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Journal articles on the topic 'Paraguayan'
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1
Peris, Carlos. "Sociology in Paraguay." International Sociology 32, no. 5 (September 2017): 587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580917725233.
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Sociology has been taught in Paraguay since 1900. In those years, it was included in the training of other humanities, such as law. Despite this early appearance, the education of sociology is now only 30 years old and exhibits an evolutionary lethargy. The discipline was institutionalized not because it was taught as a major course of study, but because of the publication of two national journals that have existed for more than four decades: Revista Paraguaya de Sociología (Paraguayan Journal of Sociology) and Estudios Paraguayos (Paraguayan Studies). These were the means through which the first sociological articles appeared and currently remain principal channels of knowledge in the field. The objective of this essay is to describe national sociological academic production by analyzing the last five issues of both publications. The classification of topics, methodologies, approaches, use of bibliographies, and types of articles was carried out using hand-coded qualitative text analysis.
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Wilcox, Robert. "Agrarian Nationalism or “Imperial” Science? “El Sabio” Moisés S. Bertoni and Paraguayan Agricultural Science." Historia Ambiental Latinoamericana y Caribeña (HALAC) revista de la Solcha 10, no. 2 (May 6, 2020): 194–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.32991/2237-2717.2020v10i2.p194-222.
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Abstract: As a contribution to recent discourse over the practice of natural science in Latin America’s liberal years, this paper examines Swiss-born botanist Moisés S. Bertoni’s place in Paraguay’s agricultural development following the Paraguayan War (1864-70). The war forced leaders in a devastated Paraguay to promote the immigration of European scientific experts and farmers, with the expectation that their knowledge of modern agricultural science and practice would revitalize the nation’s agriculture and lift Paraguay out of its poverty. From the late nineteenth century Bertoni’s work and knowledge of Paraguay’s tropical and semi-tropical climate and botany shaped much of Paraguayan agricultural policy and practice. And while his contributions were influential in understanding the nation’s environment and agriculture, what is unclear is how much his approach was the product of deliberate introduction of European agricultural science or the result of autochthonous experience and his own trial and error.
Keywords: agricultural science; natural science; Paraguay; tropical climate
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Wilcox, Robert. "Agrarian Nationalism or “Imperial” Science? “El Sabio” Moisés S. Bertoni and Paraguayan Agricultural Science." Historia Ambiental Latinoamericana y Caribeña (HALAC) revista de la Solcha 10, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 194–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.32991/2237-2717.2020v10i1.p194-222.
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As a contribution to recent discourse over the practice of natural science in Latin America’s liberal years, this paper examines Swiss-born botanist Moisés S. Bertoni’s place in Paraguay’s agricultural development following the Paraguayan War (1864-70). The war forced leaders in a devastated Paraguay to promote the immigration of European scientific experts and farmers, with the expectation that their knowledge of modern agricultural science and practice would revitalize the nation’s agriculture and lift Paraguay out of its poverty. From the late nineteenth century Bertoni’s work and knowledge of Paraguay’s tropical and semi-tropical climate and botany shaped much of Paraguayan agricultural policy and practice. And while his contributions were influential in understanding the nation’s environment and agriculture, what is unclear is how much his approach was the product of deliberate introduction of European agricultural science or the result of autochthonous experience and his own trial and error.
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WILD, ALEXANDER L. "A catalogue of the ants of Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Zootaxa 1622, no. 1 (October 26, 2007): 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1622.1.1.
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The ant communities of the Paraná River drainage in South America have spawned several major invasive species and a number of cosmopolitan tramp species, including the fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren and the Argentine ant Linepithema humile (Mayr). Paraguay sits at the center of the Paraná drainage but hosts one of the most poorly-documented ant faunas in the Neotropics, imposing a taxonomic impediment to ant studies in the region. In order to establish a baseline of knowledge about Paraguay’s myrmecofauna, I surveyed nineteen entomological collections and the published literature for records of Paraguayan ants. The resulting catalogue lists 541 ant species, 423 of which could be associated with available names. The Chao-2 estimate of species richness, calculated from the incidence of uniques and doubletons, estimates that the total ant species richness for Paraguay is 698 +/35, suggesting that the catalogue is about 80% complete and more than 100 species remain to be discovered. The Paraguayan ant fauna is characterized by many typical Neotropical elements but shows low endemism, an elevated diversity of attine ants, and only six non-native species. No new taxa are described here, but 40 taxonomic changes are introduced to clean antiquated trinomials from the fauna. The history of Paraguayan myrmecology is discussed, and a reference list is provided for species-level identifications.
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Ellis, R. Evan. "The Paraguayan Military and the Struggle Against Organized Crime and Insecurity." Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas Avançadas do Terceiro Setor 2, no. 2 (August 18, 2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.31501/repats.v2i2.10405.
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In October 2018, Paraguayan security forces successfully foiled two attempts to free “Marcelo Piloto,” a local leader of the Brazilian criminal gang Comando Vermelho (CV) from Agrupación Especializada, a military prison in the capital Asuncion. The sophistication of the plots, which included a car bomb and assault rifles,[1] illustrates the evolution of the threat in Paraguay from transnational organized crime. At the same time, the successful resolution of the attempts, including intervention by the Paraguayan police special forces organization FOPE, illustrates some progress by Paraguayan security forces in addressing the organized crime challenge.
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Cooney, Jerry W. "Dubious Loyalty: The Paraguayan Struggle for the Parana Frontier, 1767-1777." Americas 55, no. 4 (April 1999): 561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008321.
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For nearly three centuries, the vecinos of colonial Paraguay defended Spanish interests in the Upper Plata. Turbulent as they were, protesting with violent regularity against unpopular governors and official policies, these “hijos del país” have traditionally been portrayed as the bedrock from which the Paraguayan people and identity sprang. Offspring of the Spanish conquerors of the 1500s and their guaraní consorts, the “mancebos de la tierra,” possessed the full rights of Europeans. They guarded their noble status jealously, while dominating the rural society of the province. With the passage of time their numbers increased, providing the manpower for Paraguay's eighteenth century frontier expansion. In the course of Paraguay's colonial development, vecinos bore the brunt of the militia defense of the province, “a su costa y minsión,” in an unrelenting struggle against nomadic Indians and the putative designs of neighboring Lusitanians.
