Dissertations / Theses: 'Paradoxen'

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Johansson, Einar. "Frivilliga fel : den sokratiska paradoxen och Platons Staten." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-419137.

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I denna uppsats undersöker jag hur två olika tolkningar av den sokratiska frivillighetsparadoxen ingen gör fel frivilligt påverkar möjligheten att förstå Platons dialog Staten. Min hypotes är att de två tolkningarna av frivillighetsparadoxen kastar ljus över diskussionen i Staten, och att det är nödvändigt att förstå frivillighetsparadoxens roll för att förstå vad som står på spel i Staten. I uppsatsen ämnar jag visa att ett möjligt sätt att läsa Staten är att tolka Sokrates och de övriga samtalsdeltagarnas uttalanden baserat på kontexten, eftersom vissa uttalanden är polemiska i sin karaktär, medan andra är traditionella. Jag argumenterar för att såväl den traditionella synen på Sokrates som den polemiska dito är korrekta analyser av Sokrates filosofiska gärning, men inte heltäckande sådana, eftersom Sokrates ibland är polemisk – mot de som kvickt måste nedkämpas – och ibland är instruerande på traditionellt manér, mot de som kan förbättras genom det filosofiska samtalet. Detta sätt att läsa Staten skiljer sig från andra genom att läsaren bör avstå a priori-uppfattningar om Sokrates, Thrasymakos eller Glaukons och Adeimantos ståndpunkter till förmån för att tolka beteenden hos samtalsdeltagarna samt deras uppfattningar, vilka förmedlas av texten.

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Edgren, Carolina, and Henrik André. "Paradoxen mellan kontroll och relation i ett franchisesystem." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73422.

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Kontroll och relation är två vanligt förekommande ämnen som ofta diskuteras och behandlas inom franchisinglitteraturen. Tidigare teori visar att kontroll och övervakning av franchisetagare är den mest centrala aspekt för att lyckas bedriva en franchiseorganisation. Samtidigt finns det teori och studier som tyder på att den personliga relationen mellan franchisegivare och franchisetagare är avgörande för om franchiseorganisationen kommer att lyckas eller inte. Då både kontroll och relation två är viktiga faktorer för att en franchiseorganisation ska kunna fungera ställer vi oss frågan vad som händer om den ena faktorn bedrivs för mycket, kommer den andra faktorn då bli lidande? Vi menar att det existerar en paradox mellan kontroll och relation där exempelvis en bra relation mellan parterna i sin tur innebär en reducerad kontroll. Studiens syfte går således ut på att stärka och utveckla tidigare forskningen inom området genom att empiriskt belysa paradoxen mellan kontroll och relation i en franchiseorganisation. Baserat på detta ämnar studien vidare till att bidra med en ökad förståelse för hur franchisegivaren kan hantera denna paradox. För att svara på syftet har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ metod där ett utvalt fallföretag legat i fokus för det empiriska underlaget. Den teoretiska referensramen som har använts består av olika teorier med koppling till kontroll och relation inom franchising. Studien visar på att det existerar en paradox mellan kontroll och relation vilket i sin tur kan hanteras genom en förbättrad kommunikation mellan parterna.

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Björklund, Sanna, Valmira Muca, and Erik Nilzén. "Prostitution i Nationens Intresse - Paradoxen om prostitution i Sverige under reglementeringstiden." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-25881.

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Prostitution som företeelse engagerar och väcker känslor, både bland individer och offentliga aktörer. I detta arbete belyser vi utvecklingen av samhällets syn på prostitutionen genom att analysera den period då den i Sverige var offentligt reglementerad och kontrollerad, 1859 – 1918. Denna tidsperiod rymmer avgörande skiftningar i offentligsamhällets syn på prostitution, en företeelse som tidigare under historien setts som en allvarlig försyndelse i sig. Reglementeringen infördes som ett smittskyddsprojekt där målet var att hejda spridningen av framför allt syfilis. Reglementeringen kom dock även att präglas av moraliska aspekter innan det, efter förnyade utredningar, konstaterades att den spelat ut sin roll för att hejda den veneriska smittspridningen. Prostitutionen kom då att regleras i andra lagrum. Studiens syfte är att, genom en kvalitativ litteraturstudie, kartlägga vilka lagar, regler och påföljder som omgärdat hanteringen av prostitutionen under den studerade perioden, hur statens och hälso-och sjukvårdens syn på prostitution sett ut och inverkat på lagstiftningen samt hur reglementeringssystemet kan förstås utifrån teorierna om stigma och det ideala offret. Arbetets huvudsakliga slutsatser är att det, i litteraturen, går att återfinna tydliga förändringar i offentligsamhällets attityder mot prostitution under den studerade perioden. I periodens början sågs prostitutionen huvudsakligen som ett sanitärt problem, men kom sedermera alltmer att betraktas som ett socialt. Vidare har vi kunnat påvisa att reglementeringssystemet väl låter sig förstås utifrån Erving Goffmans teori om stigma, men att den prostituerade kvinnans status som offer enligt Nils Christies teori om det ideala offret är mer komplex och mångfacetterad.
Prostitution as a phenomenon engages and evokes feelings, both among individuals and public actors. In this work, we illustrate the development of public society's view of prostitution by analysing the period when it was publicly regulated and controlled in Sweden, 1859 – 1918. This period contains crucial shifts in society's view of prostitution, a phenomenon previously in history seen as a serious offence in and of itself. The regulations were introduced as an infection prevention project with the goal to stop the spread primarily of syphilis. However, the regulations also came to be characterised by moral aspects before, after renewed investigations, it was stated that it had played its role in halting the spread of venereal disease and prostitution came to be regulated by other legislation. The purpose of the study is to identify, through a qualitative literature study, what laws, rules and penalties that surrounded the handling of prostitution during the studied period, what the state’s and health care system’s views on prostitution were and how they influenced the legislation and how the regulatory system can be understood based on the theories of stigma and the ideal victim. The essay’s main conclusions are that, in literature, it is possible to identify clear changes in the public society's attitudes towards prostitution during the period studied. At the beginning of the period, prostitution was mainly seen as a sanitary problem, but eventually it became viewed as a more social one. Furthermore, we have been able to demonstrate that the system of regulation can be understood on the basis of Erving Goffman's theory of stigma, but that the status of the female prostitute as victim according to Nils Christie's theory of the ideal victim is more complex and multifaceted.

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Alatalo, Frida, and Nilsson Maja. "Paradoxen mellan styrning och inflytande : En fallstudie inom en svensk myndighet." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63772.

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Regeringen har aviserat att nya styrmodeller ska utvecklas inom offentlig sektor som ger medarbetarna större frihet och ökat inflytande. Dessa modeller förväntas prägla nya styrmodeller inom offentliga organisationer. Ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv kan styrning och inflytande betraktas som varandras motsatser och mellan dessa kan det uppstå spänningar som skapar ett paradoxalt förhållande. Syftet med examensarbetet är att öka kunskapen om hur styrning och inflytande kan ge upphov till spänningar. Syftet uppnås genom att konceptualisera styrning, inflytande och otydlighet. Examensarbetet baseras på ett fall inom offentlig sektor. En kvalitativ forskningsansats har tillämpats och semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med både chefer och medarbetare. Resultatet visar att ökat inflytandet har lett tillen otydligare styrning som i sin tur gett upphov till förvirring och missnöje bland anställda. Spänningarna som ger upphov till paradoxen består av skilda uppfattningar kring organisatoriska mål samt motstridiga intressen. För att mildra spänningarna som uppstår av paradoxen behöver graden av rolltydlighet och förståelsen för de politiska målen ökas innan ledningen ger medarbetare ökat inflytande. Ledningen kan använda metoder för att reducera kulturella spänningar i syfte att uppnå en samsyn genom hela organisationen. Den optimala graden av inflytande beror även av olika situationsfaktorer. Styrningen kan därför anpassas efter både verksamhet och miljö. Detta paradoxala förhållande mellan styrning och inflytande har funnits inom Polisen och det finns skäl att tro att samma typ av spänningar även finns inom andra offentliga organisationer. Ur skattebetalarnas perspektiv är det av största vikt att offentliga organisationer styrs på ett så effektivt sätt som möjligt för att medborgarna ska erhålla största möjliga värde av de offentliga tjänsterna.

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Agert, Jessica. "Paradoxen : Hur personer med traumatiskt förvärvad tetraplegiskryggmärgsskada upplever livet med personlig assistans." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33207.

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Warzecha, Bettina. "Organisationale Planungstheorie : die Erkenntnis ihrer paradoxen Grundmuster als Möglichkeit einer vereinfachten theoretischen Handhabung /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2004. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2004/abstracts/warzecha_abs_de.pdf.

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Holm, Linnéa, and Alice Olausson. "Den suicidala paradoxen : En kvalitativ studie om professionellas upplevelser av unga mäns psykiska ohälsa." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-35657.

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The purpose of this study was to examine people with professional experiences involving young men’s tendency to seek professional help, and also to analyse male standards and masculinities influence, due to the high statistics of mental illness and suicide among young men in Sweden. We used a qualitative method and obtained the material by semistructured interviews. Four participants, from three different organisations, participated in this study and shared their perception about the current situation. The material was examined through a thematic analysis. The result showed that male standards and masculinities are a contributing factor to why young men are reluctant to seek professional help, but also why it is more complicated for young men then young women to show their emotional needs. The informants were however clear on emphasising that this is far from the only reason and that committing suicide is an issue which goes beyond gender.

2019-01-15

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Isabelle, Sandborg. "Det gränslösa murbyggandet : En studie i politisk teori om den liberala paradoxen imurens politik." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och välfärdsstudier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160831.

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Det gränslösa murbyggandet är en studie i politisk teori om den liberala paradoxen i murens politik, det vill säga; hur vi i denna globala värld å ena sidan har idealet om öppna gränser och hög rörelsefrihet, å andra sidan bygger vi fler murar och fortifierar gränser mer än någonsin. Med avstamp i sex olika studier av forskare inom området politisk teori diskuteras vilket arbete muren utför – politiskt, ekonomiskt och ideologiskt, hur dessa paradoxer uppstår, vad som föreslås vara vägen framåt och hur teorierna om muren skiljer sig åt. Analysen är indelad efter de tre paradoxerna som går att utläsa ur den så kallade ’överordnade’ liberala paradoxen. De tre paradoxerna berör ekonomi, suveränitet och säkerhet, och effektivitet. Avslutningsvis sammanfattas kärnan i de tre paradoxerna men det diskuteras även huruvida rädslan för ’den andre’ kan hjälpa till att lösa upp paradoxerna. Vid närmare anblick är de identifierbara paradoxerna i vår samtid inte så paradoxala trots allt

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Borgarve, Camilla. "Paradoxen i att vara träningsklient : brukares erfarenheter i samband med en personalutbildning i psykiatrisk rehabilitering." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, SA, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-11328.

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Syftet med denna studie är att förstå motiv till medverkan samt att tolka de erfarenheter som har gjorts av personer som har medverkat och hjälpt personal som träningsklienter i en rehabiliteringsutbildning. De medverkande var personer med allvarlig psykisk sjukdom och omfattande funktionsnedsättningar. Det var oklart varför dessa personer samtyckte till att medverka och också hur de upplevde medverkan. En tes var att de valde att medverka utifrån en förhoppning om att få tillgång till hjälp och stöd och en möjlighet att rehabilitera sig själva. Kontext för studien är Rehabiliteringsprojektet i Hallands län som pågick mellan åren 2005 – 2008 och de utbildningssatsningar som ingick i detta sammanhang. Urvalsunderlaget avgränsades till träningsklienter i två utbildningsgrupper som pågick under vardera tre terminer. Utifrån problemställningens och forskningsfrågornas natur valdes kvalitativ metod med en induktiv ansats. En metodtriangulering användes sedan i samband med datainsamling och analys. En enkätundersökning genomfördes och därefter tio löst strukturerade djupintervjuer. Innehållsanalys användes för att besvara forskningsfråga ett. Strukturanalys, hermeneutisk metod i den anda som beskrivits av Hans-George Gadamer (2007) användes för att besvara forskningsfrågorna två och tre. Dessa personer som var träningsklienter i rehabiliteringsutbildningen beskrev att det var mot bakgrund av otillfredsställda hjälp- och stödbehov som man samtyckte till att medverka. Resultatet i innehållsanalysen visar att deras motiv för medverkan var behov av att känna sig betydelsefulla, få stöd och att komma vidare. Resultatet i strukturanalysen visar att rollen som träningsklient var komplex och att dessa personer ställdes inför oväntade krav och erfor en belastning. Resultatet i strukturanalysen visar dock att det i komplexiteten fanns utrymme att växa och att medverkan ledde till en rehabilitering och gav stöd i den egna återhämtningen
The aim of this study is to understand the motives of individuals who agreed to help staff participating in a psychiatric rehabilitation training, and to interpret and gain a deeper understanding of their experiences during this process. The participating was persons with sever metal illness and long term disabilities. We were unclear as to the reasons they had decided to paticipate and how they experienced their involvement. There was a theory that these people chose to paticipate based on the hope of gaining access to support and the possibility of beginning with their own rehabilitation. The context for this study was the Rehabilitation project that operated during the years 2005 – 2008 in the County of Halland in Sweden and the training interventions which it included. The sample consisted of two different training groups, with a durration of 18 moths each. A qualitative method was chosen based on the nature of the problem statement and the research questions. Method triangulation was used in connection with the data collection and analysis. In order to answer research question one, a questionairre study was completed and followed by ten semistructured deep interviews. This material was analyzed by utilizing content analysis. In order to answer questions two and three, data from the ten deep interviews was used and this material was analysed based on structural analysis, emphasizing a hermeneutic method as described by Hans-Goerge Gadamer (2007). These individuals, all training clients in the psychiatric rehabilitation education, described a need for more professional support that preceeded their paticipation. The results in the content analysis shows that their motive for paticipation included a need to feel important, a need to acess support and to move forward. The results in the structural analysis showed that the role as training client was complex and they faced unexpected demands or expectations and experienced pressure. At the same time, the results showed that within this complexity there was room to grow and that their paticipation led to a rehabilitation of their own and support in their personal recovery.

