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Journal articles on the topic 'Parainfluenza'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 20 February 2023

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1

Henrickson, Kelly J. "Parainfluenza Viruses." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 16, no. 2 (April 2003): 242–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.16.2.242-264.2003.

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SUMMARY Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) were first discovered in the late 1950s. Over the last decade, considerable knowledge about their molecular structure and function has been accumulated. This has led to significant changes in both the nomenclature and taxonomic relationships of these viruses. HPIV is genetically and antigenically divided into types 1 to 4. Further major subtypes of HPIV-4 (A and B) and subgroups/genotypes of HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 have been described. HPIV-1 to HPIV-3 are major causes of lower respiratory infections in infants, young children, the immunocompromised, the chronically ill, and the elderly. Each subtype can cause somewhat unique clinical diseases in different hosts. HPIV are enveloped and of medium size (150 to 250 nm), and their RNA genome is in the negative sense. These viruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae family, one of the largest and most rapidly growing groups of viruses causing significant human and veterinary disease. HPIV are closely related to recently discovered megamyxoviruses (Hendra and Nipah viruses) and metapneumovirus.

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2

Freymuth, François. "Virus parainfluenza." EMC - Biologie Médicale 1, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2211-9698(06)76380-4.

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3

Weinberg, Geoffrey A. "Parainfluenza Viruses." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 25, no. 5 (May 2006): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000218037.83110.c4.

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4

Kett, J. C., A. Loharikar, and H. M. Adam. "Influenza and Parainfluenza." Pediatrics in Review 30, no. 8 (July 31, 2009): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.30-8-326.

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5

Kett, Jennifer Cobelli, and Anagha Loharikar. "Influenza and Parainfluenza." Pediatrics In Review 30, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.30.8.326.

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6

Branche, Angela, and Ann Falsey. "Parainfluenza Virus Infection." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 37, no. 04 (August 3, 2016): 538–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584798.

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7

Welliver, Robert C. "Parainfluenza Virus Bronchiolitis." American Journal of Diseases of Children 140, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140150036029.

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8

Zambon, Maria, Tim Bull, Carol J. Sadler, John M. Goldman, and Katherine N. Ward. "Molecular Epidemiology of Two Consecutive Outbreaks of Parainfluenza 3 in a Bone Marrow Transplant Unit." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 8 (1998): 2289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.8.2289-2293.1998.

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Two consecutive nosocomial outbreaks of parainfluenza 3, in which 5 of 15 infected patients died, occurred in an adult bone marrow transplant unit. Parainfluenza 3 strain variation was assessed by reverse transcription-PCR sequencing of part of the parainfluenza 3 F gene, including the noncoding region, directly from clinical samples. Sequence data from the outbreaks were compared with those from 15 other parainfluenza 3 isolates circulating concurrently in the community; altogether, 13 strains which fell into three lineages were identified. Four immunosuppressed patients shed virus persistently for between 1 and 4 months without change in sequence. The first outbreak lasted 4 months and involved three parainfluenza 3 strains, and one persistently infected patient was implicated as the source of infection for three others. The second outbreak lasted for 1 month but involved only one strain. These data indicate that introduction of community parainfluenza 3 strains to the bone marrow transplant unit was followed by person-to-person transmission within the unit rather than reintroduction of virus from the community.

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9

Gülen, Figen, Candan Cicek, Zafer Kurugol, Esen Demir, Dost Zeyrek, Rahmi Özdemir, Remziye Tanac, and Tuba Karatas. "Parainfluenza type 3 outbreaks in Izmir children, Turkey." Tropical Doctor 37, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 252–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/004947507782333170.

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The present study was aimed to investigate characteristics of lower respiratory tract infections caused by parainfluenza type 3 viruses. Nasopharyngeal smears were taken from 178 patients with lower respiratory infections for the diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza and parainfluenza viruses between December 2004 and April 2005. Parainfluenza type 3 was isolated from the viral specimens of 96 (53.9%) patients and it was noticeable that the parainfluenza type 3 outbreak occurs during winter. Obviously, improving the aetiological diagnosis of viral infections might avoid unnecessary therapy, antibiotics in particular, and would allow for preventive isolation of infected patients.

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10

Mancini, Dalva Assunção Portari, Aparecida Santo Pietro Pereira, Rita Maria Zucatelli Mendonça, Adelia Hiroko Nagamori Kawamoto, Rosely Cabette Barbosa Alves, José Ricardo Pinto, Enio Mori, Leonardo José Richtzenhain, and Jorge Mancini-Filho. "PRESENCE OF RESPIRATORY VIRUSES IN EQUINES IN BRAZIL." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 56, no. 3 (June 2014): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652014000300002.

