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Journal articles on the topic 'Parahippocampal Cortex'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Loprinzi, PD. "The effects of physical exercise on parahippocampal function." Physiology International 106, no. 2 (June 2019): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2060.106.2019.10.

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Objective The objective of this study was to examine the effects of physical exercise on parahippocampal function. Methods Studies were identified using electronic databases, including PubMed, PsychInfo, Sports Discus, and Google Scholar. In total, 28 articles met the inclusionary criteria. Among these, 20 were among humans and 8 in animal models. Among the 20 human studies that examined some aspects of the parahippocampal gyrus, 5 evaluated the entorhinal cortex and 1 evaluated the perirhinal cortex. Among the 20 human studies, 3 evaluated neural activity (or BOLD-signal changes), 14 evaluated brain volume (gray or white matter), 2 examined fractional anisotropy, 1 examined glucose metabolism, and 1 examined functional connectivity between the parahippocampal gyrus and a proximal brain tissue. Among the 8 animal studies, 4 evaluated the entorhinal cortex, with the other 4 examining the perirhinal cortex. Results The results demonstrated that, among both animal and human models, exercise had widespread effects on parahippocampal function. These effects, included, for example, increased neural excitability in the parahippocampal gyrus, increased gray/white matter, reduced volume of lesions, enhanced regional glucose metabolism, increased cerebral blood flow, augmented markers of synaptic plasticity, and increased functional connectivity with other proximal brain structures. Conclusion Exercise appears to have extensive effects on parahippocampal function.

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2

Doeller, Christian F., and Raphael Kaplan. "Parahippocampal Cortex: Translating Vision into Space." Current Biology 21, no. 15 (August 2011): R589—R591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.023.

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3

Mormann, Florian, Simon Kornblith, Moran Cerf, Matias J. Ison, Alexander Kraskov, Michelle Tran, Simeon Knieling, Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Christof Koch, and Itzhak Fried. "Scene-selective coding by single neurons in the human parahippocampal cortex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 5 (January 17, 2017): 1153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608159113.

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Imaging, electrophysiological, and lesion studies have shown a relationship between the parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and the processing of spatial scenes. Our present knowledge of PHC, however, is restricted to the macroscopic properties and dynamics of bulk tissue; the behavior and selectivity of single parahippocampal neurons remains largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed responses from 630 parahippocampal neurons in 24 neurosurgical patients during visual stimulus presentation. We found a spatially clustered subpopulation of scene-selective units with an associated event-related field potential. These units form a population code that is more distributed for scenes than for other stimulus categories, and less sparse than elsewhere in the medial temporal lobe. Our electrophysiological findings provide insight into how individual units give rise to the population response observed with functional imaging in the parahippocampal place area.

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4

Cheung, Olivia S., and Seoyoung Lee. "Roles of parahippocampal cortex and retrosplenial cortex in scene integration." Journal of Vision 20, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.11.532.

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5

SATO, Nobuya. "The primate parahippocampal cortex and scene recognition." Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology 50, no. 1 (2000): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2502/janip.50.161.

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6

Huang, Chu-Chung, Edmund T. Rolls, Chih-Chin Heather Hsu, Jianfeng Feng, and Ching-Po Lin. "Extensive Cortical Connectivity of the Human Hippocampal Memory System: Beyond the “What” and “Where” Dual Stream Model." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 4652–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab113.

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Abstract The human hippocampus is involved in forming new memories: damage impairs memory. The dual stream model suggests that object “what” representations from ventral stream temporal cortex project to the hippocampus via the perirhinal and then lateral entorhinal cortex, and spatial “where” representations from the dorsal parietal stream via the parahippocampal gyrus and then medial entorhinal cortex. The hippocampus can then associate these inputs to form episodic memories of what happened where. Diffusion tractography was used to reveal the direct connections of hippocampal system areas in humans. This provides evidence that the human hippocampus has extensive direct cortical connections, with connections that bypass the entorhinal cortex to connect with the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex, with the temporal pole, with the posterior and retrosplenial cingulate cortex, and even with early sensory cortical areas. The connections are less hierarchical and segregated than in the dual stream model. This provides a foundation for a conceptualization for how the hippocampal memory system connects with the cerebral cortex and operates in humans. One implication is that prehippocampal cortical areas such as the parahippocampal TF and TH subregions and perirhinal cortices may implement specialized computations that can benefit from inputs from the dorsal and ventral streams.