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Liebner, Matthias [Verfasser]. "Langzeitbeobachtung von Patienten nach interventionellem Verschluss von Vorhofseptumdefekten zur Sekundärprophylaxe von paradoxen Embolien / Matthias Liebner." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1028494246/34.

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Andegiorgis, Sara. "Paradoxen i Västafrika : En jämförande studie mellan Elfenbenskustens och Ghanas agerande i EPA-förhandlingarna med EU." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-90877.

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Varför har Elfenbenskusten och inte Ghana skrivit på ett interimsavtal med EU mellan 2008 och 2013? Utifrån ovanställda frågeställning utreder föreliggande uppsats paradoxen om två förhållandevis lika länder som har agerat olika i förhandlingar med EU om ekonomiska partnerskapsavtal (EPA). Frågan besvaras med hjälp av förhandlingsteoretiska förklaringar som belyser varför avtal sluts eller ej. För uppsatsen ändmål sammanfattas dessa som inrikespolitiska, miljömässiga och strukturella aspekter. Resultatet visar att inrikespolitiska förändringar i Ghana föranledde landets beslut att avstå från att underteckna interimsavtal med EU. För Elfenbenskustens del förelåg miljömässiga aspekter som kunde förklara varför landet beslöt sig för att underteckna ett interimsavtal med EU.

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Brunnsteiner, Bernhard. "Die Lügner-Paradoxie : kleine Philosophie-Geschichte des Widerspruchs." Marburg : Tectum, 2009. http://www.tectum-verlag.de/9888_Bernhard_Brunnsteiner_Die_LÜơgner-Paradoxie_Kleine_Philosophie-Geschichte_des_Widerspruchs.html.

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Karin, Rosen, Tivendale Rebecca, and Öhling Jonna. "Den digitala paradoxen : En studie om vilken betydelse konsumentinriktade internettjänster har för bankernas sätt att bygga kundrelationer." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65412.

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Syfte och forskningsfrågor Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilken betydelse konsumentinriktade internettjänster har för bankernas sätt att bygga kundrelationer. Med det syftet som bakgrund formuleras följande forskningsfrågor med fokus på banksektorn: 1. På vilka sätt arbetar banker med att bygga relationer på sina konsumentinriktade internettjänster? 2. På vilka sätt upplever banker att digitaliseringen har påverkat kundlojaliteten? Metod Uppsatsen är utformad efter en kvalitativ branschstudie. Ansatsen grundar sig i en deduktion med inslag av induktion. Studiens empiriska data utgörs av 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer med aktörer som är väl insatta i ämnet. Slutsatser Resultatet av studien visar på att internettjänster har blivit en hygienfaktor och krävs för bankens överlevnad. Det tyder på att internettjänster möjliggör en god relation mellan banken och deras kunder. Det har framkommit att banker i nuläget ser mobiltelefonen som den mest essentiella enheten att finnas på. Vidare har resultatet visat att banker anpassar sig efter kunden och behöver kombinera internettjänsterna med den fysiska kanalen för att kunna bygga kundrelationer.

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Cronberg, Charlie. "Självstyrt lärande i en gymnasieskola : En enkätstudie om elevers självstyrda lärande." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Education, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-1478.

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Sammanfattning

Studien belyser en del av den problematik som finns med självstyrt lärande i ett institutionellt

sammanhang. Studiens syfte är att undersöka och problematisera självstyrt lärande och den

forskningsfråga studien besvarar är hur elever i en gymnasieklass upplever ett självstyrt

lärande under en problembaserat lärande (PBL) – övning? För att besvara syftet och

forskningsfrågan genomförde och analyserade jag en anonym enkätundersökning i en klass

gymnasieelever som gjort en PBL – övning. Enkäten var konstruerad med slutna och öppna

svarsalternativ och hade karaktären av en strukturerad intervju vars svar kunde ligga som

grund för en kvalitativ undersökning. Det var 21 elever som besvarade enkäten.

Undersökningen visade att eleverna i stort tyckte att det gick relativt bra att arbeta med de

olika momenten som kännetecknar ett självstyrt lärande. Eleverna tyckte emellertid att de

generellt lärt sig lite under PBL-övningen. Undersökningen visade att basgruppen hade en

avgörande betydelse för elevernas självstyrda lärande. Förhållandet i basgruppen kunde antingen

främja eller motverka elevernas lärande. Även elevernas engagemang var en avgörande faktor.

Studien visar att lågt engagemang i kombination med autonomi verkade negativt på elevernas

lärande. Studien visade också att flera elever var ovana och osäkra på PBL som arbetsform. Vissa

elever var direkt kritiska mot att arbetet indelats i de sju steg som vanligtvis används i PBL

sammanhang. Detta kan visa på ett behov av att fostra och uppmuntra eleverna till självstyrt

lärande enligt PBL, eller att PBL som arbetsform i sig själv rymmer en problematik. I

institutionella sammanhang, där man vill uppmuntra till ett självstyrt lärande, finns en pedagogisk

paradox. De två polerna i paradoxen är fri vilja å ena sidan och styrning och tvång å andra. Denna

paradox bekräftar min studie.

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Reissmann, Ulrich. "Interventioneller Verschluss des persistierenden Foramen ovale bei Patienten mit vermuteten paradoxen Embolien : Akut- und Langzeitergebnisse mit drei verschiedenen Okkludersystemen /." Frankfurt a.M, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000254605.

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Esberg, Alexandra, and Frida Södergren. "Paradoxen av autonomi och kontroll : En studie om att arbeta och verka i en digitaliserad verksamhet, ur ett medarbetarperspektiv." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Pedagogiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172918.

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Syftet med denna studie var att bidra med kunskap om hur det upplevs att arbeta i en digital arbetsmiljö samt vilket ledarskap medarbetare prefererar i en digital verksamhet. För att besvara studiens syfte användes följande frågeställningar: Hur speglar medarbetarnas uppfattning om den digitala arbetsmiljön verksamhetens digitala mognad och dess betydelse för den digitala kompetensen som medarbetarna upplever sig besitta? Vilka utmaningar och möjligheter upplever medarbetare att en digital arbetsmiljö bidrar med för deras yrkesutövande? Vilken typ av ledarskap upplever medarbetarna sig vara i behov av och föredra i en digitaliserad verksamhet? Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en enkätundersökning med tio respondenter. Undersökningen baserades på två validerade enkäter som skalades ner och omarbetades för att passa verksamheten som undersöktes. Resultatet visade att det fanns både fördelar och nackdelar med att arbeta i en digital arbetsmiljö, samt att det prefererade ledarskapet var det relations- respektive förändringsorienterade. I samtliga delar av studien framkom även medarbetarnas stora behov av autonomi. Samtidigt som det är en förutsättning för deras nuvarande arbetssätt kan det även ses som ett problem eftersom autonomin verkade vara inristad i verksamhetens kultur och arbetssätt vilket påverkade medarbetarna negativt. Det talar i sin tur för att verksamheten är i behov av en balans mellan autonomi och kontroll för att minska arbetsrelaterad stress samt för att förbättra verksamheten och arbetsmiljön i stort.

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Asplund, Hannes, and Johan Nilsson. "Paradoxen mellan individanpassad marknadsföring och personlig integritet : En kvalitativ studie om när individanpassad marknadsföring upphör att vara en konkurrensfördel." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-86267.

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Titel: Paradoxen mellan individanpassad marknadsföring och personlig integritet. Författare: Hannes Asplund & Johan Nilsson Handledare: Leif V Rytting Examinator: Richard Afriyie Owusu Kurs: Kandidatuppsats 15hp. Företagsekonomi III - Marknadsföring, examensarbete. Linnéuniversitetet, VT 2019. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka och klargöra betydelsen för e-handelsföretag av att balansera insamling och användning av konsumentdata på individnivå, med hänsyn till de identitetsrelaterade nackdelar som kan upplevas av konsumenterna. Forskningsfrågor: • Vilken betydelse har den insamlade konsumentdatan för att kunna individanpassa marknadsföringen? • Vilka fördelar respektive nackdelar kan det ur ett företagsperspektiv finnas med individanpassad marknadsföring? • Vilka utmaningar kan företag uppleva med de integritetsrelaterade aspekterna inom marknadsföring? • I vilken utsträckning är det möjligt att segmentera konsumentmarknaden för att få en större vetskap om vilka konsumenter som upplever individanpassad marknadsföring som oroväckande? Metod: Studiens empiriska material har samlats in genom sju stycken intervjuer, varav fyra av intervjupersonerna är högt uppsatta inom olika e-handelsföretag och resterande tre arbetar på outsourcingbolag i form av mediebyråer. Studien har en abduktiv ansats. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att det är viktigt att företag finner en balans mellan insamling och användning av konsumentdata. Det har påvisats att företag behöver utforma den individanpassade marknadsföringen på ett sådant sätt att konsumenter i exponeringen känner sig trygga med den insikt företag har genom den personliga datan. Det framgår att detta tillvägagångsätt föranleder att företag undviker gränsen för integritetsintrång och kan således nyttja de konkurrensfördelar individanpassad marknadsföring ger upphov till. Nyckelord: Individanpassad marknadsföring, personlig integritet, konsumentdata, integritetsintrång, e-handel, kundrelationer, konsumentinsikt, CRM, segmentering.
Title: The paradox between individualized marketing and personal integrity. Authors: Hannes Asplund & Johan Nilsson Supervisor: Leif V Rytting Examiner: Richard Afriyie Owusu Course: Bachelor thesis 15 credits. Business Administration III - Marketing, Degree Project. Linnaeus University, Spring 2019. Purpose: The purpose is to investigate and clarify the importance for e-commerce companies of balancing the collection and use of consumer data at the individual level, taking into account the identity-related disadvantages that can be experienced by consumers. Research questions: • What is the significance of the collected consumer data in order to be able to personalize the marketing? • What advantages and disadvantages can there be from a company perspective with individualized marketing? • What challenges can companies experience with the integrity-related aspects of marketing? • To what extent is it possible to segment the consumer market in order to gain a greater knowledge of which consumers that are experiencing individualized marketing as intrusive? Method: The empirical material of the study has been collected through seven interviews, of which four of the respondents are highly ranked in various e-commerce companies and the remaining three work on outsourcing companies in form of media agencies. The study has an abductive approach. Conclusion: The results of the study shows that it is important that companies find a balance between collecting and using data. It has been shown that companies need to design the individualized marketing in such a way that consumers feel secure with the insight that the company has through the personal data. It appears that this approach makes it easier for companies to avoid crossing the limit of privacy infringement and can thus utilize the competitive advantages of individualized marketing.

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Ahmad, Ramjar. "Den hållbara urbanplaneringens paradoxer : The paradoxes of unsustainable urban planning." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-47637.