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Equines are susceptible to respiratory viruses such as influenza and parainfluenza. Respiratory diseases have adversely impacted economies all over the world. This study was intended to determine the presence of influenza and parainfluenza viruses in unvaccinated horses from some regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Blood serum collected from 72 equines of different towns in this state was tested by hemagglutination inhibition test to detect antibodies for both viruses using the corresponding antigens. About 98.6% (71) and 97.2% (70) of the equines responded with antibody protective titers (≥ 80 HIU/25µL) H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A viruses, respectively. All horses (72) also responded with protective titers (≥ 80) HIU/25µL against the parainfluenza virus. The difference between mean antibody titers to H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A viruses was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The mean titers for influenza and parainfluenza viruses, on the other hand, showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). These results indicate a better antibody response from equines to parainfluenza 3 virus than to the equine influenza viruses. No statistically significant differences in the responses against H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A and parainfluenza 3 viruses were observed according to the gender (female, male) or the age (≤ 2 to 20 years-old) groups. This study provides evidence of the concomitant presence of two subtypes of the equine influenza A (H7N7 and H3N8) viruses and the parainfluenza 3 virus in equines in Brazil. Thus, it is advisable to vaccinate equines against these respiratory viruses.

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11

Moss, Ronald B., Roy T. Steigbigel, Rebecca L. Sanders, and Fang Fang. "Perspective: Emerging Challenges in the Treatment of Influenza and Parainfluenza in Transplant Patients." Advances in Virology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/910930.

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Influenza, respiratory synctial virus, and parainfluenza are common respiratory infections in immunocompromised transplant recipients, causing significant morbidity and mortality in this patient population. This paper focuses on influenza and parainfluenza virus infections in transplant patients with emphasis on the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza infection. Current antiviral treatment recommendations for influenza and parainfluenza in immunocompromised patients as well as novel investigational therapeutic approaches currently being tested in the clinic are discussed. In addition to the morbidity and mortality caused by these viruses, the development of multidrug resistance leading to transmission of resistant viruses is of great public health concern. The development of effective new therapies for influenza and parainfluenza in these high-risk patients is needed with randomized placebo-controlled studies to assess their clinical utility.

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12

Vainionpää, R., and T. Hyypiä. "Biology of parainfluenza viruses." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7, no. 2 (April 1994): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.2.265.

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Parainfluenza virus types 1 to 4 (PIV1 to PIV4) are important human pathogens that cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections, especially in infants and children. PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 are second only to respiratory syncytial virus as a cause of croup in young children. Although some clinical symptoms are typical of PIVs, etiologic diagnosis always requires detection of infectious virus, viral components, or an antibody response. PIVs are typical paramyxoviruses, causing a syncytial cytopathic effect in cell cultures; virus growth can be confirmed either by hemadsorption or by using immunological reagents. Currently, PIV is most often diagnosed by demonstrating viral antigens in clinical specimens by rapid and highly sensitive immunoassays. More recently, PCR has been used for the detection of PIVs. Serological diagnosis is made by detecting a rising titer of immunoglobulin G or by demonstrating immunoglobulin M antibodies. PIVs infect species other than humans, and animal models are used to study the pathogenesis of PIV infections and to test candidate vaccines. Accumulating knowledge on the molecular structure and mechanisms of replication of PIVs has accelerated research on prevention and treatment. Several strategies for vaccine development, such as the use of live attenuated, inactivated, recombinant, and subunit vaccines, have been investigated, and it may become possible to prevent PIV infections in the near future.

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13

Vainionpää, R., and T. Hyypiä. "Biology of parainfluenza viruses." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7, no. 2 (1994): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.2.265-275.1994.

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14

Arguedas, Adriano, Harris R. Stutman, and Jeanne G. Blanding. "Parainfluenza Type 3 Meningitis." Clinical Pediatrics 29, no. 3 (March 1990): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000992289002900307.

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15

Ellis, John A. "Bovine Parainfluenza-3 Virus." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 26, no. 3 (November 2010): 575–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.08.002.

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16

Mueller, K. L. "Parainfluenza 5 and MDA5." Science Signaling 6, no. 262 (February 12, 2013): ec43-ec43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2004045.