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7

Vincent, Justin L., Itamar Kahn, David C. Van Essen, and Randy L. Buckner. "Functional Connectivity of the Macaque Posterior Parahippocampal Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 2 (February 2010): 793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00546.2009.

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Neuroimaging experiments in humans suggest that regions in parietal cortex and along the posterior midline are functionally connected to the medial temporal lobe and are active during memory retrieval. It is unknown whether macaques have a similar network. We examined functional connectivity in isoflurane-anesthetized macaques to identify a network associated with posterior parahippocampal cortex (PPHC). Functional connectivity was observed between the PPHC and retrosplenial, posterior cingulate, superior temporal gyrus, and inferior parietal cortex. PPHC correlations were distinct from regions in parietal and temporal cortex activated by an oculomotor task. Comparison of macaque and human PPHC correlations revealed similarities that suggest the temporal-parietal region identified in the macaque may share a common lineage with human Brodmann area 39, a region thought to be involved in recollection. These results suggest that macaques and humans may have homologous PPHC-parietal pathways. By specifying the location of the putative macaque homologue in parietal cortex, we provide a target for future physiological exploration of this area's role in mnemonic or alternative processes.

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8

Meunier, M., W. Hadfield, J. Bachevalier, and E. A. Murray. "Effects of rhinal cortex lesions combined with hippocampectomy on visual recognition memory in rhesus monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 1190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.3.1190.

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1. We assessed the visual recognition abilities, as measured by delayed nonmatching-to-sample with trial-unique objects, of rhesus monkeys with hippocampectomy (i.e., removal of the hippocampal formation plus parahippocampal gyrus) combined with ablations of the rhinal cortex (i.e., entorhinal cortex plus perirhinal cortex). 2. Relative to unoperated controls, monkeys with combined hippocampectomy and rhinal cortex ablation (H+Rh) were significantly impaired in visual recognition. 3. Comparison of the scores of the monkeys in the present H+Rh group, which sustained near-complete rhinal cortex damage, with the scores of monkeys in an earlier H+Rh group in which the rostral part of the rhinal cortex had been spared indicates that the magnitude of the impairment is greater in the group with the more complete rhinal cortex damage. This finding is consistent with the idea that the rhinal cortex is critical for visual recognition. 4. Comparison of the present results with those from an earlier study on visual recognition that employed lesions limited to the rhinal cortex (Rh group) shows, paradoxically, that adding removal of the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus to a rhinal cortex lesion significantly reduces the recognition impairment produced by rhinal cortex lesions alone. 5. Our findings do not fit the view that the hippocampal formation, parahippocampal gyrus, and rhinal cortex constitute parts of a single functional system, such that the greater the damage to the entire system, the more severe the impairment. Instead, the results are consistent with the view that there are multiple functional subdivisions within the medial temporal lobe.

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9

Epstein, Russell, Kim S. Graham, and Paul E. Downing. "Viewpoint-Specific Scene Representations in Human Parahippocampal Cortex." Neuron 37, no. 5 (March 2003): 865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00117-x.

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10

Aminoff, E., N. Gronau, and M. Bar. "The Parahippocampal Cortex Mediates Spatial and Nonspatial Associations." Cerebral Cortex 17, no. 7 (September 21, 2006): 1493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl078.

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Aminoff, Elissa M., Kestutis Kveraga, and Moshe Bar. "The role of the parahippocampal cortex in cognition." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17, no. 8 (August 2013): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.009.

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12

Karanian, Jessica M., and Scott D. Slotnick. "False memory for context activates the parahippocampal cortex." Cognitive Neuroscience 5, no. 3-4 (July 11, 2014): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2014.938035.

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13

Room, Peter, and Henk J. Groenewegen. "Connections of the parahippocampal cortex. I. Cortical afferents." Journal of Comparative Neurology 251, no. 4 (September 22, 1986): 415–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902510402.

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14

Honório Junior, José Eduardo Ribeiro, Germana Silva Vasconcelos, Francisca Taciana Sousa Rodrigues, José Guedes Sena Filho, José Maria Barbosa-Filho, Carlos Clayton Torres Aguiar, Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal, et al. "Monocrotaline: Histological Damage and Oxidant Activity in Brain Areas of Mice." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/697541.