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Parrado, Emilio A., and Marcela Cerrutti. "Labor Migration between Developing Countries: The Case of Paraguay and Argentina." International Migration Review 37, no. 1 (March 2003): 101–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00131.x.
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Despite the historical and numerical importance of international migration between Paraguay and Argentina, the socioeconomic forces affecting the dynamics of the flow remain largely unexplored. This article contributes to the understanding of migration movements between the Latin American countries by analyzing patterns of labor migration from two Paraguayan communities to Argentina. The analysis separates the process of migration into four segments representing different migration decisions that Paraguayan men face throughout their life course: first trip, first return, recurrent trips, and duration of additional trips. Results confirm that Paraguayan migration to Argentina is closely related to individual characteristics and wealth, the extent of migrant networks and experience, and changes in macroeconomic conditions. The relative importance of these factors on migration varies depending on the aspect of migration under consideration. More generally, the analysis shows that unlike migration between Mexico and the United States, Paraguayan migrants to Argentina tend to be positively selected with respect to educational attainment and skills. This reflects the higher transferability of skills between the two countries and the absence of large urban centers attracting internal migrants in Paraguay. In addition, results show that migration between Paraguay and Argentina is very responsive to fluctuations in macroeconomic conditions, particularly income differentials and peso over-valuation. Government policies oriented towards the regulation of migration flows in the Southern Cone should pay closer attention to the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on migration decisions, especially in the context of the Mercosur agreement.
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Broeder, Peter, and Michelle Schouten. "The Impact of Product Tagging on Trust and Purchase Intention: A cross-cultural perspective in visual e-commerce." CBR - Consumer Behavior Review 6, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 250595. http://dx.doi.org/10.51359/2526-7884.2022.250595.
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The present study aims to examine the opportunity of in-app shopping, more specifically, analyzing the influence of product tags and cultural background on consumers’ trust and purchase intention. For this purpose, a comparison was made between European and South American female consumers from two cultures: the Netherlands and Paraguay. A total of 225 subjects, 143 from the Dutch background and 82 from the Paraguayan background, participated in an experimental survey where they judged an Instagram product page (product tag: present vs. absent). The analysis of the results revealed that the Paraguayans had higher purchase intentions than the Dutch. Additionally, the presence of a text appeal in the visual product presentation had a direct positive effect on consumers’ purchase intentions and perceived trust in the shopping environment, for both the Dutch and Paraguayan cultural groups. In virtual web shops, perceiving trust is a decisive point for purchase intentions. This study contributes to the fast-growing investigations on social media effectiveness and visual marketing as an informative and persuasive tool. The findings pinpoint the synergic value of visual and textual cues of product presentation online in the atmospheric trust of in-app shopping.
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Ryzhkova, Valeriia S., and Alexandra G. Koval. "The Role of Trade Costs in the Russian-Paraguayan Trade Relations." Latin American Journal of Trade Policy 1, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2018.52139.
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The changed geopolitical situation and deterioration of Russia-West relations has induced the expansion of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and Latin American countries. Currently, Paraguay is explicitly showing its readiness to strengthen recently built trade relations with Russia. In order to fuel their increased mutual interest, it is crucial to struggle with impediments that hinder the trade between them. The export potential assessments demonstrate that Russia and Paraguay indeed have potential to intensify bilateral trade, even though the opportunities for export diversification are quite limited. The authors conduct a survey to identify the major trade costs and their role in the development of the Russian-Paraguayan trade relations. The survey findings reveal that transportation and logistics costs significantly impede the exports of both countries as well as information-related obstacles represent the top concern for Russian export companies, while non-tariff measures, language and cultural barriers are relevant for Paraguayan firms. In order to intensify the Russian-Paraguayan commercial relations, the policy makers could deal with these barriers via a higher exchange of market information through different institutional channels.
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Ribeiro, Livio Santos de Leite, and Vilma da Conceição Pinto. "Discrepancies in the Brazilian tobacco production chain: raw inputs, international trade and legal cigarette production." Tobacco Control 29, Suppl 5 (August 25, 2020): s310—s318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055265.
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BackgroundThe significant market share of illicit cigarettes in Brazil is well established in the literature, nonetheless lacking clarity in terms of its actual size. Paraguay has a paramount role in this discussion, acting both as a supplier of illegal tobacco products to Brazil and as buyer of inputs from Brazil. A proper analysis of the illicit cigarette market in Brazil necessarily involves a deeper discussion of the Paraguayan production chain and its interaction with the Brazilian market.MethodsInternational data were used to establish the bilateral legal trade pattern of tobacco-related products between Paraguay and Brazil, including inputs and final outputs. Inspired by the technical requirements methodology, available unmanufactured tobacco within Brazil was obtained by adding-up domestic production with net imports. Its historical behaviour was compared with legal cigarette production patterns within Brazil. Supposing rational agents, these two links of the Brazilian cigarette production chain should behave similarly: for lower final usage, less domestically available supply. Any discrepancies would suggest something abnormal in the production chain.ResultsBrazil is a relevant legal supplier of intermediate goods for the Paraguayan tobacco complex and has an irrelevant position as legal buyer of Paraguayan tobacco-related goods (either inputs or final goods). Paraguayan net imports of production inputs seem to be abnormally high for their legal needs. In Brazil, a clear discrepancy between domestically available unmanufactured tobacco (input) and tax-based cigarette production (output) emerged throughout the years and, even more striking, has been growing over the years.ConclusionsExcessive cigarette production inputs in Paraguay suggest a potential oversupply of cigarettes in that country—likely diverted to illicit trade. Likewise, discrepancies in the Brazilian tobacco production chain are also evidence of illicit tobacco trading in Brazil—not necessarily of final products. A deeper analysis of the Brazil/Paraguay tobacco supply chain would be welcomed given the likely operation of these two countries as a single ‘production/consumption hub’ of both legal and illegal products (either inputs or final tobacco products). Public policies should foster controls not only on cigarettes but also on raw inputs for their production.