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Denna uppsats har studerat två stadsplanerings ideal som framträder i planeringsprocessen i den fysiska planeringen. Studiens utgångspunkt har varit hållbar utveckling för att studera de två rådande urbanplaneringarna idag. Detta innebär att den täta staden och den gröna staden har varit huvudsakligt fokus i denna studie, men hållbar utveckling har ett stort utrymme tillsammans med många av de aspekter som förväntas leda till en hållbar utveckling. Fallstudie har använts för att undersöka hur Karlstad kommun arbetar med frågan och hur paradoxen kommer fram i kommunens stadsplanering. Karlstad kommun arbetar just nu med att ta fram en ny grönstrukturplan. Studiens empiri bygger på två intervjuer med Karlstads kommuns tjänstemän. Även kommunala dokument som Karlstad kommuns översiktsplan (2012) samt Olmårs förtätningsstudie (2007) har använts. Genom meningsinnehåll har intervjumaterialet och de kommunala dokumenten analyserats. Studiens analys bygger på studiens empiri, och den teoretiska bakgrunden visar på att det finns en paradox i Karlstad kommuns stadsplanering. Det visar även på en trend som syftar till att städerna ska uppnå den hållbara staden. I och med att hållbarhetsbegreppet är ett diffust begrepp har den täta staden och den gröna staden blivit en komplex strategi för att uppnå den hållbara staden. Det innebär att den gröna och täta staden kan ses från flera olika vinklar. Karlstad kommuns vision om den täta staden är att kunna ha tät stad framförallt i centrala delar av staden som idag är till en viss del bestående av gröna ytor. Här uppstår det ett planeringsdilemma mellan de ambitioner som finns i planeringen och gör att dessa måste vägas mot varandra. Det innebär att om grönstruktur prioriteras måste en annan aspekt vägas bort. Detta betyder att det finns en paradox i kommunens stadsplanering, och detta synliggörs i denna uppsats. Nyckelord: urbanplanering, Karlstad, täta staden, gröna staden, stadsutveckling
Abstract This paper has investigated two urban planning ideals that emerges in the planning process. The study's starting point has been sustainable development to study the two existing urban planning ideals today. This means that the compact city and the green city has been the main focus of this study, but sustainability has large space with many of the aspects that is expected to lead to sustainable development. A case study was used to investigate how Karlstad is working on the issue and how the paradox appears in the municipal planning. Karlstad is currently developing a new green structure plan. The study's empirical evidence is based on two interviews with Karlstad municipality officials. The municipal documents Karlstad municipality's comprehensive plan (2012) and Olmårs densification study (2007) has been used. The municipal documents and the interview material was analyzed through meaning content. The study's analysis is based on the study's empirical and theoretical background which shows that there is a paradox in Karlstad municipality's urban planning. It also shows a trend in which cities aim to achieve the sustainable city. As the concept of sustainability is a diffuse concept, the compact city and the green city has become a complex strategy to achieve the sustainable city. This means that the green and compact city can be viewed from several different angles. Karlstad municipality's vision of the compact city is to have a compact city especially in the central parts of the city. These areas are green areas today. A planning dilemma between the aspirations of the planning arises, in which these must be weighed against each other. This means that if the green structure is prioritized then another aspect must be weighed out. In other words; there is a paradox in Karlstad municipal´s urban planning, and this means that if the green structure priority needs another aspect weighed out. This means that there is a paradox in municipal urban planning, and this is shown in this paper.

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Wikdahl, Linda, and Hanna Byström. "Paradoxen: socialt ansvar och marknadsföring för försäljning, inte tvunget en David mot Goliat : Nya möjligheter för svenska ölproducenter via sociala medier." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70724.

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Bakgrund: Sociala medier ses ha en kraftfull effekt vad det gäller spridning av budskap. Det digitala landskapet skapar nya förutsättningar för företag att interagera med sina intressenter. På senare år har socialt ansvar inom näringslivet kommit att ligga i hetluften och ses alltmer som en skyldighet. För företag i alkoholindustrin ses en motsättning mellan att ta ett socialt ansvar med fokus på ansvarsfull konsumtion och att sända ut budskap för att sälja och ha ett vinstdrivande syfte. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att pröva följande tes; Som företag, inom en bransch som säljer produkter som kan vara skadlig för hälsan och skapa ett beroende går det att använda sociala medier som verktyg för att hantera paradoxen; marknadsföring för försäljning och att ta ett aktivt socialt ansvar, avgränsat till ansvarsfull konsumtion. Genomförande: Genom personliga intervjuer kartläggs ölproducenterna Carlsberg Sverige samt Spendrups generella syn på socialt ansvar och sociala medier samt hur de arbetar med dessa idag och ser på framtiden och de möjligheter som ges där. Teori: Med empiriskt material som grund argumenteras det för och emot tesen med hjälp av teorier inom socialt ansvar, paradoxhantering samt kommunikationsteorier för spridning av budskap för att avgöra huruvida den är att anses som styrkt eller ej. Slutsats: Tesen anses som styrkt givet att företaget hanterar paradoxen genom att separera motsättningarna på olika nivåer, ser till det delade värdet mellan företaget och samhället, tillämpar en proaktiv strategi och utnyttjar sin kompetens inom kommersiell marknadsföring.
Background: The diffusion of messages through social media is considered effect full. Today’s digital landscape creates new prerequisites for companies to interact with their stake holders. Social responsibility has come to be a hot topic and is looked upon as mandatory for companies. A contradiction can be seen in the alcohol industry when companies are initiating actions to be socially responsible, but at the same time communicate marketing messages for increased sales. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to test the following thesis; as a company, in an industry that offers products that may negatively affect health and cause addiction, it is possible to use social media as a tool to manage the paradox; active social responsibility and marketing for increased sales, limited to the area of responsible drinking. Method: Through personal interviews, this study maps out the brewery companies Carlsberg Sweden and Spendrup’s general view of social responsibility and social media, how they work with the concepts today as well as their view of future possibilities. Theory: With empirical materials at hand, and a theoretical framework consisting of social responsibility theories, paradox management and theories of diffusion of communication, this study will argue for both sides of our thesis strength. Conclusions: Our thesis is strengthened given that the companies manage the contradiction by separating each pole at different levels, acknowledge the shared value between the company and the society, apply a proactive strategy and use its competences in commercial marketing.

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Fält, Josefine, Joanna Sarvanidis, and Gabriella Ståhl. "Hetero, homo eller lite av varje? : En studie som behandlar paradoxen som uppstår när organisationer vill vara både heterogena och homogena." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65349.

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Titel: Hetero, homo eller lite av varje? –En studie som behandlar paradoxen som uppstår när organisationer vill vara både heterogena och homogena. Författare: Josefine Fält, Joanna Sarvanidis & Gabriella Ståhl Institution: Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan Program: Human Resource Management Kurs: Företagsekonomi III - Organisation, Examensarbete (kandidat) Handledare: Kjell Arvidsson Examinator: Mikael Lundgren Syfte: Med denna uppsats vill vi skapa förståelse för hur organisationer arbetar med mångfald och kulturstyrning för att hantera paradoxen i heterogenitet och homogenitet som uppstår när organisationer strävar efter att vara både innovativa och effektiva. Syftet är även att identifiera konkreta förslag på hur organisationer i praktiken kan arbeta med mångfald och kulturstyrning. Metod: Vi har valt att göra en kvalitativ flerfallstudie med inslag från både deduktiv ansats och induktiv ansats. Slutsats: I vår slutsats kom vi fram till att organisationer arbetar med mångfald och kulturstyrning på olika sätt. Vi presenterar förslag på hur organisationer skulle kunna arbeta på liknande sätt för att uppnå både innovation och effektivitet. Nyckelord: Heterogenitet, homogenitet, mångfaldsarbete, kulturstyrning, innovation och effektivitet.
Title: Hetero, Homo or a bit of both? –A study addressing the paradox that occurs when organizations want to be heterogeneous and homogeneous. Authors: Josefine Fält, Joanna Sarvanidis & Gabriella Ståhl Program: Human Resource Management Course: Business Administration III - Organization (bachelor thesis) Supervisor: Kjell Arvidsson Examiner: Mikael Lundgren Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand how organizations works with diversity and culture management in a way that handles the paradox between heterogeneity and homogeneity, in their search for innovation and efficiency. We also want to identify suggestions for how organizations can work with diversity and culture management. Methodology: We have made a qualitative multiple case study with elements from both the deductive approach and inductive approach. Conclusions: We have come to the conclusion that organizations work with diversity management and culture management in different ways. We present suggestions on how organizations could work in a similar way to achieve both innovation and efficiency. Key words: Heterogeneity, Homogeneity, Diversity management, Culture management, innovation and efficiency.

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Brunnsteiner, Bernhard. "Die Lügner-Paradoxie kleine Philosophie-Geschichte des Widerspruchs." Marburg Tectum-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/993636225/04.

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Eldridge-Smith, Peter, and peter eldridge-smith@anu edu au. "The Liar Paradox and its Relatives." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20081016.173200.

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My thesis aims at contributing to classifying the Liar-like paradoxes (and related Truth-teller-like expressions) by clarifying distinctions and relationships between these expressions and arguments. Such a classification is worthwhile, firstly, because it makes some progress towards reducing a potential infinity of versions into a finite classification; secondly, because it identifies a number of new paradoxes, and thirdly and most significantly, because it corrects the historically misplaced distinction between semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. I emphasize the third result because the distinction made by Peano [1906] and supported by Ramsey [1925] has been used to warrant different responses to the semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. I find two types among the paradoxes of truth, satisfaction and membership, but the division is shifted from where it has historically been drawn. This new distinction is, I believe, more fundamental than the Peano-Ramsey distinction between semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. The distinction I investigate is ultimately exemplified in a difference between the logical principles necessary to prove the Liar and those necessary to prove Grellings and Russells paradoxes. The difference relates to proofs of the inconsistency of naive truth and satisfaction; in the end, we will have two associated ways of proving each result. ¶ Another principled division is intuitively anticipated. I coin the term 'hypodox' (adj.: 'hypodoxical') for a generalization of Truth-tellers across paradoxes of truth, satisfaction, membership, reference, and where else it may find applicability. I make and investigate a conjecture about paradox and hypodox duality: that each paradox (at least those in the scope of the classification) has a dual hypodox.¶ In my investigation, I focus on paradoxes that might intuitively be thought to be relatives of the Liar paradox, including Grellings (which I present as a paradox of satisfaction) and, by analogy with Grellings paradox, Russells paradox. I extend these into truth-functional and some non-truth-functional variations, beginning with the Epimenides, Currys paradox, and similar variations. There are circular and infinite variations, which I relate via lists. In short, I focus on paradoxes of truth, satisfaction and some paradoxes of membership. ¶ Among the new paradoxes, three are notable in advance. The first is a non-truth functional variation on the Epimenides. This helps put the Epimenides on a par with Currys as a paradox in its own right and not just a lesser version of the Liar. I find the second paradox by working through truth-functional variants of the paradoxes. This new paradox, call it the ESP, can be either true or false, but can still be used to prove some other arbitrary statement. The third new paradox is another paradox of satisfaction, distinctly different from Grellings paradox. On this basis, I make and investigate the new distinction between two different types of paradox of satisfaction, and map one type back by direct analogy to the Liar, and the other by direct analogy to Russell's paradox.

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Lee, Luck Kiefer, and Anna Gyllenklev. ""Jag har sökt på det och nu så förföljer det mig" : En studie om data mining och användares relation till sina smartmobiler." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Medieteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-40652.

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What lies beneath the surface of modern day interfaces? And what are the consequences of sharing our digital self with companies in exchange for free services? We report on a study of smartphone users in Sweden where behaviours and reactions are assessed from a critical viewpoint using the suggested method “Clear the palace”. Users express concerns regarding management of the digital self as well as showing awareness of the limitations within personalization as a result of data mining. Strategies to limit mobile overuse are discussed. The analysis is based on; Shklovski’s notions privacy paradox and creepiness and Pierce’s framework of undesigning technology. Clear the Palace as a methodology is assessed aswell as societal implications of data mining are problematized.
Vad pågår under ytan av moderna gränssnitt? Och vad är konsekvenserna av att vi delar våra digitala jag med företag i utbyte mot gratis tjänster? Vi redogör för en studie av mobilanvändare i Sverige där beteenden och reaktioner studeras ur ett kritiskt perspektiv med metoden “Röj palatset”. Användare uttrycker oro gällande hanteringen av det digitala jaget och uppvisar medvetenhet angående begränsningarna av personalisering som en följd av data mining. Strategier för att begränsa överanvändning av smartmobiler diskuteras. Analysen baseras på; Privacy Paradox, Leakiness/Creepiness enligt Shklovski och Pierce ramverk Undesigning Technology. Röj palatset som metod utvärderas och implikationer av data mining för samhället problematiseras.

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Borges, João Henrique Casara. "Por uma abordagem semântica do paradoxo: o quadrado argumentativo paradoxal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7868.