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This work was designed to study MCT effect in histopathological analysis of hippocampus (HC) and parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and in oxidative stress (OS) parameters in brain areas such as hippocampus (HC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and striatum (ST). Swiss mice (25–30 g) were administered a single i.p. dose of MCT (5, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or 4% Tween 80 in saline (control group). After 30 minutes, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation and the brain areas (HC, PHC, PFC, or ST) were removed for histopathological analysis or dissected and homogenized for measurement of OS parameters (lipid peroxidation, nitrite, and catalase) by spectrophotometry. Histological evaluation of brain structures of rats treated with MCT (50 and 100 mg/kg) revealed lesions in the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex compared to control. Lipid peroxidation was evident in all brain areas after administration of MCT. Nitrite/nitrate content decreased in all doses administered in HC, PFC, and ST. Catalase activity was increased in the MCT group only in HC. In conclusion, monocrotaline caused cell lesions in the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex regions and produced oxidative stress in the HC, PFC, and ST in mice. These findings may contribute to the neurological effects associated with this compound.

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15

Swanson, Kyle I., Ulas Cikla, Kutluay Uluc, and Mustafa K. Baskaya. "Supracerebellar transtentorial approach to the tentorial incisura and beyond." Neurosurgical Focus 40, videosuppl1 (January 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.1.focusvid.15444.

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The supracerebellar transtentorial approach via a suboccipital craniotomy provides a corridor to reach lesions of the tentorial incisura and supratentorial lesions of the posterior medial basal temporal lobe, such as lesions of the posterior parahippocampal and fusiform gyri. The supracerebellar transtentorial approach obviates the need for either retraction of eloquent cortex or a transcortical route to reach lesions in this region. We present three cases that demonstrate the utility of this approach: a left-sided tentorial meningioma with superior projection, a left-sided posterior parahippocampal cavernous malformation, and a left-sided posterior parahippocampal grade 2 oligodendroglioma.The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/OLnzUGZfUqk.

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16

Bohbot, Véronique D., Michael Petrides, and Alan C. Evans. "The collateral sulcus as landmark for the parahippocampal cortex." NeuroImage 7, no. 4 (May 1998): S694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(18)31527-1.

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17

Turk-Browne, N. B., M. G. Simon, and P. B. Sederberg. "Scene Representations in Parahippocampal Cortex Depend on Temporal Context." Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 21 (May 23, 2012): 7202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0942-12.2012.

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18

Bar, M., E. Aminoff, and A. Ishai. "Famous Faces Activate Contextual Associations in the Parahippocampal Cortex." Cerebral Cortex 18, no. 6 (October 12, 2007): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm170.

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19

Wang, Wei-Chun, Maria E. Montchal, Andrew P. Yonelinas, and J. Daniel Ragland. "Hippocampal and parahippocampal cortex volume predicts recollection in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 157, no. 1-3 (August 2014): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.008.

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20

Bonner, Michael F., Amy Rose Price, Jonathan E. Peelle, and Murray Grossman. "Semantics of the Visual Environment Encoded in Parahippocampal Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 3 (March 2016): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00908.

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Semantic representations capture the statistics of experience and store this information in memory. A fundamental component of this memory system is knowledge of the visual environment, including knowledge of objects and their associations. Visual semantic information underlies a range of behaviors, from perceptual categorization to cognitive processes such as language and reasoning. Here we examine the neuroanatomic system that encodes visual semantics. Across three experiments, we found converging evidence indicating that knowledge of verbally mediated visual concepts relies on information encoded in a region of the ventral-medial temporal lobe centered on parahippocampal cortex. In an fMRI study, this region was strongly engaged by the processing of concepts relying on visual knowledge but not by concepts relying on other sensory modalities. In a study of patients with the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (semantic dementia), atrophy that encompassed this region was associated with a specific impairment in verbally mediated visual semantic knowledge. Finally, in a structural study of healthy adults from the fMRI experiment, gray matter density in this region related to individual variability in the processing of visual concepts. The anatomic location of these findings aligns with recent work linking the ventral-medial temporal lobe with high-level visual representation, contextual associations, and reasoning through imagination. Together, this work suggests a critical role for parahippocampal cortex in linking the visual environment with knowledge systems in the human brain.

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21

Bonner, Michael F., and Russell A. Epstein. "Parahippocampal cortex represents the natural statistics of object context." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.115.

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22

Diana, Rachel A., Andrew P. Yonelinas, and Charan Ranganath. "Parahippocampal cortex activation during context reinstatement predicts item recollection." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 142, no. 4 (November 2013): 1287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034029.

