir komunikacinės paradigmų raiška paveldo erdvėje. Straipsnio tikslas – suformuluoti paveldo informacijos ir komunikacijos sampratą, parodant sąsajas su komunikacijos ir informacijos mokslų teorijomis bei pademonstruojant informacinės paradigmos taikymo paveldo tyrimuose galimybes. Straipsnyje pateikiami teoriniai svarstymai iliustruojami konkretaus paveldo objekto – Dubingių piliavietės archeologinių tyrimų pavyzdžiais.Straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad paveldo informacijos ir komunikacijos požiūriu pagrįstuose tyrimuose galima tarpdiscipliniškai pritaikyti svarbiausias informacijos ir komunikacijos mokslų teorijas ir metodus. Jų taikymas paveldo erdvėje gali būti kreipiamas dviem lygiavertėmis tyrimų kryptimis: tyrimuose akcentuojant išskirtinius paveldo objektus ir artefaktus bei tyrimuose orientuojantis į masinės medžiagos pažinimą. Abi tyrimų kryptys leidžia kiekybiškai įvertinti paveldo objektus, nustatant paveldo kompleksų ir jų dalių santykį, lyginant paveldo objektus ir kompleksus, siekiant identifikuoti kompleksą sukūrusių visuomenių ypatumus.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Paveldas, paveldo informacija ir komunikacija, informacijos teorija, komunikacijos teorija, komunikacijos ir informacijos mokslai, Dubingiai, archeologija, entropija.Uniqueness and Entropy in the Information and Communication on Cultural HeritageRimvydas Laužikas SummaryThe technologies that have been developing in the 20th–21st century gradually permeate all fields of human life and activities. These technologies open new opportunities for communication, management, information processing as well as for the development of new, based on the information and communication paradigms research methods, models of practical activities, and interdisciplinary research. In this context, it is promising to use the basic theories of communication and information science (McLuhan’s, Shannon’s, Lotman’s, Prigogine’s) and the definition of the communication and information on cultural heritage.The purpose of the article is to formulate the concept of information and communication regarding cultural heritage, to show links between heritage and information and communication science theories and the examples of using the information paradigm for heritage studies. The theoretical considerations are illustrated by examples from a particular heritage site – the Dubingiai (Moletai reg., Lithuania) castle site archaeological excavations.The concept of information and communication on cultural heritage is based on the definition of cultural heritage. If “cultural heritage – the entire corpus of material signs – either artistic or symbolic – handed on by the past to each culture…” (HEREIN…., 2009), then a single heritage object should be regarded as a sign (a minimum, indivisible, atomic information transmission unit) and the heritage complex as a text (medium, message). The signs and texts point to mental ideas and are part of a system applied by members of specific (past) culture for intercommunication. If we accept this definition, then heritage research means the decoding, i.e. “reading”the primary (archaeological complexes from past cultures) texts and the encoding, i.e. creating a secondary (scientifically for scientists) and tertiary (for general public) text in contemporary culture. Research of cultural heritage is the foundation for the further communicative use of the cultural heritage in our times (as museum exhibits, cultural monuments, etc.).This position allows customizing the quantitative parameters of information theory to the heritage research and extending the “toolbox” of heritage quantitative analysis. In this approach, a heritage complex as a text is an evolved, open (for external influence) and dissipative system. Such systems have all features of evolving systems determined by Ilya Prigogine (Prigogine, 2006): they evolve; their evolution is based on an objective arrow of time which ensures irreversibility of processes; the variability of system components, going on for a long time, causes changes in the whole system; the evolution of a system is a process that can be forecasted only in part; sometimes an evolving system experiences disturbances that change it essentially (system mutations); both systems evolve at a different speed; two systems the evolution of which started in different points of space and time, more and more recede from each other; two systems are not inter-integrating.In this way, we find two approaches to “reading the past”: a research of exclusive (unique) artifacts and research of mass artifacts. Both approaches say that unique (or mass) artifacts are markers of social structure, of trading connections, of urbanization, of cultural influences, etc. However, to use this method, we need statistically significant samples, the methodology of triangulation by several benchmark examples, and a relative scale of references. From the first point of view, perspective methods of “reading” the cultural heritage information are the content analysis and summaries of a complex information. In archaeology, it is the coefficient of graves with findings, the average number of unique finds in a grave, the average number of semantically valuable finds, the complex (text) density index, the complex readability index and mapping the network of finds on the basis of binary oppositions theory. From the second point of view, promising methods are information entropy modeling and calculation. The main problem of calculating entropy for heritage complexes is that the original text (the primary state of complex) is only hypothetical; it cannotbe reconstructed and it is problematical to record the entropy change. In this context, a productive way is the visualization and relative calculation of the general object-level entropy in the three-dimensional space-time model (X and Y as the geographical coordinates of archaeological object and Z as the chronological parameter). Also, the entropy model can be calibrated by the heterogeneity of a cultural space (differences in the cultural dependence of creators (authors) and “readers” (researchers) of the archaeological complex as a text). When the creator and the “reader” belong to the same culture (the same macrosystem, the same cluster), entropy variation during the same period of time is less than when the creator and the “reader” come from related or different cultures. Another promising direction of research is calculation of entropy for specific complexes of heritage. By this method, we can calculate the entropy of an individual object (e.g. finding), of the whole heritage complex or a subcomplex (e.g. grave) and a complex (e.g. necropolis) relationship. The entropy is calculated using the entropy formula (Голдман, 1957). The resulting entropy is directly (inversely) proportional to the possibilities of the investigator’s ability to understand (“read”) the complex as a text.
