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Journal articles on the topic 'Parafasia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Souza-Cruz, Thalita Cristina, and Diana Michaela Amaral Bocatto. "Produção de parafasias e paralexias e sua relação com as “Dificuldades de Encontrar Palavras” (Word Finding Difficulties)." Estudos Linguísticos (São Paulo. 1978) 46, no. 2 (2017): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.21165/el.v46i2.1800.

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Este artigo resulta de duas pesquisas abrigadas pelo Grupo de Estudos da Linguagem no Envelhecimento e nas Patologias (GELEP), desenvolvidas em nível de Doutorado e de Mestrado e visa discutir as dificuldades de encontrar palavras e sua relação com as parafasias e as paralexias. Esses fenômenos linguístico-cognitivos dão visibilidade aos processos de seleção e organização semântico-lexical e estão frequentemente relacionados às afasias. Caracterizam-se como a substituição de uma palavra pretendida por outra, em contextos orais (parafasia) e de leitura (paralexia). Pesquisas desenvolvidas no âm

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2

Fitta García, José de Jesús. "Evidencia de morfología flexiva en las parafasias literales y neologismos producidos en un tipo de afasia. Estudio de caso." Cuadernos de Lingüística de El Colegio de México 8 (June 22, 2021): 1–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/clecm.v8i0.183.

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El estudio de la morfología flexiva se ha centrado principalmente en las afasias de Broca y de Wernicke y se ha concluido que existe un daño diferenciado, el primer tipo de afasia presenta alteraciones en los afijos flexivos, pero no en la raíz léxica, mientras que el segundo presenta el patrón contrario (Ullman et al.1997). Nuestra investigación ahonda en estas descripciones, por lo que analizamos los morfemas flexivos que ocurren en: (i) nombres y verbos que presentan alguna parafasia y (ii) en neologismos nominales y verbales, producidos por un paciente con afasia acústico-mnésica. Este sín

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3

Soto-Perez, Jaseph. "Inhibitory mechanisms control active expiration by limiting parafacial expiratory drive." Journal of Neurophysiology 125, no. 3 (2021): 858–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00507.2020.

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Activity of parafacial neurons that control active expiration is heavily dependent on tonic and CO2/H+-dependent excitatory and inhibitory inputs from yet poorly defined sources. Contrary to the idea that CO2/H+ disinhibits parafacial expiratory neurons, the recent work of J. D. Silva et al. (Silva JD, Oliveira LM, Souza FC, Moreira TS, Takakura AC. J Neurophysiol 123: 1933–1943, 2020) suggests that GABAergic raphe neurons preferentially limit expiratory activity during high CO2. Here, I discuss these findings and propose a model where GABAergic raphe neurons function as CO2/H+-dependent break

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4

Guyenet, Patrice G., and Daniel K. Mulkey. "Retrotrapezoid nucleus and parafacial respiratory group." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 173, no. 3 (2010): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2010.02.005.

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5

Boutin, Rozlyn C. T., Zaki Alsahafi, and Silvia Pagliardini. "Cholinergic modulation of the parafacial respiratory group." Journal of Physiology 595, no. 4 (2016): 1377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp273012.

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6

Laganaro, Marina, and Anita Arrieta. "Representaciones fonológicas y fonémicas postléxicales en una afasia de conducción." Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 24, no. 2 (2015): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v24i2.20942.

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Los modelos clásicos de producción de palabras proponen que después de la etapa de activación de una representación semántica, sigue el proceso de activación léxico-fonológico. La observación de las transformaciones parafásicas en algunos tipos de afasia, lleva a suponer que el proceso de activación de la representación léxico-fonológica incluye, por lo menos, dos niveles.El presente artículo estudia estos procesos de activación de la representación fonológica en la producción oral de palabras, basándose para ello en la observación de una paciente afásica hispanófona que produce parafasias fon

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7

Jansen, Jeroen J., Rasmus Bro, Huub C. J. Hoefsloot, Frans W. J. van den Berg, Johan A. Westerhuis, and Age K. Smilde. "PARAFASCA: ASCA combined with PARAFAC for the analysis of metabolic fingerprinting data." Journal of Chemometrics 22, no. 2 (2008): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1105.

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8

Silva, Josiane do N., Luiz M. Oliveira, Felipe C. Souza, Thiago S. Moreira, and Ana C. Takakura. "GABAergic neurons of the medullary raphe regulate active expiration during hypercapnia." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 5 (2020): 1933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00698.2019.