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23

Winter, Shawn S., Max L. Mehlman, Benjamin J. Clark, and Jeffrey S. Taube. "Passive Transport Disrupts Grid Signals in the Parahippocampal Cortex." Current Biology 25, no. 19 (October 2015): 2493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.034.

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24

Olsen, Grethe M., Shinya Ohara, Toshio Iijima, and Menno P. Witter. "Parahippocampal and retrosplenial connections of rat posterior parietal cortex." Hippocampus 27, no. 4 (January 16, 2017): 335–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22701.

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25

Rodman, Hillary R., and Michael J. Consuelos. "Cortical projections to anterior inferior temporal cortex in infant macaque monkeys." Visual Neuroscience 11, no. 1 (January 1994): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800011160.

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AbstractInferior temporal (IT) cortex is a “high-order” region of extrastriate visual cortex important for visual form perception and recognition in adult primates. The pattern of cortical afferents from both ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres to anterior IT cortex was determined in infant macaque monkeys 7–18 weeks of age following injections of wheat-germ agglutinin-HRP. Within the ipsilateral hemisphere, the locations and laminar distribution of labeled cells were similar to those observed after comparable injections in adult monkeys. Specifically, ipsilateral afferents derived from visual areas V4, TEO, anterior and posterior IT, and STP, from parahippocampal, perirhinal, and parietal zones, and from several anterior zones including lateral and ventral frontal cortex, the insula, and cingulate cortex. Within the contralateral hemisphere, we observed labeled cells in homotopic regions of IT and in parahippocampal and perirhinal areas, as has been reported for adult monkeys. However, we also identified additional contralateral regions not previously known to provide input to anterior IT, including lateral and ventral frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and STP. Overall, the strongest and most widespread projections from outside the temporal lobe were found in the youngest monkey, suggesting that some of these projections may represent transient circuitry necessary for the development of complex visual response properties in anterior IT.

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Pagani, M., D. Nardo, F. Flumeri, D. Salmaso, J. Looi, A. Sanchez-Crespo, S. A. Larsson, Ö. Sundin, G. Högberg, and S. Bejerot. "Volumetric Changes in PTSD and in a Subgroup of PTSD Patients not Responding to EMDR Psychotherapy." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70588-7.

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Background:Several studies have reported limbic structures volume decrease in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, in PTSD the effect of therapy on brain structures has seldom been investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the grey matter (GM) loss in occupational related PTSD and to assess the volumetric differences between patients responding (R) and non-responding (NR) to psychotherapy.Methods:Pre-EMDR MRI data of 21 train drives who did develop PTSD (S) and 22 who did not develop PTSD (NS) after person-under-the-train accidents were compared. Within S further comparisons were made between 10 R to Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and 5 NR. Data were analysed by optimised voxel-based morphometry as implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping.Results:As compared to NS, S showed a significant GM volume reduction in precuneus, lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. The R>NR comparison highlighted a significant GM reduction in NR in bilateral posterior cingulate, left middle frontal cortex and right parahippocampal, insular and temporal cortices.Conclusions:Comparing two large groups of subjects significant GM volumetric reductions were found in PTSD in posterior limbic structures. NR showed, as compared to R, volume reduction in cortical structures including posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. These latter two structures seem to be the hallmark for both PTSD diagnosis and therapy outcome prediction.

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Pagani, M., D. Nardo, F. Flumeri, D. Salmaso, J. Looi, A. Sanchez-Crespo, S. A. Larsson, Ö. Sundin, G. Högberg, and S. Bejerot. "Volumetric Changes in PTSD and in a Subgroup of PTSD Patients not Responding to EMDR Psychotherapy." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71290-8.

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Background:Several studies have reported limbic structures volume decrease in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, in PTSD the effect of therapy on brain structures has seldom been investigated. the aim of the study was to evaluate the grey matter (GM) loss in occupational related PTSD and to assess the volumetric differences between patients responding (R) and non-responding (NR) to psychotherapy.Methods:Pre-EMDR MRI data of 21 train drives who did develop PTSD (S) and 22 who did not develop PTSD (NS) after person-under-the-train accidents were compared. Within S further comparisons were made between 10 R to Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and 5 NR. Data were analysed by optimised voxel-based morphometry as implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping.Results:As compared to NS, S showed a significant GM volume reduction in precuneus, lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. the R>NR comparison highlighted a significant GM reduction in NR in bilateral posterior cingulate, left middle frontal cortex and right parahippocampal, insular and temporal cortices.Conclusions:Comparing two large groups of subjects significant GM volumetric reductions were found in PTSD in posterior limbic structures. NR showed, as compared to R, volume reduction in cortical structures including posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. These latter two structures seem to be the hallmark for both PTSD diagnosis and therapy outcome prediction.