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Mittapalli, Rajendar K., Kai Hsin Liao, Jason Williams, Rameshraja Palaparthy, and Donghua Yin. "Optimal dose selection in oncology biologics development: Need for a paradigm shift." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): 3093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.3093.
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3093 Background: In oncology, the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) is typically selected from the first-in-patient (FIP) dose escalation and then carried forward to late stage trials. The RP2D is often informed by limited data from a relatively small number of patients. Further dose optimization in late stage trials is rare as these trials often evaluate only one dose/dosing regimen. Traditionally oncology development relied on establishing an MTD with the expectation this dose would ultimately provide an optimal benefit/risk profile. However, for biologics there are clear examples suggesting a need to reconsider this approach to dose selection during drug development. The present review attempts to evaluate the dose selection approaches for approved oncology biologics to identify opportunities for improved dose optimization of future oncology drugs. Methods: The dose selection steps for oncology biologics approved by the USFDA from 2010 to 2020 were reviewed. The primary focus of the review was RP2D selection based on early clinical data, doses tested in pivotal trials, exposure-response and dose justification for the proposed dose, and post-marketing requirements (PMR) or post-marketing commitments (PMC) related to dose optimization. Results: The dose selection process for a total of 22 biologics was analyzed. Among these, 17 (77%) did not identify MTD during the FIP trial, and 6 (27%) tested more than one dose in the registration trials. In the initial approval, 2 (10%) had PMR or PMC for further dose optimization. For majority of the biologics the dose justification was based on 1) receptor occupancy 2) biomarker response 3) early clinical activity and 4) target efficacious concentration based on xenograft data. The majority of biologics had shown a shallow exposure-response relationship in safety or efficacy end points which partly can be attributed to the common practice of testing single dose level in the registrational trial. The dose recommended in the FDA label appears to be highly correlated to the RP2D determined in FIP studies. Conclusions: Oncology biologics have heavily relied on pharmacodynamic, early signs of efficacy, and safety data from the limited number of patients in the FIP dose escalation to identify the dose for pivotal trials. In most cases, there have been no dose ranging or optimization based on the final therapeutic outcome. While integration of relevant biomarker, PK, and PD data for optimal dose selection is an important aspect, there is a need to change the paradigm to consider more robust dose optimization, especially in early stage development. Dose ranging assessments incorporating therapeutically relevant endpoints and adequate sample size should be considered, ideally prior to pivotal trials.
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Aminabadi, NA, B. Huang, M. Samiei, S. Agheli, Z. Jamali, and S. Shirazi. "A Randomized Trial Using 3Mixtatin Compared to MTA in Primary Molars with Inflammatory Root Resorption: A Novel Endodontic Biomaterial." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 40, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-40.2.95.
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Objectives: Novel methods for preserving primary teeth can help to maintain their developmental, esthetic, and functional capabilities. The aim of this study was to assess the success of the repair of bony defects, caused by pre-treatment perforations, with a mixture of three antibiotics combined with simvastatin (3Mixtatin) compared to MTA in hopeless primary molars. Study design: In this randomized clinical trial, 80 teeth from 65 healthy children aged 3–6 years with interradicular or periapical root resorption and/or perforation in primary molars were treated either with 3Mixtatin or MTA before conventional pulpectomy and restoration. The subjects were followed up clinically and radiographically for 4, 6, 12 and 24 months after pulp treatment to evaluate and compare the healing process. The data were compared using chi-square test at a significance level of 0.05. Results: By the end of 24 months in 3Mixtatin group, 31 (96.8%) teeth revealed no clinical signs or symptoms with arrested resorption progress in radiographs. In MTA group, clinical signs and symptoms including pain, mobility and sinus tract were observed in 18 (48.6%) teeth with cessation of root/interradicular radiolucency in 7 (18.9%) teeth without bone repair. Conclusions: Radiographic and clinical healing occurred more successfully following 3Mixtatin treatment compared to treatment with MTA, it may lead to a paradigm shift in the pulpal treatment of primary teeth in the future.
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Kershaw, Baz. "Dramas of the Performative Society: Theatre at the End of its Tether." New Theatre Quarterly 17, no. 3 (August 2001): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x0001472x.
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The emergence of new performance paradigms in the second half of the twentieth century is only now being recognized as a fresh phase in human history. The creation of the new discipline, or, as some would call it, the anti-discipline of performance studies in universities is just a small chapter in a ubiquitous story. Everywhere performance is becoming a key quality of endeavour, whether in science and technology, commerce and industry, government and civics, or humanities and the arts. We are experiencing the creation of what Baz Kershaw here calls the ‘performative society’ – a society in which the human is crucially constituted through performance. But in such a society, what happens to the traditional notions and practices of drama and theatre? In this inaugural lecture, Kershaw looks for signs and portents of the future of drama and theatre in the performative society, finds mostly dissolution and deep panic, and tentatively suggests the need for a radical turn that will embrace the promiscuity of performance. Baz Kershaw, currently Professor of Drama at the University of Bristol, trained and worked as a design engineer before reading English and Philosophy at Manchester University. He has had extensive experience as a director and writer in radical theatre, including productions at the Drury Lane Arts Lab and with the Devon-based group Medium Fair, where he founded the first reminiscence theatre company Fair Old Times. His latest book is The Radical in Performance (Routledge, 1999). More recently he wrote about the ecologies of performance in NTQ 62.