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Medullary raphe has been involved in the inspiratory response to central chemoreflex; however, these reports have never addressed the role of raphe neurons on active expiration induced by hypercapnia. Here, we showed that a subset of GABA cells within the medullary raphe directly project to the parafacial respiratory region, modulating active expiration under high levels of CO2.

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9

Novaes, Rosana do Carmo. "Qualitative Research in Neurolinguistics: the case of Word Finding Difficulties and related phenomena." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 60, no. 2 (2018): 425–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v60i2.8653310.

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Este artigo visa apresentar e discutir fenômenos relacionados às chamadas "Dificuldades de Encontrar Palavras" (WFD), dentre os quais a produção de fala telegráfica, de parafasias, de paralexias, as palavras na ponta da língua (da expressão em inglês: Tip-of-the tongue - TOT) e a emergência desses fenômenos nos processos de envelhecimento normal. Em contraste com a abordagem quantitativa e estatística dessas questões, por meio de instrumentos psicométricos, argumentamos a favor da análise qualitativa de episódios dialógicos, buscando uma melhor compreensão do funcionamento semântico-lexical. O

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10

Fortuna, M. G., G. H. West, R. L. Stornetta, and P. G. Guyenet. "Botzinger Expiratory-Augmenting Neurons and the Parafacial Respiratory Group." Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 10 (2008): 2506–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5595-07.2008.

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11

Sakai, K. "Are there Sleep-promoting Neurons in the Mouse Parafacial Zone?" Neuroscience 367 (December 2017): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.026.

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12

Pisanski, Annette, and Silvia Pagliardini. "The parafacial respiratory group and the control of active expiration." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 265 (July 2019): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2018.06.010.

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13

Huckstepp, Robert T. R., Kathryn P. Cardoza, Lauren E. Henderson, and Jack L. Feldman. "Distinct parafacial regions in control of breathing in adult rats." PLOS ONE 13, no. 8 (2018): e0201485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201485.

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14

Saquisela, Víctor V., and Elliot Barreto. "Afasia Paroxismal: Epilepsia focal por cisticercosis cerebral, reporte de un caso." Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatria 78, no. 3 (2015): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.20453/rnp.v78i3.2574.

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Se reporta el caso de un paciente varón de 63 años; natural y procedente de Juliaca, que ingresó por un cuadro de episodios paroxismales de afasia transitoria, de 2 minutos de duración asociado a cefalea, sin trastorno deconciencia. No antecedentes de epilepsia, ni otros antecedentes patológicos. Al examen físico se evidenció episodios de parafasias semánticas y literales transitorias, de 1-2 minutos de duración. Los hallazgos de la tomografía cerebral y de la resonancia de encéfalo mostraron imágenes quísticas confluentes en valle silviano izquierdo de aspecto racemoso además de quistes vesic

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15

Onimaru, Hiroshi, Keiko Ikeda, and Kiyoshi Kawakami. "Postsynaptic mechanisms of CO2 responses in parafacial neurons of newborn rats." Neuroscience Research 68 (January 2010): e167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2315.

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16

Huckstepp, R. T. R., K. P. Cardoza, L. E. Henderson, and J. L. Feldman. "Role of Parafacial Nuclei in Control of Breathing in Adult Rats." Journal of Neuroscience 35, no. 3 (2015): 1052–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2953-14.2015.

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17

De Luca, Roberto, Rebecca Y. Broadhurst, Patrick M. Fuller, and Elda Arrigoni. "0141 Ascending Projections From Parafacial Zone To The Medial Parabrachial Neurons." Sleep 42, Supplement_1 (2019): A58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz067.140.

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18

Onimaru, Hiroshi, Keiko Ikeda, and Kiyoshi Kawakami. "Postsynaptic mechanisms of CO2responses in parafacial respiratory neurons of newborn rats." Journal of Physiology 590, no. 7 (2012): 1615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.222687.

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19

LIMEIRA-DE-OLIVEIRA, FRANCISCO, DAYSE WILLKENIA A. MARQUES, STEPHEN D. GAIMARI, and JOSÉ A. RAFAEL. "A new genus and species of odiniids (Diptera: Odiniidae) from the canopy of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest." Zootaxa 4801, no. 1 (2020): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4801.1.8.