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17

Maeda, Yasuko, Masato Hatta, Ayato Takada, Tokiko Watanabe, Hideo Goto, Gabriele Neumann, and Yoshihiro Kawaoka. "Live Bivalent Vaccine for Parainfluenza and Influenza Virus Infections." Journal of Virology 79, no. 11 (June 1, 2005): 6674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.11.6674-6679.2005.

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ABSTRACT Influenza and human parainfluenza virus infections are of both medical and economical importance. Currently, inactivated vaccines provide suboptimal protection against influenza, and vaccines for human parainfluenza virus infection are not available, underscoring the need for new vaccines against these respiratory diseases. Furthermore, to reduce the burden of vaccination, the development of multivalent vaccines is highly desirable. Thus, to devise a single vaccine that would elicit immune responses against both influenza and parainfluenza viruses, we used reverse genetics to generate an influenza A virus that possesses the coding region for the hemagglutinin/neuraminidase ectodomain of parainfluenza virus instead of the influenza virus neuraminidase. The recombinant virus grew efficiently in eggs but was attenuated in mice. When intranasally immunized with the recombinant vaccine, all mice developed antibodies against both influenza and parainfluenza viruses and survived an otherwise lethal challenge with either of these viruses. This live bivalent vaccine has obvious advantages over combination vaccines, and its method of generation could, in principle, be applied in the development of a “cocktail” vaccine with efficacy against several different infectious diseases.

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18

Butnor, Kelly J., and Thomas A. Sporn. "Human Parainfluenza Virus Giant Cell Pneumonia Following Cord Blood Transplant Associated With Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 127, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2003-127-235-hpvgcp.

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Abstract Giant cell pneumonia secondary to human parainfluenza virus 3 has been reported only rarely in immunocompromised hosts. The few cases documented after bone marrow transplant have resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. To our knowledge, this entity has not been described following umbilical cord blood transplant. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, a rare condition that has been reported with increasing frequency in association with immunocompromise and infections, has not been documented in the setting of either umbilical cord blood transplant or human parainfluenza viral infection. We report what we believe is the first documented case of giant cell pneumonia caused by human parainfluenza virus 3 in an umbilical cord blood transplant recipient. To our knowledge, a unique associated feature of this case, a pulmonary alveolar proteinosis–like reaction, has not been reported previously in association with human parainfluenza virus pneumonia.

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19

Douvoyiannis, Miltiadis, Johanna M. Kielbasa, Gopal M. Chandrasekharan, Cynthia L. Holmes, and Michael R. Gomez. "Rhabdomyolysis Associated with Parainfluenza Virus." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/650965.

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Influenza virus is the most frequently reported viral cause of rhabdomyolysis. A 7-year-old child is presented with rhabdomyolysis associated with parainfluenza type 2 virus. Nine cases of rhabdomyolysis associated with parainfluenza virus have been reported. Complications may include electrolyte disturbances, acute renal failure, and compartment syndrome.

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20

Ånestad, G. "Surveillance of respiratory viral infections by rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis, with emphasis on virus interference." Epidemiology and Infection 99, no. 2 (October 1987): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800068023.

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SUMMARYDuring the 7-year period from September 1978 to August 1985, smear specimens of nasopharyngeal secretions from 3132 patients mainly hospitalized children, taken in different regions in Norway, were examined for respiratory viruses by the rapid immunofluorescence (IF) technique. A positive diagnosis for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus type 1, 2 and 3 or influenza A and B virus was made for 896 patients (29%). The greatest prevalence for all these viruses was observed during the colder months with only sporadic cases during the summer months. A relative increase in parainfluenza virus activity, involving several parainfluenza virus types, was observed in every second autumn and during these periods only sporadic cases of RSV infection were diagnosed. Also both RSV and parainfluenza viruses were less frequently found during influenza virus epidemics and regional differences in RSV activity were observed. During the four autumn periods 1982–85 the monthly number of positive virus identifications by IF followed an epidemic curve, while the corresponding number of negative samples was relatively constant. The results of this study suggest interference between RSV, parainfluenza viruses and influenza virus in reaching their epidemiological peaks. It is suggested that interferon might be a mediator of this effect.

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21

Aranda Cazón, Cristina, Luis Arruza Gómez, Gloria Herranz Carrillo, Cristina González Menchén, Zarife Daoud Pérez, José Antonio Martínez-Orgado, and José Tomás Ramos Amador. "Parainfluenza 3 Respiratory Infection Associated with Pericardial Effusion in a Very Low Birthweight Infant." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2017 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5687490.