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The following paper intends to analyze the paradox, through the Theory of the Semantic Blocks, considering, mostly, the relations that occurs inside the four-sided figure that demonstrate how the meanings get along. In order to do that, will be studied the conceptions arising from the referred theory, as well as its conventional roots and theories from another theorists. Along the revision of the pertinent literature will be studies ideas from Ferdinand de Saussure, especially the ones about relation and linguistic values, because they are significant important to understand the linguistic meaning of any terms in the language. Another idea that will be developed at the following paper is the empty sign, studied by Benveniste, which will be explained and will be the object for new considerations, in order to study the presence of an emptiness inside every word. Also during the study of the literature, the ideas of meaning understood only by the linguistic relations among words will be object of thoughts. In order to do that, the ideas of Oswald Ducrot and Marion Carel will be very important, especially the linguistic orientation, linguistic relations, because they will demonstrate how the meaning is constructed. Other notions of those two theoretical authors are the idea of semantic block and argumentative four-sided figure. The paradox, according to the semantics, will be studied considering the ideas of Carel, Ducrot and Borges (2011), aiming its application in the argumentative figure. Specifically, the observation of the paradox in the figure can demonstrate how the normative and transgressive relations occurs. There were select a song and an advertisement to demonstrate those kind of relations, by using a methodology that focus in the particular cases. At the end, the results will be shown and the final considerations will be constructed, based on the premise of analyzing the paradox in the argumentative four-sized figure.
A presente tese estuda o paradoxo, do ponto de vista da Teoria dos Blocos Semânticos, observando, fundamentalmente, as relações que ocorrem no quadrado argumentativo. Para isso, estudam-se os conceitos da teoria mencionada, bem como seus fundamentos precursores e as raízes advindas de outros teóricos. Ao longo da fundamentação teórica são estudados os conceitos de Ferdinand de Saussure, principalmente a noção de relação e valor linguístico, pois fundamentais para a construção do sentido. Ademais, o conceito de signo vazio de Benveniste é explicitado e serve de base para novas reflexões, que observam a ocorrência de uma parte vazia nas palavras. Ainda, dentro dos pressupostos teóricos, são estudadas as noções iniciais de argumentação na língua, através dos escritos de Oswald Ducrot, visando a obtenção do entendimento necessário para uma compreensão adequada da Teoria dos Blocos Semânticos, atualmente desenvolvida por Marion Carel. Dentre os conceitos mais importantes para o estudo em pauta, estão a orientação linguística, as relações linguísticas, que demonstrarão como o sentido é construído, bem como a noção de bloco semântico e quadrado argumentativo.O paradoxo semântico é abordado com a utilização dos estudos de Carel e Ducrot, e de Borges (2011), mirando sua aplicação dentro do quadrado argumentativo, ou seja, observa-se o comportamento das relações de normatividade e transgressividade entre os encadeamentos do quadrado, derivado de um bloco semântico. O objeto das análises consiste em uma canção nacional e uma propaganda, ambas contendo sentidos paradoxais. A metodologia utilizada é a análise de cada objeto de forma única, com etapas próprias. Concluiu-se que o paradoxo constitui aspectos normativos paradoxais, mas não aspectos transpostos e conversos.

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Törnqvist, Karolina, and Hanna Burén. "Paradoxen mellan inflytande och tvång : En kvalitativ studie som belyser hur personal ser på relationen mellan inflytande och tvång för de ungdomar som vistas på ett särskilt ungdomshem." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Health Sciences and Social Work, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1942.

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Ser vi till de villkor som råder inom de särskilda ungdomshemmen har personalen en dubbel funktion i sitt arbete med ungdomarna. Detta då de särskilda ungdomshemmens uppgift är att verkställa vård och behandling utan den enskildes samtycke. Vidare ska verksamheten utöva särskild noggrann tillsyn över de ungdomar som är placerade där samtidigt som personalen ska beakta den unges rätt till självbestämmande och integritet. Ett ökat brukarinflytande för de personer som nyttjar offentliga tjänster har diskuterats flitigt den senaste tiden. Diskussionen har även implementerats inom SiS, huvudman för de särskilda ungdomshemmen, som menar att ungdomarna ska ges inflytande under den tid då de är tvångsplacerade. Tidigare forskning har dock visat att inflytande kan vara svårt att realisera vid tvångsvård varav en paradox mellan inflytande och tvång kan skönjas. Vi ställer oss därav frågande till vad brukarinflytande innefattar samt om det finns gränser för när ett inflytande för ungdomar inom särskilda ungdomshem kan realiseras? Studien utgörs av en kvalitativ intervjustudie och syftar till att belysa hur personalen ser på relationen mellan inflytande och tvång. För att ha möjlighet att analysera och på så sätt förstå studiens resultat har centrala begrepp utarbetats med inspiration från generell systemteori, tidigare social forskning samt från studiens resultat. Personalens förhållningssätt, verksamhetens struktur samt den unge själv utgör olika villkor för det inflytande som personalen ger ungdomarna. I studien identifieras såväl möjligheter som svårigheter med att ge ungdomarna inflytande. Studiens resultat tyder på att det finns gränser för när ett inflytande för ungdomar inom de särskilda ungdomshemmen kan realiseras, den unges inflytande är således inte en självklarhet.

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Borges, Jo?o Henrique Casara. "Por uma abordagem sem?ntica do paradoxo : o quadrado argumentativo paradoxal." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6537.

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The following paper intends to analyze the paradox, through the Theory of the Semantic Blocks, considering, mostly, the relations that occurs inside the four-sided figure that demonstrate how the meanings get along. In order to do that, will be studied the conceptions arising from the referred theory, as well as its conventional roots and theories from another theorists. Along the revision of the pertinent literature will be studies ideas from Ferdinand de Saussure, especially the ones about relation and linguistic values, because they are significant important to understand the linguistic meaning of any terms in the language. Another idea that will be developed at the following paper is the empty sign, studied by Benveniste, which will be explained and will be the object for new considerations, in order to study the presence of an emptiness inside every word. Also during the study of the literature, the ideas of meaning understood only by the linguistic relations among words will be object of thoughts. In order to do that, the ideas of Oswald Ducrot and Marion Carel will be very important, especially the linguistic orientation, linguistic relations, because they will demonstrate how the meaning is constructed. Other notions of those two theoretical authors are the idea of semantic block and argumentative four-sided figure. The paradox, according to the semantics, will be studied considering the ideas of Carel, Ducrot and Borges (2011), aiming its application in the argumentative figure. Specifically, the observation of the paradox in the figure can demonstrate how the normative and transgressive relations occurs. There were select a song and an advertisement to demonstrate those kind of relations, by using a methodology that focus in the particular cases. At the end, the results will be shown and the final considerations will be constructed, based on the premise of analyzing the paradox in the argumentative four-sized figure.
A presente tese estuda o paradoxo, do ponto de vista da Teoria dos Blocos Sem?nticos, observando, fundamentalmente, as rela??es que ocorrem no quadrado argumentativo. Para isso, estudam-se os conceitos da teoria mencionada, bem como seus fundamentos precursores e as ra?zes advindas de outros te?ricos. Ao longo da fundamenta??o te?rica s?o estudados os conceitos de Ferdinand de Saussure, principalmente a no??o de rela??o e valor lingu?stico, pois fundamentais para a constru??o do sentido. Ademais, o conceito de signo vazio de Benveniste ? explicitado e serve de base para novas reflex?es, que observam a ocorr?ncia de uma parte vazia nas palavras. Ainda, dentro dos pressupostos te?ricos, s?o estudadas as no??es iniciais de argumenta??o na l?ngua, atrav?s dos escritos de Oswald Ducrot, visando a obten??o do entendimento necess?rio para uma compreens?o adequada da Teoria dos Blocos Sem?nticos, atualmente desenvolvida por Marion Carel. Dentre os conceitos mais importantes para o estudo em pauta, est?o a orienta??o lingu?stica, as rela??es lingu?sticas, que demonstrar?o como o sentido ? constru?do, bem como a no??o de bloco sem?ntico e quadrado argumentativo. O paradoxo sem?ntico ? abordado com a utiliza??o dos estudos de Carel e Ducrot, e de Borges (2011), mirando sua aplica??o dentro do quadrado argumentativo, ou seja, observa-se o comportamento das rela??es de normatividade e transgressividade entre os encadeamentos do quadrado, derivado de um bloco sem?ntico. O objeto das an?lises consiste em uma can??o nacional e uma propaganda, ambas contendo sentidos paradoxais. A metodologia utilizada ? a an?lise de cada objeto de forma ?nica, com etapas pr?prias. Concluiu-se que o paradoxo constitui aspectos normativos paradoxais, mas n?o aspectos transpostos e conversos.

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Neves, José Mário d'Avila. "O trabalho na perspectiva da atividade : dos paradoxos da gestão à gestão paradoxal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/77923.

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Esta é uma tese que problematiza o trabalho na perspectiva da atividade a partir da articulação dos conceitos da Filosofia da Diferença com as formulações da Ergologia e da Clínica da Atividade. Por isso, tem um forte acento conceitual, mas que considera os conceitos não como abstrações ou generalizações e sim como ferramentas para pensar o trabalho. No plano metodológico, desenvolve duas importantes linhas de análise: uma, que leva à desnaturalização do “objeto trabalho” e examina o delineamento das forças que presidem a emergência do trabalho como uma produção da modernidade e, outra, que conduz à discussão do método cartográfico, através da problematização do plano das singularidades como a “escala” paradoxal a partir do qual esse método opera. A análise do trabalho na contemporaneidade permite identificar que a gestão capitalista encontra-se diante de um importante impasse: se, por um lado, o capital precisa investir na produção de subjetividade, como forma de intensificar a produção de valor do trabalho (produção de valor que depende de conhecimento, tecnologia, engajamento subjetivo e inventividade); por outro, esse investimento no incremento da potência de criação de valor traz consigo o risco da perda do domínio do capital sobre o trabalho. Na problematização desse impasse, vemos abrir-se “uma brecha” no discurso hegemônico no campo do trabalho (que ainda é taylorista), que dá a ver uma distinção até então invisível – distinção entre o trabalho prescrito e o trabalho realizado –, permitindo evidenciar uma “outra brecha” (a que existe entre o prescrito e o realizado): na qual emerge o conceito de atividade. A análise do trabalho na perspectiva da atividade propiciou um grande salto conceitual, ao possibilitar a consideração do plano do virtual, permitindo cartografar a dinâmica do processo de “composição” da atividade em um campo problemático de tensões constituído por dois planos: o dos “estratos” e o “Fora”. Nesse campo problemático de tensões, foi possível descrever o processo de agenciamento de singularidades através do qual pode emergir uma dimensão intermediária molecular, como um “espaço público” ou um “bloco de espaço-tempo rizomático”, que possibilita a instauração de uma regulação coletiva imanente e de um espaço de invenção no trabalho. Esta formulação conceitual permitiu evidenciar as duas formas polarizadas de gestão. Em um polo, uma gestão centrada em tecnologias disciplinares, atuando predominantemente como um obstáculo à instauração dessa dimensão intermediária molecular. No polo oposto, uma gestão que opera procurando constituir e dar consistência a essa dimensão intermediária molecular, na qual a regulação coletiva possibilita a emergência de um trabalho inventivo. A incorporação da noção de transversalidade, como a definição da operação que funda esta segunda forma de gestão, propiciou a formulação de uma concepção de gestão transversalizante, como uma política que propõe um processo que busca a criação de um espaço-tempo rizomático não confinado às segmentaridades determinadas pelos valores e pelos âmbitos de autoridade hegemônicos.
This thesis problematizes the work under the perspective of activity and from the articulation of Philosophy of Difference concepts with formulations of Ergology and Clinic of Activity. Therefore, it has a strong conceptual accent, but considers concepts not as abstractions or generalizations but as tools to think the work. In the methodological plan, it develops two important lines of analysis: one that leads to the denaturalization of the “work object” and examines the delimitation of forces presiding the emergence of work as a production of modernity and, other, that leads to the discussion about the mapping method, through the problematization of the plan of singularities as the paradoxical “scale” from which this method operates. The analysis of work in contemporaneity enables to identify that capitalist management is facing an important impasse: if, by one side, the capital needs to invest in the production of subjectivity, as a way to intensify the value production of work (value production that depends on knowledge, technology, subjective engagement and inventiveness); on the other hand, this investment in increment of value creation power brings with it the risk of losing the domination of capital over the work. In the problematization of this impasse, we see a “gap” opening in the hegemonic discourse in the work field (that is still taylorist), that turns visible an invisible distinction till then – distinction between the prescribed work and the performed work – allowing to evidence another “gap” (the one existing between prescribed and performed): in which the concept of activity emerges. The analysis of work under the perspective of activity propitiated a large conceptual leap, by allowing the consideration of the virtual plan, allowing to map the dynamic of the “composition of activity” process in a problematic field of tensions constituted by two plans: the one of “strata” and the “Outside”. In this problematic field of tensions, it was possible to describe the process of assemblage of singularities, through which a molecular intermediate dimension may emerge, such as a “public space” or a “rhizomatic time-space block”, that allows the installation of an immanent collective regulation and a space of work invention. This conceptual formulation enabled to evidence the two polarized ways of management. In one pole, a management centered in disciplinary technologies, predominantly acting as an obstacle to the introduction of this molecular intermediate dimension. In the opposite pole, a management that works trying to constitute and give consistency to this molecular intermediate dimension, in which the collective regulation enables the emergence of an inventive work. The incorporation of the transversality notion, as the definition of the operation founding this second way of management, enabled the formulation of a conception of transverse management, as a policy that proposes a process that seeks the creation of a rhizomatic time-space unconfined by the segments determined by values and hegemonic spheres of authority.