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Umbodinia bella gen. nov. et sp. nov. is described and illustrated from specimens collected in the canopy of an ombrophilous Amazonian forest, Manaus, Brazil. The genus is characterized by a unique combination of diagnostic features: body predominantly yellow; frons with two shiny dark brown to black lobules in lower corners, between the lunule and eye margins; lunule high-arched with two subtriangular spots covered with black pubescence; parafacial with tufts of long and strong setae, almost as long and stout as the fronto-orbital setae; and anepisternum with setulae dorsally and posteriorly,

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20

Guisset, Séverine, Manon Martin, and Bernadette Govaerts. "Comparison of PARAFASCA, AComDim, and AMOPLS approaches in the multivariate GLM modelling of multi-factorial designs." Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 184 (January 2019): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2018.11.006.

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21

Takakura, Ana C., Thiago S. Moreira, Patrícia M. De Paula, José V. Menani, and Eduardo Colombari. "Control of breathing and blood pressure by parafacial neurons in conscious rats." Experimental Physiology 98, no. 1 (2012): 304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2012.065128.

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22

Thoby-Brisson, Muriel, Mattias Karlén, Ning Wu, Patrick Charnay, Jean Champagnat, and Gilles Fortin. "Genetic identification of an embryonic parafacial oscillator coupling to the preBötzinger complex." Nature Neuroscience 12, no. 8 (2009): 1028–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2354.

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23

Anaclet, Christelle, Loris Ferrari, Elda Arrigoni, et al. "The GABAergic parafacial zone is a medullary slow wave sleep–promoting center." Nature Neuroscience 17, no. 9 (2014): 1217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.3789.

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24

Coutinho, A. P. "Induction of a Parafacial Rhythm Generator by Rhombomere 3 in the Chick Embryo." Journal of Neuroscience 24, no. 42 (2004): 9383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2408-04.2004.

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25

Onimaru, Hiroshi, Shiro Nakamura, Keiko Ikeda, Kiyoshi Kawakami, and Tomio Inoue. "Confocal calcium imaging analysis of respiratory-related burst activity in the parafacial region." Brain Research Bulletin 139 (May 2018): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.01.013.

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26

Anaclet, Christelle, Loris Ferrari, Elda Arrigoni, et al. "Erratum: Corrigendum: The GABAergic parafacial zone is a medullary slow wave sleep–promoting center." Nature Neuroscience 17, no. 12 (2014): 1841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1214-1841d.

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27

Biancardi, Vivian, Jashan Saini, Anileen Pageni, Hema Prashaad Mani, Gregory Douglas Funk, and Silvia Pagliardini. "Retrograde projections to the expiratory oscillator, the parafacial respiratory group, in adult male rats." FASEB Journal 34, S1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.07231.

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28

Silva, Josiane N., Luiz M. Oliveira, Felipe C. Souza, Thiago S. Moreira, and Ana C. Takakura. "Distinct pathways to the parafacial respiratory group to trigger active expiration in adult rats." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 317, no. 3 (2019): L402—L413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00467.2018.

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Active expiration (AE) is part of the breathing phase; it is conditional and occurs when we increase our metabolic demand, such as during hypercapnia, hypoxia, or exercise. The parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) is involved in AE. Data from the literature suggest that excitatory and the absence of inhibitory inputs to the pFRG are necessary to determine AE. However, the source of the inputs to the pFRG that trigger AE remains unclear. We show in adult urethane-anesthetized Wistar rats that the pharmacological inhibition of the medial aspect of the nucleus of the solitary tract (mNTS) or the r

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29

Vedyasova, O. A., and T. E. Kovaleva. "Role of GABAA Receptors of Parafacial Respiratory Group in Control of Respiration in Rats." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 165, no. 6 (2018): 711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10517-018-4248-x.

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30

Takakura, Ana C., Milene R. Malheiros-Lima, and Thiago S. Moreira. "Excitatory and inhibitory modulation of parafacial respiratory neurons in the control of active expiration." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 289 (July 2021): 103657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2021.103657.

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31

Santos, Karoline Pimentel dos, Danieli Cristina Ribeiro, and Ana Paula Santana. "A fluência na afasia progressiva primária logopênica." Audiology - Communication Research 20, no. 3 (2015): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-acr-2015-1558.