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López-García, David, Alberto Sobrado, José M. G. Peñalver, Juan Manuel Górriz, and María Ruz. "Multivariate Pattern Analysis Techniques for Electroencephalography Data to Study Flanker Interference Effects." International Journal of Neural Systems 30, no. 07 (June 4, 2020): 2050024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065720500240.
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A central challenge in cognitive neuroscience is to understand the neural mechanisms that underlie the capacity to control our behavior according to internal goals. Flanker tasks, which require responding to stimuli surrounded by distracters that trigger incompatible action tendencies, are frequently used to measure this conflict. Even though the interference generated in these situations has been broadly studied, multivariate analysis techniques can shed new light into the underlying neural mechanisms. The current study is an initial approximation to adapt an interference Flanker paradigm embedded in a Demand-Selection Task (DST) to a format that allows measuring concurrent high-density electroencephalography (EEG). We used multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to decode conflict-related electrophysiological markers associated with congruent or incongruent target events in a time-frequency resolved way. Our results replicate findings obtained with other analysis approaches and offer new information regarding the dynamics of the underlying mechanisms, which show signs of reinstantiation. Our findings, some of which could not have been obtained with classic analytical strategies, open novel avenues of research.
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Matić, Zlatko. "Christianity and Islam in a pluralistic society: The coexistence and challenges." Sabornost, no. 14 (2020): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sabornost2014141m.
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The imposed problem by social context, which directly refers to the co-existence of Christianity and Islam, articulates through simple and direct questions: Can Christians and Muslims read the signs of time together, in the world of God they share. Are there common cultural and theological paradigms, which would allow a common analysis of the signs of the historical moment? Could they interpret them together, and finally, could they join together in the process of reaction to the challenges in the purpose of transformation of this kind of world? Can the modern society be understood as a chance, not for these entities each, but as a chance for these two faiths in their eventual joint action in the field of testify of God, protological Creator and eschatological Savior? Simply, can we do it together? In order to answer all of these questions, we will consider the central issue, to what extent is Islam a challenge, and a chance to Christianity, to its word - theology, but to the modern (Christian, western) civilization? At the end, in a form of several examples we shall present our personal opinion, which concerns certain appeals of orthodox dogmatic and comparative theology, which is led by Islam, by its existence, and by its message in the pluralistic society.
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Szaruga (Wirpsza), Leszek (Aleksander). "On various kinds of involvement of Avant-Garde." Tekstualia 4, no. 59 (December 20, 2019): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6443.
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The article analyses selected poems and tractates of poetry, with a special focus on the solutions regarding versifi cation, rhythm, and language (dialectological structures, syntactical forms and neologisms characteristic of poetic writing in Polish and Russian, as well as the contexts of English and German languages). Because the author attempts to distinguish the specifi city of poetry and the most important areas of literary biography in selected areas, he asks what the ways of poetry are, trying to present his point of view about the intellectual climate of the end of the 19th century, when the refl ection of language was the strongest and fundamental sign to identity. Besides, he shows what happened in the poetry of Marinetti, Majakowski, Benn, Brecht, Becher, Pound, Jasieński, Brzechwa, and Czyżewski. The article deals with the problem of historical, sociological, political, cultural and religious dialogue in poetry. The dialogue is dedicated to the search of a new language of expression. The author presents what the status of the poetry is at the beginning of the 20th century and what are the ways of poetry spreading and using language as a medium not only of communication, but also an identifi cation of unbelievable, impossibility, and as a consequence what are the strategies in poetry in addition to language (Russian and Polish, but also English and German). All of these paradigms determined functions of lyrics, which can be named an intertextual creativity. The author tries to answer the fundamental question about human condition and identity, the meaning of poetic sign, individual human possibilities towards history and politics, as well as the ways of using different connections with literature, art, religion (especially mysticism), philosophy and intertextual components which described the worldview of poetry.
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Sandlie, Hans Christian. "New Life Courses and Postponed Timing of Home Establishment." Open House International 30, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2005-b0008.
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Housing consumption has been rising throughout the post-war era in Norway. However, at the end of the 1990s there was a decline in consumption among young age groups. This tendency is confirmed by newer data: consumption among younger households has stabilised at a lower level than used to be the case. Less of these households are owner-occupiers and they live in smaller dwellings compared to fifteen years ago. In this paper the life course paradigm is used to explain these consumption changes. We find no signs of altering housing preferences among today's youth. The reduced housing consumption among this group can instead be seen in relation to new ways of organising the life course. Postponement of important life events such as completing one's education, entering the labour market, and starting a family of one's own will also postpone the point at which one becomes a homeowner for the first time. The observed decline in housing consumption among young household can, in other words, be understood as a delay in consumption. New life courses among today's youth entail new ways of adapting to the housing market.
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Humphrey, J. A. C., J. Cushner, M. Al-Shannag, J. Herrero, and F. Giralt. "Shear-Driven Flow in a Toroid of Square Cross Section." Journal of Fluids Engineering 125, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1523066.