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Habit, L. "Paradoxes of robotics." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2018. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11385.

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Castro, Dayan de 1985. "Sibila : poética em paradoxo." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285219.

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Orientador: Luise Weiss
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: O presente volume é um indagar descritivo de imagens em processo. Expõe um amalgama de referências teórico-práticas que influenciaram o caminho na produção das imagens. Estão aqui as partes fundamentais dessa busca, inquietações que relacionam-se com o contemporâneo, a fotografia e o retrato. Fundamentalmente um caminho, um paradoxo
Abstract: The purpose of this volume is a descriptive inquiring of images in progress. It exposes an amalgam of theoretical and practical issues that influenced the way the images were developed. The key parts of this quest are here along with concerns that relate to the contemporary, photography and portrait. Fundamentally a path, a paradox
Mestrado

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Greco, Federica. "Autopromotion, paradoxe et réécriture dans l'oeuvre d'Ortensio Lando." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAL008/document.

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L’objectif de cette recherche est une étude globale de l’œuvre et de la pensée de l’humaniste milanais Ortensio Lando (1506 env.- 1553 env.). Cet auteur, redécouvert par la critique dans les années 70, notamment grâce aux recherches menées par les américains Conor Fahy et Paul Grendler, connaît aujourd’hui un intérêt renouvelé en raison du caractère paradoxal et ambigu de sa production. Mais, si son ouvrage le plus célèbre, les Paradossi (1543), est désormais bien connu par les spécialistes, la plus grande partie de ses écrits reste encore méconnue. Nous prendrons par conséquent en considération tout le corpus de Lando, qui compte au moins une vingtaine d’ouvrages, pour mener une étude complète de son œuvre.Nous porterons aussi une attention particulière à la vie d’Ortensio Lando qui reste encore en grande partie obscure. Nous reprendrons les quelques documents de l’époque qui nous donnent des informations utiles et les différentes théories sur la biographie de Lando, notamment l’hypothèse qu’il était dans sa jeunesse un moine augustin qui aurait par la suite abandonné son ordre pour fuir en France.L’analyse des œuvres permet de dégager trois axes principaux :1) L’autopromotion.Lando employait différents pseudonymes. À notre avis, cet usage était dicté seulement en partie par la nécessité de cacher son identité d’auteur hétérodoxe. L’utilisation de pseudonymes et de jeux linguistiques faisait aussi partie d’une stratégie réfléchie d’autopromotion dont nous analyserons les techniques rhétoriques. Lando était conscient des nouveaux enjeux de l’industrie typographique et démontre qu’il sait les utiliser à sa faveur pour se construire une image de lettré irrégulier et excentrique.2) Le paradoxe.Les Paradossi sont considérés comme la première œuvre du genre paradoxal en langue vulgaire, genre qui connaîtra un énorme succès pendant tout le XVIe siècle. La critique a déjà reconstruit la façon dont l’humanisme a récupéré cette tradition d’origine antique, notamment à travers Lucien de Samosate, elle en a isolé les thématiques principales comme celle "asinienne" et la critique du savoir. Jusqu’à présent, peu d’attention a été accordée aux autres textes paradoxaux de Lando et il manque encore une interprétation satisfaisante des raisons qui se cachent derrière cette stratégie stylistique. Les théories qui considèrent Ortensio Lando comme un antihumaniste, anticicéronien et antiérasmien ne sont pas complètement convaincantes et nous développerons une autre thèse pour expliquer l’emploi du paradoxe : l’ambiguïté du message ne représente ni un refus sceptique de toute position, ni une prise de position contre l’héritage humaniste mais le rejet de toute forme de dogmatisme intellectuel.3) Les formes de réécriture.Si Lando ne peut pas être considéré comme antihumaniste, il est certain que nous nous trouvons dans une période de crise et de changement des modèles littéraires. La problématique sera donc d’analyser quels sont les rapports de Lando avec la culture classique dont il reprend et parodie les genres, et avec la culture humaniste qui bien que critiquée reste au centre de ses œuvres. Nous nous concentrerons aussi sur les raisons qui se cachent derrière l’emploi de longues catalogues d’exemples érudits, tirés surtout de l’Officina de Jean Tixier, en proposant de lier cette pratique à une parodie des dérives de la récupération du savoir classique, se fondant sur les mêmes prémisses de littérature paradoxale
The aim of this study is to analyse the work and thought of Italian humanist Ortensio Lando (c. 1506 – c. 1553). This writer has been rediscovered by critics in the 1970s, mostly thanks to Fay’s and Grendler’s studies, and today many researchers are interested by paradox and ambiguity in his works. But, except for the Paradossi, his literary production remains mostly unknown. For this reason we considered the whole Lando’s corpus, about 27 works, in order to propose a monographic study of this writer.We also focused on Ortensio Lando’s biography, of which we have only few documents, and on the theory that he was an Augustinian monk who committed apostasy and fled to France.The analysis of Lando’s works has permitted to define three research axes:1) Self-promotionLando used different pseudonyms. We assume that this strategy was not only a way to cover his identity, but also a self-promotion stratagem of which we analysed the rhetorical function. Lando knew how to exploit printing innovations and he showed how they could be used to build his eccentric writer’s image.2) ParadoxThe Paradossi are considered as the first vernacular paradoxical work, a successful literary genre in 16th century. Literary criticism reconstructed the way paradoxical tradition was reworked by Humanism, especially through Lucian of Samosata, and has defined its main issues, like the “donkey’s praise” and the critical of learning. But so far, little consideration has been given to others paradoxical Lando’s works and there’s still no satisfying interpretation of the reason behind this strategy. Several assumptions considered Lando as an anti-humanist, anti-Ciceronian and anti-Erasmian writer, but we believe that paradox doesn’t carries a sceptical rejection of any opinion or a criticism against Humanistic heritage; paradox is rather a denunciation of intellectual dogmatism.3) RewritingEven if Lando cannot be considered as an anti-humanist, he clearly lived in times of intellectual crisis and paradigmatic shift in literary models. We will analyse the relationship between Lando and classical culture by parody and imitation, and the relationship between the writer and humanistic culture that remains, despite criticism, the focus of his work. We will also focus on the reasons behind the long and erudite catalogues that Lando copies, especially from Ravisius’s Officina, by proposing to link this practice to the parody of uncritical classical imitation, as in the case of paradoxical literature

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Machado, Julio Cesar. "O paradoxo a partir da teoria dos blocos semânticos : língua, dicionário e história." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7810.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
In general, the idea of this work is to investigate the paradox, our object, by a linguistic and argumentative way, from the Theory of Semantic blocks (TBS). And specifically, for this, we adopted as main methods, two gestures: the relationship between linguistic elements as analysis condition, on the one hand, and the interdependence of its structure and significance, on the other hand, both in the non- use (language) and the use of language (enunciation). This second method of interdependence, when applied to our object, the paradox, becomes our first central hypothesis, the possibility of semantic paradox: the strange and difficult linguisticargumentative consideration of opposite significances, but in the interdependent state. And in this context we will also develop a second central hypothesis: the argumentative cube, while theoretical actualization of the argumentative square (the basic theoretical framework of our theory). Organizationally, the resourcefulness of this work will be carrying out in several specific strands, distributed throughout the chapters, namely: theory / paradox (divided into "Argumentation in the Language" / paradox, at first, and "Theory of Semantic Blocks "/ paradox, in a second stage); discours / paradox; dictionaries / paradox; "Historic Semantics of Enunciation" / paradox; relationship between languages / paradox and anteriority / paradox. In addition to these relational axes established to better observe our object, the paradox, and defend our hypothesis, the semantic paradox, we elected as central corpora, a group of dictionaries in which we can catch "which is said to be" a paradox and "as they say "a paradox to ponder" which means "a paradox. These dictionaries are divided into main corpus: Dictionnaire Historique de langue francaise, and and secondary corpora : Enciclopédia e Dicionário ilustrado, Kokugo Ziten e Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa, among others.
L'idée de ce travail est d'étudier le paradoxe d’une façon linguistique et argumentatif, à partir de la Théorie des Blocs Sémantiques (TBS). Et précisément pour cela, nous prenderons comme principales méthodologies deux gestes : la relation entre des éléments linguistiques comme condition d'analyse, et l'interdépendance entre la structure et sa significance, à partir tant par le champ du non-usage (langue), comme du champ d’usage de la langue (l'énonciation). Cette seconde méthode d'interdépendance, lorsqu'elle est appliquée à notre objet (le paradoxe) constitue mon premier hypothèse centrale : la possibilité du paradoxe sémantique : la considération linguistique-argumentative de signifiances opposées, mais dans un état d’interdépendance. Et dans ce contexte nous allons développer aussi une deuxième hipothèse centrale: le cube argumentatif, tandis que une atualization théorique du carré argumentatif (le construct théorique base dans notre théorie). Sur le plan organisationnel, l'ingéniosité de ce travail sera effectuer dans plusieurs axes spécifiques, répartis sur plusieurs chapitres: la théorie/paradoxe (premièrement «Argumentation dans la langue»/paradoxe, et deuxièmement «Théorie des blocs sémantiques»/paradoxe); discours/paradoxe; dictionnaires/paradoxe; «Sémantique Historiques de l'Énonciation» / paradoxe; relation entre des langues / paradoxe et antétriorité / paradoxe. En plus de ces axes relationnels mis en place pour mieux observer notre objet (le paradoxe) et de défendre mon hypothèse du paradoxe sémantique, je formerai un corpus à partir d’un groupe de dictionnaires dans lesquels appairassent « ce qui ce dit être » un paradoxe et « comment est-ce qu’» un paradoxe ce dit, afin de reflechir sur ce « que signifie un paradoxe ». Les dictionnaires sont divisés en corpus principal: Dictionnaire Historique de langue francaise, et corpora secondaire: Enciclopédia e Dicionário ilustrado, Kokugo Ziten e Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa, parmi d’autres.
De modo geral, a ideia deste trabalho é investigar o paradoxo, nosso objeto, de modo linguístico e argumentativo, a partir da Teoria dos Blocos Semânticos (TBS). E de modo específico, para isto, adotamos enquanto principais metodologias, dois gestos: a relação entre elementos linguísticos enquanto condição de análises, por um lado, e a interdependência entre a estrutura e suas significâncias, por outro lado, tanto no âmbito do não-uso (língua) quanto do uso da língua (enunciação). Este segundo método da interdependência, quando aplicado ao nosso objeto, o paradoxo, constitui a nossa primeira hipótese central, a possibilidade do paradoxo semântico: a estranha e difícil consideração linguístico-argumentativa de significâncias opostas, mas em estado de interdependência. E neste contexto desenvolveremos também uma segunda hipótese central: o cubo argumentativo, enquanto atualização teórica do quadrado argumentativo (o construto teórico basilar de nossa teoria). Organizacionalmente, a desenvoltura deste trabalho efetivar-se-á em vários eixos específicos, distribuídos ao longo dos capítulos, a saber: teoria/paradoxo (dividido em “Argumentação na Língua”/paradoxo, em um primeiro momento, e “Teoria dos Blocos Semânticos”/paradoxo, em um segundo momento); discurso/paradoxo; dicionários/paradoxo; “Semântica Histórica da Enunciação”/paradoxo; relação entre línguas/paradoxo e anterioridade/paradoxo. Além destes eixos relacionais estabelecidos para melhor observar nosso objeto, o paradoxo, e defender nossa hipótese, o paradoxo semântico, elegemos enquanto corpus central, um grupo de dicionários nos quais possamos flagrar “o que se diz ser” um paradoxo e “como se diz” um paradoxo, para ponderar “o que significa” um paradoxo. Estes dicionários estão divididos em corpus principal: Dictionnaire Historique de langue francaise, e corpus secundário: Enciclopédia e Dicionário ilustrado, Kokugo Ziten e Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa, dentre outros.