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Mullally, S. L., and E. A. Maguire. "A New Role for the Parahippocampal Cortex in Representing Space." Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 20 (May 18, 2011): 7441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0267-11.2011.

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29

Dundon, Neil Michael, Mohammad Zia Ul Haq Katshu, Bronson Harry, Daniel Roberts, E. Charles Leek, Paul Downing, Ayelet Sapir, Craig Roberts, and Giovanni d’Avossa. "Human Parahippocampal Cortex Supports Spatial Binding in Visual Working Memory." Cerebral Cortex 28, no. 10 (September 15, 2017): 3589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx231.

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30

Hirai, Y., M. Morishima, F. Karube, and Y. Kawaguchi. "Specialized Cortical Subnetworks Differentially Connect Frontal Cortex to Parahippocampal Areas." Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 5 (February 1, 2012): 1898–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2810-11.2012.

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31

Remy, F., N. Vayssiere, L. Saint-Aubert, E. Barbeau, and M. Fabre-Thorpe. "The anterior parahippocampal cortex processes contextual incongruence in a scene." Journal of Vision 13, no. 9 (July 25, 2013): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.9.1064.

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32

Epstein, Russell, Edgar A. DeYoe, Daniel Z. Press, Allyson C. Rosen, and Nancy Kanwisher. "Neuropsychological evidence for a topographical learning mechanism in parahippocampal cortex." Cognitive Neuropsychology 18, no. 6 (September 2001): 481–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643290125929.

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De Ridder, Dirk, and Sven Vanneste. "Targeting the Parahippocampal Area by Auditory Cortex Stimulation in Tinnitus." Brain Stimulation 7, no. 5 (September 2014): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.04.004.

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Sato, Nobuya, and Katsuki Nakamura. "Visual Response Properties of Neurons in the Parahippocampal Cortex of Monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 2 (August 2003): 876–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01089.2002.

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We examined visual response properties of single neurons in the parahippocampal (PH) cortex of alert monkeys using various visual stimuli (bars, geometrical shapes such as a circle, and images such as a human face) while the monkey fixated a spot for a juice reward. Of the investigated PH neurons 104 of 359 (29%) were found to be visually responsive. The investigation was focused on spatial and object aspects of visual processing. We investigated a visual receptive field (RF) property and a direction selectivity for a moving bar with respect to spatial processing. For half of these PH neurons (53%), the optimal stimulus position, where a visual stimulus elicited the maximal response, located peripherally, that is, with an eccentricity of more than 10 deg. More than 20% of these PH neurons had an RF that does not include the center of gaze. There were neurons in the PH cortex that appeared to convey motion signals. In addition, some PH neurons showed eye-position–dependent activity. With respect to object processing, we investigated selectivities for images, geographical shapes, orientations of a bar, and colors. For comparison purposes, we also examined responses of perirhinal (PR) neurons. PH neurons showed selective responses to these stimuli, but PR neurons were found to be more selective for images than PH neurons. These results suggest that the PH cortex is involved in both spatial and object processing, but less involved than the PR cortex in processing of complex images.

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35

Preston, Alison R., Aaron M. Bornstein, J. Benjamin Hutchinson, Meghan E. Gaare, Gary H. Glover, and Anthony D. Wagner. "High-resolution fMRI of Content-sensitive Subsequent Memory Responses in Human Medial Temporal Lobe." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 1 (January 2010): 156–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21195.