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Gutiérrez, Analía. "Nivaĉle (shichaam lhavos variety)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 49, no. 3 (October 5, 2016): 401–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100316000335.
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Nivaĉle [niβaˈe] (ISO 639-3: cag) is a Mataguayan language spoken in the Argentinean and Paraguayan Chaco by approximately 16,350 speakers in Paraguay (DGEEC 2012) and 553 in Argentina (INDEC 2004–2005).
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V.B.R. "Paraguayan Bibliography." Americas 43, no. 3 (January 1987): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500053141.
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J.S.S. "Paraguayan Dictionary." Americas 50, no. 3 (January 1994): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500020988.
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J.S.S. "Paraguayan Publication." Americas 54, no. 1 (July 1997): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500025724.
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Smith, Paul. "What is Azara's (1805) No. 193 Suiriri pardo amarillo menor?" Holotipus 2, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53561/pgsl4753.
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Despite being well-described, Azara's No. 193 Suiriri pardo amarillo menor has never been conclusively identified. Indeed, during the 19th Century it was usually associated with species in the genus Myiarchus, despite the cup nest description provided being incompatible with that genus. In the early 20th Century it became associated with Elaenia obscura, and that has not been seriously questioned since. However, Paraguayan populations formerly attributed to E. obscura are now known as E. sordida, a species that is rare in Paraguay and incompatible with the original description. In this paper I argue that the true identity of No. 193 is Large Elaenia E. spectabilis (Pelzeln, 1868), a common species in Paraguay, and this error of understanding is responsible for many early 20th Century Paraguayan reports of E. obscura. Azara's description predates the type description of E. spectabilis by 63 years.
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Hetherington, Kregg. "Populist Transparency." Journal of Legal Anthropology 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2008): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jla.2008.010103.
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This article is an ethnographic account of the politics of transparency in Paraguay that focuses on the circulation of a particular binder full of photocopies from the land registry during Paraguay’s embattled “transition to democracy.” The concept of transparency posits a representational relationship between documents and reality – i.e. governments are transparent to the extent that they generate faithful and accessible documentary representations of their activities. The article suggests that the difficulty of creating a critical analysis of transparency has less to do with representations than with contention over what counts as reality. The Paraguayan case suggests that we might benefit from rethinking transparency through the logic of populism, in which reality is itself created in the relationship between leaders and their followers.
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Churukian, Araxie P. "The Juan Silvano Godoi Collection at the University of California, Riverside." Latin American Research Review 27, no. 1 (1992): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100016630.
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For scholars writing a history of a “developing” country, access to pertinent unpublished personal and official sources is so limited that some prominent historical figures are inadequately represented. Juan Silvano Godoi of Paraguay is no exception. Because of the inaccessibility of primary sources, publications on Paraguayan history have devoted little coverage to this major figure. To help fill this gap, the Special Collections Department of the University Library at the University of California, Riverside, has compiled an annotated list of Godoi's personal collection. The Godoi collection represents a crucial period of Paraguayan history, and to understand its importance, researchers must become aware of some of his activities between 1870 and 1926.
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Taber, Andrew B. "The status and conservation of the Chacoan peccary in Paraguay." Oryx 25, no. 3 (July 1991): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034177.
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The Chacoan peccary Catagonus wagneri is endemic to the dry thorn forest of the Gran Chaco of Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia. Since its discovery by scientists in the 1970s its population has declined due to overhunting, habitat destruction, and possibly disease. As of 1989 about 5000 individuals are estimated to survive in the Paraguayan Chaco. Small dispersed populations still exist in Argentina and Bolivia, but more information is needed on the status of this species in those two countries. In Paraguay, Chacoan peccaries have almost disappeared from the two national parks within their range and the only significant population exists in an area where there are no reserves. The survival of this species depends on enforcing regulations against hunting both within and outside the national parks, translocating animals to the parks, establishing a system of reserves on private land in critical areas, training of Paraguayan wildlife professionals, and environmental education.
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Escobar, Ticio. "The Clearing." Film Quarterly 70, no. 4 (2017): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2017.70.4.65.
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This article is the translation of an important critical review of Paz Encina's first feature film, Paraguayan Hammock (2006), by noted critic Ticio Escobar, originally published in Spanish as “El Claro,” in the book La cámara sin ley: Hamaca Paraguaya y la refundación globalizada del cine guaraní, edited by Alejo Magariños (Servilibro: Asunción, 2016), 19–24.
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Buzarquis, Enrique, Raúl Amarilla, Estela Riveros, and Félix Fernández. "Analysis of the Energy Sector in Paraguay. Energy Balance in terms of Useful Energy 2011." Journal of Energy Technology Research 1, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22496/jetr.v1i2.101.
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The present work focuses on the analysis of the Paraguayan energy sector starting from the first Energy Balance in Useful Energy of Paraguay, elaborated through a joint project between Itaipu Binacional and the Itaipu Technological Park Foundation - Paraguay, with the collaboration of the Bariloche Foundation - Argentina, taking as base year 2011. The analysis examines the situation of the Paraguayan energy sector in hydroelectric energy, as well as the other components of the Energy Mix. Through the study of the different sectors of energy consumption, these being Residential, Industrial, Transportation, Agriculture and Forestry, and Commercial, Services and Public. The paper also summarizes the energy efficiency initiatives that have been implemented in some sectors, as well as other measures that are expected to be implemented to encourage the rational use of energy in all its sources. Finally, as a complement, the main results of the update to the year 2013 of the Energy Balance in Useful Energy used for the elaboration of National Energy Prospective, basis for the formulation of the Energy Policy Paraguay 2040.