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Esta pesquisa é um estudo de caso que tem como objetivo analisar, longitudinalmente, a fluência de um sujeito com Afasia Progressiva Primária (APP) Logopênica. O método de análise baseou-se em sete sessões de atendimento fonoaudiológico de uma paciente com 61 anos de idade, diagnosticada com APP. Os dados foram analisados de forma qualitativa, a partir da Neurolinguística Enunciativo-Discursiva. Os resultados sugerem que a paciente apresentava a variante Logopênica da APP, com as seguintes características: fala com estrutura gramatical reservada, manutenção da compreensão de palavras isoladas

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32

Lavezzi, Anna Maria, and Luigi Matturri. "Hypoplasia of the Parafacial/Facial Complex: A Very Frequent Finding in Sudden Unexplained Fetal Death." Open Neuroscience Journal 2, no. 1 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874082000802010001.

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33

Silva, Josiane N., Fabiola M. Tanabe, Thiago S. Moreira, and Ana C. Takakura. "Neuroanatomical and physiological evidence that the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial region regulates expiration in adult rats." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 227 (June 2016): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2016.02.005.

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34

de Britto, Alan A., and Davi J. A. Moraes. "Non-chemosensitive parafacial neurons simultaneously regulate active expiration and airway patency under hypercapnia in rats." Journal of Physiology 595, no. 6 (2017): 2043–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp273335.

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35

Sugiyama, Yoichiro, Keisuke Shiba, Shigeyuki Mukudai, Toshiro Umezaki, Hirofumi Sakaguchi, and Yasuo Hisa. "Role of the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group in coughing and swallowing in guinea pigs." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 3 (2015): 1792–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00332.2015.

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The retrotrapezoid/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG) located ventral to the facial nucleus plays a key role in regulating breathing, especially enhanced expiratory activity during hypercapnic conditions. To clarify the roles of the RTN/pFRG region in evoking coughing, during which reflexive enhanced expiration is produced, and in swallowing, during which the expiratory activity is consistently halted, we recorded extracellular activity from RTN/pFRG neurons during these fictive behaviors in decerebrate, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated guinea pigs. The activity of the majority of r

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36

Onimaru, H., K. Ikeda, and K. Kawakami. "CO2-Sensitive Preinspiratory Neurons of the Parafacial Respiratory Group Express Phox2b in the Neonatal Rat." Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 48 (2008): 12845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3625-08.2008.

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37

Alam, M., A. Kostin, D. McGinty, R. Szymusiak, J. Siegel, and N. Alam. "0105 EXTRACELLULAR DISCHARGE ACTIVITY PROFILES OF PARAFACIAL ZONE NEURONS ACROSS SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE IN RATS." Sleep 40, suppl_1 (2017): A39—A40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.104.

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38

Kovaleva, T. E., and O. A. Vedyasova. "Participation of GABAB Receptors of Parafacial Respiratory Group in the Regulation of Respiration in Rats." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 168, no. 1 (2019): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10517-019-04637-3.

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39

Levy, Jonathan, François Droz‐Bartholet, Melyna Achour, Patricia Facchinetti, Bernard Parratte, and François Giuliano. "Parafacial neurons in the human brainstem express specific markers for neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus." Journal of Comparative Neurology 529, no. 13 (2021): 3313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.25191.

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40

Barnett, William H., Sarah E. M. Jenkin, William K. Milsom, et al. "The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus orchestrates the timing of expiratory abdominal nerve bursting." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 2 (2018): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00499.2017.

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Coordination of respiratory pump and valve muscle activity is essential for normal breathing. A hallmark respiratory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia is the emergence of active exhalation, characterized by abdominal muscle pumping during the late one-third of expiration (late-E phase). Late-E abdominal activity during hypercapnia has been attributed to the activation of expiratory neurons located within the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG). However, the mechanisms that control emergence of active exhalation, and its silencing in restful breathing, are not completely understood. We hypoth

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41

Abbott, S. B. G., R. L. Stornetta, M. B. Coates, and P. G. Guyenet. "Phox2b-Expressing Neurons of the Parafacial Region Regulate Breathing Rate, Inspiration, and Expiration in Conscious Rats." Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 45 (2011): 16410–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3280-11.2011.

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42

Ott, Mackenzie M., Sarah C. Nuding, Lauren S. Segers, Bruce G. Lindsey, and Kendall F. Morris. "Ventrolateral medullary functional connectivity and the respiratory and central chemoreceptor-evoked modulation of retrotrapezoid-parafacial neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 6 (2011): 2960–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00262.2010.