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The essential role of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in long-term memory for individual events is well established, yet important questions remain regarding the mnemonic functions of the component structures that constitute the region. Within the hippocampus, recent functional neuroimaging findings suggest that formation of new memories depends on the dentate gyrus and the CA3 field, whereas the contribution of the subiculum may be limited to retrieval. During encoding, it has been further hypothesized that structures within MTL cortex contribute to encoding in a content-sensitive manner, whereas hippocampal structures may contribute to encoding in a more domain-general manner. In the current experiment, high-resolution fMRI techniques were utilized to assess novelty and subsequent memory effects in MTL subregions for two classes of stimuli—faces and scenes. During scanning, participants performed an incidental encoding (target detection) task with novel and repeated faces and scenes. Subsequent recognition memory was indexed for the novel stimuli encountered during scanning. Analyses revealed voxels sensitive to both novel faces and novel scenes in all MTL regions. However, similar percentages of voxels were sensitive to novel faces and scenes in perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and a combined region comprising the dentate gyrus, CA2, and CA3, whereas parahippocampal cortex, CA1, and subiculum demonstrated greater sensitivity to novel scene stimuli. Paralleling these findings, subsequent memory effects in perirhinal cortex were observed for both faces and scenes, with the magnitude of encoding activation being related to later memory strength, as indexed by a graded response tracking recognition confidence, whereas subsequent memory effects were scene-selective in parahippocampal cortex. Within the hippocampus, encoding activation in the subiculum correlated with subsequent memory for both stimulus classes, with the magnitude of encoding activation varying in a graded manner with later memory strength. Collectively, these findings suggest a gradient of content sensitivity from posterior (parahippocampal) to anterior (perirhinal) MTL cortex, with MTL cortical regions differentially contributing to successful encoding based on event content. In contrast to recent suggestions, the present data further indicate that the subiculum may contribute to successful encoding irrespective of event content.

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Schultz, C. C., K. Koch, G. Wagner, M. Roebel, I. Nenadic, C. Gaser, C. Schachtzabel, J. Reichenbach, H. Sauer, and R. G. M. Schlößer. "FC07-02 - Increased parahippocampal and lingual gyrification in first-episode schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73551-9.

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IntroductionSurface based MRI methods are a promising approach for the identification of cerebral shape alterations in schizophrenia [1]. In particular, investigating gyrification might offer important evidence for disturbed neurodevelopmental mechanisms in schizophrenia.ObjectiveThe present study is the first to compare on a vertex - wise basis mean curvature as a sensitive parameter for the identification of local gyrification changes in first episode schizophrenia.Methods54 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 54 healthy control subjects underwent high-resolution T1-weighted MRI scans. Surface extraction and mean curvature calculation was performed using the Freesurfer Software package. Statistical cortical maps were created to estimate gyrification differences between groups.ResultsA significantly increased gyrification was detected in patients relative to controls in a large right parahippocampal-lingual cortex area. A further analysis of cortical thickness of this cluster revealed concurrent significant reduced cortical thickness in patients.ConclusionsThis is the first study to reveal an aberrant gyrification of the medial surface in first episode schizophrenia on basis of a vertex - wise analysis of local gyrification changes of the entire cortex. Both affected areas, the parahippocampal and the lingual cortex, are of high pathophysiological relevance for schizophrenia. Thus, our data provided new in vivo evidence for an early maturational deficit of these cortical areas in schizophrenia [2].

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Park, T. S., Blaise F. D. Bourgeois, Daniel L. Silbergeld, and W. Edwin Dodson. "Subtemporal transparahippocampal amygdalohippocampectomy for surgical treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy." Neurosurgical Focus 1, no. 4 (October 1996): E2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.1996.1.4.2.

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Amygdalohippocampectomy (AH) is an accepted surgical option for treatment of medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Operative approaches to the amygdala and hippocampus that previously have been reported include: the sylvian fissure, the superior temporal sulcus, the middle temporal gyrus, and the fusiform gyrus. Regardless of the approach, AH permits not only extirpation of an epileptogenic focus in the amygdala and anterior hippocampus, but interruption of pathways of seizure spread via the entorhinal cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus. The authors report a modification of a surgical technique for AH via the parahippocampal gyrus, in which excision is limited to the anterior hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus while preserving the fusiform gyrus and the rest of the temporal lobe. Because transparahippocampal AH avoids injury to the fusiform gyrus and the lateral temporal lobe, it can be performed without intracarotid sodium amobarbital testing of language dominance and language mapping. Thus the operation would be particularly suitable for pediatric patients in whom intraoperative language mapping before resection is difficult.

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Park, T. S., Blaise F. D. Bourgeois, Daniel L. Silbergeld, and W. Edwin Dodson. "Subtemporal transparahippocampal amygdalohippocampectomy for surgical treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy." Journal of Neurosurgery 85, no. 6 (December 1996): 1172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1996.85.6.1172.