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Whigham, Thomas L., and Barbara Potthast. "The Paraguayan Rosetta Stone: New Insights into the Demographics of the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870." Latin American Research Review 34, no. 1 (1999): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100024341.
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AbstractThe demographics of the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) have long fascinated historicans and sociologists. If the oft-repeated tales of a 70 percent loss of life in Paraguay are accurate, then this war represents a singular case in modern history, one full of implications for students of militarism, gender, and culture. This study analyzes a newly discovered census from 1870 and reworks earlier censal materials. The authors conclude that the old stories of a steep loss of population during the war are basically correct.
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Land, Corinna. "Desperate Aspirations among Paraguayan Youths." Transfers 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2021.110203.
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This article explores how young Paraguayan migrants, returnees, and not-yet migrants negotiate contradicting aspirations and desperations that they attach to urban and rural spaces in the present and future. While a protracted crisis of small-scale agriculture in Paraguay increases pressure to migrate, the economic crisis in Argentina challenges the established migration trajectories between rural Paraguay and Buenos Aires. The article shows how young adults continuously weigh up current living conditions and future prospects both “here” and “there” and are torn between leaving, staying, or returning. Based on multi-sited ethnographic field research, it reconstructs the ways in which they navigate between four ambiguous aspirations: security, advancement, belonging, and attachment. Whereas rural out-migration of young people is often interpreted as a yearning for modern city life, the analysis reveals that both rural and urban areas are linked with aspirations as well as desperations.
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Cacciali, Pier, Emilio Buongermini, and Gunther Köhler. "Barcoding Analysis of Paraguayan Squamata." Diversity 11, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11090152.
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Paraguay is a key spot in the central region of South America where several ecoregions converge. Its fauna (and specifically its herpetofauna) is getting better studied than years before, but still there is a lack of information regarding molecular genetics, and barcoding analyses have proven to be an excellent tool in this matter. Here, we present results of a barcoding analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, providing valuable data for the scientific community in the region. We based our fieldwork in several areas of Paraguay. We analyzed 249 samples (142 sequenced by us) with a final alignment of 615 bp length. We identified some taxonomic incongruences that can be addressed based on our results. Furthermore, we identify groups, where collecting efforts and research activities should be reinforced. Even though we have some blanks in the geographical coverage of our analysis—and there is still a lot to do towards a better understanding of the taxonomy of the Paraguayan herpetofauna—here, we present the largest genetic dataset for the mitochondrial DNA gene 16S of reptiles (particularly, Squamata) from Paraguay, which can be used to solve taxonomic problems in the region.
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Corvalan, Jorge. "The Paraguayan financial system and Paraguay's experience in universal banking." Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 52, no. 2 (May 2012): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2011.12.011.
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Carter, Miguel. "The Role of the Paraguayan Catholic Church in the Downfall of the Stroessner Regime." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 32, no. 4 (1990): 67–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166116.
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The Coup d'Etat that overthrew General Alfredo Stroessner on the second night of February 1989 signaled the beginning of a new era for Paraguayan politics and the close of another chapter of Latin American caudillismo. He was replaced by General Andrés Rodríguez, Paraguay's second most powerful figure, in what was, in effect, a “palace coup.” General Rodríguez startled the nation by issuing a proclamation that called for (a) democratization of Paraguay, (b) full respect for human rights, and (c) restoration of the badly damaged relations with the Catholic Church. The proclamation ushered in a series of events which amazed the populace even more: opposition leaders — once banned and exiled by the Stroessner regime — were embraced and greeted by longtime adversaries; dozens of prominent exiled figures returned to find an enthusiastic atmosphere; political prisoners were freed; while corruption and torture became the subject of national debate as people sought both to uncover, and to bury, the legacy of the Stroessner years.
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Schmeda-Hirschmann, Guillermo, and Eugenia Bordas. "Paraguayan medicinal compositae." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 28, no. 2 (February 1990): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(90)90026-p.
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Smith, Paul. "ECOREGIONAL INFLUENCES ON THE AMPHIBIAN ASSEM- BLAGE OF RESERVA NATURAL LAGUNA BLANCA, DEPARTAMENTO SAN PEDRO, PARAGUAY." Natura Neotropicalis 2, no. 48 (August 27, 2018): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/natura.v2i48.7607.
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Reserva Natural Laguna Blanca (RNLB) has recently been proposed as Paraguay’s first Important Area for the Conservation of Reptiles and Amphibians. The reserve lies within the Atlantic Forest ecoregion of Paraguay as currently understood. A similarity analysis was performed to assess which of the ecoregions most influence upon the community of amphibians. It was concluded that the amphibian fauna of the reserve is most strongly influenced by the Cerrado ecoregion and it should thus be considered a southern fragment of this ecosystem. The results suggest that the inventory of the amphibian fauna of the Paraguayan Cerrado is not yet complete. This study highlights the utility of local scale biogeographical analysis as a conservation tool for conservation planners, land managers and biologists for designating national priority areas for conservation and identifying potential areas of endemism in under–sampled regions.
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Cabral López, María Antonella. "Internacionalización de empresas paraguayas. Un análisis de su desarrollo en el periodo 2002-2012 (Internationalization of Paraguayan companies. An analysis of its development during 2002-2012)." TEC Empresarial 11, no. 1 (April 21, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/te.v11i1.3094.