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The two-dimensional wall-driven flow in a plane rectangular enclosure and the three-dimensional wall-driven flow in a parallelepiped of infinite length are limiting cases of the more general shear-driven flow that can be realized experimentally and modeled numerically in a toroid of rectangular cross section. Present visualization observations and numerical calculations of the shear-driven flow in a toroid of square cross section of characteristic side length D and radius of curvature Rc reveal many of the features displayed by sheared fluids in plane enclosures and in parallelepipeds of infinite as well as finite length. These include: the recirculating core flow and its associated counterrotating corner eddies; above a critical value of the Reynolds (or corresponding Goertler) number, the appearance of Goertler vortices aligned with the recirculating core flow; at higher values of the Reynolds number, flow unsteadiness, and vortex meandering as precursors to more disorganized forms of motion and eventual transition to turbulence. Present calculations also show that, for any fixed location in a toroid, the Goertler vortex passing through that location can alternate its sense of rotation periodically as a function of time, and that this alternation in sign of rotation occurs simultaneously for all the vortices in a toroid. This phenomenon has not been previously reported and, apparently, has not been observed for the wall-driven flow in a finite-length parallelepiped where the sense of rotation of the Goertler vortices is determined and stabilized by the end wall vortices. Unlike the wall-driven flow in a finite-length parallelepiped, the shear-driven flow in a toroid is devoid of contaminating end wall effects. For this reason, and because the toroid geometry allows a continuous variation of the curvature parameter, δ=D/Rc, this flow configuration represents a more general paradigm for fluid mechanics research.
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Lynch, G. "Long-term potentiation in the Eocene." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1432 (April 29, 2003): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1253.
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The first ten years of long-term potentiation (LTP) research are reviewed. Surprisingly, given the intensity of current interest, the discovery paper did not trigger a wave of follow-on experiments. Despite this, the initial work laid out what ultimately became standard questions and paradigms. The application of the then still novel hippocampal slice technique oriented LTP towards basic neuroscience, perhaps somewhat at the cost of lesser attention to its functional significance. The use of slices led to the discovery of the events that trigger the formation of LTP and provided some first clues about its extraordinary persistence. Signs of the intense controversy over the nature of LTP expression (release vs receptors) emerged towards the end of the first decade of work. What appears to be lacking in the literature of that time is a widespread concern about LTP and memory. This may reflect a somewhat different attitude that neurobiologists then had towards memory research and a perceived need to integrate the new potentiation phenomenon into the web of established science before advancing extended arguments about its contributions to behaviour.
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Saul, Matthew. "From Haiti to Somalia: The Assistance Model and the Paradox of State Reconstruction in International Law." International Community Law Review 11, no. 1 (2009): 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197309x401433.
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AbstractThis article is an attempt to draw attention to the nature of the assistance model of state reconstruction and its significance for the UN system. Traditional international legal doctrine identifies valid state consent with an effective domestic government. Moreover, effective control remains the means for applying the legal right of self-determination for the population of a state as a whole. Nonetheless, a frequently adopted paradigm for large-scale international involvement in the reconstruction of an ineffective state operates through the consent of an ineffective government. The assistance model is found in the recent past of Haiti (1994–1997; 2004–), Sierra Leone (1998–2005), Liberia (2003–), Afghanistan (2001–), in Iraq following the formal end of the belligerent occupation (2004–), and there are signs that it could soon be pursued in Somalia. To reveal how the assistance model of state reconstruction in fact relates to the political independence of the target state and its people, the key features of the assistance model and related legal issues are addressed. The main argument is that while the assistance model appears unremarkable, in fact it offers little protection for political independence and as a consequence puts at risk the core values of the UN system of self-determination of peoples and international peace.
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Supadiyanto, Supadiyanto. "(Opportunities) Death of Newspaper Industry in Digital Age and Covid-19 Pandemic." Jurnal The Messenger 12, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v12i2.2244.
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<div class="WordSection1"><p><em>Newspaper industry is entering a state of emergency in Indonesia. Dewan Pers demands that the government provide incentives to press companies during Covid-19. The growth in the number of internet users, the downward trend in advertising revenue, and the number of newspaper circulation are problems in the print media business. List of questions in this study: what are the trends in the use of internet technology and social media in Indonesia?; why did various newspaper companies in Indonesia collapse and die in the digital era?; how is the effort to save the newspaper business? Meanwhile, the research paradigm is qualitative. The time of the study is November 2019 to May 2020. The results of this research, the growth in the number of internet users has been extraordinary in the last 20 years. Signs of the newspaper era are over, strengthened by many newspaper companies turning to online media. The number of readers fell, the number of advertisers plummeted, number of copies narrowed, and the cost of producing newspapers became increasingly expensive to cause the closure of various newspaper companies. Rescue by attracting young readers and doing various innovations. Tragically, the print media industry will end and die on its own.</em></p></div>
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Iliopoulos, Antonis. "Early body ornamentation as Ego-culture: Tracing the co-evolution of aesthetic ideals and cultural identity." Semiotica 2020, no. 232 (February 25, 2020): 187–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2019-0073.
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AbstractWhile the “symbolic” meaning of early body ornamentation has received the lion’s share of attention in the debate on human origins, this paper sets out to explore their aesthetic and agentive dimensions, for the purpose of explaining how various ornamental forms would have led interacting groups to form a cultural identity of their own. To this end, semiotics is integrated with a new paradigm in the archaeology of mind, known as the theory of material engagement. Bridging specifically Peirce’s pragmatic theory and Malafouris’ enactive take on aesthetics allows us to appreciate the formation of aesthetic ideals through the agentive effects of material signs. It is thus proposed that, by attending to the interrelation between form, effect, and affect, members of social groups would have come to appreciate the ways in which their ornamental culture resembles and differs from that of neighbouring groups. Following the Lund conception of cultural semiotics, I argue that models of Ego-culture would have come to evolve along Alter-cultures that also employ ornaments, and against Alius-cultures that have yet to develop or adopt personal decoration. The aesthetic ideals associated with early body ornaments must have therefore played a catalytic role in the formation and communication of group membership. I thus close by proposing that the origins of new cultural identities can be explained by tracing the co-development of ideas and ideals.