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The medullary ventral respiratory column (VRC) of neurons is essential for respiratory motor pattern generation; however, the functional connections among these cells are not well understood. A rostral extension of the VRC, including the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial region (RTN-pF), contains neurons responsive to local perturbations of CO2/pH. We addressed the hypothesis that both local RTN-pF interactions and functional connections from more caudal VRC compartments—extending from the Bötzinger and pre-Bötzinger complexes to the ventral respiratory group (Böt-VRG)—influence the respirator

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43

Onimaru, Hiroshi, and Mathias Dutschmann. "Calcium imaging of neuronal activity in the most rostral parafacial respiratory group of the newborn rat." Journal of Physiological Sciences 62, no. 1 (2011): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12576-011-0179-2.

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44

Anderson, Tatiana M., and Jan-Marino Ramirez. "Respiratory rhythm generation: triple oscillator hypothesis." F1000Research 6 (February 14, 2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10193.1.

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Breathing is vital for survival but also interesting from the perspective of rhythm generation. This rhythmic behavior is generated within the brainstem and is thought to emerge through the interaction between independent oscillatory neuronal networks. In mammals, breathing is composed of three phases – inspiration, post-inspiration, and active expiration – and this article discusses the concept that each phase is generated by anatomically distinct rhythm-generating networks: the preBötzinger complex (preBötC), the post-inspiratory complex (PiCo), and the lateral parafacial nucleus (pFL), resp

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45

Bautista, Tara G., Angelina Y. Fong, Paul M. Pilowsky, et al. "The Expression of Galanin in the Parafacial Respiratory Group and its Effects on Respiration in Neonatal Rats." Neuroscience 384 (August 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.009.

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46

Su, Yun-Ting, Meng-Yang Gu, Xi Chu, Xiang Feng, and Yan-Qin Yu. "Whole-Brain Mapping of Direct Inputs to and Axonal Projections from GABAergic Neurons in the Parafacial Zone." Neuroscience Bulletin 34, no. 3 (2018): 485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12264-018-0216-8.

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47

Dubreuil, Véronique, Jacques Barhanin, Christo Goridis, and Jean-François Brunet. "Breathing with Phox2b." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1529 (2009): 2477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0085.

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In the last few years, elucidation of the architecture of breathing control centres has reached the cellular level. This has been facilitated by increasing knowledge of the molecular signatures of various classes of hindbrain neurons. Here, we review the advances achieved by studying the homeodomain factor Phox2b , a transcriptional determinant of neuronal identity in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Evidence from human genetics, neurophysiology and mouse reverse genetics converges to implicate a small population of Phox2b -dependent neurons, located in the retrotrapezoid nucleus, i

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48

Enireb-García, María D., Fernando J. Jachero-Ochoa, and Viviana P. Patiño-Zambrano. "La logopedia, procesos y funciones del lenguaje y comunicación humana." Polo del Conocimiento 2, no. 7 (2017): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.23857/pc.v2i7.236.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">Elaborar un plan de intervención logopédica que contribuya en la mejora de los procesos y funciones del lenguaje y la comunicación, de las personas con alteración del lenguaje, causado por un accidente cerebro vascular (ACV), también llamado ictus; que asisten al Centro de Atención a la Comunidad de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, de la UG. El ACV es una discapacidad multicausal de gran alcance biopsicosocial, como lo revelan las estadísticas expuestas en los diferentes países. El estudio de caso que se presenta se realizó en un paciente de 51 años, con a

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49

Lei, Fang, Wen Wang, Yating Fu, Ji Wang, and Yu Zheng. "Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in parafacial respiratory group induced by maternal cigarette smoke exposure in rat offspring." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 129 (December 2018): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.003.

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Zoccal, Daniel B., Josiane N. Silva, William H. Barnett, et al. "Interaction between the retrotrapezoid nucleus and the parafacial respiratory group to regulate active expiration and sympathetic activity in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 315, no. 5 (2018): L891—L909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00011.2018.

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Abstract:

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains chemosensitive cells that distribute CO2-dependent excitatory drive to the respiratory network. This drive facilitates the function of the respiratory central pattern generator (rCPG) and increases sympathetic activity. It is also evidenced that during hypercapnia, the late-expiratory (late-E) oscillator in the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) is activated and determines the emergence of active expiration. However, it remains unclear the microcircuitry responsible for the distribution of the excitatory signals to the pFRG and the rCPG in conditions

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