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Parainfluenza 3 virus is a frequent cause of respiratory infections in the pediatric population although it is uncommonly diagnosed in neonates, being usually reported as neonatal intensive care unit microepidemics. We report a case of parainfluenza 3 respiratory infection associated with pericardial effusion in a very low birthweight infant.

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22

Nomura, Ryunosuke, and Katsuhiko Kitazawa. "Uvulitis caused by parainfluenza virus." BMJ Case Reports 15, no. 6 (June 2022): e251225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2022-251225.

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23

ANGELOVA, Andreana H., Ivanka N. PASKALEVA, Kostadin I. KETEV, Radka T. KOMITOVA, Yordan I. KALCHEV, Gergana B. LENGEROVA, Maria V. ATANASOVA, and Marianna A. MURDJEVA. ""MELTING MUSCLES: PARAINFLUENZA-INDUCED RHABDOMYOLYSIS"." Archives of the Balkan Medical Union 57, no. 2 (June 21, 2022): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31688/abmu.2022.57.2.09.

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24

McCarthy, Vincent P., John R. Carlile, Patricia S. Reichelderfer, and Jerrolyn S. Clark. "PARAINFLUENZA TYPE 3 IN NEWBORNS." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 6, no. 2 (February 1987): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198702000-00018.

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25

Rodger, J. "Parainfluenza 3 vaccination of sheep." Veterinary Record 125, no. 18 (October 28, 1989): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.125.18.453.

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26

Jackson, Mary Anne, Lloyd C. Olson, and V. Fred Burry. "PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS AND NEUROLOGIC SIGNS." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 13, no. 8 (August 1994): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199408000-00025.

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27

Hilleman, Maurice R. "THE PARAINFLUENZA VIRUSES OF MAN." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 101, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 564–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb18897.x.

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28

Reisinger, Robert C. "PARAINFLUENZA 3 VIRUS IN CATTLE." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 101, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb18898.x.

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29

Li, Albert M. "Disease burden of parainfluenza virus." Journal of Pediatrics 154, no. 5 (May 2009): A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.024.

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30

Jackson, Benita M., John D. Smith, and R. Keith Sikes. "Parainfluenza outbreak in retardation facility." American Journal of Infection Control 18, no. 2 (April 1990): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-6553(90)90093-8.

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31

Sumlivaya, O. N., N. N. Vorobeva, M. G. Zernina, and M. A. Kadebskaya. "CLINICAL CASE OF PARAINFLUENZA MENINGITIS." Научное обозрение. Медицинские науки (Scientific Review. Medical Sciences), no. 6 2022 (2022): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/srms.1305.

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32

Grubor, Branka, Jack M. Gallup, David K. Meyerholz, Erika C. Crouch, Richard B. Evans, Kim A. Brogden, Howard D. Lehmkuhl, and Mark R. Ackermann. "Enhanced Surfactant Protein and Defensin mRNA Levels and Reduced Viral Replication during Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Pneumonia in Neonatal Lambs." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 3 (May 2004): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.3.599-607.2004.

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ABSTRACT Defensins and surfactant protein A (SP-A) and SP-D are antimicrobial components of the pulmonary innate immune system. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which parainfluenza type 3 virus infection in neonatal lambs alters expression of sheep beta-defensin 1 (SBD-1), SP-A, and SP-D, all of which are constitutively transcribed by respiratory epithelia. Parainfluenza type 3 viral antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the bronchioles of all infected lambs 3 days postinoculation and at diminished levels 6 days postinoculation, but it was absent 17 days postinoculation. At all times postinoculation, lung homogenates from parainfluenza type 3 virus-inoculated animals had increased SBD-1, SP-A, and SP-D mRNA levels as detected by fluorogenic real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Protein levels of SP-A in lung homogenates detected by quantitative-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and protein antigen of SP-A detected by IHC were not altered. These studies demonstrate that parainfluenza type 3 virus infection results in enhanced expression of constitutively transcribed innate immune factors expressed by respiratory epithelia and that this increased expression occurs concurrently with decreased viral replication.

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33

Cordisco, Marco, Maria Stella Lucente, Alessio Sposato, Roberta Cardone, Francesco Pellegrini, Delia Franchini, Antonio Di Bello, and Stefano Ciccarelli. "Canine Parainfluenza Virus Infection in a Dog with Acute Respiratory Disease." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 7 (July 9, 2022): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070346.