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Kim, Seong-Eun, Michael K. Behr, Demba Ba, and Emery N. Brown. "State-space multitaper time-frequency analysis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): E5—E14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702877115.
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Time series are an important data class that includes recordings ranging from radio emissions, seismic activity, global positioning data, and stock prices to EEG measurements, vital signs, and voice recordings. Rapid growth in sensor and recording technologies is increasing the production of time series data and the importance of rapid, accurate analyses. Time series data are commonly analyzed using time-varying spectral methods to characterize their nonstationary and often oscillatory structure. Current methods provide local estimates of data features. However, they do not offer a statistical inference framework that applies to the entire time series. The important advances that we report are state-space multitaper (SS-MT) methods, which provide a statistical inference framework for time-varying spectral analysis of nonstationary time series. We model nonstationary time series as a sequence of second-order stationary Gaussian processes defined on nonoverlapping intervals. We use a frequency-domain random-walk model to relate the spectral representations of the Gaussian processes across intervals. The SS-MT algorithm efficiently computes spectral updates using parallel 1D complex Kalman filters. An expectation–maximization algorithm computes static and dynamic model parameter estimates. We test the framework in time-varying spectral analyses of simulated time series and EEG recordings from patients receiving general anesthesia. Relative to standard multitaper (MT), SS-MT gave enhanced spectral resolution and noise reduction (>10 dB) and allowed statistical comparisons of spectral properties among arbitrary time series segments. SS-MT also extracts time-domain estimates of signal components. The SS-MT paradigm is a broadly applicable, empirical Bayes’ framework for statistical inference that can help ensure accurate, reproducible findings from nonstationary time series analyses.
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Alves-Jesus, Susana Mourato. "O PAPEL DA EDUCAÇÃO PARA A EMERGÊNCIA DE UM HOMEM NOVO NA ÉPOCA DAS LUZES." Revista de Estudos de Cultura 5, no. 15 (June 10, 2020): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32748/revec.v5i14.13845.
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Ao longo do século XVIII registou-se um amplo movimento de valorização da educação enquanto via para a construção de um homem novo. Na Europa das Luzes, a articulação entre educação e liberdade afirma-se como uma relação necessária (e.g. Émile, de Rousseau), bem como condição fundamental para o exercício do progresso e para a capacitação do homem enquanto ator histórico no alto quadro civilizacional da Europa coeva. Partindo do princípio de que todo o homem seria dotado de razão em igualdade de circunstâncias, uma das pedras de toque da filosofia das Luzes passou precisamente pela necessidade de reforço da educação no quadro das modernas sociedades ocidentais, com vista à emancipação dos homens face ao paradigma dos Antigos. A presente proposta explora esta tendência de valorização da educação no âmbito do pensamento português da época. Destacaremos alguns autores cuja reflexão ajudou à construção desse olhar sobre a educação, enquanto meio fundamental para a implementação de uma nova sociedade e de um renovado sentido político. Articularemos ainda esses antecedentes teóricos com as amplas reformas pombalinas do ensino, que intentaram em certa medida, ainda que sob o signo das suas idiossincrasias, afirmar o sentido racionalizante e modernizante que os ideais educativo-pedagógicos da época postulavam.Palavras-chave: Educação. Luzes. Época Pombalina
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Berg, Linda, and Mikela Lundahl. "(Un-)veiling the west: Burkini-gate, Princess Hijab and dressing as struggle for postsecular integration." Culture Unbound 8, no. 3 (February 28, 2017): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1683263.
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The ban of the burkini in the summer of 2016 in France is the latest stage in a long political history, where the French depreciation or fear of the veil, and of Islam, has come to play a more significant role since the end of the cold war. Unveiling female bodies at the beach in Nice expose conditioned values of the French republic. In this context, drawing black veils on public advertisements becomes a performative act commenting on consumerism, religion, secularity, and the imagined Muslim woman. In this article we discuss freedom and integration in “third spaces” via an analysis of “hijabisation” in street art and the official reactions against certain types of beachwear. In line with Talal Asad (2006) we want to raise the issue on how the secular state addresses the pain of people who are obliged to give up part of their religious identity to become acceptable. Race-thinking was once an explicit part of celebrated values like modernity, secularity, democracy and human rights. However, the fact that the idea of races has been erased from articulations of Western nations and international bodies does not mean that traces of race-thinking in the heritage from the enlightenment are gone. By following Princess Hijab and the “Burkini-gate” a nationalist fantasy intertwined with the idea of the secular state reveals itself and acts of un/dressing emerge as signs of integration revealing a challenged imperialist paradigm.
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Spahn, H., M. Hoppe, H. D. Vidiarina, and B. Usdianto. "Experience from three years of local capacity development for tsunami early warning in Indonesia: challenges, lessons and the way ahead." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 7 (July 2, 2010): 1411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1411-2010.