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✓ Amygdalohippocampectomy (AH) is an accepted surgical option for treatment of medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Operative approaches to the amygdala and hippocampus that previously have been reported include: the sylvian fissure, the superior temporal sulcus, the middle temporal gyrus, and the fusiform gyrus. Regardless of the approach, AH permits not only extirpation of an epileptogenic focus in the amygdala and anterior hippocampus, but interruption of pathways of seizure spread via the entorhinal cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus. The authors report a modification of a surgical technique for AH via the parahippocampal gyrus, in which excision is limited to the anterior hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus while preserving the fusiform gyrus and the rest of the temporal lobe. Because transparahippocampal AH avoids injury to the fusiform gyrus and the lateral temporal lobe, it can be performed without intracarotid sodium amobarbital testing of language dominance and language mapping. Thus the operation would be particularly suitable for pediatric patients in whom intraoperative language mapping before resection is difficult.

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Bakic, Mirjana, and Ivan Jovanović. "Morphological features of corpora amylacea in human parahippocampal cortex during aging." Acta Medica International 4, no. 1 (2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ami.2017.4.6.

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Park, S. J., H. Intraub, D. Widders, D. J. Yi, and M. M. Chun. "Boundary extension: Filling-out scene layout information in human parahippocampal cortex." Journal of Vision 6, no. 6 (March 24, 2010): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/6.6.802.

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Arcaro, M., S. McMains, and S. Kastner. "Phase-encoded attention tasks reveal topographic maps in posterior parahippocampal cortex." Journal of Vision 8, no. 6 (March 19, 2010): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/8.6.1001.

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Aminoff, E. M., N. Gronau, and M. Bar. "The parahippocampal cortex mediates both spatial and non-spatial associative processing." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (September 1, 2005): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.907.

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Room, Peter, and Henk J. Groenewegen. "Connections of the parahippocampal cortex in the cat. II. Subcortical afferents." Journal of Comparative Neurology 251, no. 4 (September 22, 1986): 451–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902510403.

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Witter, Menno P., and Henk J. Groenewegen. "Connections of the parahippocampal cortex in the cat. IV. Subcortical efferents." Journal of Comparative Neurology 252, no. 1 (October 1, 1986): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902520104.

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Ploner, C. J. "Lesions Affecting the Parahippocampal Cortex Yield Spatial Memory Deficits in Humans." Cerebral Cortex 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/10.12.1211.

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Katshu, Mohammad Zia Ul Haq, Neil Michael Dundon, Bronson Harry, Daniel Roberts, ECharles Leek, Paul Downing, Craig Roberts, and Giovanni d’Avossa. "36 Human parahippocampal cortex supports spatial binding in visual working memory." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 88, no. 8 (July 13, 2017): A27.2—A28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2017-bnpa.60.

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Frith, Christopher D., and D. John Done. "Towards a Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 4 (October 1988): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.4.437.

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A viable neuropsychology of schizophrenia requires, first, that signs and symptoms be understood in terms of underlying psychological processes and, second, that these underlying processes be related to brain systems. We propose that the negative signs of schizophrenia reflect a defect in the initiation of spontaneous action, while the positive symptoms reflect a defect in the internal monitoring of action. The spontaneous initiation of action depends upon brain systems linking the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia. Internal monitoring, carried out in the hippocampus, of spontaneous action, depends upon links between the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus via the parahippocampal cortex and the cingulate cortex.

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Sergerie, K., A. C. Evans, C. Lepage, and M. Lepage. "Structural Neural Correlates of Memory Performance in Schizoprhenia as Revealed by Cortical Thickness." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71428-2.

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In addition to the positive and negative symptoms, schizophrenia is associated with a variety of cognitive impairments, and in particular with episodic memory deficits. Functional neuroimaging studies have begun exploring the potential neural correlates of memory deficits but there are few reports of structural brain abnormalities underlying memory impairment in schizophrenia. We investigated the potential association between morphological brain abnormalities as revealed by cortical thickness measures and episodic memory performance on a face recognition task. Differences in regional cortical thickness between 27 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and 28 control matched subjects were investigated using MRI T1 images and computer image analysis (CIVET pipeline; Lerch and Evans, 2005). Cortical thickness was estimated as the shortest distance between the pial surface of the cerebral cortex and the white-matter/gray-matter interface surface at numerous points (40 962 vertices) across the cortical mantle. Consistent with previous studies, a group comparison revealed thinner cortex in the patient group relative to controls in the right prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus. Interestingly, a significant positive correlation between memory performance and cortical thickness of the anterior cingulate, bilaterally as well as the right parahippocampal gyrus was noted in the schizophrenia group. That is, the thinner the cortex in those regions, the more impaired the patients were in terms of memory performance as compared to healthy participants.

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Rafiq, A., R. J. DeLorenzo, and D. A. Coulter. "Generation and propagation of epileptiform discharges in a combined entorhinal cortex/hippocampal slice." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): 1962–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.5.1962.