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Pagano, Richard. "English Renaissance paradox : intellectual contexts and traditions with particular reference to John Donne's 'Paradoxes' and 'Biathanatos'." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11046.

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This study examines the intellectual background of the paradoxes of John Donne. In the first chapter, the classical foundations of the concept of paradox are detailed. These foundations reflect basic philosophical differences which are manifest in a writer's approach to the defence of a paradox or uncommon opinion. The first chapter also discusses the derivation of classical concepts of paradox by sixteenth century writers in an effort to correlate these concepts with the respective philosophical positions with which Donne would have been familiar. The second chapter focuses on the dialectical procedure of the thesis. Aristotle explicitly associated the thesis with paradox, and he delineated its fundamental role in the investigation of contested speculative questions. Cicero adapted it to his rhetorical theory but continued to observe its essentially dialectical character. In the sixteenth century, writers on both rhetoric and logic drew heavily on the works of Aristotle and Cicero for their own formulations of the thesis. These formulations reflect precisely the relationship which Aristotle and Cicero observed between the paradox and the thesis. The third chapter begins by examining the challenge posed by Peter Ramus to the Aristotelian dialectic upon which the scholastic curricula of European universities was based. Donne's English contemporaries, Gabriel Harvey and Thomas Nashe, disagreed on the value of Ramus' innovations, and their comments on them in their quarrel reveal an awareness of the profound epistemological ramifications of Ramus' denial of the sceptical use of the thesis which Aristotle had observed in his Topics. The fourth chapter details those epistemological theories which competed with Ramus' neoaristotelianism. The majority of these theories are neoplatonic; they exhibit the characteristic features of Platonic Idealism which Aristotle had rejected in his Metaphysics, and which would be later rejected by Aquinas. Donne was familiar with these neoplatonic alternatives and was not wholly unreceptive to them. However, he explicitly denies the value of neoplatonic theories of mind for the practical affairs of Christian life, and maintains that the doubt implicit in matters to which revelation and reason have not delivered absolute precepts insures the viability of paradoxical opinions. The fifth chapter compares Donne's Aristotelian notion of paradox with other paradoxes of the sixteenth century. Through this comparison, the scholastic foundation of Donne's dialectical argumentation is exposed. Once exposed, his characteristic tentativeness with regard to the doctrinal differences of his day is understood to be a consequence of his Aristotelian and Thomist regard for the difficulty with which reason attains knowledge. The sixth chapter examines Donne's paradox and thesis, Biathanatos, in light of the Thomist principles which it employs in its exposition of the problem of suicide. Throughout Biathanatos Donne criticizes the value of Augustine's moral doctrine in practical life, and accepts an epistemological doctrine which accommodates doubt and error in the manner detailed by Aquinas and denied by Augustine. It is with this doubt and error in mind that Donne's paradox proceeds towards its conclusion's request for charitable interpretation, an interpretation which is informed specifically by Aquinas' doctrine of charity.

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Goloubieff, Bruno. "Identifier les entraves à l’activité de problématisation en formation. : Quelle auto-évaluation pour se professionnaliser ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3003/document.

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Cette recherche se situe dans le champ de la formation professionnelle aux métiers de la relation éducative. A l'origine, un constat portant sur les difficultés et les pièges rencontrés par ces professionnels en situation a motivé un questionnement sur les conditions de préparation à de tels métiers. Dès lors que la formation professionnelle associe deux visées contraires d'instruction et d'émancipation dans son projet, elle tente de faire problématiser les apprenants à partir des situations éducatives rencontrées pour construire les problèmes et produire des avancées. Or, dans une société où la résolution de problème domine, former à la problématisation ne va pas toujours de soi. Certains formés se heurtent à des entraves au cours de leur trajet de formation. Elles peuvent même donner lieu à des paradoxes. L'identification des entraves montre que tout formé navigue entre deux pôles contraires et qu'il est important que chacun effectue pour lui-même un travail d'auto-évaluation en formation afin de travailler ses implications et ainsi d'éviter les dérives de logique et la création de paradoxes
This research concerns the training of professionals in education-related fields. At the outset, a report dealing with the difficulties and hurdles encountered by these professionals in the work-place led to an investigation into training methods for such occupations. Since professional training combines two opposing objectives , namely instruction and independence of expression of ideas, the aim of this research is to present students with problem situations encountered in real life in order to dissect the issues and find solutions. In a society where resolving problems prevails, training in the analysis of problems is not always evident. During their course, some trainees are faced with obstacles which may lead to paradoxes. Identification of these obstacles shows that each trainee navigates between two opposing poles, and as part of training it is important that each trainee carries out self-evaluation to understand the implication of their actions and thus avoid lapses in logic and the creation of paradoxes

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Rocha, Arlindo Nascimento. "Paradoxos da condição humana: grandeza e miséria humana como paradoxo fundamental na filosofia de Blaise Pascal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19558.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Influencé par la culture Pos-Moderne, la majorité des hommes ont la tendance à accomplir la malédiction de “l’homme actualisé” pour définir l’illusion de, en étant plus proche de l’information globale, plus proche nous serons de la sagesse, et, conséquemment plus heureux nous serons. Cette myopie fait partie de notre actuelle culture, ou alors du dernier homme interprété comme une parodie de la tyrannie du bien-être physique, typique de notre époque. Le commun des hommes est convaincu de sa dignité, le demi sage dénonce sa fragilité, mais le sage découvre que sa vraie dignité existe dans sa pensée et qui ne devrait pas référer uniquement à sa dimension épistémologique vue que c’est indispensable la dimension éthique, où la dignité humaine devrait manifester à travers la reconnaissance de sa grandeur misérable. Mais le grand problème c’est que la majorité des hommes contiennent contrairement à cette avertissement et cherchent la connaissance et la joie où l’on ne peut pas les trouver. La majorité des pistes sont comme des circuits fermés, ronds ou elliptiques, ne conduisant pas à nulle part et servent uniquement pour courir en cercles. Cette dissertation a comme but analyser la conception paradoxale de la nature humaine, présente dans la philosophie de blaise pascal dans sa dimension existentiale, comme être essentiellement contradictoire où l’on met en évidence la relation entre « grandeur et misère, comme paradoxe fondamental dont le centre de la réflexion c’est l’homme déchu, et rechercher l’idée d’une individualité de l’homme qui connaît sa propre identité. Notre analyse a été thématique en tenant compte les aspects historiques, anthropologique, épistémologique et psychologique. D’abord on analysera le contexte historique de la France au XVII ème siècle, les précurseurs du concept de la nature humaine, la vision anthropologique de l’homme pascalien avant et après le péché original; les limites de la connaissance rational qui sont posés par la condition de la propre finitude humaine et des multiples insuffisances; et, dernièrement un regard sur l’épistémologie et la psychologie pascaliennes, qui gardent une relation étroite avec son anthropologie et on évidence des concepts comme: imagination, angoisse, et divertissement comme des marques de l’insuffisance humaine. Contemporain de Descartes, pascal vit dans une époque qui cherche à exalter les potentialités humaines et principalement l’existence rational de l’homme. Voici la raison qui nous distingue, seulement son usage autonome et intégral consiste la voie pour la réalisation humaine. Malgré lui Pascal a vécu dans un contexte historique du XVIIème siècle dont la caractéristique plus forte a été le rationalisme cartésien, cela distingue profondément dans les principes et conséquences du style de pensé qui marque de manière décisive les routes de la philosophie moderne. À l’horizon de son apologie l’on trouve la connaissance de Dieu et de l’homme, et plus précisément la tentative de comprendre la nature humaine à travers de sa provenance divine et la tentative de comprendre quelque chose de Dieu par son image imprimé dans le coeur de l’homme. À partir de cela l’existence contradictoire représenté par la noblesse de la créature divine et dans l’abjection d’avoir nié à Dieu. Pour cela le salut de l’homme dépend d’une grâce mystérieuse absolument gratuite. Donc il existe en nous une grandeur qui devient de notre origine divine et du destin que la créature doit accomplir en retournant à son créateur, et une misère provenant du péché original par lequel la créature a préféré l’affirmation de sa sagesse à l’harmonie qui devrait caractériser la relation entre l’homme et Dieu.
Influenciado pela cultura Pós-Moderna, a maioria dos homens tende a cumprir a maldição do “homem atualizado” para definir a ilusão de que, quanto mais perto estamos da informação global, mais perto estaremos da sabedoria, e, consequentemente, mais felizes seremos. Esta miopia é parcela da nossa atual cultura, ou seja, do “último homem” interpretado como uma “paródia” da tirania do bem-estar físico, típico da nossa época. O comum dos homens está convencido da sua dignidade, o semissábio denuncia sua fragilidade, mas, o sábio descobre que a sua verdadeira dignidade reside no pensamento, que não deveria referir unicamente à dimensão epistemológica, uma vez que, é imprescindível a dimensão ética em que a dignidade humana deveria manifestar-se através do reconhecimento da sua grandeza miserável. Mas, o grande problema, é que a maior parte dos homens comporta-se contrariamente a essa advertência e buscam o conhecimento e a felicidade onde não podem encontrá-los. A maioria das pistas são como circuitos fechados, redondos ou elípticos, não levam a lugar nenhum, e servem apenas para correr em círculos. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a concepção paradoxal da natureza humana, presente na filosofia de Blaise Pascal, em sua dimensão existencial, como ser essencialmente contraditório, onde enfatizamos a relação entre “grandeza e miséria”, como paradoxo fundamental, cujo centro da reflexão é o homem decaído, e investigar a ideia de uma individualidade do homem que reconhece sua própria identidade. Nossa análise foi temática, com o enfoque histórico, antropológico, epistemológico e psicológico. Analisamos inicialmente o contexto histórico da França do século XVII; os precursores do conceito de natureza humana; a visão antropológica do homem pascaliano antes e depois do pecado original; os limites do conhecimento racional, que são colocados pela condição da própria finitude humana e das múltiplas insuficiências; e, por último, lançamos o olhar sobre a epistemologia e a psicologia pascalianas, que guardam uma relação estreita com sua antropologia, e, enfatizamos conceitos como: imaginação, tédio e divertimento como marcas da insuficiência humana. Contemporâneo de Descartes, Pascal vive uma época que procura enaltecer as potencialidades humanas e principalmente a existência racional do homem. Sendo a razão aquilo que nos distingue, somente o seu uso autônomo e integral, pode ser o caminho para a realização humana. Embora Pascal tenha vivido no contexto histórico do século XVII, cuja característica mais forte, foi o racionalismo cartesiano, distingue-se profundamente, nos princípios e nas consequências do estilo de pensamento que marcou de maneira decisiva os rumos da Filosofia Moderna. No horizonte da sua apologia está o conhecimento de Deus e do homem, mais precisamente, a tentativa de compreender a natureza humana através de sua procedência divina, e a tentativa de compreender algo de Deus por via de sua imagem impressa no coração do homem. Daí, a existência contraditória representada pela nobreza da criatura divina e na abjeção, por ter renegado a Deus. Por isso, a salvação do homem depende de uma graça misteriosa absolutamente gratuita. Portanto, existe em nós, uma grandeza que deriva da nossa origem divina e do destino que a criatura deve cumprir, retornando ao seu criador, e, uma miséria, proveniente do pecado original, pelo qual a criatura preferiu a afirmação da sua sabedoria, à harmonia que deveria caracterizar a relação do homem e Deus

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Burgis, Benjamin. "Truth is a One-Player Game: A Defense of Monaletheism and Classical Logic." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/677.

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The Liar Paradox and related semantic antinomies seem to challenge our deepest intuitions about language, truth and logic. Many philosophers believe that to solve them, we must give up either classical logic, or the expressive resources of natural language, or even the “naïve theory of truth” (according to which "P" and “it is true that 'P'” always entail each other). A particularly extreme form of radical surgery is proposed by figures like Graham Priest, who argues for “dialetheism”—the position that some contradictions are actually true—on the basis of the paradoxes. While Priest’s willingness to dispense with the Law of Non-Contradiction may be unpopular in contemporary analytic philosophy, figures as significant as Saul Kripke and Hartry Field have argued that, in light of the paradoxes, we can only save Non-Contradiction at the expense of the Law of the Excluded Middle, abandoning classical logic in favor of a “paracomplete” alternative in which P and ~P can simultaneously fail to hold. I believe that we can do better than that, and I argue for a more conservative approach, which retains not only “monaletheism” (the orthodox position that no sentence, either in natural languages or other language, can have more than one truth-value at a time), but the full inferential resources of classical logic.