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Abstract. Five years after the 2004 tsunami, a lot has been achieved to make communities in Indonesia better prepared for tsunamis. This achievement is primarily linked to the development of the Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS). However, many challenges remain. This paper describes the experience with local capacity development for tsunami early warning (TEW) in Indonesia, based on the activities of a pilot project. TEW in Indonesia is still new to disaster management institutions and the public, as is the paradigm of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). The technology components of InaTEWS will soon be fully operational. The major challenge for the system is the establishment of clear institutional arrangements and capacities at national and local levels that support the development of public and institutional response capability at the local level. Due to a lack of information and national guidance, most local actors have a limited understanding of InaTEWS and DRR, and often show little political will and priority to engage in TEW. The often-limited capacity of local governments is contrasted by strong engagement of civil society organisations that opt for early warning based on natural warning signs rather than technology-based early warning. Bringing together the various actors, developing capacities in a multi-stakeholder cooperation for an effective warning system are key challenges for the end-to-end approach of InaTEWS. The development of local response capability needs to receive the same commitment as the development of the system's technology components. Public understanding of and trust in the system comes with knowledge and awareness on the part of the end users of the system and convincing performance on the part of the public service provider. Both sides need to be strengthened. This requires the integration of TEW into DRR, clear institutional arrangements, national guidance and intensive support for capacity development at local levels as well as dialogue between the various actors.
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Obermeier, Christian, and Thomas C. Gunter. "Multisensory Integration: The Case of a Time Window of Gesture–Speech Integration." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 2 (February 2015): 292–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00688.
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This experiment investigates the integration of gesture and speech from a multisensory perspective. In a disambiguation paradigm, participants were presented with short videos of an actress uttering sentences like “She was impressed by the BALL, because the GAME/DANCE….” The ambiguous noun (BALL) was accompanied by an iconic gesture fragment containing information to disambiguate the noun toward its dominant or subordinate meaning. We used four different temporal alignments between noun and gesture fragment: the identification point (IP) of the noun was either prior to (+120 msec), synchronous with (0 msec), or lagging behind the end of the gesture fragment (−200 and −600 msec). ERPs triggered to the IP of the noun showed significant differences for the integration of dominant and subordinate gesture fragments in the −200, 0, and +120 msec conditions. The outcome of this integration was revealed at the target words. These data suggest a time window for direct semantic gesture–speech integration ranging from at least −200 up to +120 msec. Although the −600 msec condition did not show any signs of direct integration at the homonym, significant disambiguation was found at the target word. An explorative analysis suggested that gesture information was directly integrated at the verb, indicating that there are multiple positions in a sentence where direct gesture–speech integration takes place. Ultimately, this would implicate that in natural communication, where a gesture lasts for some time, several aspects of that gesture will have their specific and possibly distinct impact on different positions in an utterance.
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Smeets, Miek, Pieter De Witte, Sanne Peters, Bert Aertgeerts, Stefan Janssens, and Bert Vaes. "Think-aloud study about the diagnosis of chronic heart failure in Belgian general practice." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (March 2019): e025922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025922.
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ObjectivesDiagnosing chronic heart failure (CHF) in general practice is challenging. Our aim was to investigate how general practitioners (GPs) diagnose CHF in real-world patients.DesignThink-aloud study.MethodsFourteen GPs were asked to reason about four real-world CHF cases from their own practices. The cases were selected through a clinical audit. This was followed by an interview to get a deeper insight in their reasoning. The Qualitative Analysis Guide of Leuven was used as a guide in data analysis.ResultsWe developed a conceptual diagnostic model based on three important reasoning steps. First, GPs assessed the likelihood of CHF based on the presence or absence of HF signs and symptoms. However, this approach had serious limitations since GPs experienced many barriers in their clinical assessment, especially in comorbid elderly. Second, if CHF was considered based on step 1, the main influencing factor to take further diagnostic steps was the GPs’ perception of the added value of a validated CHF diagnosis in that specific case. Third, the choice and implications of these further diagnostic steps (N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, ECG and/or cardiac ultrasound) were influenced by the GPs’ knowledge about these tests and the quality of the cardiologists’ reports.ConclusionThis think-aloud study identified the factors that influenced the diagnostic reasoning about CHF in general practice. As a consequence, targets to improve this diagnostic reasoning were withheld: a paradigm shift towards an earlier and more comprehensive risk assessment with, among others, access to natriuretic peptide testing and convincing GPs of the added value of a validated HF diagnosis.
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Паудяль, Надежда, Nadezhda Paudyal, Лариса Филиндаш, and Larisa Filindash. "Current issues of renovation of communicative culture within information society." Servis Plus 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11318.
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The article is devoted to the renovation of the communicative culture within information society. The authors consider the problem of devaluation of verbal communication in terms of technical and technological revolution of the end of XX- beginning of XXI century. They justified the feasibility of using interactive educational technologies for the formation of the communicative potential, improving communication skills. Noteworthy the authors suggest a method to the game as a form of creative development of proactive information underlying the formation of skills of verbal interaction. The authors see advantages of the game in opportunities in displays of emotion of the participants, in the creation of the command of the atmosphere, in overcoming barriers to communication, self-actualization. The task of preserving the language considered in the general cultural context as a means of preserving the national identity and mentality with their inherent picture of the world. Talking about changing cultural studies´ paradigms related to the computerization of modern society, it can be argued that it is the devaluation of the problem field of communicative values. As already mentioned, a very important fact is that the general use of information technology and the recognition of it as an absolute communication channel creates a risk of loss of traditional forms of communication with their ethical and etiquette standards, epistolary genre, rhetorical qualities of speech, appeal paper medium of information as a sign of culture . However, paradoxically, it is contrary to and at the same time thanks to the spread of technological form of communication (SMS, Skype and so on) that there has been a recent renovation of the classic communication channels, which is reflected in the creation of cycles of speech disciplines in the educational system at all levels.