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<p><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p><p>Esta investigacion versa sobre cómo se ha desarrollado la internacionalizacion de la empresa paraguaya en el periodo 2002-2012. El objetivo es caracterizar a estas empresas y, de manera general, su proceso de expansion. Para esto se recurre a una investigacion mixta, bibliografica-documental y de campo, con enfoque cualitativo y de nivel descriptivo. Entre los principales hallazgos puede apreciarse que las empresas internacionalizadas del Paraguay son empresas de gran porte, mucha trayectoria en el mercado local y dedicadas principalmente a la produccion de bienes con poco nivel de industrializacion, que buscaron internacionalizarse para ampliar su mercado, generar mayor valor a la empresa y aumentar su tamaño.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>This research focuses on the international development of Paraguayan companies in the period 2002-2012. The aim is to characterize these companies and their process of expansion. Thus, bibliographic and documentary evidence will be used in addition to field research, with a qualitative approach at a descriptive level. Among the main findings, it can be seen that international Paraguayan companies are large companies with a lot of experience in the local market; they are mainly engaged in the production of goods with low level of industrialization; they have sought to internationalize and expand their markets, generate greater revenue and increase their size.</p><p> </p>
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Brizuela, Natalia. "A Sense of Place: Paz Encina's Radical Poetics." Film Quarterly 70, no. 4 (2017): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2017.70.4.49.
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Paz Encina became a public figure in Paraguay after her first film, Hamaca Paraguaya (Paraguayan Hammock, 2006), won major awards and put Paraguayan cinema back on the international map for the first time in decades. In 2012, she was invited to “do something” visual with the Archivos del Terror (Archives of Terror) to mark the twentieth anniversary of the discovery of the heinous archives. Encina is not the only artist to make use of the Archives of Terror. Argentine Carlos Trilnick's Proyecto Archivos del Terror: Apuntes sobre el Plan Cóndor (Archives of Terror Project: Notes on the Condor Plan, 2013) also utilizes them. Natalia Brizuela posits that Paz Encina's use of the archival material from the Archives of Terror is different than Trilnick's. Her pieces demarcate specific spaces and insist on location, in contrast to Trilnick's work that is made to be packed up and reset in any space. Second, Encina's installations insist on disjointed forms of reenactment to establish a tension between embodiment of the spectator and disembodiment of the tortured bodies. She has since made three works that utilize the Archives of Terror. Her interest in the archival material never sought to generate a new archive but rather to engineer the spectatorial conditions for a site-specific experience. The fully embodied subject that emerged through the sound recordings became the motor for the work Encina produced on and around the Archives of Terror and the lengthy state-of-exception government that structured her country's life in the longest dictatorship to date in Latin America.
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SMITH, PAUL, IAN KITCHING, SERGIO RÍOS, and JEAN HAXAIRE. "An annotated catalogue of the Paraguayan Sphingidae (Lepidoptera)." Journal of Insect Biodiversity 31, no. 2 (April 13, 2022): 36–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2022.31.2.1.
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Although the Sphingidae (hawkmoths) of Paraguay are moderately well-known, comprehensive publications on the fauna are few and far between, and there is no modern taxonomic and biogeographical overview of the available data against which future researchers could work. Here we compile existing published data and review important national collections to provide a preliminary understanding of the distributions of Sphingidae species in the country. The presence of 100 species is documented, with a further three species pending documentation, three species considered to be of potential occurrence and seven species considered to have been erroneously cited. A complete bibliography of Paraguayan Sphingidae is provided, as well as taxonomic discussion, and a first attempt is made to associate sphingid species’ distributions with the ecoregions present in the country. Four species are documented for Paraguay for the first time: Cocytius mephisto Haxaire & Vaglia, 2002, Manduca exiguus (Gehlen, 1942), Erinnyis impunctata Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 and Xylophanes marginalis Clark, 1917. Paraguayan specimens previously assigned to Xylophanes porcus (Hübner, [1823]) are re-assigned to the recently described species Xylophanes alineae Haxaire & C. Mielke, 2017 and Xylophanes soaresi Haxaire & C. Mielke, 2017. In addition, specimens of species previously named as Manduca sexta (Linnaeus, 1771) and Protambulyx eurycles (Herrich-Schäffer, [1854]) are referred to Manduca paphus (Cramer, 1779) and Protambulyx fasciatus (Gehlen, 1928) respectively. A provisional new taxonomic arrangement of the Paraguayan species of the genus Neogene Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 is also proposed in which Neogene pictus Clark, 1931 syn. nov. and Neogene intermedia Clark, 1935 syn. nov. are synonymized with Neogene reevei (Druce, 1882), and Neogene albescens Clark, 1929 syn. nov. is synonymized with Neogene steinbachi Clark, 1924.
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Cabral-B., Hugo, Lia Romero-N., Diego Bueno, Alberto Yanosky, and Daniel M. Brooks. "A new locality in Paraguay for the Black-tailed Marmoset, Mico melanurus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) (Primates, Callitrichidae)." Check List 13, no. 3 (June 14, 2017): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/13.3.2142.
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Mico melanurus is an endangered primate in Paraguay, with most Paraguayan records in the vicinity of Agua Dulce (Defensores del Chaco National Park). We report the first well-documented locality outside of the Agua Dulce/Linea 1 transect, representing the most northeastern record in Paraguay, as well as a new habitat for the species, transitional Pantanal-Cerrado. This note demonstrates the importance of monitoring areas which have been insufficiently studied for conservation purposes.
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McWilliam, R. A., and Pau García-Grau. "Towards Implementation of an Early Intervention Model by a Paraguayan Organization." Educação 43, no. 1 (May 25, 2020): 35700. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1981-2582.2020.1.35700.
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Implementation science has been developed to help understand why evidence-based practices are not adopted as rapidly as they might. We describe here the process a rehabilitation center in Paraguay is undergoing to transform itself into a state-of-the-art early intervention program. We describe the organization and its contextual strengths and barriers, the model it chose to implement, and the implementation procedures it has attempted. The implications for model fidelity are highlighted, as this organization needed to make adaptations to the model as designed, to fit the particular context of its mission and the Paraguayan culture. Features of the Routines-Based Model are described.***Rumo à implementação de um modelo de intervenção precoce por uma Organização Paraguaia***A ciência da implementação foi desenvolvida para ajudar a entender as razões que levam a que as práticas baseadas na evidência não sejam adotadas pelos profissionais tão rapidamente quanto deveriam ser. Descrevemos aqui o processo de transformação que um centro de reabilitação no Paraguai está a passar se tornar num programa de intervenção precoce de última geração. Descrevemos a sua organização, os seus pontos fortes e as barreiras contextuais, o modelo que escolheu implementar e os procedimentos de implementação que utilizou. As implicações para a fidelidade do modelo são destacadas, pois a organização necessitava fazer adaptações ao modelo conforme previsto, para se ajustar ao contexto específico da sua missão e da cultura paraguaia. São descritas as características do modelo baseado nas rotinas.Palavras-chave: Ciência da implementação, centrado na família, baseada nasrotinas, funcional.