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Oudiette, Delphine. "Le trouble comportemental en sommeil paradoxa : un modèle d’étude de l’activité motrice, onirique et cognitive en sommeil paradoxal." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066498.

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Le trouble comportemental en sommeil paradoxal (TCSP) se caractérise par des comportements anormaux en sommeil paradoxal, correspondant à l’extériorisation de rêves. Nous avons utilisé le TCSP comme un modèle original pour étudier l’activité onirique, cognitive et motrice au cours du sommeil paradoxal. En parallèle, nous avons étudié le somnambulisme qui se manifeste par des comportements anormaux en sommeil lent profond. Notre travail a révélé que les TCSP ne se limitaient pas à des comportements violents et primitifs mais englobaient également des comportements élaborés, appris et culturels. Puis, nous avons montré que les mouvements oculaires rapides en sommeil paradoxal n’étaient pas la conséquence d’une activation aléatoire de leur générateur mais étaient au contraire codés dans la direction de la scène onirique. Notre troisième étude a suggéré que le somnambulisme, comme le TCSP, pouvait correspondre à des rêves agis. En outre, nous avons observé une somnambule ré-exécuter, en dormant, une séquence gestuelle apprise la veille. Nos principaux résultats nous font penser que les rêves en sommeil paradoxal constituent un simulateur du monde réel : un système complexe nous ferait à la fois voir et entendre des scénarios et faire des mouvements du corps et des yeux correspondant grossièrement à ces scénarios. Ce simulateur ne serait toutefois qu’une reproduction imparfaite et ébauchée du monde réel. Il pourrait servir à la simulation de menaces primitives, à la consolidation mnésique ou à un remaniement créatif de nos expériences d’éveil.

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Sanches, Elisabete Ferraz. "Os paradoxos do desamparo: uma leitura de Perto do coração selvagem de Clarice Lispector." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8149/tde-19092012-124038/.

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O presente estudo objetiva uma leitura da obra Perto do coração selvagem, de Clarice Lispector, a partir do percurso da protagonista Joana para desentranhar a análise em direção ao estilo da autora. No primeiro plano, vislumbra-se o desamparo humano sendo revelado na história da personagem; no segundo, o drama clariceano em relação ao desamparo da linguagem/escrita. Solidão, liberdade, felicidade e desamparo definem o que se poderia chamar de tom da obra, construindo uma trama por vezes paradoxal e conflitosa. A leitura será norteada, para tanto, pela noção de desamparo sistematizada pela psicanálise.
This paper aims at a reading of the work Perto do coração selvagem of Clarice Lispector, from the journey of protagonist Joan, to unravel the analysis toward the style of the author. In the foreground, we conjecture about human helplessness being revealed in the story of the character, in the background, the clariceano drama in relation to the language/writing helplessness. Loneliness, freedom, happiness and helplessness define what might be called \"tone\" of the work, building a story thats sometimes paradoxical and conflicting. The reading will be guided, for that, by the notion of helplessness systematized by psychoanalysis.

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Mourão, Maíra Mamud Godoi. "Da possibilidade do habitar: o corpo como morada. Corporeidade e formas subjetivas contemporâneas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47134/tde-19072012-093856/.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar e discutir, a partir da Psicanálise, os fundamentos da constituição da corporeidade. Além disso, pretende-se enfatizar o paradoxo como sua característica marcante: ela é psíquica e somática, intrapsíquica e intersubjetiva. É feita uma analogia entre a corporeidade e a figura de uma casa, ressaltando, novamente o elemento paradoxal: a casa é espaço de recolhimento e, simultaneamente, de abertura ao outro, ao mundo. O processo de personalização, descrito por Donald Winnicott, será aqui concebido como o paradigma da constituição da corporeidade, representado pela imagem do bebê no colo da mãe: sustentado no cuidado dela, o bebê pode elaborar imaginativamente o corpo e suas funções. O resultado disto é o sentimento de habitar o próprio corpo, marcado pela presença do outro. De acordo com Winnicott, a personalização não é algo dado, mas uma conquista do desenvolvimento emocional primitivo. Se este processo não se der de maneira satisfatória, haverá um prejuízo em relação ao estabelecimento da morada no corpo e também na relação do indivíduo com o mundo. A complementaridade fundamental entre o indivíduo e seu meio será ampliada da relação entre mãe e bebê para a relação entre indivíduo e cultura, a fim de examinar certos aspectos do contexto sócio-político na atualidade articulando-os às suas implicações no âmbito dos processos de subjetivação
The aim of this study is to investigate and discuss, from a psychoanalytical perspective, the fundamentals of the constitution of embodiement. Moreover, it intends to emphasize paradox as its hallmark: it is both psychic and somatic, intrapsychic and intersubjective. The study makes an analogy between embodiement and home, emphasizing again the paradoxical aspect: home is at the same time a place of refuge and of opening to others, to the world. The personalization process, described by Donald Winnicott, is understood here as a paradigm of the constitution of embodiement, represented by the image of a baby in its mothers lap: sustained in her care, the baby may imaginatively develop the body and its functions. The result is the feeling of inhabiting the body, marked by the presence of another. According to Winnicott, personalization is not a given, but an achievement of the primitive emocional development. If this process does not occur satisfactorily, there will be a loss in establishing the inhabiting of the body and also in the individuals relationship with the world. This study will expand the fundamental complementarity between the individual and their environment from the mother-baby relationship, to the relationship between the individual and their culture, in order to examine certain aspects of the current socio-political context, articulating them to their implications in view of subjectivation processes

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Barrero, Guzmán Tomás Andrés. "Lógica positiva : plenitude, potencialidade e problemas (do pensar sem negação)." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279653.

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Orientador: Walter Alexandre Carnielli
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: O trabalho estuda o papel da negação na logica, abordando os fragmentos positivos da logica proposicional, de forma a atender a dois problemas: a obtenção de teoremas de completude independentes da negação e o problema de paradoxos positivos, como o Paradoxo de Curry. Para o fragmento classico, estuda-se o metodo construtivo de completude proposto por Leon Henkin. Investigam-se as razoes pelas quais este metodo nao pode ser estendido para fragmentos nao-classicos que conseguem evitar a ocorrencia da objeção de Haskel Curry como, por exemplo, os das logicas n-valentes de Jan Lukasiewicz e os (por nos denominados) intuicionistas de Wilhelm Ackermann, quer pelas características da implicação, quer pela presença de um tipo de argumento infinito. O estudo conjunto do metodo de Henkin e do fenomeno da trivialidade positiva permite estabelecer um processo de decidibilidade da logica positiva classica através de um sistema de tablos que utiliza somente recursos metalinguísticos positivos, e propor uma rediscussão a respeito do papel da negação em logica atraves do conceito de paratrivialidade. Nesse contexto discutimos, do ponto de vista conceitual, a relação da logica positiva com o infinito, as possibilidades de se obter uma logica de primeira ordem completa sem negação e o vinculo filosofico entre verdade e significado
Abstract: This work studies some problems connected to the role of negation in logic, treating the positive fragments of propositional calculus in order to deal with two main questions: the proof of the completeness theorems in systems lacking negation, and the puzzle raised by positive paradoxes like the well-known argument of Haskel Curry. We study the constructive completeness method proposed by Leon Henkin for classical fragments endowed with implication, and advance some reasons explaining what makes difficult to extend this constructive method to on-classical fragments equipped with weaker implications (that avoid Curry?s objection). This is the case, for example, of Jan Lukasiewicz?s n-valued logics and Wilhelm Ackermann?s logic of restricted implication. Besides such problems, both Henkin?s method and the triviality phenomenon enable us to propose a new positive tableau proof system which uses only positive meta-linguistic resources, and to motivate a new discussion concerning the role of negation in logic proposing the concept of paratriviality. In this way, some relations between positive reasoning and infinity, the possibilities to obtain a first-order positive logic as well as the philosophical connection between truth and meaning are discussed from a conceptual point of view
Mestrado
Mestre em Filosofia

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Almeida, Dante Cardoso Pinto de 1984. "A persistência do Paradoxo da Cognoscibilidade." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/282037.

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Orientador: Itala Maria Loffredo D'Ottaviano
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como objetivo a análise de um resultado em lógica aléticoepistêmica, divulgado por Frederic Fitch em 1963, conhecido como Paradoxo da Cognoscibilidade. Segundo este resultado, se todas verdades podem ser conhecidas, então todas verdades são conhecidas. Isto sugere que há alguma verdade impossível de ser conhecida. Descrevemos, nesta dissertação, a lógica modal alética e a epistêmica, que consistem em recursos formais requeridos para a análise do Paradoxo. Também esclarecemos o papel deste no debate filosófico entre as correntes de pensamento realistas e antirealistas. Apontamos e analisamos duas propostas de solução do Paradoxo mais discutidas na literatura. Como principal ojetivo desta dissertação, investigamos o Paradoxo da Cognoscibilidade em sistemas multiagentes. Demonstramos que, apesar de em tais sistemas o Paradoxo ser minimizado, ele ainda não é completamente resolvido. Por fim, também apresentamos várias formas de obter a contraparte doxástica do Resultado, conhecida como Paradoxo da Credibilidade
Abstract: This text studies a result in epistemic-alethic logic, published by Frederic Fitch in 1963, known as Knowability Paradox. According to this result, if all truths are knowable, then all truths are known. This suggests there are unknowable truths. We describe alethic and epistemic modal logics, which are formal resources required in order to study the paradox. Also, we examine its role in the philosophical debate between realists and anti-realists. We point out and analize two attempts to solve the Paradox. The main aim of this text is to explore the Knowability Paradox in multi-agents systems. We shoe that, although in these systems the Paradox is weaker, it's not entirely solved. We also show many ways to derive the doxastic counterpart of the result, known as Belivability Paradox
Mestrado
Filosofia
Mestre em Filosofia

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Moreau, Daniel. "Paradoxes du mensonge." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57878.pdf.

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Moreau, Daniel. "Paradoxes du mensonge." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40664.

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Le mensonge constitue une réalité incontournable de l'existence humaine, qui ne laisse personne indifférent. Une réprobation générale à son endroit s'accompagne souvent de plaidoyers favorables pour des situations particulières. De fait, à y regarder de plus près, la nature précise du mensonge ne paraît pas si aisée à expliciter, ce qui jette une certaine confusion autour de toutes les questions qu'il peut susciter, notamment celle de son évaluation morale. Dans de telles conditions, il s'avère essentiel de tenter un examen visant à déchiffrer ce qu'est fondamentalement un mensonge, tant d'un point de vue « externe » - un discours consciemment feux - que d'un point de vue plus « interne » - une attitude assumée par l'être humain dans son existence concrète, avec toutes les implications que cela suppose. Par cette entreprise apparaîtra plus clairement le coeur du problème, et des éléments d'information pourront venir au jour à son sujet, pavant la voie à des questionnements ultérieurs.

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Fehlauer, Tércio Jacques. ""Un camino sin camino" : a epistemologia paradoxal da universidade "amawtay wasi" e o paradoxo indígena do desenvolvimento rural equatoriano." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/132916.

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Este texto acontece a partir do encontro às formas e forças do mundo andino-indígena equatoriano, em um contexto de emergência institucional da Universidade "Amawtay Wasi". Espécie de testemunho de inquietações e de questões que pedem passagem frente ao desejo de abertura às forças diferenciantes indígenas, à diferença como princípio de produção de outras subjetividades, outras escolhas e modos de viver. Ao acompanhar a constituição da Universidade "Amawtay Wasi" nos encontramos com um espaço de enunciação indígena e de afirmação de suas virtualidades e potências corporais, espaço de produção de um conhecimento aberto e atento aos poderes de criação e transformação do mundo (segundo expressões celebrativas, rituais e xamânicas do mundo andino). Este texto acontece, portanto, em múltiplas conexões às singularidades e aos paradoxos de uma "epistemologia" andina e suas interpelações à subjetividade moral da modernidade ocidental (colocando em evidência as imbricações ontológicas de saber e poder que nela se articula). Através dele, buscamos articular pontes de expressão para as tensões geradas, sejam pelos mecanismos estatais de captura e controle coercitivo da diferença indígena, sejam pelos modos de enunciação (por exemplo, em Sumak Kawsay, interculturalidade e plurinacionalidade), como modos de deslocamento (e resistência) indígena aos códigos e axiomas de transformação do Estado-nação equatoriano, sobretudo no seu principal operador semiótico, a idéia de desenvolvimento.
This work reflects the meeting of form and forces in the Ecuadorian Andean-indigenous world in the context of the institutional rise of the “Amawtay Wasi” University. It represents a number of concerns and issues arising from the opening of the indigenous' differentiating forces, to the difference as a production principle and other subjectivities as well as other choices and lifestyles. On accompanying the foundation of the “Amawtay Wasi” University, we observed a space for the indigenous people enunciation and affirmation of their virtualities and corporal potencies,and a space to produce open knowledge which attends to the power of creation and world transformation (according to the celebrative , ritual and shamanic expressions of the Andean world). This study is therefore connected to the singularities and paradoxes of an Andean “epistemology” and its interpelations to the moral subjectivity of the western modernity (highlighting the ontological imbrications of knowledge and power articulated in it). The aim of this work is to articulate links of expression to the tensions generated either by the State mechanisms of capture and coercive control of the indigenous peoples’ difference or by the enunciation modes (for instance in Sumak Kawsay, interculturalism and plurinationality), such as indigenous peoples’ dislocation methods (and resistance) to codes and transformation axioms of the Ecuadorian nation-State, especially in its main semiotic operator, the idea of development.