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Higgins, Patrick, Dawna Gillespie, Mary Coniglio, and Carmen Guerra. "Improving utilization of patient portals through a multifaceted intervention strategy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 31_suppl (November 1, 2013): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.31_suppl.205.
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205 Background: Healthcare’s paradigm shift is in full swing. Electronic medical record (EMR) systems are up and running across the country, creating the potential for a more interactive environment for patients. With Stage 2 of the Affordable Care Act’s Meaningful Use requirements approaching in 2014, health systems are being challenged to determine how to effectively engage with patients electronically. MyPennMedicine is the portal used at the Abramson Cancer Center, and its use has been incredibly low since its introduction in 2009. Methods: Our assessment focused on patient portal account activations, messaging volume, and follow-through. Baseline measurements of these variables were abysmal. We convened an inter-disciplinary team of stakeholders (including patients, physicians, nurses, IT, front desk, and marketing) to understand current barriers to portal use, and to develop innovative methods aimed at improving use of the tool. Our team cultivated a strategy that included system upgrades based on end-user feedback, provider education about the benefits of the portal, patient demonstrations, and improving the ease of patient sign-ups. Results: At baseline (February, 2013), we determined that only 13% (18/139) of patients who had been assigned a code to access the patient portal actually did so. Our response to patient requests via the portal was only 58% (216/374). Moreover, the average time it took providers and staff to complete patient requests was 17.1 hours. After our first round of interventions (May, 2013), the rate of account activation increased to 45% (110/244) and our response to patient requests increased to 73% (331/455). The average time to complete the requests actually increased to 21.3 hours perhaps as a result of the increased volume. Conclusions: EMRs will continue to change the way we engage with patients. The clinical significance of our increase in patient portal usage is yet to be fully appreciated. Our initial interventions have resulted in significant increases patient awareness and utilization as well as improved follow-through by clinicians and staff. Future directions include additional interventions focused on technological improvements and continued education and clinician support.
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Reuben, John. "Rediscovering Majority Logic in the Post-CMOS Era: A Perspective from In-Memory Computing." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 10, no. 3 (September 4, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea10030028.
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As we approach the end of Moore’s law, many alternative devices are being explored to satisfy the performance requirements of modern integrated circuits. At the same time, the movement of data between processing and memory units in contemporary computing systems (‘von Neumann bottleneck’ or ‘memory wall’) necessitates a paradigm shift in the way data is processed. Emerging resistance switching memories (memristors) show promising signs to overcome the ‘memory wall’ by enabling computation in the memory array. Majority logic is a type of Boolean logic which has been found to be an efficient logic primitive due to its expressive power. In this review, the efficiency of majority logic is analyzed from the perspective of in-memory computing. Recently reported methods to implement majority gate in Resistive RAM array are reviewed and compared. Conventional CMOS implementation accommodated heterogeneity of logic gates (NAND, NOR, XOR) while in-memory implementation usually accommodates homogeneity of gates (only IMPLY or only NAND or only MAJORITY). In view of this, memristive logic families which can implement MAJORITY gate and NOT (to make it functionally complete) are to be favored for in-memory computing. One-bit full adders implemented in memory array using different logic primitives are compared and the efficiency of majority-based implementation is underscored. To investigate if the efficiency of majority-based implementation extends to n-bit adders, eight-bit adders implemented in memory array using different logic primitives are compared. Parallel-prefix adders implemented in majority logic can reduce latency of in-memory adders by 50–70% when compared to IMPLY, NAND, NOR and other similar logic primitives.
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Triarhou, Lazaros C., Zei Zhang, and Wei-Hua Le. "Amelioration of the Behavioral Phenotype in Genetically Ataxic Mice through Bilateral Intracerebellar Grafting of Fetal Purkinje Cells." Cell Transplantation 5, no. 2 (March 1996): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096368979600500215.
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We have previously applied neural grafting to “Purkinje cell degeneration” mutant mice (gene symbol pcd, mouse chromosome 13), a model of recessively inherited cerebello-olivary atrophy, to create appropriate interactions between wild-type and mutant cells in elucidating gene effects on the involved neuron populations and to address issues of the structural integration of donor Purkinje cells into the disrupted cerebellar loop. Behaviorally, pcd homozygotes manifest ataxic signs beginning at 3-4 wk of age. The functional effects of cerebellar transplants on motor performance have long remained an open question. The aim of the present study was to determine the recovery of motor responses in pcd mutants in a battery of behavioral tasks after bilateral transplantation of cerebellar cell suspensions (prepared from wild-type mice) into the parenchyma of the deep cerebellar nuclei of the hosts, according to a protocol that emphasizes the reconstruction of the missing inhibitory cortico-nuclear projection. With this approach, the denervated deep nuclei of the host receive a new Purkinje axonal innervation; further, most transplanted Purkinje cells end up occupying cortical localities anyway and display a correct dendritic tree orientation toward the pia. Motor coordination and fatigue resistance were assessed in a rotarod treadmill apparatus, a behavioral paradigm useful in studying various brain abiotrophies and treatments, including developmental perturbations of the cerebellar cytoarchitecture. Locomotor activity was quantified by the number of squares mice crossed as they moved about in an open-field matrix. Grafted pcd mice performed significantly better than sham-operated mutants in both of these tasks. Moreover, graft-recipient mice were able to sustain their abdomen above the floor on their limbs during movement, contrasting to the typical lowered, widened stance of sham-operated pcd mutants. These findings clearly demonstrate that bilateral transplants of fetal Purkinje cells have functional effects on motor performance in the pcd model of hereditary cerebellar ataxia.