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Nesporova, Kristina, Adam Valcek, Costas Papagiannitsis, Iva Kutilova, Ivana Jamborova, Lenka Davidova-Gerzova, Ibrahim Bitar, Jaroslav Hrabak, Ivan Literak, and Monika Dolejska. "Multi-Drug Resistant Plasmids with ESBL/AmpC and mcr-5.1 in Paraguayan Poultry Farms: The Linkage of Antibiotic Resistance and Hatcheries." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (April 17, 2021): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040866.
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Poultry represents a common source of bacteria with resistance to antibiotics including the critically important ones. Selective cultivation using colistin, cefotaxime and meropenem was performed for 66 chicken samples coming from 12 farms in Paraguay while two breeding companies supplied the farms. A total of 62 Escherichia coli and 22 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were obtained and representative isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Relatively high prevalence of phylogenetic group D and F was observed in E. coli isolates and several zoonotic sequence types (STs) including ST457 (14 isolates), ST38 (5), ST10 (2), ST117 (2) or ST93 (4) were detected. Isolates from three farms, which purchased chicken from a Paraguayan hatchery showed higher prevalence of mcr-5.1 and blaCTX-M-8 compared to the other nine farms, which purchased chickens from a Brazilian hatchery. Moreover, none of the K. pneumoniae isolates were linked to the Paraguayan hatchery. ESBL/AmpC and mcr-5-carrying multi-drug resistant (MDR) plasmids were characterized, and complete sequences were obtained for eight plasmids. The study shed light on Paraguayan poultry farms as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance commonly conferred via MDR plasmids and showed linkage between resistance and origin of the chickens at the hatcheries level.
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Kudeyarova, Nadezhda Yu. "The War of Paraguay against the Triple Alliance. Historical memory and search for the identity foundations." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 1 (2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0013612-2.
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The war of Paraguay against the Triple alliance is the national-state identity central element. The war fought a century and a half ago had catastrophically devastated the country thus being the most powerful traumatic event for Paraguayan society. The six months long dispute on the Paraguayan war causes and consequences between J. O'Leary and C. Baez in 1902 constitutes the turning point in the historical revisionism development. The rehabilitation of Marshal F.S. Lopez after the 1936 February Revolution had finished the gradual process of reassessing the past and opened a new page in the country's political life. Throughout the entire authoritarian period, historical concept by J.O'Leary, later called as the "Paraguayan revisionism", served as the ideological basis for authoritarian power and for the A.Stroessner dictatorship reinforcement. This doctrine is no longer relevant to the current democratic period ideology. However, it still persists as a historical narrative underlying national-state identity. The resulting contradiction has an important impact on the nature of modernization, the foreign policy trajectory and has a conflict potential for public discussions about the past. At the same time, the ongoing changes are shaping the need to identity narratives change.
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Hocama, Guilherme Seiji, Fernanda De Oliveira Martins, and Francisco Severo-Neto. "First record and extended distribution of Otothyropsis piribebuy (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) in Brazil." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 60 (June 8, 2020): e20206021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.21.
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Cascudinhos are a group of small benthic fishes included in the Hypoptopomatinae subfamily, inhabiting small to moderate streams and rivers within the Neotropical region, from Venezuela to Northern Argentina. Until now, Otothyropsis piribebuy originally described from the rio Paraguay basin, in Paraguay, is the only species of the genus not recorded in Brazil. Recent samples in the rio Tererê, rio Paraguay basin, Brazil, revealed a population of Otothyropsis with uncertain taxonomic identity. Therefore, the study aimed to unveil the distribution of Otothyropsis within Brazilian territory. External morphology, osteology, measurements, and counts (plates, teeth, and rays) of these specimens from rio Tererê were compared to data from the original description of O. piribebuy, and also with specimens of O. piribebuy sampled in Paraguayan territory. Observations indicated no differences among the analyzed specimens. Furthermore, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), carried out using log-transformed measures from Brazilian and Paraguayan specimens, showed no separation of these populations, also indicating that all analyzed specimens pertain to the same species. Based on this, a prediction map of distribution, using Maximum Entropy, was produced. The correct identification of spatial range of occurrence is an essential step to ensure the conservation of species, and the extended distribution of Otothyropsis piribebuy was confirmed, enhancing the list of neotropical fish from Brazil.
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ritten, sanra. "Making Chipas in Paraguay." Gastronomica 9, no. 2 (2009): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2009.9.2.19.
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In the midst of the poverty and heat of Paraguay on an estancia, or ranch, in the department of Concepcióón along the Tagatiya river, a group of travelers are taught to make chipa, an iconic Paraguayan food staple. Chipa, a pre-Colombian bread, is made from manioc flour, lard, milk, eggs, salt and anise. Long before wheat was introduced in the region the indigenous Guaraníí depended on manioc for sustenance. Manioc is a calorie-rich tuber, native to the Americas, found in many Paraguayan dishes such as mbeju, soups and sauces. The chipa is traditionally baked atop banana leaves in a brick and clay oven called tatakuáá. While making the chipa the travelers are also introduced to tereréé, a cold herbal tea, and cocido negro, a coffee like beverage also made from the South American herbal tea called yerba mate.