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The canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is an endemic respiratory syndrome caused by different bacterial and viral pathogens. This report describes a case of canine parainfluenza virus infection in a vaccinated household dog with an acute respiratory symptom (dry cough), who underwent clinical and endoscopic investigations for a suspected foreign body. Cytological investigations carried out on the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) tested negative for the presence of inflammatory or infectious processes and could have been misleading the clinicians. By the molecular analyses (PCR) carried out on the BALF, canine parainfluenza virus was exclusively detected without the simultaneous presence of other respiratory pathogens associated to CIRDC. This case report emphasizes the role of molecular diagnostics in the differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases, in order to avoid underestimating the circulation of the parainfluenza virus in the canine population.

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34

Imdad, Zahra, Tehmina Maqbool, Abdul Rehman, Iram Naz, and Sundas Ikram. "Cultural Sensitivity of Sputum Bacteria Involved in Chronic Lung Disease and Type of Bacteria Involved in Chronic Lung Disease Sputum." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 10 (October 30, 2022): 702–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221610702.

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Objective: To determine the type of bacterium involved in sputum of patients with chronic lung disease and to determine the culture sensitivity of bacterium involved in sputum of chronic lung disease patients Methodology: This Cross-sectional study, at Deptt of Pediatric Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, Lahore during 2020 to 2021. Total 160 children meeting the criteria of inclusion were the part of this trial. Then the children were given a petri dish to spit in and the samples were submitted to the medical lab to be analysed for bacteria. Penicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Amikacin, Gentamycin, and Vancomycin were tested on all cultured bacteria after they were identified. Results: we recorded 8.60±2.54 years mean age. The most frequent isolated organism was H-influenza (43.1%) followed by H-Parainfluenza (36.9%) and S. Pneumonia (20%). Sensitivity of Ciprofloxacin, Cefuroxime, Amikacin, Gentamycin, Piperacillin / Tazobactam, Ceftazidime, Cefepime and Vancomycin was significantly higher for H parainfluenza as compared to other isolated bacterium. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that among children with chronic lung disease the most frequency isolated bacterium was H-influenza (43.1%) followed by H-Parainfluenza (36.9%) and S. Pneumonia (20%). Antibiotic sensitivity was significantly higher for H-parainfluenza as compared to other isolated bacteria. Keywords: Bacterium, Sputum, Chronic, Lung disease, Culture, Sensitivity

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35

Sims, Maureen E. "Legal Briefs: Parainfluenza and Immunocompromised Twin." NeoReviews 17, no. 9 (September 2016): e538-e541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/neo.17-9-e538.

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36

Ito, Y., M. Tsurudome, H. Komada, and H. Tomoto. "Antigenic structures of human parainfluenza viruses." Uirusu 39, no. 1 (1989): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2222/jsv.39.29.

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37

&NA;. "Parainfluenza virus vaccine immunogenic in children." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1017 (December 1995): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199510170-00016.

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38

Hall, Caroline Breese. "Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Parainfluenza Virus." New England Journal of Medicine 344, no. 25 (June 21, 2001): 1917–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm200106213442507.

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39

Goyal, S., R. Drolet, S. McPherson, and M. Khan. "Parainfluenza virus type 3 in pigs." Veterinary Record 119, no. 14 (October 4, 1986): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.119.14.363.

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40

Wagner, K., and G. Enders-Ruckle. "Ein im Hühnerei vorkommendes Parainfluenza-Virus." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B 13, no. 2 (May 13, 2010): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1966.tb00905.x.

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41

MOLONEY, M. B., D. PYE, H. V. SMITH, and P. C. SCOTT. "Isolation of parainfluenza virus from dogs." Australian Veterinary Journal 62, no. 8 (August 1985): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb14256.x.

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42

KNOTT, ANNE M., CHRISTINE E. LONG, and CAROLINE BREESE HALL. "Parainfluenza viral infections in pediatric outpatients." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 13, no. 4 (April 1994): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199404000-00005.

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43

Sporn, T. "Pulmonary Pathology of Parainfluenza Virus Infection." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, S02 (July 31, 2006): 352–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606068516.

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44

Vachon, Marie-Louise, Natasha Dionne, Eric Leblanc, Danielle Moisan, Michel Bergeron, and Guy Boivin. "Human Parainfluenza Type 4 Infections, Canada." Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 11 (2006): 1755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1211.060196.

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45

Russell, Elliott, and Michael G. Ison. "Parainfluenza Virus in the Hospitalized Adult." Clinical Infectious Diseases 65, no. 9 (June 7, 2017): 1570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix528.