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Røstvik, Harald N. "Mass Housing and Sustainability." Open House International 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2013-b0005.
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The world population just passed 7 billion. Fear of growth towards 35 billion, if the “high fertility rate scenario” was maintained, is reduced. The “stable fertility rate scenario” is more likely, stabilising the population around 10 billion in 2050 (Le Monde Diplomatique, 2011). In 1987, as a response to the need for focusing on housing for the lower end of the cost scale, on homelessness, the United Nations chose 1987 to be “Year of Shelter for the Homeless”. An international architectural competition was organized. 123 architects from 44 countries competed in the final (UIA, 1987). Many proposals focused on energy challenges. This paper recoups the UN initiative 25 years ago. It contrasts the challenges of developing countries with those of the developed world, by studying examples from the North European cold climate's typical mass housing in Norway. One of the examples is from after the Second World War, when in 1948 attempts at building cheap housing was initiated. They met resistance from the establishments of engineers and architects (Hasselknippe, 1982). Another example is from 2012. The paper also studies an example from a South European cooling demanding climate, in France. The aim of the contrasting is to map the progress over the 65 years since 1948, discussing area- and material efficiency as well as methods of reducing costs and achieve a more sustainable mass housing development as signs of an environmental shift of paradigm emerge. Through the comparative analysis, the paper studies combination possibilities between the architecture that is built anyway for the upper cost segment and solutions for the lower cost segment. It explores and discusses if experiences and synergies between them can strengthen both and it proposes a way forward.
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Gomes, Karolina-Dzhoanna, and Tatyana A. Kruglova. "The phenomenon of conflicts around art in the context of the contemporary public sphere." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 37, no. 2 (2021): 268–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2021.207.
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The article examines a new type of conflict in the form of public protests against contemporary art that appeared at the end of the 20th — beginning of the 21st century. Typical signs of contemporary conflicts are highlighted: the discourse of the offense is central, the protests are usually organized and collective, accusations are brought against art institutions, and collec-tive affective reactions and symbolic violence often become forms of conflict interaction. In the article, protests against contemporary art are examined through the prism of the analysis of the public as an actor in the conflict, transformations of the public sphere and relations in it as an autonomous field of art (the “art world”) and the fields of influence of other social forces. Relations between the art world and the public go beyond the framework of the educational paradigm, which was dominated by asymmetry and passive influence of consumers on the dynamics of the artistic field. The activization of a part of the public, for which the consumption of contemporary art is not a cultural norm, indicates that the origins of the conflict cannot be explained by the rules of artistic communication that has developed in modern society. Contemporary art spaces are turning into noticeable and important places for the manifestation of social tension and political struggle. Art in the public sphere is becoming the space of vulnerability (J. Butler). It is substantiated that one of the factors in the activation of public conflicts was a change in the structure of the side of the conflict which we call the “public” as opposed to the “audience of art”. In the framework of the concept of the public sphere as an agonistic space (Ch. Mouffe), the need for a review of the value orientations of art institutions and strategies for their interaction with the public is constituted.
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Paonita, A. "Long-range correlation and nonlinearity in geochemical time series of gas discharges from Mt. Etna, and changes with 2001 and 2002–2003 eruptions." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 17, no. 6 (December 10, 2010): 733–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-17-733-2010.
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Abstract. In this paper, spectral and detrended fluctuation analyses, as well as time reversibility and magnitude-sign decomposition, have been applied to the 10-year time-series data resulting from geochemical monitoring of gas emissions on the flanks of Mt. Etna, and gases from a CO2 exploitation well located tens of kilometers from the volcano. The analysis of the time series which showed main effects of fractionation between gases due to selective dissolution in aquifers (e.g., the CO2 concentration series), revealed the occurrence of random fluctuations in time, typical of systems where several processes combine linearly. In contrast, the series of He isotopic composition exhibited power-law behavior of the second-order fluctuation statistics, with values of the scaling exponent close to 0.9. When related to the spectral exponent, this value indicates that the isotopic series closely resemble fractal flicker-noise signals having persistent long-range correlations. The isotopic signals also displayed asymmetry under time reversal and long-range correlation of the associated magnitude series, therefore it was statistically proved the presence of nonlinearity. Both long-range correlation and nonlinearity in time series have been generally considered as distinctive features of dynamic systems where numerous processes interact by feedback mechanisms, in accordance with the paradigm of self-organized criticality (SOC). Thus, it is here proposed that the system that generated the isotope series worked under conditions of SOC. Since the fluctuations of the isotope series have been related to magma degassing, the previous results place constraints on the dynamics of such process, and suggest that nonequilibrium conditions must be dominant. It remains unclear whether the signature of SOC is directly due to volatile degassing from magma, or if it derives from the interaction between melt and the stress field, which certainly influences magma decompression. The strength of scaling appears to increase after 2002 (α values from 0.8 up to 1.2), focusing on transition of the Etnean system from typical SOC toward conditions of lower criticality. By comparing this transition with those of geophysical observables, it can be suggested that the drop in the rate of magma supply, subsequent to the paroxysms of 2001 and 2002–2003, was the main cause of the scaling change.