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Fernández-Gamarra, Marta, Man Mohan-Kohli, Ruth Scholz-Drodowski, Maria José Vargas, Rossana Agüero, Marcelo Riveros, Andrés Sanabria-Velázquez, and Guillermo Enciso Maldonado. "Field screening of Paraguayan soybean germplasm for resistance to charcoal rot." AgriScientia 39, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31047/1668.298x.v39.n2.36896.
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The aim of this work was to identify genetic resistance to charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) in soybean germplasm from the National Breeding Program of the Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología Agraria (Paraguayan Institute of Agricultural Technology). During two seasons, 51 commercial and experimental lines from the local breeding program were field evaluated in Itapúa-Paraguay. The lines were planted in single rows previously infested, using a completely randomized block design with four repetitions. The charcoal rot severity was evaluated in the stems and roots at the physiological maturity stage. On a Root and Stem Severity index scale of 1-5, the median severity for the 34 early maturity genotypes was 1.5 and 1 in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, respectively. Nine genotypes (AG-6525 xi, SP14041, SP14222, SP14583, SP15013, SP15133, SP15218, SP16020, and SPB-14146) were rated as resistant (1) in both evaluations. The median severity for the 15 semi-early genotypes was 2 and 1 in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, respectively. This study allowed us to identify previously unreported sources of resistance to charcoal rot in maturity group IV, V and VI. We believe that germplasm screening under field conditions is a viable alternative to identify breeding lines which are less sensitive to charcoal rot.
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Egginton, William. "The Psychosis of Power: A Lacanian Reading of Augusto Roa Bastos’s I, the Supreme." Journal of Foreign Languages and Cultures 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53397/hunnu.jflc.202102001.
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In the mid-seventies, Paraguay was two decades into what would ultimately be the second longest dictatorship in its history, second only to the reign of its “founding father,” Doctor José Rodríguez Gaspar de Francia. The regime of Alfredo Stroessner justified its existence and articulated its continued role in Paraguayan politics on a genealogy of national identity that had its supposed roots in the Francia government, Francia’s political ideology and, in fact, in the historical person of Francia himself. In this essay I show how the great Paraguayan writer Augusto Roa Bastos’s 1974 novel, I, the Supreme, takes aim at the “kernel of the real” in the Stroessner regime’s political genealogy, using fiction to make evident its anamorphic manipulation of national and nationalist identity. By taking at its word the regime’s historical discourse, I, the Supreme reveals the psychotic logic animating its version of political power.
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Abente, Diego. "The War of the Triple Alliance: Three Explanatory Models." Latin American Research Review 22, no. 2 (1987): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100022044.
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The Paraguayan War, or War of the Triple Alliance, fought by Paraguay against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay (1864–1870), remains unique in the Latin American context in several respects. Dire in its duration and human toll, the war's underlying conflict was not directly related to specific boundary disagreements. Unlike other Latin American conflicts, the War of the Triple Alliance has stirred a passionate controversy involving heavy ideological connotations, with some analysts viewing it as a struggle between civilization (the Alliance) and barbarism (Paraguay) and others depicting it as a confrontation between British imperialism (the Alliance) and Latin American nationalism (Paraguay).
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Sanborn, Allen F. "Checklist of the cicadas (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Paraguay including new records for six species." Check List 7, no. 4 (June 1, 2011): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.4.465.
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A current checklist of the Paraguayan cicada fauna is provided. The first records of Fidicina torresi Boulard and Martinelli, 1996, Proarna dactyliophora Berg, 1879, Proarna praegracilis Berg, 1881, Dorisiana drewseni (Stål, 1854), Ariasa nigrovittata Distant, 1905, and Chonosia crassipennis (Walker, 1858) for Paraguay are given. The new records increase the known cicada diversity 37.5% bringing the total number of cicada species reported in Paraguay to 22 species in 12 genera representing five tribes and three subfamilies of the family Cicadidae. There are currently no known endemic species.
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Chesterton, Bridget. "Conference: Rethinking Paraguayan History." Americas 69, no. 03 (January 2013): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500002340.
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Chesterton, Bridget. "Conference: Rethinking Paraguayan History." Americas 69, no. 3 (January 2013): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2013.0050.
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Ariza Orozco, Oscar Manuel, and Judith Eugenia Herrera Hernández. "Fundamentos jurídicos internacionales para la suspensión de un estado parte del MERCOSUR." Revista Jurídica Mario Alario D´Filippo 9, no. 17 (January 15, 2017): 132–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32997/2256-2796-vol.9-num.17-2017-1545.
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El Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR), nace a la luz del Tratado de Asunción del 26 de marzo de 1991, para coordinar políticas sociales y macroeconómicas entre los países suramericanos; se creó con cuatro Estados Partes-Fundacionales: Brasil, Argentina, Uruguay y Paraguay. Hoy Paraguay se encuentra separado del MERCOSUR. El Parlamento Paraguayo destituyó al Presidente Fernando de Lugo en el año 2012, en el conocido “golpe parlamentario de Estado”; originando tal situación, que el grupo económico regional separara a Paraguay de MERCOSUR.La finalidad de este escrito de reflexión es intentar dar respuesta al siguiente interrogante: Fue válida la decisión de MERCOSUR de separar a Paraguay, tomada a través de su Tribunal Permanente de Revisión (TPR), sustentada en la activación de la Cláusula Democrática en su contra?. ABSTRACTThe Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), born in the light of the Treaty of Asuncion of March 26, 1991, to coordinate social and macroeconomic policies among South American countries; It was created with four-Foundational States Parties: Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay.Today Paraguay is separated from MERCOSUR. Paraguayan President Fernando Parliament ousted Lugo in 2012, in the famous “parliamentary coup”; causing such a situation, the regional economic group to Paraguay from MERCOSUR separated.The purpose of this brief reflection is to try to answer the following questions: 1. Was MERCOSUR valid decision to separate Paraguay, taken through its Permanent Review Tribunal (TPR), based on the activation of the Democratic Clause against him?. 2. Met MERCOSUR with international standard requirements for admission of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, to be the temporary separation of Paraguay? KEYWORDSMERCOSUR, Democratic Clause, Impeachment, Treaties
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HENRY, THOMAS J., and DIEGO L. CARPINTERO. "Review of the jumping tree bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Isometopinae) of Argentina and nearby areas of Brazil and Paraguay, with descriptions of nine new species." Zootaxa 3545, no. 1 (November 9, 2012): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3545.1.2.