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Chauveau, Louis. "Imperfections des processus de choix sociaux : études des conflits électoraux." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CERG0857/document.

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Cette thèse a pour enjeu de traiter des paradoxes étudiés en théorie du choix social.Le paradoxe d'Ostrogorski sur deux axes programmatiques a été traité, notamment sa probabilité de réalisation par l'ajout d'un critère discriminant sur les axes au moment de réaliser le choix de l'électeur : une formule de calcul exacte a été mise au point pour des valeurs de population finies afin de mesurer son occurrence pour différents effectifs, et une borne maximale émerge autours de 0,085.Parmi, les différentes anomalies étudiées en théorie du choix social affectant le fonctionnement des démocraties, le paradoxe du référendum occupe une place particulière du fait de son observation assez récurrente dans l'histoire électorale récente.L'un des enjeux de cette thèse a été de déterminer une méthode utilisable pour mesurer précisément sa probabilité d'occurrence dans des conditions précises de taille du corps électoral et de découpage.Il a été notamment recherché un moyen de comparer sa fréquence selon le nombre de circonscriptions retenu.Une formule a ainsi été déterminée pour des découpage du corps électoral en 3, 5, 7 et 9 circonscriptions de taille homogène.Un second résultat de la thèse sur le même paradoxe a été d'abolir l'hypothèse d'homogénéité parfaite des effectifs des circonscriptions pour mesurer l'effet de leur variation sur la probabilité de conflit pour un découpage en 3 circonscriptions.Des pistes ultérieures de recherche ont également explorées, en particulier la possibilité d'abolir partiellement l'hypothèse de culture neutre avec un découpage en 3 circonscriptions.Il a également été procédé à un état des lieux des types d'architecture institutionnelle, dont une classification globale en quatre catégories a été établie.Il a été tenté de déterminer leur poids dans les conflits de pouvoirs observés dans certains pays, en ayant notamment recours à des résultats obtenus grâce au paradoxe du référendum
This thesis has aimed issues to deal with paradoxes studied in social choice theory.The Ostrogorski paradox with two programmatic axes was treated, including its achievement by adding a distinguishing criterion on the axes to realize the voter choice: an exact formula has been developed for a finite population to measure its occurrence for different numbers, and a effective maximum bound has emerged around 0.085.Among the various anomalies studied in social choice theory in the functioning of democracy, the referendum paradox holds a special place because of its fairly recurrent observation in recent electoral history.One of the stake of this thesis was to determine a suitable method to accurately measure its probability of occurrence in precise terms of size of the electorate and cutting.It was particularly sought a way to compare its frequency depending on the number of selected districts.A formula has been determined for cutting the electorate in 3, 5, 7 and 9 homogeneous size constituencies.A second result of the thesis on the same paradox was to relax the perfect homogeneity assumption on the constituencies size to measure the effect of their variation on the likelihood of conflict for a division into 3 districts.Subsequent research directions have also explored the possibility to partially abolish the assumption of impartial culture with a division into three districts.An inventory has been also conducted of the institutional architecture types.A comprehensive four-category classification was established, and we have tried to determine their weight in conflicts of powers observed in some countries,in particular using results deduced from the referendum paradox

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Naveau, Etienne. "Le probleme du paradoxe chez pascal." Nantes, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NANT3015.

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La forme du paradoxe occupe une place centrale dans l'oeuvre de pascal. Elle assure le lien entre ses preoccupations rhetoriques, scientifiques et religieuses. Cette etude s'efforce de situer le traitement pascalien du probleme par rapport a deux autres pensees du paradoxe : celle de russell (approche logique) et celle de kierkegaard (approche religieuse). La premiere partie du travail s'efforce de proposer une definition formelle de paradoxes que pascal emprunte avant tout a la tradition sceptique, et qui visent d'abord a mettre en question l'ideal cartesien de systematicite. Les paradoxes pascaliens sont soit des verites (scientifiques ou religieuses) qui heurtent un sens commun qu'elles incitent a depasser, soit des contradictions pragmatiques destinees a refuter un adversaire eventuel. La seconde partie de la these situe le paradoxe au plan anthropologique. L'effondrement du systeme du monde fait emerger une subjectivite souffrante, que le paradoxe confronte a des problemes existentiels (verite, bonheur et liberte) qu'elle ne peut resoudre a elle seule. Le probleme du paradoxe conduirait-il alors a l'acceptation d'un paradoxe d'ordre superieur : le paradoxe christologique qu'accentue la conception protestante du salut par la grace ? la troisieme partie, consacree a la solution theologique des paradoxes, montre precisement que pascal evite ce type d'approches en resolvant le paradoxe au moyen d'une hierarchie (celle des "trois ordres") dont il est la perversion.

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de, Toro Alfonso. "Paradoja o rizoma?" Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-159238.

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En el año 1992 se publicó un importante libro, editado por Paul Geyer y Roland Hagenbüchle con el título Das Paradox. Eine Herausforderung des abendländischen Denkens, donde el fenómeno de la paradoja se describe como parte integral de la postmodernidad y de la obra de Borges. Estas constataciones me llamaron la atención en esta formulación tan general ya que la paradoja se encuentra en los presocráticos - como los participantes del volumen muy bien saben -, y las descripciones y razones que los autores dan para su lugar privilegiado en la postmodernidad como en la obra de Borges me parecieron dignas de algunas breves reflexiones.

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BRENELIERE, PATRICE. "Le paradoxe d'hippocrate." Nice, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NICE6069.

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Mercader, Patricia. "Le paradoxe transexuel." Lyon 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO20014.

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La notion de transsexualisme est construite après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Elle permet de justifier les pratiques chirurgicales et juridiques désignées sous le terme fallacieux de "changement de sexe", pratiques dont l'origine est la castration prétendument thérapeutique des inverti(e)s, au début du XXème siècle. Le "changement de sexe" fonctionne comme une offre sociale, et le transsexualisme comme une carrière. Les sujets qui s'engagent dans cette carrière sont ceux qui, compte tenu de leurs conflits psychiques, prennent cette offre comme une sollicitation directe : si c'est "possible", ils sont acculés à le faire. Leur conviction d'être et l'autre sexe se construit à partir du désir de changer de sexe, écrasant, à mesure que le sujet avance dans la filière, les ambivalences qui ont marqué les périodes plus anciennes de sa vie. Après une revue des différentes théorisations, sociales et psychologiques, du transsexualisme, la jurisprudence francaise de 1965 à 1989 et les autobiographies publiées par des transsexuel(le)s sont utilisées pour mettre en évidence les représentations sociales qui entourent et organisent la notion de "changement de sexe". Neuf études cliniques, fondées sur des interviews semi-directives, permettent de dégager les lignes principales de la dynamique psychique des sujets qui demandent à changer de sexe
The notion of transsexualism was constructed after World War II. It has been used since then to justify the surgical and juridical practices fallaciously called "change of sex". It was originated from the inverts allegedly therapeutic castration at the beginning of the XXth century "change of sex" functions as a social offer, and transsexualism as a carreer. The ones who undertake this carreer are the ones who are driven by their psychic conflicts into understanding the "change of sex" offer as a direct solicitation : if it can be done, they have to do it. Progressively, as they move forward in the carreer, their desire to belong to the opposite gender turns into a belief they do. This belief replaces their previous ambivalence. After a review of the social and psychological theories about transsexualism, french jurisprudence from 1965 to 1989 and autobiographies transsexuals published are used to show what social representations surround and organise the notion of "change of sex". Nine clinical studies, based on interviews, are then used to drax a psychological profile of the men and women who become transsexuals

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Bollecker, Gilles. "La prise en compte des paradoxes organisationnels dans la conduite du changement : le cas d'une organisation de service public évoluant vers le modèle marchand." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAB001.

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Dans le contexte actuel, les organisations sont soumises à des bouleversements constants et confrontées de manière croissante à des objectifs contradictoires. Le secteur public ne fait pas exception, notamment dans le cadre du nouveau management public qui amène les organisations publiques à transposer des principes de gestion issus du secteur privé et à faire face à de nombreux paradoxes. Pour Morgan (2007), si le paradoxe est une des forces majeures qui font retarder le changement à tous les paliers de l’organisation, tendant à l’immobilisation, tant sur le plan psychologique que sur celui de l’action, il peut se transformer en important levier de changement. L’approche par étude de cas retenue dans le cadre de la présente recherche, nous amène à nous intéresser à un organisme de service public contraint suite à d’importantes réformes réglementaires à évoluer vers le modèle marchand. La confrontation de deux logiques antagonistes, celle d’une culture de moyens longtemps entretenue par le régime de la subvention et celle d’une culture de résultat, incontournable dans le contexte de la mise en concurrence, se manifeste à tous les niveaux de l’organisation. Après nous être attaché à mieux comprendre l’émergence et la dynamique des paradoxes organisationnels en analysant leur évolution à des périodes clés de la vie de l’organisation, nous nous intéressons aux mécanismes de transmission et aux effets des tensions contradictoires sur les acteurs de l’organisation. Nous proposons ensuite, dans le cadre d’une approche de recherche-action, des pistes permettant à l’organisation de tirer profit de ces tensions contradictoires plutôt que d’en subir leurs effets dysfonctionnants
21st Century organizations encounter continuous change and are increasingly confronted with contradictory objectives. The public sector is no exception particularly in the context of new public management that results in public organizations implementing management principles originating from the private sector which lead to paradoxical outcomes. If paradox is one of the major forces constraining change at all levels of an organization, including both a psychological and action level, it can however according to Morgan (2007) be alternatively transformed into a major lever or catalyst for change. This research focuses on a case study of a public service organization confronting market pressure and examines the confrontation of two contrasting approaches, the first being one of long term objectives supported by a regime of subsidies, as opposed to a second approach consisting of short term objectives, that are self-financing and results orientated. After investigating the emergence and the dynamics of organizational paradoxes at critical periods in the evolution of the organization we focus on the transmission mechanisms and effects of conflicting tensions on the actors of the organization. We then suggest, through an action research approach, ways that enable organizations to take advantage of these conflicting tensions rather than suffer their dysfunctional effects

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Boulet, Michaël. "Les avatars de la déclamation à la Renaissance." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20018.

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Ce travail vise à proposer une définition opératoire de la déclamation du XVIème siècle, à étudier son évolution durant la période et à examiner ses manifestations dans certains textes littéraires. La première partie est constituée d'une sorte de recherche archéologique : qu'est-ce exactement que les Romains appelaient une "declamatio" ? Comment cet exercice a-t-il évolué durant la deuxième sophistique ? Qu'est-ce que les humanistes de la Renaissance appellent ainsi, apprécient et essayent d'imiter ? La seconde partie propose plusieurs analyses de déclamations humanistes, en vue d'en formuler une définition précise et pratique. Une conclusion synthétique rassemble ses principaux caractères, et propose un aperçu de ses enjeux. La troisième et dernière partie cherche des traces de déclamation, ou de bribes de déclamations, dans les textes qui ne sont pas spécifiquement oratoires. La diffusion de la déclamation dans la sphère littéraire est peut-être un indice de son importance dans la pensée et dans les pratiques d'écriture des Humanistes
This work aims at giving a definition of 'declamation' in the 16th century and at studying its evolution and its manifestations in a few literary texts. The first part is a kind of archeological research: what did exactly the Romans call 'declamatio'? How did this exercise evolve during the second sophistic period? What did the humanists of the Renaissance call so, appreciate and try to imitate? The second part will examine a variety of analyses on humanists' 'declamation' so as to propose an accurate and practical definition of the humanist 'declamation'. A synthetic conclusion will gather its main characteristics and will present a view of the issues. The third and last part will search for the presence of 'declamation', or part of it, in non-rethoric texts. The spreading of 'declamation' in the literary sphere may give an indication of its importance in the mind and in the writing practices of the Humanists

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paradoxen'

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