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46

Templeton, Kate E., Robbert G. M. Bredius, Eric C. J. Claas, Aloys C. M. Kroes, and Frans J. Walther. "Parainfluenza virus 4 detection in infants." European Journal of Pediatrics 164, no. 8 (May 19, 2005): 528–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-005-1693-0.

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Ewasyshyn, M., G. Cates, G. Jackson, N. Scollard, A. Symington, and M. Klein. "Prospects for a parainfluenza virus vaccine." Pediatric Pulmonology 23, S16 (April 1997): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.19502308145.

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MARTIN, MAX, KELLY PENNINGTON, and ALICE GALLO DE MORAES. "PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE 1-INDUCED ARDS." Chest 154, no. 4 (October 2018): 123A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2018.08.107.

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Nascimento, Jussara P., Marilda M. Siqueira, Frits Sutmoller, Murilo M. Krawczuk, Vivian de Farias, Vanja Ferreira, and Maria José Rodrigues. "Longitudinal study of acute respiratory diseases in Rio de Janeiro: occurrence of respiratory viruses during four consecutive years." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 33, no. 4 (August 1991): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651991000400008.

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Abstract:

The occurrence of different viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions from children less than 5 years old with acute respiratory infections (ARI) was investigated over a period of 4 years (1982-1985) in Rio de Janeiro. Of the viruses known to be associated with ARI, all but influenza C and parainfluenza types 1, 2 and 4 were found. Viruses were found more frequently in children attending emergency or pediatric wards than in outpatients. This was clearly related to the high incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the more severe cases of ARI. RSV positive specimens appeared mainly during the fall, over four consecutive years, showing a clear seasonal ocurrence of this virus. Emergency wards provide the best source of data for RSV surveillance, showing sharp increase in the number of positive cases coinciding with increased incidence of ARI cases. Adenovirus were the second most frequent viruses isolated and among these serotypes 1,2 and 7 were predominant. Influenza virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 were next in frequency. Influenza A virus were isolated with equal frequency in outpatient departments, emergency and pediatric wards. Influenza B was more frequent among outpatients. Parainfluenza type 3 caused outbreaks in the shanty town population annually during the late winter or spring and were isolated mainly from outpatients. Herpesvirus, enterovi-rus and rhinovirus were found less frequently. Other viruses than RSV and parainfluenza type 3 did not show a clear seasonal incidence.

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Gombolay, Grace, Monique Anderson, Yijin Xiang, Shasha Bai, Christina A. Rostad, and William Tyor. "240 Neurologic complications in children with seizures and respiratory illness: A comparison between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 6, s1 (April 2022): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2022.128.

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Abstract:

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To compare rates and types of neurological symptoms in children hospitalized with seizures and respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and endemic coronaviruses. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Retrospective cohort study of children between 0-21 years of age admitted to a single pediatric free-standing quaternary referral center from January 1, 2014 to June 1, 2021 for seizures who had positive respiratory infection PCR for SARS-CoV-2, other coronaviruses (Coronavirus NL63 and Coronavirus OC34), influenza (A and B), adenovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and parainfluenza 3 or 4 infections. Patient characteristics including age, race, sex, ethnicity, hospital length of stay, intensive care unit admission, intubation, chest x-ray, and MRI results were included. The primary outcomes were rates of neurological diagnoses and mortality. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 883 children were included: 68 SARS-CoV-2, 232 influenza, and 187 with other coronaviruses (OC), 214 adenovirus, 20 M. pneumoniae, 121 parainfluenza 3, and 41 parainfluenza 4. Mortality rates were 0% M pneumoniae to 4.9% in parainfluenza 4, with 2.9% in SARS-CoV-2. Encephalopathy was noted in 5-15.6% and strokes were seen in all infections except for coronavirus OC43 and M. pneumoniae, with 4.9% in parainfluenza 4 and 5.9% in SARS-CoV-2. The most common brain MRI abnormality was diffusion restriction. Differences between SARS-CoV-2 and OC were observed in stroke (5.9% vs. 0.5%, p-value=0.019), ICU admission (50% vs. 69%, p-value=0.008), and intubation (19.1% vs. 34.8%, p-value=0.021, respectively). However, the rates of neurological symptoms were similar between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We found higher rates of stroke, but lower rates of ICU admission and intubation in SARS-CoV-2 versus OC. Strokes were observed in many infections. Rates of neurological symptoms were similar in SARS-CoV-2 versus influenza patients. Vigilance should be undertaken in treatment of children presenting with all respiratory illnesses.

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