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Nine new species of jumping tree bugs, or Isometopinae, from Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil are described. The genus Aristotelesia is revised and the two new species A. fuscata (from Brazil) and A. medialis (from Argentina) are described, and the Argentine and Paraguayan species of Myiomma are reviewed and the seven new species M. apicalis (from Paraguay), M. argentinensis (from Argentina and Paraguay), M. binotata (from Argentina), M. pallidopleura (from Argentina), M. pallipes (from Argentina), M. scutellata (from Paraguay), and M. uniformis (from Argentina) are described. Previously published records of isometopines from Argentina are clarified. Color photographs, illustrations of the parameres of M. argentinensis, and keys are provided to help distinguish species.
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Abente, Diego. "Foreign Capital, Economic Elites and the State in Paraguay during the Liberal Republic (1870–1936)." Journal of Latin American Studies 21, no. 1-2 (June 1989): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00014425.
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The Paraguayan liberal republic, spanning from the end of the War of the Triple Alliance until the end of the Chaco War, is one of the most under-researched and probably one of the most undervalued periods of Paraguayan history and has only recently elicited some scholarly interest.1 During this period capital accumulation developed exclusively in the private domain, economic policies were informed by laissez–faire doctrines, and the political arena embodied, if mostly theoretically, the liberal principles of public contestation and elite competition. Those basic and distinctive traits, and in that particular combination, are found in no other period of Paraguayan history. It therefore makes conceptual sense to speak of the liberal republic as a distinct period in Paraguayan history.
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Montero, Mariano D. "Own way or alliance? Paraguay and the eternal promise of a progressive cycle. The limitations of a shattered left (1989—2021)." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 10 (2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0016575-1.
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Paraguay was the last of the South American countries to join the so-called “progressive cycle” in 2008. Except Chile and Peru — with overly ambiguous progressive cycles - it was also the first to get out of it as the outcome of the parliamentary coup in June 2012. Of the countries involved, Paraguay was the one with the shortest cycle, with only four years. However, the lessons of the arrival to the government and the following ouster were not taken into account in a proper way by the Paraguayan left forces that remain divided. There are many fringes and groups within the Paraguayan left movement, which clamps down on the chances to manage the unity as the chief condition for a possible return to power. In order to weight the nowadays possibilities of the left-wing forces, the author gives heed to the current situation in their groups and to the conclusions that should be made on the basis of their brief experience in ruling the State (2008—2012). As a matter of fact, they have two main choices before them: to keep trying electoral alliances with the Authentic Radical Liberal Party (PLRA) or to take their own way framing a long-term political project.
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del Castillo, Hugo. "Second update of the Annotated List of the Birds of Paraguay (Guyra Paraguay 2004)." Paraquaria Natural 7, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32525/paraquarianat.2019(7):8.18.
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We present the second update to the Annotat- ed Checklist of the Birds of Paraguay, following a first update published in 2013. In this update, 13 species are documented for the first time, two are removed due to taxonomic changes, and two are upgraded from “Pending” to “Documented”. Six of the newly documented species are genuine firsts for the country, with no previous mentions. The new total of the birds of Paraguay is 720 spe- cies, with 711 “Documented” and nine “Pending”. Over the past 26 years species have been added to the Paraguayan list at a rate of 2.9 species per year.
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Thanju, Jeewan Prasad, and Ricardo Canese. "Lessons from Hydropower Rich Paraguay." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 9 (November 20, 2012): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v9i0.7062.
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Despite Paraguay being one of the largest net exporters of electricity in the world (for decades and the main electricity exporter in South America accounting for 85% of all exports), it is the second poorest nation in South America after Bolivia. It is the half owner of the 14,000MW Itaipu hydro electric complex. Paraguay gets a small fraction of the market price for the exported electricity to Brazil. The Brazilians viewpoint is that the spirit of the treaty is to recover the investment cost and not the commercial price. Hence, there is widespread discontent among the Paraguayans. One Paraguayan minister has commented that it is a real politik of an ant staring at an elephant.Likewise, in Yacyretá, a 3,100MW hydroelectric plant constructed in association with Argentina, Paraguay is not getting a good return. Construction work was stopped for several years by Argentina due to various reasons. Further, planning and feasibility studies were not done in sufficient detail. It is claimed that environmental and ecological considerations were not undertaken in its planning.Paraguay has not sufficiently benefited from the two huge bi-national hydro power projects. Experience of Paraguay may be good lessons for small but hydropower rich countries such as Nepal. Nepalese Officials dreaming to earn several tens of billions Rupees as export revenue from the half the electricity to be owned by Nepal from the proposed Pancheshwar Dam (6,480MW) need to remember the case of Paraguay.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v9i0.7062 Hydro Nepal Vol.9 July 2011 7-11
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Smith, Paul. "Notes on vultures (Cathartidae) in Paraguay with a supporting bibliography." Vulture News 79 (June 25, 2021): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/vulnew.v79i.2.
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Paraguay is often overlooked by ornithological researchers as much of its literature is obscure, hard to find or published locally. This is equally true of Cathartid vultures. In an effort to bring this information to a wider audience, we provide a summary of the published Paraguayan literature for each of the four species of vultures that occur in the country, including a history of vulture studies, folklore, a local synonymy and an attempt at a complete bibliography
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Olmedo Barchello, Selva Margarita, Marcela Fernanda Achinelli Báez, and Dahiana Elizabeth Ayala Alfonso. "Associativity in Paraguayan women weavers in the district of Yataity, Guaira, Paraguay." Revista Internacional de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales 12, no. 1 (August 11, 2016): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/riics.2016.julio.43-60.
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