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1. The development of epileptiform discharges in response to tetanic stimulation of the Schaeffer collaterals was studied by using extracellular field potential recordings in CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus, and entorhinal cortex and intracellular recordings in CA1 neurons in rat hippocampal-parahippocampal slices, which were cut so as to maintain reciprocal connections between entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in vitro. 2. The first type of epileptiform discharge to develop was an immediate afterdischarge, which grew in duration and amplitude with repeated stimulation trains at 10-min intervals, until it plateaued after five to nine trains at 40-s duration, on average. This afterdischarge, when fully developed, consisted of an early, high frequency tonic component, followed by a later, lower frequency clonic component. Fully developed primary afterdischarges were all-or-none, in that they had a definite threshold, and varied little in amplitude or duration when activated by threshold or suprathreshold stimulation. The primary discharge could be recorded simultaneously throughout the hippocampal-parahippocampal slice, providing evidence for the intact reciprocal connections between hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Intracellular recordings in CA1 neurons revealed that during the tonic phase of the afterdischarge, neurons were depolarized by 15-30 mV and gradually repolarized during the clonic component. 3. After full development of the primary afterdischarge, a delayed secondary epileptiform discharge began to appear after five to nine stimulation trains. This late discharge began 2-5 min after the stimulation train and progressed in amplitude and duration with repeated stimulation, in some cases to 2-3 h long self-sustained epileptiform discharges. Like the primary afterdischarge, the secondary discharge could be recorded simultaneously throughout the hippocampal-parahippocampal slice, and individual bursts comprising the secondary discharge occurred at earliest latency in the dentate gyrus, followed by activation in CA3, CA1, and finally in the entorhinal cortex. Intracellular recordings in CA1 neurons established that the secondary discharge occurred without an accompanying depolarization. Rather, it appeared as synaptic bursts developing in an escalating frequency barrage, initiated 2-5 min after the primary afterdischarge. 4. Lesioning studies were conducted to begin determining the site of origin of the secondary epileptiform discharge. After appearance of the secondary discharge, the mossy fibers were cut. This lesion abolished the secondary discharge but did not block the primary afterdischarge. Moving the stimulating electrodes from the Schaeffer collaterals to the mossy fibers proximal to the cut reestablished a truncated secondary discharge. In a second lesioning experiment, a cut was made through the subicular region of the hippocampal-parahippocampal slice before the onset of stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Braga, Rodrigo M., Koene R. A. Van Dijk, Jonathan R. Polimeni, Mark C. Eldaief, and Randy L. Buckner. "Parallel distributed networks resolved at high resolution reveal close juxtaposition of distinct regions." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 1513–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00808.2018.

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Examination of large-scale distributed networks within the individual reveals details of cortical network organization that are absent in group-averaged studies. One recent discovery is that a distributed transmodal network, often referred to as the “default network,” comprises two closely interdigitated networks, only one of which is coupled to posterior parahippocampal cortex. Not all studies of individuals have identified the same networks, and questions remain about the degree to which the two networks are separate, particularly within regions hypothesized to be interconnected hubs. In this study we replicate the observation of network separation across analytical (seed-based connectivity and parcellation) and data projection (volume and surface) methods in two individuals each scanned 31 times. Additionally, three individuals were examined with high-resolution (7T; 1.35 mm) functional magnetic resonance imaging to gain further insight into the anatomical details. The two networks were identified with separate regions localized to adjacent portions of the cortical ribbon, sometimes inside the same sulcus. Midline regions previously implicated as hubs revealed near complete spatial separation of the two networks, displaying a complex spatial topography in the posterior cingulate and precuneus. The network coupled to parahippocampal cortex also revealed a separate region directly within the hippocampus, at or near the subiculum. These collective results support that the default network is composed of at least two spatially juxtaposed networks. Fine spatial details and juxtapositions of the two networks can be identified within individuals at high resolution, providing insight into the network organization of association cortex and placing further constraints on interpretation of group-averaged neuroimaging data. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recent evidence has emerged that canonical large-scale networks such as the “default network” fractionate into parallel distributed networks when defined within individuals. This research uses high-resolution imaging to show that the networks possess juxtapositions sometimes evident inside the same sulcus and within regions that have been previously hypothesized to be network hubs. Distinct circumscribed regions of one network were also resolved in the hippocampal formation, at or near the parahippocampal cortex and subiculum.

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